THE NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR-BOOK, 1912


Table of Contents

PREFACE.

THIS is the twenty-first issue of the New Zealand Official Yearbook. The general arrangement mainly follows that adopted in former years, but a considerable quantity of new matter has been added, while some articles have been condensed. A copy of the Armorial Bearings of the Dominion as authorized by Royal warrant appears in this issue.

The introductory portion of the book—Part I—has been rearranged and partly rewritten. The “Flora of New Zealand” is by J. Drummond, Esq., Christchurch, and the “Fauna of New Zealand” by Dr. L. Cockayne, F.R.S., Christchurch, while Climate and Meteorology” is by Rev. D. C. Bates, Director of the Dominion Meteorological Office.

In the statistical portion of the book—Part II—the latest figures have been inserted, while several sections have been remodelled and additional information given.

Part III contains special articles on various subjects connected with the Dominion, and also a summary of the legislation passed during last session. An index of special articles appearing in previous Year-books is given at the beginning of the book.

I take this opportunity of expressing my cordial thanks to the responsible Government officers who have supplied information and in other ways assisted in the compilation of the book; and to my staff for their co-operation and valuable assistance.

The material included in the book has been carefully compiled and checked, but it would be too much to hope that no errors have crept in. I shall be pleased if readers detecting any will supply information as to their nature and position.

M. FRASER

Government Statistician.

Registrar-General's Office, Wellington, 30th November, 1912.

LIST OF ARTICLES ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS APPEARING IN PREVIOUS ISSUES OF THE YEAR-BOOK.
Article onAppeared for the Last or Only Time in Year-book of
YearPage
Acclimatization1894430
Building-stones1892194
Chatham Islands, the1900531
Cheviot Estate, the1895264
Christchurch to West Coast, journey from1899548
Coal-deposits of New Zealand, the1900479
Cook Islands, the laws of1902573
Co-operative system of constructing public works1894234
Exotic trees in Canterbury1904569
Forest trees and the timber industry1899470
Frozen-meat trade, the1894311
Gold-dredging industry, the1899509
Hanmer Thermal Springs1905631
Hemp industry, the1900477
Kauri-gum1900489
Labour in New Zealand1894362
Laws of England and New Zealand, difference between1896281
Maori, ancient, his amusements, games, &c.1907707
Maori, ancient, his clothing1908734
Maori, chant (tangi)1907711
Maori, colour-sense of the1905637
Maori, marriage customs1906638
Maori, mythology1900536
Maori, neolithic, the1902578
Maori, religion1901530
Maori, sociology1903641
Maori, songs1908739
Marlborough Sounds, the1901517
Midland Railway, the1894386
Moa, heir of the1899517
Mount Cook, a night on1900525
Mount Cook, district, the1899554
Mount Cook, its glaciers, and the Hermitage1898552
Mount Sefton, ascent of1900519
New Zealand, Contingents for South Africa1900449
New Zealand, International Exhibition1907701
Otago lakes, the1901523
Patents, designs, and trade marks1893350
Pumice-stone deposits of New Zealand1900486
Railways in New Zealand, their history and progress1894377
Scenic wonderland, a1898565
Sheep, crossbreeding of1894308
Sheep-farming1894302
Shipping Companies—
New Zealand Shipping Company1895392
Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company1895393
Union Company of New Zealand1895389
Southern Alps, the1894474
State farms1894243
Sydney Pageant, the1901527
Thermal Springs District1905614
Timber trees of the world1903605
Tokaanu to Raetihi1899539
Tree-planting1906611
Tuhoeland1899546
Varieties of soil1892193
Waihi Gold-mining Company1897432
Waikato district and through to Wanganui1899520
Waiouru to Mangaonoho1899543
Wanganui River, up the, to Tokaanu1900509
Wattle-growing in the Auckland Provincial District1897430
Wellington-Manawatu Railway, the1895381
West Coast Sounds, the1894472
White Island, a day on1906637

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

THE changes recorded hereunder have in some cases occurred since the pages referred to were printed and published in the form of advance sheets.

Part I.—Official. The Mackenzie Ministry resigned on 10th July, 1912, after defeat on no-confidence motion. The new Ministers and their Private Secretaries are as follows:—

Hon. W. F. Massey, Prime Minister, Minister of Lands, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Labour, Minister of Industries and Commerce, Commissioner of State Forests, Minister in Charge of Land for Settlements, Valuation, and Scenery Preservation Departments; Private Secretaries, F. D. Thomson and F. W. Furby.

Hon. J. Allen, Minister of Finance, Minister of Defence, Minister of Education, Minister in Charge of Land and Income Tax Department and State-guaranteed Advances Office; Private Secretary, F. G. Matthews.

Hon. W. H. Herries, Minister of Railways and Native Minister; Private Secretaries, L. E. Johnson and H. B. H. Balneavis.

Hon. W. Fraser, Minister of Public Works, Roads, and Bridges, Minister of Mines, and Minister in Charge of Public Buildings and Domains; Private Secretary, J. H. McAlister.

Hon. A. L. Herdman, Attorney-General, Minister of Justice, Minister of Stamp Duties, Minister in Charge of Police, Prisons, Crown Law (including Drafting), and Public Trust Departments; Private Secretary, E. N. G. Poulton.

Hon. F. M. B. Fisher, Minister of Customs, Minister of Marine, Minister in Charge of Pensions Department, Electoral Department, Government Printing and Stationery Department, Machinery Department, Legislative Departments, Government Life and Accident Insurance, State Fire Insurance, Friendly Societies, National Provident Fund, and Advertising Department; Private Secretary, A. Hall.

Hon. F. H. D. Bell, K.C., Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Immigration, and Minister in Charge of Audit Office, Registrar-General, High Commissioner, Museum, and Laboratory Departments; Private Secretary, J. W. Black.

Hon. B. H. Rhodes, Postmaster-General and Minister of Telegraphs, Minister of Public Health, Minister in Charge of Hospitals and Charitable Aid, Mental Hospitals, and Tourist and Health Resorts Departments; Private Secretary, W. Crow.

Hon. Dr. Pomare, Member of the Executive Council representing the Native Race, and in Charge of Maori Councils, Cook and other Islands Administration; Private Secretary, A. N. Poison.

Page 56.—Agents-General and High Commissioners. Hon. T. Mackenzie appointed High Commissioner from 23rd August, 1912, for a term of three years. (Gazette, 1912, page 2612.)

Page 57.—Foreign Consuls: Consul for France at Auckland, J. Rigoreau.

Page 95.—Persons allowed to retain the title of “Honourable” within His Majesty's Dominions: Hon. T. Mackenzie (1912).

Page 261.—Criminal Cases: In heading of third and fifth columns of first table, for “District” read “Distinct.”

Page 614.—Rateable Capital Value of Land and Improvements in Castlepoint County, £586,029.

PART I.—INTRODUCTORY.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. SECTION I.—HISTORIC.

DISCOVERY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT.

THE first authentic account of the discovery of New Zealand is that given by Abel Jansen Tasman, the Dutch navigator. He left Batavia on the 14th August, 1642, in the yacht “Heemskirk,” accompanied by the “Zeehaen” (or “Sea-hen”) fly-boat. After having visited Mauritius, and discovered Tasmania, named by him “Van Diemen's Land,” in honour of Anthony van Diemen, Governor of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, he steered eastward, and on the 13th December of the same year sighted the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand, described by him as “a high mountainous country, which is at present marked in the charts as New Zealand.”

Tasman, under the belief that the laud he saw belonged to a great polar continent, and was part of the country discovered some years before by Schouten and Le Maire, to which the name of Staaten Land had been given, gave the same name of Staaten Land to New Zealand; but within about three months afterwards Schouten's “Staaten Land” was found to be merely an inconsiderable island. Upon this discovery being announced, the country that Tasman had called Staaten Land received again the name of “New Zealand,” by which it has ever since been known. Tasman sailed along the coast to a bay, where he anchored. To this he gave the name of Murderers (since termed Massacre or Golden) Bay, on account of an unprovoked attack on a boat's crew by the Natives, and the massacre of four white men. Thence he steered along the

west coast of the North Island, and gave the name of Cape Maria van Diemen to the north-western extremity thereof. After sighting the islands of the Three Kings he finally departed, not having set foot in the country.

There is no record of any visit to New Zealand after Tasman's departure until the time of Captain Cook, who, after leaving the Society Islands, sailed in search of a southern continent then believed to exist. He sighted land on the 6th October, 1769, at Young Nick's Head, and on the 8th of that month cast anchor in Poverty Bay. After having coasted round the North Island and the South and Stewart Islands—which last he mistook for part of the South Island—he took his departure from Cape Farewell on the 31st March, 1770, for Australia. He visited New Zealand again in 1773, in 1774, and in 1777.

M. de Surville, a French officer in command of the vessel “Saint Jean Baptiste,” while on a voyage of discovery, sighted the northeast coast of New Zealand on the 12th December, 1769, and remained for a short time. A visit was soon after paid by another French officer, M. Marion du Fresne, who arrived on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand on the 24th March, 1772, but was, on the 12th June following, murdered at the Bay of Islands by the Natives.

In 1793 the “Dædalus,” under the command of Lieutenant Hanson was sent by the Government of New South Wales to New Zealand, and two chiefs were taken thence to Norfolk Island. There was after this an occasional intercourse between the islands of New Zealand and the English settlements in New South Wales.

In 1814 the first missionaries arrived in New Zealand—Messrs. Hall and Kendall — who had been sent as forerunners by Mr. Marsden, chaplain to the New South Wales Government. After a short stay they returned to New South Wales, and on the 19th November of that year again embarked in company with Mr. Marsden, who preached his first sermon in New Zealand on Christmas Day, 1814. He returned to Sydney on the 23rd March, 1815, leaving Messrs. Hall and Kendall, who formed the first mission station at Rangihoua, Bay of Islands, under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. Six years later, in 1821, the work of evangelization was put on a more durable basis; but the first station of the Wesleyan mission, established by Mr. Leigh and his wife, at the valley of the Kaeo, Whangaroa, was not taken possession of until the 10th June, 1823.

COLONIZATION.

The first attempt at colonization was made in 1825 by a company formed in London. An expedition was sent out under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf and a strip of land at Hokianga. The attempt, however, was a failure, owing to the savage character of the inhabitants.

In consequence of frequent visits of whaling-vessels to the Bay of Islands, a settlement grew up at Kororareka — now called Russell—and in 1833 Mr. Bushy was appointed British Resident there. A number of Europeans gradually settled in different parts of the country, and married Native women.

In 1838 a colonization company, known as the New Zealand Company, was formed to establish settlement on systematic principles. A preliminary expedition, under the command of Colonel William Wakefield, was despatched from England on the 12th May, 1839, and arrived in New Zealand in the following August. Having purchased land from the Natives, Colonel Wakefield selected the shore of Port Nicholson, in Cook Strait, as the site of the first settlement. On the 22nd January, 1840, the first body of immigrants arrived, and founded the town of Wellington. About the same time — namely, on the 29th January, 1840 — Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands, empowered, with the consent of the Natives, to proclaim the sovereignty of Queen Victoria over the Islands of New Zealand, and to assume the government thereof. A compact called the Treaty of Waitangi, to which in less than six months five hundred and twelve names were affixed, was entered into, whereby all rights and powers of sovereignty were ceded to the Queen, all territorial rights being secured to the chiefs and their tribes. New Zealand was then constituted a dependency of the Colony of New South Wales, but on the 3rd May, 1841, was proclaimed a separate colony. The seat of Government had been previously established at Waitemata (Auckland), round which a settlement was formed.

The New Zealand Company having decided to form another settlement, to which the name of “Nelson” was to be given, despatched a preliminary expedition from England in April, 1841, for the purpose of selecting a site. The spot chosen was the head of Blind Bay, where a settlement was established. About the same time a number of pioneers arrived in Taranaki, despatched thither by the New Plymouth Company, a colonizing society which had been formed in England, and had bought 50,000 acres of land from the New Zealand Company.

The next important event in the progress of colonization was the arrival at Port Chalmers, on the 23rd March, 1848, of the first of two emigrant ships sent out by the Otago Association for the foundation of a settlement by persons belonging to or in sympathy with the Free Church of Scotland.

In 1849 the “Canterbury Association for founding a Settlement in New Zealand” was incorporated. On the 16th December, 1850, the first emigrant ship despatched by the association arrived at Port Cooper, and the work of opening up the adjoining country was set about in a systematic fashion, the intention of the promoters being to establish a settlement complete in itself, and composed entirely of members of the then United Church of England and Ireland.

THE MAORIS.

Prior to the colonization of New Zealand by Europeans, the earliest navigators and explorers found a race of people already inhabiting both Islands. Papers written in 1874 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Fox and Sir Donald McLean (then Native Minister) state that at what time the discovery of these Islands was made by the Maoris, or from what place they came, are matters of tradition only, and that much has been lost in the obscurity enveloping the history of a people without letters. Nor is there anything on record respecting the origin of the Maori people themselves, beyond the general tradition of the Polynesian race, which seems to show a series of successive migrations from west to east, probably by way of Malaysia to the Pacific. Little more can now be gathered from their traditions than that they were immigrants and that they probably found inhabitants on the east coast of the North Island belonging to the same race as themselves—the descendants of a prior migration, whose history is lost. The tradition runs that, generations ago, the Maoris dwelt in a country named Hawaiki, and that one of their chiefs, after a long voyage, reached the northern island of New Zealand. Returning to his home with a flattering description of the country he had discovered, this chief, it is said, persuaded a number of his kinsfolk and friends, who were much harassed by war, to set out with a fleet of double canoes for the new land. The names of most of the canoes are still remembered, and each tribe agrees in its account of the doings of the people of the principal canoes after their arrival in New Zealand; and from these traditional accounts the descent of the numerous tribes has been traced. Calculations, based on the genealogical staves kept by the tohungas, or priests, and on the well-authenticated traditions of the people, indicate that about twenty-one generations have passed since the migration, which may therefore be assumed to have taken place about five hundred and twenty-five years ago. The position of the legendary Hawaiki is unknown, but many places in the South Seas have been thus named in memory of the motherland. The Maoris speak a very pure dialect of the Polynesian language, the common tongue, with more or less variation, in all the eastern Pacific islands. When Captain Cook first visited New Zealand he availed himself of the services of a Native from Tahiti, whose speech was easily understood by the Maoris. In this way much information respecting the early history of the country and its inhabitants was obtained which could not have otherwise been had.

For results of recent researches as to probable origin of the Maoris, see Year-book for 1901.

CONSTITUTION.

British sovereignty was proclaimed over New Zealand in January, 1840, and the country became a dependency of New South Wales

until the 3rd May, 1841, when it was made a separate colony. The seat of Government was at Auckland, and the Executive included the Governor, and three gentlemen holding office as Colonial Secretary, Attorney-General, and Colonial Treasurer.

The successors of these gentlemen, appointed in August, 1841, May, 1842, and January, 1844, respectively, continued in office until the establishment of Responsible Government on the 7th May, 1856. Only one of them—Mr. Swainson, the Attorney-General—sat as a member of the first General Assembly, opened on the 27th May, 1854. During the session of that year there were associated with the permanent members of the Executive Council certain members of the General Assembly. These latter held no portfolios.

The Government of the colony was at first vested in the Governor, who was responsible only to the Crown; but in 1852 an Act granting representative institutions to the colony was passed by the Imperial Legislature. Under it the constitution of a General Assembly for the whole colony was provided for, to consist of a Legislative Council, the members of which were to be nominated by the Governor, and of an elective House of Representatives. The first session of the General Assembly was opened on the 27th May, 1854, but the members of the Executive were not responsible to Parliament. The first Ministers under a system of Responsible Government were appointed in the year 1856. By the Act of 1852 the colony was divided into six provinces, each to be presided over by an elective Superintendent, and to have an elective Provincial Council, empowered to legislate, except on certain specified subjects. The franchise amounted practically to household suffrage. In each case the election was for four years, but a dissolution of the Provincial Council by the Governor could take place at any time, necessitating a fresh election both of the Council and of the Superintendent. The Superintendent was chosen by the whole body of electors of the province; each member of the Provincial Council by the electors of a district. The Provincial Governments, afterwards increased to nine, remained as integral parts of the Constitution of the colony until the 1st November, 1876, when they were abolished by an Act of the General Assembly, that body having been vested with the power of altering the Constitution Act. On the same day an Act of the General Assembly which subdivided the colony (exclusive of the areas included within municipalities) into counties, and established a system of local county government, came into force.

By resolutions passed by the House of Representatives on the 12th July, 1907, and by the Legislative Council on the 16th July, 1907, addresses were forwarded to His Majesty the King respectfully requesting that the necessary steps might be taken to change the designation of New Zealand from the Colony of New Zealand to the Dominion of New Zealand; and His Majesty the King, by Order in Council dated 9th September, 1907, and by Proclamation

issued 10th September, 1907, was graciously pleased to change the style and designation of the Colony of New Zealand to “The Dominion of New Zealand”; such change taking effect from Thursday, the 26th day of September, 1907.

GOVERNMENT.

The Governor is appointed by the King. His salary is £5,000 a year, with an annual allowance of £1,500 on account of his establishment, and of £500 for travelling-expenses, provided by the Dominion.

Members of the Legislative Council hold their seats under writs of summons from the Governor. Till the year 1891 the appointments were for life; but in September of that year an Act was passed making appointments after that time tenable for seven years only, though Councillors may be reappointed. In either case seats may be vacated by resignation or extended absence. Two members of the Council are aboriginal Native chiefs.

The members of the House of Representatives (now designated M.P.) are elected for three years from the time of each general election; but at any time a dissolution of Parliament by the Governor may render a general election necessary. Four of the members are representatives of Native constituencies. For the purposes of European representation the Dominion is divided into seventy-six electoral districts, each returning one member. The full number of members composing the House of Representatives is thus eighty. Members of the House of Representatives are chosen by the votes of the electors in every electoral district appointed for that purpose.

In 1889 an amendment of the Representation Act was passed, which contained a provision prohibiting any elector from giving his vote in respect of more than one electorate at any election. In 1893 women of both races were granted by law the right to vote at the elections for members of the House of Representatives. The qualification for registration is the same for both sexes. No person is entitled to be registered on more than one electoral roll within the Dominion. Women are not qualified to be elected as members of the House of Representatives. Every man registered as an elector, and not specially excepted by the Legislature Act now in force, is qualified to be elected a member of the House of Representatives for any electoral district. For European representation every adult person, if resident one year in the Dominion and three months in one electoral district, can be registered as an elector. Freehold property of the value of £25 held for six months preceding the day of registration until 1896 entitled a man or woman to register, if not previously registered under the residential qualification; but in 1896 the property qualification was abolished (except in case of existing registrations), and residence alone now entitles a man or woman

to have his or her name placed upon an electoral roll. For Maori representation every adult Maori resident in any Maori electoral district (of which there are four only in the Dominion) can vote. Registration is not required in Native districts. [The above provisions are now incorporated in the Legislature Act, 1908, which consolidates the electoral laws.] The electoral laws are the subject of special comment further on in this work.

THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.

Up to the year 1865 the seat of Government of New Zealand was at Auckland. Several attempts were made by members of Parliament, by motions in the Legislative Council and House of Representatives, to have it removed to some more central place; but it was not until November, 1863, that Mr. Domett (the then ex-Premier) was successful in carrying resolutions in the House of Representatives that steps should be taken for appointing some place in Cook Strait as the permanent seat of Government. The resolutions adopted were: “ (1.) That it has become necessary that the seat of Government in the colony should be transferred to some suitable locality in Cook Strait. (2.) That, in order to promote the accomplishment of this object, it is desirable that the selection of the particular site in Cook Strait should be left to the arbitrament of an impartial tribunal. (3.) That, with this view, a Bill should be introduced to give effect to the above resolutions.” On the 25th November an address was presented to the Governor, Sir George Grey, K.C.B., by the Commons of New Zealand, requesting that the Governors of the Colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania, might each be asked to appoint one Commissioner for the purpose of determining the best site in Cook Strait. Accordingly, the Hon. Joseph Docker, M.L.C., New South Wales; the Hon. Sir Francis Murphy, Speaker of the Legislative Council, Victoria; and R. C. Gunn, Esq., Tasmania, were appointed Commissioners.

These gentlemen, having made a personal inspection of all suitable places, arrived at the unanimous decision “that Wellington, in Port Nicholson, was the site upon the shores of Cook Strait which presented the greatest advantages for the administration of the government of the colony.”

The seat of Government was, therefore, in accordance with the recommendation of the Commissioners, removed to Wellington in February, 1865.

Chapter 2. SECTION II.—DESCRIPTIVE.

THE DOMINION.

New Zealand, formerly a colony, has, since September, 1907, by Royal Proclamation, been granted the designation of “Dominion,” and is referred to accordingly in this book. It consists of three main islands, with several groups of smaller islands lying at some distance from the principal group. The main islands, known as the North, the South, and Stewart Islands, have a coastline 4,330 miles in length: North Island, 2,200 miles; South Island, 2,000 miles; and Stewart Island, 130 miles. Other islands included within the Dominion are the Chatham, Auckland, Campbell, Three Kings, Antipodes, Bounty, and Kermadec Islands. The annexation of the Cook and sundry other islands has necessitated an enlargement of the boundaries of the Dominion, which will be specially treated of further on.

New Zealand is mountainous in many parts, but has, nevertheless, large plains in both North and South Islands. In the North Island, which is highly volcanic, is situated the famous Thermal-Springs District, of which a special account will be given. The South Island is remarkable for its lofty mountains, with their magnificent glaciers, and for the deep sounds or fiords on the western coast.

New Zealand is firstly a pastoral and secondly an agricultural country. Sown grasses are grown almost everywhere, the extent of land laid down being more than thirteen millions and a half of acres. The soil is admirably adapted for receiving these grasses, and, after the bush has been burnt off, is mostly sown over without previous ploughing. In the South Island a large area is covered with native grasses, all used for grazing purposes. The large extent of good grazing-land has made the Dominion a great wool, meat, and dairy-produce country; while its agricultural capabilities are, speaking generally, very considerable. The abundance of water and the quantity of valuable timber are other natural advantages.

New Zealand is, besides, a mining country. Large deposits of coal are met with, chiefly on the west coast of the South Island. Gold, alluvial and in quartz, is found in both Islands, the yield having been over seventy-nine millions in value to the present time. Full statistical information on this subject is given further on, compiled up to the latest dates.

BOUNDARIES AND AREA.

The Proclamation of Captain Hobson on the 30th January, 1840, gave as the boundaries of what was then the colony the following degrees of latitude and longitude: On the north, 34° 30' S. lat.; on the south, 47° 10' S. lat.; on the east, 179° 0' E. long.; on the west,

166° 5' E. long. These limits excluded small portions of the extreme north of the North Island and of the extreme south of Stewart Island.

In April, 1842, by Royal Letters Patent, and again by the Imperial Act 26 and 27 Vict., c. 23 (1863), the boundaries were altered so as to extend from 33° to 53° of south latitude and from 162° of east longitude to 173° of west longitude. By Proclamation bearing date the 21st July, 1887, the Kermadec Islands, lying between the 29th and 32nd degrees of south latitude and the 177th and 180th degrees of west longitude, were declared to be annexed to and to become part of the then Colony of New Zealand.

By Proclamation bearing date the 10th June, 1901, the Cook Group of islands, and all the other islands and territories situate within the boundary-lines mentioned in the following Schedule, were included:—

A line commencing at a point at the intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich, and proceeding due north to the point of intersection of the eighth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due west to the point of intersection of the eighth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-sixty-seventh degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due south to the point of intersection of the seventeenth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-sixty-seventh degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due west to the point of intersection of the seventeenth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-seventieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due south to the point of intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and seventieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; and thence due east to the point of intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich.

The following now constitutes the Dominion of New Zealand:—

  1. The island commonly known as the North Island, with its adjacent islets, having an aggregate area of 44,673 square miles, or 28,590,720 acres.

  2. The island known as the South Island, with adjacent islets, having an aggregate area of 57,923 square miles, or 37,070,720 acres.

  3. Stewart Island, and adjacent islets, having an area of 665 square miles, or 425,390 acres.

  4. The Chatham Islands, situate 536 miles eastward of Lyttelton in the South Island, with an area of 375 square miles, or 239,920 acres.

  5. The Auckland Islands, about 200 miles south of Stewart Island, extending about 30 miles from north to south, and nearly 15 from east to west, the area being 210,650 acres.

  6. Campbell Island, in latitude 52° 33' 26” south, and longitude 169° 8' 41” west, about 30 miles in circumference, with an area of 45,440 acres.

  7. The Antipodes Islands, about 458 miles in a south-easterly direction from Port Chalmers, in the South Island. These are detached rocky islands, and extend over a distance of between 4 and 5 miles from north to south. Area, 12,960 acres.

  8. The Bounty Islands, a small group of islets, thirteen in number, lying north of the Antipodes Islands, and about 415 miles in an east-south-easterly direction from Port Chalmers. Area, 3,300 acres.

  9. The Kermadec Islands, a group lying about 614 miles to the north-east of Russell, in the Bay of Islands. Raoul, or Sunday Island, the largest of these, is about 20 miles in circuit. The next in size is Macaulay Island, about 3 miles round. Area of the group, 8,208 acres.

  10. Islands forming the Cook Group:—

    Rarotonga.—Distance from Auckland, 1,638 miles; circumference, 20 miles; height, 2,920 ft.

    Mangaia. — Distance from Rarotonga, 116 miles; circumference, 30 miles; height, 656 ft.

    Atiu.—Distance from Rarotonga, 116 miles: circumference, 20 miles; height, 374 ft.

    Aitutaki. — Distance from Rarotonga, 140 miles; circumference, 12 miles; height, 366 ft.

    Mauke.—Distance from Rarotonga, 150 miles; circumference, 6 miles; height, about 60 ft.

    Mitiaro.—Distance from Rarotonga, 140 miles; circumference, 5 miles; height, about 50 ft.

    Takutea.—Distant from Rarotonga, 125 miles.

    The Herveys (Manuae and Aoutu).—Distant from Rarotonga, 120 miles.

    Total area of above Group, 150 square miles.

  11. Islands outside the Cook Group:—

    Savage or Niue.—Distance from Rarotonga, 580 miles; circumference, 40 miles; height, 200 ft.; area, about 100 square miles.

    Palmerston.—Distance from Rarotonga, 273 miles; an atoll, 4 miles by 2 miles.

    Penrhyn, or Tongareva.—Distance 735 miles from Rarotonga; an atoll, 12 miles by 7 miles.

    Humphrey, or Manahiki.—Distance from Rarotonga, 650 miles; an atoll, 6 miles by 5 miles.

    Rierson, or Rakaanga.—Distance from Rarotonga, 670 miles; an atoll, 3 miles by 3 miles.

    Danger, or Pukapuka.—Distance from Rarotonga, 700 miles; an atoll, 3 miles by 3 miles.

    Suwarrow.—Distance from Rarotonga, 530 miles; an atoll.

Total area of islands outside the Cook Group, 130 square miles.

The total area of the Dominion is thus about 104,354 square miles, of which the aggregate area of the outlying groups of islands that are practically useless for settlement amounts to about 498 square miles.

Area of the States of Australia.

The areas of the several Australian States, as stated by different authorities, vary considerably. The total area of the Australian Continent is given as 2,944,628 square miles, according to a computation made by the late Surveyor-General of Victoria, Mr. J. A. Skene, from a map of Continental Australia compiled and engraved under his direction; but the following areas are taken from latest official records:—

 Square Miles.
Queensland670,500
New South Wales310,372
Victoria87,884
South Australia903,690
Western Australia975,920
   Total, Continent of Australia2,948,366
Tasmania26,215
   Total, Commonwealth of Australia2,974,581

The size of these States (with New Zealand) may be better realized by comparison of their areas with those of European countries. The areas of the following countries—Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Portugal, Spain, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Greece, Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, Eastern Roumelia, and Turkey in Europe—containing on the whole rather less than 1,600,000 square miles, amount to little more than half the extent of the Australian Continent. If the area of Russia in Europe be added to those of the other countries the total would be about one-seventh larger than the Australian Continent, and about one-twelfth larger than the Australian States, with New Zealand.

Area of the Dominion of New Zealand.

The area of the Dominion of New Zealand is about one-seventh less than the area of Great Britain and Ireland, the South Island of New Zealand being a little larger than the combined areas of England and Wales.

United Kingdom.Area in Square Miles.
England and Wales58,311
Scotland30,463
Ireland32,531
      Total121,305
New Zealand.Area in Square Miles.
North Island44,673
South Island57,923
Stewart Island665
Chatham Islands375
Other islands718
      Total104,354

PHYSICAL FEATURES.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE NORTH ISLAND.

The North Island extends over a little more than seven degrees of latitude, a distance in a direct line from north to south of 430 geographical or 498 statute miles; but, as the northern portion of the Dominion, which covers more than three degrees of latitude, trends to the westward, the distance in a straight line from the North Cape to Cape Palliser, the extreme northerly and southerly points of the island, is about 515 statute miles.

This island is, as a whole, hilly, and in parts mountainous in character, but there are large areas of plains or comparatively level country that are, or by clearing can be made, available for farming purposes. Of these the principal are the plains in the Hawke's Bay District, on the east coast; the Wairarapa Plain, in the Wellington District; a strip of country along the West Coast, about 250 miles in length, extending from a point about thirty miles from the City of Wellington to a little north of New Plymouth; and the Waikato Plains, extending from the Firth of the Thames to within about fifty miles of Lake Taupo. The largest plain in the North Island, Kaingaroa, extends in a north-easterly direction to the sea-coast in the Bay of Plenty. There are also the pumiceous Waimarino and Murimotu Plains, at the base of the volcanoes, and in other localities several smaller but fertile plains. Though the greater portion of the central plateau is covered with a volcanic ash or sand, now principally bearing a plant growth of tea-tree scrub (manuka), bracken, and tussock, and is now to a large extent waste land, it must not be supposed that these lands are valueless. In many places there are swampy areas even now carrying good crops of flax which, when prices are good, are cut and milled. Between Taupo and Rotorua and the Rangitaiki River there are several sheep-runs. In many places where old Maori kaingas have been, European fruit-trees, such as apples, cherries, peaches, raspberries, &c., are still to be found in healthy condition (though quite unattended to), thus proving that these lands are in many places suitable, as far as soil and climate are concerned, for fruitgrowing; and it is probable that these cheap and neglected lands will before many years have elapsed be utilized for fruit-production. The existence in many places of fine forests proves the suitability of the district for tree-growth, and on this evidence the Government have made very extensive plantations of exotic trees of commercial value, which are all thriving most satisfactorily. The greater part of these plains has in comparatively recent times been covered with valuable forest, but repeated burnings by Maoris have caused its disappearance. The frequent burnings of the scrub and tussock by Maoris and Europeans during the last sixty years has so impoverished the soil of its humus-content that the present state of comparative barrenness is the result. This repeated burning-off of the scrub is also responsible for the lessened fertility of the gum lands. The level or undulating country in this Island fit, or capable of being made fit, for farming has roughly been estimated at 13,000,000 acres. This includes lands now covered with standing forest and swamps that can be drained, also large areas of clay gum-lands and pumice-covered lands. The clay gum-lands are in their natural state cold and uninviting to the farmer, but by proper drainage and cultivation they can be brought into a high state of productiveness. Although the area of bush land is still very great, yet year by year the amount is being reduced, chiefly to meet the demands of settlement, the trees being cut down and burnt, and grass sown on the ground fertilized by their ashes.

Hilly as the country is, yet from the nature of the climate it is especially suited for the growth of English grasses, which will flourish wherever there is any soil, however steep the land may be; once laid down in grass there is very little land too poor to supply food for cattle and sheep. The area of land in the North Island deemed purely pastoral or capable of being made so is estimated at 14,200,000 acres. It is estimated that the area of mountain tops and barren country at too high an altitude for sheep, and therefore

worthless for pastoral purposes, amounts, in the North Island, to 300,000 acres.

The area of land in the North Island still remaining in forest is about 8,500,000 acres of a total area of 29,149,252 acres, but every year the forested area is fast diminishing as settlement advances. In the Auckland District are found the celebrated kauri forests, which produce perhaps the most valuable of the pine timbers.

The mountains in the North Island are estimated to occupy about one-tenth of the surface, and do not exceed 4,000 ft. in height, excepting a few volcanic cones and the highest peaks of the Kaimanawa, Ruahine, and Tararua Ranges. Of the volcanoes the following are the most important:—

  1. Ruapehu. This mountain lies about twenty-seven miles south-southeast from Lake Taupo. Its highest peak is 9,175 ft., so it rises far above the line of perpetual snow. It is in the solfatara stage, and has on its summit a remarkable crater-lake which is surrounded by walls of ice several hundred feet in height. The waters of this crater-lake are highly charged with sulphuric acid. The water is always warm enough to remain liquid, but there are times when it boils, and is heaved into the air to fall and besmirch the snowy mantle of the surrounding heights. The Wangaehu River has its source in this crater, and its waters are so poisonous to plants that they will not grow on its banks even for miles after the river has reached the plains and received numerous tributaries.

  2. To the north-north-east of Ruapehu lie Ngauruhoe (7,515 ft.) and the several coalesced cones of Tongariro (6,140 ft.). There was a considerable discharge of ashes from Ngauruhoe in 1909, but no loss of life occurred. Molten lava has been seen in the crater, but it has not overflowed since the European occupation of the country. From the crater of Te Mari there was a flow of lava in 1868.

    The country around these volcanoes has been created a National Park, and by reason of its varied interests—active craters, blowholes, glaciers, hot medicinal springs, crateral lakes, varied alpine flora, and exhilarating climate—it will be certain later on to attract great numbers of visitors.

  3. Mount Egmont. This is an extinct volcanic cone, rising to a height of 8,260 ft. The upper part is always covered with snow. The mountain if from many directions a nearly perfect cone, and rising as it does from a plain only a few hundred feet above sea-level, it forms a view of imposing beauty. It is called the “sentinel of Taranaki.” Close to its base on the north lies the thriving town of New Plymouth, and the surrounding country is some of the most fertile in New Zealand.

Ruapehu, Tongariro, Taupo, and the thermal vents in the Rotorua district are all on a line of weakness in the earth's crust which reaches its visible terminal at White Island, which is an active volcano in the Bay of Plenty, about thirty-five miles from the main land.

Hot Springs.—Without a doubt the hot springs form the most remarkable feature of the North Island. They are found over a large area, extending from Tongariro, south of Lake Taupo, to Ohaeawai, in the extreme north—a distance of some 300 miles; but the principal seat of hydrothermal action appears to be in the neighbourhood of Lake Rotorua, about forty miles north-north-east from Lake Taupo. By the destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces at Lake Rotomahana during the eruption of Mount Tarawera on the 10th June, 1886, the neighbourhood has been deprived of attractions unique in character and of unrivalled beauty; but the natural features of the country—the numerous lakes, geysers, and hot springs, some of which possess remarkable curative properties in certain complaints—are still very attractive to tourists and invalids. The vast importance of conserving this region as a sanatorium for all time has been recognized by the Government, and it is dedicated by Act of Parliament to that purpose.

Lakes.—The principal lakes in the North Island are Taupo, with an area of 238 square miles, Rotorua, Tarawera, Rotoiti, Waikaremoana, and several smaller ones. The effluent waters from some of these lakes will in the near future be utilized for the generation of electrical power.

Rivers.—The chief rivers of the North Island are the Waikato (which has its source in the Kaimanawa Range), and is slightly under two hundred miles in length, the Northern Wairoa, the Waihou, the Southern Wairoa, the Manawatu, Rangitikei, Wanganui, and Mokau. All these rivers except the Rangitikei are navigable for small vessels. There are numerous smaller rivers in this well-watered Island, and many of these will shortly be used for the production of electrical power.

Harbours.—For its great length of irregular coast-line the North Island has few harbours that will admit the largest modern liners. There are however, two (Auckland and Wellington) that will, and these are so situated that they form the most convenient receiving and distributing centres. There are several on the west coast—Hokianga, Kaipara, Manukau, and Kawhia—and on the east coast—the Bay of Islands, Whangarei, Thames, Mercury Bay, and Tauranga—that are already or can be made available for vessels of 2,000 tons. There are also the artificial harbours of Gisborne, Napier, and New Plymouth, which can accommodate liners in their bays or coastal vessels behind their moles. There is a magnificent harbour at the Great Barrier Island, which, though of little commercial value, would give certain shelter to the largest modern fleet.

Capes.—The chief capes are Cape Maria van Diemen, North Cape, Cape Brett, Cape Colville, East Cape, Table Cape, Gape Palliser, Cape Terawhiti, and Cape Egmont.

Peninsulas.—The chief peninsulas are Cape Colville Peninsula (where the celebrated Waihi Gold-mine is situated) and the Mahia Peninsula.

Islands.—There are numerous islands scattered along the coast, and the chief of these are the Three Kings, a cluster of islets lying thirty-eight miles west-north-west of Cape Maria van Diemen. They were discovered in 1643 by Tasman, and named in honour of the day of discovery, it being the feast of the Ephiphany. Owing to these islets being incorrectly charted, the steamer “Elingamite” was wrecked here some years ago, and many valuable lives lost. Since this, however, their correct position has been found. The Great Barrier Island, the Little Barrier Island, Great Mercury Island, Mayor Island, and Kapiti Island. The last-named was the home and stronghold of the famous Maori warrior Rauparaha; it is now mostly a public reserve and sanctuary for native flora and fauna.

COOK STRAIT.

Cook Strait separates the North from the South Island. It is some sixteen miles across at its narrowest point, but in the widest about ninety. The strait is invaluable for the purpose of traffic between the east and west coasts of the Dominion.

PHYSICAL FEATURE OF THE SOUTH ISLAND.

The extreme length of the South Island, from Jackson's Head, in Cook Strait, to Puysegur Point, at the extreme south-west, is about 525 statute miles; the greatest distance across at any point is in Otago (the southernmost), District, about 180 miles.

The South Island is intersected along almost its entire length by a range of mountains known as the Southern Alps. Some of the summits reach a height of from 10,000 ft. to 12,000 ft., Mount Cook, the highest peak, rising to 12,349 ft.

In the south, in the neighbourhood of the sounds and Lake Te Anau, there are many magnificent peaks, which, though not of great height, are, owing to their latitude, nearly all crowned with perpetual ice and snow. Further north the mountains increase in height—Mount Earnslaw, at Lake Wakatipu; and Mount Aspiring, which has been aptly termed the New Zealand Matterhorn, 9,949 ft. in height, at Lake Wanaka. Northward of this again are Mount Cook (or Aorangi), Mount Sefton, and other grand peaks.

For beauty and grandeur of scenery the Southern Alps of New Zealand may worthily compare with, while in point of variety they are said actually

to surpass, the Alps of Switzerland. In New Zealand few of the mountains have been scaled; many of the peaks and most of the glaciers are as yet unnamed; and there is still, in parts of the South Island, a fine field for exploration and discovery—geographical, geological, and botanical. The wonders of the Southern Alps are only beginning to be known; but the more they are known the more they are appreciated. The snow-line in New Zealand being so much lower than in Switzerland, the scenery, though the mountains are not quite so high, is of surpassing grandeur.

There are extensive glaciers on both sides of the range, those on the west being of exceptional beauty, as, from the greater abruptness of the mountain-slopes on that side, they descend to within about 700 ft. of the sea-level, and into the midst of the evergreen forest. The largest glaciers on either side of the range are easily accessible.

The following gives the sizes of some of the glaciers on the eastern slope:—

Name.Area of Glacier.Length of Glacier.Greatest Width.Average Width.
Acres.Milesch.Milesch.Milesch.
Tasman13,664180214115
Murchison5,800107015066
Godley5,3128015513
Mueller3,20080061050
Hooker2,416725054041

The Alletsch Glacier in Switzerland, according to Ball, in the “Alpine Guide,” has an average width of one mile. It is in length and width inferior to the Tasman Glacier.

Numerous sounds or fiords penetrate the south-western coast. They are long, narrow, and deep (the depth of water at the upper part of Milford Sound is 1,270 ft., although at the entrance only 130 ft.), surrounded by giant mountains clothed with foliage to the snow-line, with waterfalls, glaciers, and snowfields at every turn. Some of the mountains rise almost precipitously from the water's edge to 5,000 ft. and 6,000 ft. above the sea. Near Milford, the finest of these sounds, is the great Sutherland Waterfall, 1,904 ft. high.

The general surface of the northern portion of the South Island, comprising the Provincial Districts of Nelson and Marlborough, is mountainous, but the greater part is suitable for grazing purposes. There are some fine valleys and small plains suitable for agriculture, of which the Wairau Valley or Plain is the largest. Deep sounds, extending for many miles, break the coast-line abutting on Cook Strait. The City of Nelson is situated at the head of Blind Bay, which has a depth inwards from Cook Strait of about forty statute miles.

The Provincial District of Canterbury lies to the south of the Marlborough District, and on the eastern side of the Island. Towards the north the land is undulating; then there is a stretch of almost perfectly level country extending towards the south-west 160 miles, after which, on the south, the country is undulating as far as the borders of the Otago District. On the east a block of hill country rises abruptly from the plain and extends for some miles seaward. This is Banks Peninsula, containing several good harbours, the principal being Port Cooper, on the north, on which is situated Lyttelton, the chief port of the district: the harbour of Akaroa, one of the finest in the Dominion, is on the southern coast of this peninsula.

The District of Otago is, on the whole, mountainous, but has many fine plains and valleys suitable for tillage. The mountains, except towards the west coast, are generally destitute of timber, and suitable for grazing sheep. There are goldfields of considerable extent in the interior of this district.

The inland lakes are also very remarkable features. Lake Wakatipu extends over fifty-four miles in length, but its greatest width is not more than four miles, and its area only 114 square miles. It is 1,070 ft. above sea-level, and has a depth varying from 1,170 ft. to 1,296 ft. To Anau Lake is somewhat larger, having an area of 132 square miles. These lakes are bounded on the west by broken, mountainous, and wooded country, extending to the ocean.

The chief harbours in Otago are Port Chalmers, at the head of which Dunedin is situated, and the Bluff Harbour, at the extreme south.

The District of Westland, extending along the west coast of the South Island, abreast of Canterbury, is more or less auriferous throughout. The western slopes of the central range of mountains are clothed with forest trees to the snow-line; but on the eastern side timber is scarce, natural grasses covering the ground.

The rivers in the South Island are for the most part mountain-torrents, fed by glaciers in the principal mountain-ranges. When the snow melts they rise in flood, forming, where not confined by rocky walls, beds of considerable width, generally covered by enormous deposits of shingle. The largest river in the Dominion as regards volume of water is the Clutha. It is 154 miles in length, but is only navigable for boats or small river-steamers for about thirty miles. The Rivers Buller, Grey, and Hokitika, on the west coast, are navigable for a short distance from their mouths. They form the only ports in the Nelson South-west and Westland Districts, in their unimproved state they admitted, owing to the bars at their mouths, none but vessels of small draught; but, in consequence of the importance of the Grey and Buller Rivers as the sole ports available for the coal-export trade, large harbour-works have been undertaken, resulting in the deepening of the beds of these rivers, and giving a depth up to 26 ft. of water on the bars.

The area of level or undulating land in the South Island available for agriculture is estimated at about 15,000,000 acres. About 13,000,000 are suitable for pastoral purposes only, or may become so when cleared of forest and sown with grass-seed. The area of barren land and mountain-tops is estimated at about 9,000,000 acres.

STEWART ISLAND.

Foveaux Strait separates the South from Stewart Island. This last island has an area of only 425,390 acres.

Stewart Island is a great tourist resort during the summer months, and is easily reached by steamer from the Bluff, distant about 25 miles.

The principal peak is Mount Anglem, 3,200 ft. above sea-level. Most of the island is rugged and forest-clad; the climate is mild, frost being seldom experienced; and the soil, when cleared of bush, is fertile.

The chief attractions are the numerous bays and fiords. Paterson Inlet is a magnificent sheet of water, about ten miles by four miles, situated close to Half-moon Bay, the principal port, where over two hundred people live. Horseshoe Bay and Port William are within easy reach of Half-moon Bay. Port Pegasus, a land-locked sheet of water about eight miles by a mile and a half, is a very fine harbour. At “The Neck” (Paterson Inlet) there is a Native settlement of Maoris and half-castes. The bush is generally very dense, with thick undergrowth. Rata, black-pine, white-pine, miro, and totara are the principal timber trees. Fish are to be had in great abundance and variety; oysters form an important industry. Wild pigeons, ducks, and mutton-birds are plentiful.

THE OUTLYING ISLANDS.

The outlying group of the CHATHAM ISLANDS, lying between the parallels of 43° 30' and 44° 30' south latitude, and the meridians of 175° 40' and 177° 15' west longitude, 480 statute miles east-south-east from Wellington, and 536 miles eastward of Lyttelton, consists of two principal islands and

several unimportant islets. They were discovered by Lieutenant Broughton and named by him in honour of the Earl of Chatham. The largest island contains about 222,490 acres, of which an irregularly-shaped lake or lagoon absorbs 45,960 acres. About one-quarter of the surface of the land is covered with forest, the rest with fern or grass. The hills nowhere rise to a great height. Pitt Island is the next in size: the area is 15,330 acres. The greater portion of both islands is used for grazing sheep.

The KERMADEC GROUP of islands, four in number, is situated between 29° 10' and 31° 30' south latitude, and between 177° 45' and 179° west longitude. They are named the Raoul or Sunday Island, Macaulay Island, Curtis Islands, and L'Espérance or French Rock. The principal island, Sunday, is 600 miles distant from Auckland, and lies a little more than half-way to Tonga, but 100 miles to the eastward of the direct steam route to that place. It is 300 miles eastward of the steam route to Fiji, and 150 miles westward of the steam route from Auckland to Rarotonga. Macaulay Island (named after the father of Lord Macaulay) and Custic Island were discovered in May, 1788, by Lieutenant Watts, in the “Penrhyn,” a transport ship. The remainder of the group was discovered in 1793, by Admiral Bruni d'Entrecasteaux. The Admiral gave the name of “Kermadec” to the whole group of islands, after the captain of his consort ship “L'Espérance,” and the name of the Admiral's ship “La Recherche” was given to the largest island. The name so given was not continued, but that of “Raoul” has taken its place, which would appear to have been given after the sailing-master of the “La Recherche,” whose name was Joseph Raoul. The name of “Sunday” may also have become attached to the island from the fact that it was discovered on a Sunday. The islands are volcanic, and in two of them signs of activity are still to be seen. The rainfall is plentiful, but not excessive. The climate is mild and equable, and slightly warmer than the north of New Zealand. The following are the areas of the islands and islets of the group: Sunday Island, 7,200 acres; Herald group of islets, 85 acres; Macaulay Island, 764 acres; Curtis Islands, 128 acres and 19 acres; L'Espérance, 12 acres: total, 8,208 acres. Sunday Island is twenty miles in circumference, roughly triangular in shape, and at the highest point 1,723 ft. above the sea-level. It is rugged and broken over a very large extent of its surface, and, except in a few places, covered with forest. The soil everywhere on the island is very rich, being formed by the decomposition of a dark-coloured pumiceous tuff and a black andesitic lava, with which is closely mixed a fine vegetable mould. The great luxuriance and richness of the vegetation bear witness to the excellence of the soil, which is everywhere—except where destroyed by eruptions, and on the steep cliffs—the same rich loam. Want of water is one of the drawbacks. Three of the four lakes on the island are fresh, but so difficult of approach as to be practically useless.

The AUCKLAND ISLANDS were discovered during a whaling voyage on 18th August, 1806, by Captain Abraham Bristow, in the ship “Ocean.” The discoverer named the group after Lord Auckland, again visited the islands in 1807 and then took formal possession of them. They lie about 290 miles south of Bluff Harbour, their accepted position being given as latitude 50° 32' S., and longitude 166° 13' E. They have several good harbours. Port Ross, at the north end of the principal island, was described by the eminent French commander D'Urville as one of the best harbours of refuge in the known world. At the southern end of the island there is a through passage extending from the east to the west coast. It has been variously named Adams Strait and Carnley Harbour, and forms a splendid sheet of water. The largest of the islands is about 27 miles long by about 15 miles broad, and is very mountainous, the highest part being about 2,000 ft. above the sea. The west coast is bold and precipitous, hut the east coast has several inlets. The wood on the island is, owing to the strong prevailing wind, scrubby in character. The New Zealand Government maintains at this island a depot of provisions and clothing for the use of shipwrecked mariners.

The ANTIPODES, an isolated group, consisting of several detached rocky islands lying nearly north and south over a space of four to five miles; accepted position. 19° 41' 15” south, and longitude 178° 43' east.

The BOUNTY ISLANDS, a little cluster of islets, thirteen in number and without verdure, discovered in 1788 by Captain Blight, R.N., of H.M.S. “Bounty.” Position verified by observation, 47° 13' south, longitude 170° 0½' east.

CAMPBELL ISLAND was discovered in 1810 by Frederick Hazelburgh, master of the brig “Perseverance,” owned by Mr. Robert Campbell, of Sydney. It is mountainous, and of a circumference of about thirty miles. There are several good harbours.

The COOK ISLANDS, with others now included within the extended boundaries of the Dominion, are as under:*—

RAROTONGA (Cook Group): A magnificent island, rising to a height of 3,000 ft., clothed to the tops of the mountains with splendid vegetation. It has abundant streams, considerable tracts of sloping land, and rich alluvial valleys. The two harbours are poor.

MANGAIA, the south-easternmost of the Cook Group, is of volcanic origin, and about thirty miles in circumference. The productions, which are numerous and cheap, are obtained by assiduous labour.

ATIU (Cook Group) resembles Mangaia in appearance and extent. It is a mere bank of coral, 10 ft. or 12 ft. high, steep and rugged, except where there are small sandy beaches and some clefts, when the ascent is gradual.

AITUTAKI (Cook Group) presents a most fruitful appearance, its shores being bordered by flat land, on which are innumerable cocoanut and other trees, the higher ground being beautifully interspersed with lawns. It is eighteen miles in circuit.

MAUKE or Parry Island (Cook Group) is a low-lying island; it is about two miles in diameter; well wooded, and inhabited.

MITIARO (Cook Group) is a low-lying island, from three to four miles long and one mile wide.

HERVEY ISLANDS (Cook Group): This group consists of two islands, surrounded by a reef, which may be 10½ miles in circumference.

NIUE, or Savage Island, lying east of the Friendly Islands, is a coral island, thirty-six miles in circumference, rising to a height of 200 ft. It has the usual tropical productions.

PALMERSTON ISLAND, lying about 500 miles east of Niue and about 220 from the nearest island of the Cook Group (Aitutaki), is remarkable as the “San Pablo” of Magellan, the first island discovered in the South Sea. It has no harbour. The soil is fairly fertile, and there is some good hardwood timber.

PENRHYN ISLAND (Tongareva) lies about 300 miles north-east of Manahiki. It is one of the most famous pearl islands in the Pacific, and there is a splendid harbour, a lagoon with two entrances, fit for ships of any size.

MANAHIKI, lying about 400 miles eastward of Danger Island, is an atoll, about thirty miles in circumference, valuable from the extent of the cocoanut groves. The interior lagoon contains a vast deposit of pearl-shell.

RAKAANGA is an atoll, three miles in length and of equal breadth.

DANGER ISLAND (Pukapuka): Next to the 10th parallel, but rather north of the latitude of the Navigators, and east of them are a number of small atolls. Of these, the nearest to the Samoan Group—about 500 miles—is Danger Island, bearing north-west of Suwarrow about 250 miles.

SUWARROW ISLAND has one of the best harbours in the Pacific. It lies about 500 miles east of Apia, the capital of the Samoan Group. It is a coral atoll, of a triangular form, fifty miles in circumference, the reef having an average width of half a mile across, enclosing a land-locked lagoon twelve miles by eight, which forms an excellent harbour. The entrance is half a mile wide, and the accommodation permits of ships riding in safety in

* See article “Notes on Cook and other Islands” in a later portion of this book.

all weathers, with depths of from three to thirty fathoms. It is out of the track of hurricanes, uninhabited, but capable by its fertility of supporting a small population. As a depot for the collection of trade from the various islands it ought to be very valuable.

THE GEOLOGY OF NEW ZEALAND.

The geological history of New Zealand is long and complicated, and is as yet by no means clearly deciphered. Many times the land has risen and fallen. Now it has been part, of some great continent: again the major portion or the whole has disappeared beneath the waves of the ocean. Now the land consists mainly of huge mountain-chains: later it exhibits a nearly flat surface over which meander sluggish streams: still later it is once more mountainous, and from the highlands great streams of ice deploy on the lowlands. Now the climate is more genial than it is to-day: anon more rigorous than that of Central Russia. At times volcanic action proceeds on a vast scale: at others the subterranean forces are dormant. If the student of geology would rightly interpret the story of the rocks he must ever bear in mind that New Zealand in the past has never been quite or even nearly the same as we see it now. With the scanty materials at hand he must endeavour to reconstruct the land as it existed during past ages. A rich field for original research is open to the geologist. There are many important problems, some of high economic value, some of world-wide interest, awaiting solution by the patient worker in science.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF STRATIGRAPHY.

The oldest rocks in New Zealand appear to be those of western Otago, where over a large area is exposed a complex of gneisses and schists, intruded by granite and other igneous rocks. The gneisses in the main are altered granites and diorites, but some of the schists, at any rate, are of sedimentary origin. A pre-Cambrian age was assigned to these rocks by Professor F. W. Hutton, but Professor James Park considers them to be probably of Cambrian age, and includes them in his Maniototo Series.

Perhaps next in age to the western Otago gneisses and schists are the mica, chlorite, and quartz schists of Central Otago. In the absence of fossils, however, the age of these rocks is uncertain. Professor Hutton regarded them as pre-Cambrian, Professor Park assigns a Cambrian age, whilst Dr. P. Marshall considers them to be little, if at all, older than the Triassic. Some schistose rocks in north, central, and western Nelson may be as old as, or even older than, the Otago mica-schists. The gneisses and schists on the western side of the Southern Alps may for the present be classed with the Nelson schists.

The oldest known fossiliferous rocks in New Zealand are the Ordovician argillites (“slates”), greywackes, and quartzites occurring near Collingwood (Nelson), and Preservation Inlet in south-west Otago. Ultimately these rocks may be found to have a considerable development in various parts of Nelson and Westland.

Rocks containing Silurian fossils occur in the Mount Arthur district, Nelson. They are principally altered limestone (practically marble), calcareous shale or argillite, sandstone, and quartzite.

At Reefton a small area exhibits quartzite, limestone, and slaty shale containing fossils believed to be of Devonian age. Elsewhere considerable areas have been assigned to the same period by Mr. Alexander McKay, but owing to the non-discovery of recognizable fossils definite proof of age is wanting. For a similar reason the age of most of the rocks placed in the Carboniferous period (“Maitai Series”) by McKay is uncertain. At Reefton the supposed Carboniferous rocks, which here contain many auriferous quartz-veins, may quite possibly be of Ordovician age. In the typical locality near Nelson the fossils found in the Maitai rocks indicate a Trias-Jura age, though possibly older rocks may be present also.

So far Permian rocks have not been satisfactorily identified in New-Zealand. Park, however, considers his Aorangi and Kaihiku Series to be of Permian age.

During some of the Palæozoic periods it is conjectured that New Zealand formed part of or was the foreland of a large land-mass that extended far to the west. This land-mass possibly persisted to late Palæozoic times, and may have been the now-dismembered and all-but-lost continent known to geologists as Gondwana-land.

As yet the early and middle Mesozoic rocks of New Zealand have not been clearly separated by means of unconformities or fossil evidence. What may be called a Trias-Jura system is extensively developed in both the North and South Islands. The most fossiliferous localities are Hokonui Hills (Southland), near Nugget Point (Otago), Wairoa Valley near the Town of Nelson, Kawhia Harbour, and Waikato Heads, the two latter localities both on the west coast of Auckland. A broad belt of Trias-Jura or, according to Park, of Permo-Jurassic rocks extends through western Canterbury and Marlborough, and is continued as a somewhat narrower belt on the north side of Cook Strait from Wellington to near East Cape. Rocks of much the same age occur in the Mokau River watershed, in the Lower Waikato Valley, in the Coromandel Peninsula, and in North Auckland.

The supposed Jurassic rocks of Kawhia Harbour and Waikato Heads, mentioned above, may possibly be of Lower Cretaceous age. Admittedly Cretaceous rocks extend in a not-quite-continuous belt from Cape Campbell in Marlborough to the neighbourhood of Waipara in North Canterbury. At Amuri Bluff they are richly fossiliferous. Here and in several other localities the fossils include saurian remains. To the Cretaceous may also be assigned a somewhat extensive belt of rocks near the east coast of Wellington and southern Hawke's Ray. A continuation of this belt extends from somewhere to the north-west of Gisborne to the East Cape district.

The oldest known workable coal-seams in New Zealand probably occur in Cretaceous rocks. Much controversy, however, concerning the age of our coalfields has arisen. Sir James Hector, and with him Mr. Alexander McKay, considered that the coal-measures belonged to a Cretaceo-Tertiary system that extended from the Upper Cretaceous to the Middle Tertiary. For many years Mr. McKay was practically the sole exponent of this theory, but quite recently Dr. Marshall has advocated a very similar if not identical view. The truth, however, seems to be that the coal-measures concerning which there is dispute are of two different ages. The Shag Point, Malvern Hills, and North Auckland coalfields are probably of Upper Cretaceous age. To these Park would add the Milton-Kaitangata coalfield and a small portion of the Green Island coalfield. The other coalfields, as mentioned below, are Tertiary.

Although there is certainly a palæontological break between the Upper Cretaceous (Waipara Series) and the Early Tertiary, the existence of an unconformity, as may be inferred from the previous paragraph, is a matter of doubt. The subdivision of the Tertiary strata, which are well represented in New Zealand, is still more or less tentative. To the Eocene may be assigned the bituminous coal-measures of the Grey, Buller, and Collingwood districts, and probably also some of the coal-bearing patches of central Nelson. Elsewhere Eocene rocks are not recognized.

During the Early Eocene it is believed that New Zealand was again part of a continental area that extended far to the north, and was joined, or all but joined, to New Guinea and northern Australia. This continent may have included much of the area in the Pacific now studded with coral islands. Its former existence is inferred mainly from various features in our plant and animal life. According to Mr. T. F. Cheeseman no less than 366 New Zealand plants are found also in Australia. More significant, perhaps, is the occurrence of many closely related species and genera in the two regions, for comparatively few of the 366 species are likely to have persisted since the Eocene. Many of our birds show marked affinities to Australian and

Malayan species. In this connection an interesting line of support for a Tertiary extension of New Zealand to the north is afforded by the annual migrations of the New Zealand cuckoos and of the godwit.

During the Miocene period New Zealand subsided until little of the present land-surface was above water. Consequently, notwithstanding extensive denudation in later periods, Miocene strata are well represented in almost all parts of the country. They are typically developed in the Oamaru district (north-east Otago), and hence Hutton's name of “Oamaru Series” is generally applied to the Miocene strata of New Zealand. Miocene rocks are well represented in North Westland, an area in which a decided unconformity separates them from the Eocene coal-measures. They form much of the surface of the North Island, where the name “papa” is commonly applied to the calcareous claystones and argillaceous sandstones which there form a great proportion of the Miocene rocks. In many places the Oamaru Series is characterized by the development of a fairly thick, soft, fossiliferous limestone about the middle horizon. This marks the time of greatest subsidence, or rather the time when the Miocene sea was deepest. Owing to their calcareous nature, the Miocene rocks give rise to some of the richest agricultural districts in New Zealand. In places they contain, in their lowest horizon, seams of good brown coal. There are also brown coals of late Miocene age.

In many localities the Miocene rocks pass without unconformity into strata considered to be of Pliocene age. In the Hawke's Bay and Wanganui districts these are marine and highly fossiliferous. They give rise to much good agricultural and more especially pastoral land adapted to sheep-farming or dairying. In Nelson and North Westland the Pliocene strata are largely composed of river-transported material, and are known as the Moutere Gravels. These in places are of a poorly auriferous character. In Nelson the Moutere Gravels form a poor pastoral soil, but one well adapted for apple-culture.

Towards the close of the Miocene and during the whole of the Pliocene period many parts of New Zealand, more particularly in the South Island, were undergoing elevation. As a result the North and South Islands (then quite different in outline from their present configuration), together with most of the outlying islands now in existence, such as the Chathams, Auckland Islands, &c., must have formed one large land-mass, which probably was united to an Antarctic continent. Since many New Zealand plants* are identical with, or closely allied to, South American forms, and there are also some striking resemblances in bird and other forms of animal life, it is thought that this Antarctic continent formed a bridge, probably at no time quite complete, between New Zealand and South America. By this route, in all likelihood, came the now extinct moas or their ancestral forms. At the time of this continental extension the Southern Alps rose far above their present heights, and were covered with one vast snowfield, that fed immense glaciers spreading far and wide over the lowlands to the east and the west. According to Park, during the Pleistocene there was one great sheet of ice over the whole of the present South Island, and over part of the North Island. Moreover, this ice-sheet was joined to the Antarctic ice. The extreme views of Professor Park are not shared by other New Zealand geologists, who, however, unanimously agree that a large area in the South Island was glaciated. The great ice-streams of Pleistocene times gave rise to rivers that carried enormous quantities of gravel and finer material derived from the mountains beyond the ice-front, and in great measure built up the lowlands of Canterbury and Westland. In the latter district the gravels sorted by these streams are in many places richly auriferous, but a greater and more permanent source of wealth is furnished by the fertile soil of the Canterbury Plains.

* According to T. F. Cheeseman's “Manual of the New Zealand Flora” (preface, p. ix), 108 New Zealand plants extend to South America.

In many parts of Otago, Canterbury, Westland, and Nelson evidences of past glacial action are afforded by huge moraines, perched blocks, ice-worn surfaces (roches moutonnées), rock-benches, rock-basins, and other tokens of glaciation. To ice-action, it may here be mentioned, we owe some of the most magnificent features of the western Otago sounds.

At or before the end of the Pleistocene period the mountains lessened in height, both through denudation and a well-marked subsidence of the land. The climate grew milder, and the lowland ice melted away. The mighty glaciers rapidly retreated, geologically speaking, and are to-day represented only by the comparatively modest valley and mountain glaciers of north-west Otago, Canterbury, and Westland, with which may be included the small but permanent snowfield and glacier on Mount Ruapehu. While the glaciers were retreating the rivers of Canterbury and Westland, swollen by the melting ice, were unusually active in transporting débris to the lowlands and the sea-coast. At this time, too, as well as at somewhat earlier periods, the volcanoes of the North Island furnished an abundant supply of fragmentary material, much of which was transported by the streams, and used in building plains and river-flats. Many of these are fertile, but in those districts where pumice abounded, a more or less barren soil, difficult of utilization, has resulted. Thus the land gradually became much as we see it now. In Recent times geological changes, such as the lowering of heights by denudation, the filling of lakes by sediment, the outward growth of coastal plains in some places, and the wearing away of the shores in other places, have slowly proceeded, and are to-day, of course, still going on. Slow movements of the land are probably in progress, but these have not been certainly detected. In 1855, however, as the result of a violent earthquake, the northern shore of Cook Strait, near Wellington Harbour, was raised on the average at least 5 ft., whilst the southern shore near Tory Channel and towards the mouth of the Wairau River was almost correspondingly depressed.

IGNEOUS ROCKS.

In the preceding paragraphs little notice has been given to igneous rocks or to volcanic action. The oldest igneous rocks of New Zealand are probably represented by the gneisses of western Otago, which, as previously stated, are mainly metamorphosed granites and diorites. Plutonic rocks intrude many of the Palæozoic and Mesozoic strata, and some of the formations also show evidence of contemporaneous volcanic action. Of the more ancient plutonic rocks granite is the most prominent. It occurs in many localities in Stewart Island, western Otago, Westland, and Nelson. It has, however, not been found in situ in the North Island, though in at least four localities boulders of granite, probably derived in all cases from ancient conglomerates, have been discovered. Ultra-basic igneous rocks, now largely altered to serpentine, occur in north-west Otago, Westland, and Nelson.

Throughout the greater part of the Tertiary periods volcanic action in New Zealand has probably been more intense than in any former age. During the Late Eocene or Early Miocene period eruptions, at first principally of andesitic rocks and later of rhyolite, began in the Coromandel Peninsula, and with little intermission continued throughout Miocene and Pliocene times. These volcanic rocks contain the gold-silver veins which have yielded rich bonanzas at Thames and Coromandel, and are now being worked at the Waihi, Talisman, and other mines.

There are many areas of Miocene volcanic rocks in North Auckland, and near the Town of Auckland numerous small volcanoes were in action during the Pleistocene. Some of these—for example, Mount Rangitoto—have probably been active within the last two or three thousand years. In Taranaki the beautiful cone of Mount Egmont was built up during Pliocene and Pleistocene times It is in the central part of the North Island, however, that the most intense volcanic activity has been displayed. Volcanic rocks, and more especially the pumice ejected during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, cover large areas. Vulcanism has not yet ceased, for minor eruptions

of fragmentary material still take place from Ngauruhoe, a typical volcanic cone near Ruapehu. The most striking evidence of volcanic action, however, is afforded by the numerous steam-vents, hot springs, and geysers found in a belt extending from Ruapehu to White Island (in the Bay of Plenty), itself a volcano in the solfataric stage. It is more than a coincidence that this belt is in line with the Southern Alps. Solfataric action is generally regarded as a sign of dying vulcanism, but that the subterranean forces are still capable of mischief was shown by the eruption of Tarawera, an apparently extinct volcano, on the 10th June, 1886. On this occasion over a hundred lives were lost.

In the South Island vulcanism is apparently quite dead, for the hot springs of Hanmer Plains and the western side of the Alps are due to other causes. During the Miocene, however, volcanic outbursts took place in many localities, in some on a grand scale. Banks Peninsula is formed mainly of hasaltic and andesitic rocks. Lyttelton and Akaroa harbours are believed to represent ancient craters or centres of eruption. In the neighbourhood of Dunedin occurs a very interesting series of alkaline volcanic rocks. These were first described by the late Professor G. H. F. Ulrich, and in later years Dr. Marshall has given them exhaustive study.

CONCLUSION.

In the course of a short article it is impossible to give any adequate idea of what has been accomplished by geological workers in New Zealand, or what remains yet to be done before even the foundation for future work shall be securely laid. The important branches of geology in its application to agriculture and mining have hardly been mentioned, but elsewhere in this volume will be found references to the agricultural and mineral resources. For detailed information the reader is referred to the bulletins of the New Zealand Geological Survey, which are now appearing at the rate of two or three every year; to Professor Park's “Geology of New Zealand,” which contains an excellent bibliography; and to the forthcoming treatise on “New Zealand Geology,” by Dr. Marshall, as well as to many other publications too numerous to he here named. Finally, it may be mentioned that in each of the University Colleges excellent instruction in geology is being given by capable and enthusiastic teachers, so that in the near future we may expect increased progress in solving the many knolty problems of New Zealand geology.

THE FAUNA OF NEW ZEALAND.

New Zealand's native fauna has attracted the attention of investigators in nearly all parts of the world. Its special interest lies in its manifold peculiarities, and in the incongruous characteristics possessed by some of its members.

Beginning with the mammalia, the Dominion is surprisingly inadequately represented. Its only land mammals are two bats. One of these, the long-tailed bat, belongs to a genus (Chalinolobus), which is found in the Australian and Ethiopian zoological regions, and to a species, morio, found in the southeast of Australia, as well as in New Zealand; but the other, the short-tailed bat (Mystacops tuberculatus), belongs to a genus peculiar to this Dominion. The sea-lion, the sea-elephant, the sea-leopard, and the fur-seal exist in parts of the New Zealand zoo-geographical area, which includes the Kermadec, Chatham, Auckland, Cook, Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Campbell, and Macquarie Islands; and whales and porpoises abound in some of the waters. With the exception of those animals, the two species of bat are the only indigenous mammals. When Europeans came to the country, the Maoris had a dog (Canis familiaris, variety maorium) and a rat (Mus exulans), but both of them, it is believed, were brought to the country at the time of the Maori migrations from Pacific islands, and they are not included in the list of native mammals.

In contrast with the mammalia, the members of the next class, Aves, were remarkably plentiful when settlement began. Bush and grass fires, cats, stoats and weasels, and the ruthless use of the gun, have reduced their numbers, but they still stand as, probably, the most interesting avifauna in the world. They include a comparatively large number of absolutely flightless birds. No living birds in New Zealand are wingless, but the kiwi* (Apteryx), the weka (Ocydromus), the kakapo parrot (Stringops), and the takahe (Notornis hochstetteri)* cannot use their wings for flight, while a duck belonging to the Auckland Islands (Nesonetta) is practically in the same plight There are also several species of birds whose wings are so weak that they can make only short flights. Other notable birds are the kea (Nestor notabilis), which is accused of killing sheep on stations in the South Island; the tui (Prosthemadera novæ-zcalandiæ), which affords one of the most beautiful sights in the New Zealand forests, and charms visitors with its silvery notes; the huia (Heteralocha acutirostris), the only species known in which there is a wide divergence in the shape of the bills in the two sexes, the male's being short and straight, while the female's is curved, pliant, and long; and the wry-billed plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), the only bird known to possess a bill turned to one side. Cormorants or shags (Phalacrocorax) and penguins (Impennes) are exceptionally well represented in the avifauna. Several species of birds make notable migrations to New Zealand. The godwit (Limosa novæzealandiæ), it is believed, breeds on the tundras of eastern Siberia, and it spends the summer months in New Zealand, arriving about October and leaving in March or April. The knot (Tringa canutus) is believed to make almost the same journey, and two cuckoos, the shining-cuckoo (Chalcococcyx lucidus) and the long-tailed cuckoo (Urodynamis taitensis), come from Pacific islands in the spring and leave for their northern homes about April. Both, like most members of the Cuculidæ family, are parasitical, and impose upon small native birds the duty of hatching and rearing young cuckoos. The kiwi, already mentioned, belongs to the same subclass as the ostrich, the emu, and the cassowary, all struthious birds, and has several peculiarities besides its flightlessness. The takahe (Notornis) is one of the world's very rare birds. Only four specimens have been found. Two of the skins are in the British Museum, one is in the Dresden Museum, and one in the Otago Museum, in Dunedin. The interest of the living avifauna is surpassed by the interest of the extinct birds. These include the great flightless moa (Dinornis), a goose (Cnemiornis minor), a gigantic rail (Aptornis otidiformis), and an eagle (Harpagornis moorei).

Reptilian life is restricted to about fifteen species of lizards, and to the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). This is a lizard-like creature, the only surviving representative of the order Rhynchocephalia, otherwise extinct. The tuatara is found in no other country. Its nearest ally is Homœosaurus, whose remains have been found in Jurassic rocks in Germany. It has been destroyed to a large extent by wild pigs, cats, and dogs, and is now seldom found except on a few islands off the coast of the mainland.

The amphibians are represented by a small frog (Liopelma hochstetteri), which is very rare, and has been recorded from only a few districts in the Auckland Province. Its nearest ally is in China.

About 250 species of fish have been found in New Zealand waters. A large number of these are used for food. Several species, notably the mudfish (Neochanna apoda), which is sometimes discovered buried 4 ft. deep in clay in places where rivers have overflowed in flood, and in swampy

* This bird is better known as Notornis mantelli. That name was first given by Sir Richard Owen to an extinct bird, represented by a fossil found at Waingongoro, in the North Island, by Mr. W. Mantell in 1847. When the first living specimen of the Notornis was found, in 1849. scientists concluded that it was identical with the fossil, and it bore the same name; but when Dr. Meyer, of Dresden, examined the skeleton of the third specimen, he found that it was different from the fossil, and he changed the specific name from mantelli to hochstetteri, thus honouring Dr. Hochstetter, a naturalist, who visited New Zealand in the early days.

places, are interesting. Some of the genera are peculiar to New Zealand, but some also occur in Australian and South American waters.

Amongst the invertebrates, one of the peculiarities is the fact that the Dominion has few butterflies, although it is well supplied with moths. It has a red admiral butterfly (Vanessa), named after the European species, which it resembles, and a copper butterfly (Chrysophanus), which is very plentiful. In the forests there is that strange growth, the “vegetable caterpillar.” The Dominion has native bees and ants, dragon-flies, sober-coloured beetles, and representatives of other orders of insects. The katipo spider (Latrodectes katipo), which lives mostly on or near the sea-beach, is well known locally. Amongst the mollusca, there is a large and handsome land-snail (Paryphania) and Amphibola, an air-breathing snail, peculiar to the country, which lives in brackish water, mainly in estuaries. There are about twenty species of univalves and twelve of bivalves in the fresh-water shells, and about four hundred species in the marine shells, including the paper nautilus (Argonauta). Perhaps the most interesting of all the invertebrates is the Ooperipatus, an ancient type of creature which survives in New Zealand, and in parts of Australia, Africa, South America, the West Indies, New Britain, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. Zoologically, it belongs to the air-breathing division of the phylum Arthropoda, and has been placed in a special class, Prototracheata or Onychophora. It is about 3 in. long, has many feet, loves moisture, shuns light, and moves slowly. Two genera have been found in New Zealand. One genus, Peripatoides, contains two species, novæ-zealandiæ and suteri, and the other, Ooperipatus, contains only one species, viridimaculatus. The Ooeripatus is viviparous. It is claimed that one New Zealand genus, Ooperipatus, is oviparous, but that has not been fully proved.* Professor A. Dendy, F.R.S., has made special investigations in regard to the New Zealand species.

With the arrival of Europeans, the whole face of the fauna was changed. Sheep, cattle, horses, and other domestic animals were introduced, some for utility, some for pleasure, such as song birds, and some for sport, such as deer, trout, pheasants, and quail. In the work of acclimatization several great and irretrievable blunders were made. The worst of these was the introduction of rabbits, stoats, and weasels.

THE FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.

Owing to its long isolation and diverse elements (Malayan, Australian Subantarctic, and endemic), the flora of New Zealand is of special interest Ferns, fern-allies, and seed-plants number, so far as at present known, about 1,700 species, of which about three-fourths are endemic. Many hundreds of algae, fungi, mosses, and liverworts have been described, but these certainly do not represent the total number of such. With regard to the seed-plants, one family (the daisy) contains more than 230 species, three (sedge, figwort, and grass) each more than a hundred, and ten (carrot, orchid, buttercup, madder, epacrid, willowherb, pea, rush, and forgetmenot) between thirty and seventy. The ferns and ferns-allies, though not of the overwhelming importance in the flora that many think, still number 157 species. The genera. Veronica, Carex, Celmisia, Coprosma, Ranunculus, Olearia, Senecio, Epilobium, and Myosotis contain many species, no few of which, owing to their extreme variability, are difficult to exactly define. This is especially the case with Veronica, which embraces more than a hundred species.

Variability is not concerned merely with adult plants, but quite often there are species with juvenile forms quite distinct from the adults and which may persist for many years. This strange procedure is seen, more or less, in a hundred species. Familiar examples amongst trees are the lace-bark, lowland-ribbonwood, lancewood, kowhai, and kaikomako.

* Professor Adam Sedgwick F.R.S., Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. London, in the new Encyclopædia Britannica.

Many of the growth-forms of New Zealand plants are characteristic of the life-conditions. There are, for example—climbing-plants with long, woody ropelike stems; shrubs with stiff, wiry, interlaced branches forming close masses; cushion-plants sometimes of immense proportions, as in the vegetable sheep (species of Haastia and Psychrophyton); leafless shrubs with round or flattened stems; species of Veronica looking exactly like cypresses; trees with leaves bunched on long trunks; grasses and sedges forming tussocks. The ligneous plants are almost all evergreen, only some twenty being deciduous or semi-deciduous. Herbs that die to the ground in winter and bulbous plants are very rare.

The plant-associations are of quite as great interest as the species; indeed, to find an equal variety a continent extending to the tropics would have to be visited. The northern rivers and estuaries contain a true mangrove association, an unexpected occurrence outside the tropics. Lowland and montane forests are of the tropical rain-forest type. They are distinguished by their wealth of tree-ferns, filmy ferns, woody climbing-plants, massive perching-plants, deep carpets of mosses and liverworts, and trees provided at times with plank-like buttresses. The kauri forest in the north, the swamp kahikatea forest and the assemblages of taxads (rimu, miro, totara, and matai), are different rain-forest associations. Another forest is that where species of the southern-beech (Nothofagus); incorrectly termed “birch,” are dominant. Such are subantarctic, and constitute the greater part of the high-mountain forests, though in Wellington, Marlborough, and Nelson they are common in the lowlands. Shrub heath in which the manuka is dominant is common in the North, South, and Stewart Islands, but is especially abundant on the Auckland gumfields, where it is an obstacle to agriculture. Fern heath of tall bracken is also widespread. Swamp characterized by Phormium, raupo, toetoe, and niggerhead was once common, but draining has greatly reduced its area. Bogs and moorland support a peculiar vegetation. Hummocks of bog-moss are abundant, and a small wiry umbrella-fern may cover wide areas. Grass land with brownish-leaved tussock-grasses is a great feature of parts of the volcanic plateau of the North Island, and of the east of the South Island. Species of Poa and Festuca form the principal tussocks of the lowlands and lower hills, but at higher altitudes and at Southland low levels species of Danthonia dominate. This name is not to be confused with the turf-making species of the same genus used in artificial pastures.

The alpine vegetation is of great scientific importance. It contains, exclusive of lowland plants which ascend to the mountains, about 550 species, most of which never descend below 1,500ft. altitude, while some are confined altogether to the highest elevations. The most beautiful of the New Zealand flowers, with but few exceptions, belong to this mountain-flora. Here are the great buttercups, white and yellow: the charming ourisias; the marguerite-flowered celmisias; the dainty eyebrights; forgetmenots, yellow, bronze, and white; and many other delightful plants. The growth-forms, too, are often striking or quaint. Cushion-plants, rosette-plants, stiff-branched shrubs, and mat-forming plants are much in evidence. Hairiness, leathery texture, and great rigidity, perhaps accompanied by needle-like points, as in the Spaniard (Aciphylla Colensoi), are common characters of leaves.

The floras of the following groups of islands, far distant from the mainland, are distinctly part of that of New Zealand. The Kermadecs contain 114 species of ferns, fern-allies, and seed-plants, only 12 of which are endemic, while 71 belong also to New Zealand proper. The largest island (Sunday Island) is covered with forest in which Metrosideros villosa, a near relation of the pohutakawa, is the principal tree. The Chatham Islands possess 235 species, 29 of which are endemic, though several of the latter are trivial varieties merely, while the remainder of the flora is, with one exception, found on the mainland. Forest, moor, and heath are the principal plant-associations. The leading tree is the karaka, but by the Moriori called kopi. On the moors are great thickets of a lovely purple-flowered shrub, Olearia semidentata. There are two remarkable endemic genera. Coxiella and

Myosotidium, the former belonging to the carrot family and the latter a huge forgetmenot, but now alas nearly extinct. The Subantarctic Islands (Snares, Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes, Macquarie) have a dense vegetation made up of 194 species, no less than 52 of which are endemic, the remainder being found in New Zealand, but chiefly in the mountains. Forest is found only on the Snares and the Aucklands, with a species of Olearia and the southern rata as the dominant trees respectively. Extremely dense scrubs occur on the Auckland and Campbell Islands, and moors, sometimes with huge tussocks, are a characteristic feature of all the islands, thanks to the enormous peat-deposit and the frequent rain. Several herbaceous plants of stately form and with beautiful flowers occur in great profusion.

The Cook Islands, though a part of the Dominion, possess a Polynesian flora quite distinct from that of New Zealand, and are excluded in this notice, while, on the contrary, the flora of the Macquarie Islands, though belonging to Tasmania, is a portion of that of New Zealand.

Besides the indigenous, an important introduced element, consisting of about 540 species, mostly European, has followed in the wake of settlement. These aliens are in active competition with the true natives. There is a widespread but quite erroneous opinion that the latter are being eradicated in the struggle. This is not the case. Where the vegetation has never been disturbed by man there are no foreign plants. But where man, with his farming operations, stock, and burning has brought about European conditions, then certainly the indigenous plants have given way before artificial meadows with their economic plants and accompanying weeds. On the tussock-grass land, however, invader and aboriginal have met, and though the original vegetation is changed, there is no reason to consider the one class or the other as the conqueror. On the contrary, both may be expected to persist, and in course of time a new flora and vegetation will be evolved.

CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.

The climate of New Zealand is to be considered in relation to four main features—(1) Its position, stretching for nearly a thousand miles southward of latitude 34° S.; (2) its insular condition, situated as it is in the widest ocean of the world, from which no part of the country is distant more than seventy-five miles; (3) its physical features, mountain-chains running mostly north and south and affording different aspects; and (4) the weather-changes to which these parts of the earth are subject.

SUNSHINE.

The latitudes in which (he chief cities of New Zealand lie in the Southern Hemisphere correspond with the cities in the North from which the possible amount of sunshine may be gauged. Auckland's latitude corresponds to that of Cape Passaro in the south of Sicily: Wellington to Naples; and Dunedin to Venice. The following table gives the period during which the sun is above the true horizon on the days of midsummer and midwinter:—

Possible Sunshine on theAt Auckland.At Wellington.At Dunedin.
Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.min.
Longest day144015101546
Shortest day938913839

The actual hours of bright sunshine recorded in Wellington average nearly six hours per day throughout the year, and few indeed are the days when a brilliant sun does not at some time or other score a definite trace upon the recording-chart. Other districts much more protected from cloud-formation, as Nelson, in the Tasman Gulf; Napier, on the east coast of the North Island; and Lincoln, near Christchurch, on the east coast of the South Island, have higher records. Some of the west coast districts, on the other hand, record less bright sunshine; but Wellington, the capital city, is in the middle position, and affords a good mean both for the sunshine and the rainfall of the whole Dominion. Wellington is also in a critical position with

regard to atmospheric disturbances, Cook Strait being usually the dividing line between the cyclonic storms and westerly lows, generally partaking of the changes due to both. The actual results are as follows:—

Hours of Sunshine.
Year.Gisborne.Napier.MoumahakiWellington.Lincoln.Nelson.
Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.min.

* For five years.

† For three years.

19071939202,610351897341853532,13353  
19082,259202,806422,001402,00932,18511  
19091965402,203201856172,223312,11292,56258
19102,29342,530471869152,15732,083422,57134
19112,117202,406561692252,276372,32602,50656
Average*212057*251140*186415*210401*216811254709

These results bear comparison with some of the most favoured regions of the world, where, in order to produce the best results, sunshine and shower hold sway in turn. For instance, over the northern parts of the British Isles the annual average of bright sunshine is 1,200 hours, or 27 per cent. of the possible; and in the south it is 1,600 hours, or 36 per cent.; while Italy has averages from 2,000 to 2,400 hours, or from 45 to 54 per cent. of the possible.

TEMPERATURE.

Latitude, insolation, proximity of the ocean, and the height of a locality are the determining factors with regard to temperature. The oceanic influences are recognized as the dominant feature with regard to both summer heat and winter cold, upon both of which they exercise a moderating effect. The west coast of the South Island especially is open to the prevailing westerly winds, and is more humid and equable than the eastern coastal districts, which at times present an almost continental type with considerable range of temperature. In the cities of Auckland and Wellington frosts on the grass are of rare occurrence, though further south and inland they are often experienced. Showing the influence of the ocean in moderating temperature, we may contrast the records of a continental city with the capital city of Wellington.

Temperatures (Degrees Fahrenheit).
MeanWellington. Lat. 41° 16' S.
January, maximum69.4
July, minimum42.1
   Mean annual range27.3
August, maximum91.2
January, minimum10.2
   Mean annual range81.0

The meteorological seasons are regarded as later than the solar or astronomical seasons. Thus, in the Southern Hemisphere July is usually the coldest and wettest month of the year, while January is the driest and warmest. The seasons are thus roughly divided:—

Winter—June, July, August.

Spring—September, October, November.

Summer—December, January, February.

Autumn—March, April, May.

The following table gives seasonal and annual means computed from several stations in the various “provinces” into which the Dominion was once politically as well as naturally divided:—

Mean Temperatures in Shade (Degrees Fahrenheit).
 Spring.Summer.Autumn.Winter.Annual.
Auckland—
   Mean56.965.759.851.058.4
   Maximum65.275.268.358.566.8
   Minimum48.656.351.343.649.9
Hawke's Bay—
   Mean57.365.659.050.058.0
   Maximum66.574.867.358.166.7
   Minimum48.356.550.742.049.4
Taranaki—
   Mean55.062.458.049.956.3
   Maximum63.071.066.057.364.3
   Minimum47.153.750.042.448.3
Wellington—
   Mean54.162.156.447.955.1
   Maximum61.771.064.855.463.3
   Minimum46.253.348.240.547.0
Nelson and Marlborough—
   Mean55.663.557.648.756.3
   Maximum63.772.265.655.964.3
   Minimum47.555.049.841.548.4
Westland—
   Mean49.758.151.441.250.1
   Maximum57.566.259.148.657.8
   Minimum42.049.943.733.742.3
Canterbury—
   Mean52.560.853.243.152.4
   Maximum61.970.962.351.261.6
   Minimum43.150.944.335.143.3
Otago—
   Mean50.457.951.041.550.2
   Maximum59.567.559.148.158.5
   Minimum41.548.243.035.041.9

Mean temperatures of definite places are usually employed in climatic comparisons, and the following annual means, as well as the means of the extreme months of the summer and winter, afford the reader useful data The Australian temperatures are from the Official Year-book of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the others are chiefly from Hofrath, Dr. J. Hann's great work upon the climatology of the world.

Mean Temperatures.
NEW ZEALAND.
 Auckland.Gisborne.Wellington.ChristchurchHokitika
January66.767.162.461.760.9
July51.849.547.542.444.8
Annual59.358.355.252.653.4
BRITISH ISLES.
 Greenwich.Liverpool.York.Dublin.Edinburgh.
January38.539.437.841.739.0
July62.659.759.759.758.5
Annual49.648.747.749.647.7
EUROPE.
 Vienna.Berlin.Paris.Rome.Naples.
January28.932.736.544.146.8
July67.364.665.576.575.6
Annual48.647.350.559.760.4
CANADA.
 Halifax.Montreal.Toronto.Vancouver.
January42.012.322.437.9
July64.268.967.659.9
Annual43.242.044.248.7
UNITED STATES.
 New York City.Washington, D.C.St. Louis.Los Angeles.
January30.231.130.953.0
July73.576.879.167.4
Annual51.654.655.760.2
SOUTH AMERICA.
 Santiago.Buenos Ayres.Monte Video.
January67.473.571.7
July45.850.150.7
Annual56.361.861.3
INDIA.
 Calcutta.Bombay.Madras.Colombo.
January65.174.575.479.0
May85.684.488.782.0
Annual77.979.381.980.2
SOUTH AFRICA.
 Simonstown.Grahamstown.Kimberley.Durban.
January70.768.075.075.7
July56.853.248.764.0
Annual63.661.363.370.3
AUSTRALIA.
 Sydney.MelbourneBrisbane.Perth.Adelaide.Hobart.
January71.667.477.273.674.262.0
July52.348.558.055.051.545.8
Annual63.058.368.864.063.054.3

RAINFALL.

The rainfall map of New Zealand which appeared in the Yearbook for 1911 presents striking conformation to its physical configuration, and records gathered throughout the country during a period of sixty years present a certain regularity which brings out the dominating influence of the mountain ranges over the rainfall. The lofty Southern Alps, rising to heights of from ten to twelve thousand feet on the western side of the South Island, lie broadside to the prevailing westerly winds, and on their windward slopes are condensed the vapours which have been swept by the breezes over vast stretches of ocean-wave. On the plains at the margin near the foot of the ranges and on their rugged and precipitous slopes the rainfall averages from one to two hundred inches per annum, while on the lee side of this formidable chain the climate is comparatively very dry, and in parts the rainfall is only about one-tenth of what is recorded on the other side. The manner in which the sea-breezes are robbed of their moisture is occasionally manifested when a strong and steady westerly wind blows along parallel with the southern latitudes. Heavy and continuous then

is the rain on the west coast, and the clouds and mist may rise to the summit, bub no further. There the winds are forced onwards and rush downwards to the greatest plains in New Zealand which have been built up of the detritus of the mountains. Here, however, the characteristics of this westerly wind have been entirely changed, for it is now hot by compression, and dry because it gave off its moisture when it rose above sea-level away back among the hills. Instead of parting with superfluous humidity, it is now capable of sustaining the vapour of water, and nature seeks to restore the balance of its relative humidity by evaporating what moisture it can from stream and lake, vegetation or animal life in its path. These hot and dry “nor'-westers” of the Canterbury Plains are similar in character to the well-known Foehn winds such as are experienced in Austria, Switzerland, and Italy, but they illustrate and account for much of the comparative shortage of rainfall on the eastern side of the South Island which is manifest in the map.

While the South Island isohyets or rain-bands of equal rainfall stretch north and south, the North Island tracings are more irregular in form, but show that the rainfall itself is more regular over the country and less extreme in comparison between different districts. Here, again, however, the control of the mountains and plains over precipitation is apparent. The contours of the rainfall areas are found to coincide more or less with the configuration of the country—dark-tinted spots showing heavier rainfalls are found in proximity to Mount Egmont, the Tongariro, Tararua, Raukumara, and other ranges.

The mean annual rainfall of New Zealand, derived from means of representative stations in various parts of the whole country, is about 50 in., but the seasonal falls are different in various districts. The season of greatest fall in the North Island, which is mostly under the influence of subtropical conditions, is winter, and the, month of July shows not only the lowest mean temperature but the mean maximum rainfall, and is regarded as the mid-winter month in the Southern Hemisphere. In the South Island late autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently dry, while the summer sometimes suffers from too frequent showers. This is the case on the east coast and southernmost portions of the South Island, but at this time the west coast occasionally is even in want of rain; in fact, the west and east coasts of the South Island are so different that if the east coast has more than the average rainfall the west coast has less, and vice versa. The average monthly rainfall of the year is remarkably even in the South Island, but the midwinter month's mean in the North Island is nearly double the mean of the midsummer month (February).

The averages from the climatological tables are—

Rainfall (in Inches.).
 Winter.Spring.Summer.AutumnAnnual.
North Island14.7711.9410.4713.8651.04
South Island12.2111.8610.4810.8645.41
(Rainy Days (0.005 in. or more).
North Island17453139162
South Island41443436155
Annual Rainfalls (in Inches).
 Auckland (58 Years).New Plymouth (31 Years).Wellington (53 Years). Gisborne (33 Years).
Average43.2860.2040.91..47.45
Maximum63.7282.9367.68..64.33
Minimum26.3243.8330.02..26.09
  Christchurch (34 Years).Hokitika (31 Years). Dunedin (54 Years).
Average..25.34116.09..37.06
Maximum..35.30154.44..54.51
Minimum..13.5488.21..22.15
Mean Number of Days with Rain (0.01 in. or more).
Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
Auckland10.39.411.013.218.119.120.719.317.616.211.411.4
New Plymouth12.510.512.214.018.017.219.519.217.518.515.714.2
Gisborne9.09.712.312.415.616.416.815.713.411.611.69.3
Wellington10.59.211.712.810.417.318.317.315.513.912.712.0
Christchurch9.07.49.39.110.812.113.011.09.98.99.89.1
Hokitika14.810.313.514.115.515.016.416.015.319.013.016.3
Dunedin14.711.513.213.214.113.013.013.013.014.514.114.8

Annual mean totals.—Auckland, 180.4; New Plymouth, 1897; Gisborne, 1538; Wellington, 167.7; Christchurch, 119.4; Hokitika, 179.2; Dunedin, 163.3.

The seasons usually differ considerably in several characteristics from year to year, and the annual rainfalls are found to range considerably above and below the means in all parts of the Dominion. From month to month also, and by comparing the records of months of the same name in different years are seen surprising contrasts and periodic changes which evade general laws, and the approximately true mean rainfalls are only ascertained through averages derived from returns extending over many years.

The abundance and frequency of the rainfall are, however, the leading features in the climate of New Zealand as a whole. The positions of the Islands, with vast oceans on every side, and the proximity of every part of the country to the sea, combined with frequent atmospheric changes, usually causes all parts of the Dominion to be favoured with beneficent rains, and very rarely indeed does the rainfall report from any station in the Dominion make the return of “nil.” Nine out of ten of the stations throughout the country have never recorded months of such absolute drought, and on the other hand very few are the records showing rainfall every day during any month of their registrations. Sunshine and rain alternate fairly well throughout the year, with much greater predominance of the former. The rainfall is usually more intense and frequent at night than in the hours when the sun exercises its influence over air and earth and sea, for then “Maui is drawing water.”

Days with Rain (0.005 in. or over).

Averages derived from the Monthly Climatological Tables from August, 1904, to December, 1911 (inclusive). Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, Rainfall in points: 100 = 1 in.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
North Island—
   Mean temp.63.663.762.557.953.449.748.249.051.854.758.261.2
   Rainfall359308490398498454593430410446338380
   Days with rain10.08.111.513.314.515.717.414.216.015.613.212.6
South Island—
   Mean temp.59.960.758.953.248.844.542.244.748.652.155.558.4
   Rainfall388230407337342456415350436425325430
   Days with rain12.37.211.912.511.513.713.713.415.315.413.314.3

Annual averages.—North Island—Mean temp., 56.2° F.; rainfall, 51.04 in.; days with rain, 162. South Island—Mean temp., 52.3° F.; rainfall, 45.41 in.; days with rain, 155.

SNOW.

Snow falls in the winter-time on the higher levels in the South Island and occasionally on the central plateau of the North Island, but, except on the mountain-tops, usually does not lie for long. Snow is seldom seen on the lowlands even in the southernmost districts of the South Island, and in many parts of New Zealand snow has never been known to fall; but, on the other hand, cyclonic areas in summer will bring some snow on the higher levels of the South Island.

THUNDERSTORMS.

Thunderstorms are also comparatively rare in the coastal districts, but are more frequent and prolonged in the mountainous parts. In summer the thunderstorms usually occur in the afternoon, and in the winter, with low-pressure systems, at night.

HAIL.

Hail occasionally accompanies coastal thunderstorms, but rarely causes much damage to property, fruit, or crops in New Zealand.

WINDS.

The winds of the temperate zone are usually fairly constant and fresh, and the Dominion of New Zealand—set as it is in the widest ocean in the world—is open to all its influence. The sea-breezes sweep uninterruptedly over thousands of miles of ocean-wave, bringing not only freshness, ozone, and moisture, but at times, it must be confessed, causing annoyance on account of their force and persistency. This may be regarded as a defect of their qualities, for in those parts of the earth that experience little wind the people usually lack energy, and the same regions are mostly subject to occasional storms that are terribly destructive to life and property. No country in the world, however, presents greater diversity in respect to wind than New Zealand, chiefly on account of its length and mountain-chains. The uneven surface of the land, the proximity of the straits, &c., are seen to exercise the most marked influence not only upon the force, but also upon the direction of the winds—reducing or increasing their velocity, diverting, and even entirely changing their course. For example, westerly winds blowing across the ocean towards the west coast are partially inverted—while the upper part will cross the mountains to become occasionally a hot, dry westerly wind on the Canterbury Plains, the lower part curls round and is actually experienced as an easterly wind in the towns on the coast at the foot of the mountains.

The average velocity as given herewith is from records of the Robinson anemometer, in miles per day:—

Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
Auckland.
213181178145162159173174181197209188
Wellington.
306273285281259242232242283337331322
Hokitika.
144135132134124116109120143170152143
Lincoln.
197183175160133120116134168193197188
Auckland (11 Years).Wellington (16 Years).Hokitika (16 Years).Lincoln. (13 Years)
Average per day180282135164
Max. velocity in one day9741,200693967
 (15/10/1897)(5/6/1911)(6/12/1911)(4/11/1904)

The velocity of the winds, it may be noted, is higher on the average in summer than in winter, and the winds are usually also stronger by day than by night.

The following “wind-roses” show the percentage of wind-directions from annual means for forty-eight years' unbroken records for each place.

AUCKLAND.

GENERAL EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATE.

The development of the Maori race is a striking testimony to the suitability of the climate to humanity, and European families under New Zealand skies have generally developed in physique. Imported stock has in most cases thriven marvellously in the fields, where throughout summer and winter they usually find all the nourishment needed, and hardly ever require more than natural protection.

The fertility of the soil gives remarkable testimony to the genial climate of New Zealand, for, though labour is not nearly plentiful enough to obtain the best results from agriculture, yet, as shown in the returns published annually by the Agricultural Department, the actual average yields in bushels per acre for the whole Dominion for the past sixteen seasons here given compare more than favourably with the yields from other countries.

Average Yield per Acre in Bushels.
Sixteen Years.Maximum.Minimum.Season 1910-11.
Wheat29.5638.37 (1902-3)23.00 (1897-8)25.73
Oats37.5646.46 (1908-9)27.44 (1897-8)33.41
Barley32.7140.69 (1902-3)23.72 (1897-8)27.68

These results are typical of the harvests of other cereals, vegetables, and fruits, which grow in abundance.

Lastly, the vital statistics show that for a long period New Zealand has had the lowest death-rate in the world, and this is undoubtedly owing very much to the salubrity of its climate. The vital statistics show to advantage not only in the earlier years of life, but it is after the age of thirty-two that the extraordinary longevity of New Zealand is apparent. The judgment of travellers and those best qualified to give an opinion is that the country is one of the healthiest in the world. The abundant vitality of the people is apparent not only in the homes and thoroughfares throughout the Dominion, but is manifested in thriving industries and the high place attained by New-Zealanders in the world of sport. New Zealand, in a word, is a country where from youth to old age man can keep in vigorous health and enjoy life to its fullest extent.

The prevailing winds are thus seen to be planetary anti-trade winds—westerlies which go round the world and are used by mariners to take them eastward towards England as far as Cape Horn, and on their return they pick them up again off the Cape of Good Hope. In summer, however, to the north of Auckland the easterly trade winds often blow with much regularity for weeks together.

WEATHER.

The weather is full of vagaries in the temperate zones of both hemispheres, and New Zealand is not the only country which occasionally experiences a touch of winter in summer, but there is also very much summer-like weather in the winter-time. Occasionally winter storms account for temporary high winds and heavy rainfalls, but the monthly averages show that less wind is experienced in the season of winter, particularly in the south.

The chief atmospheric changes are associated with barometric pressures, above the normal being known as “high” pressure, and below it as “low.” For weather charts and forecast purposes the isobar, or line of equal pressure of 30 in., is regarded as normal in New Zealand, though the true normal lies between 29.90 in. and 30.00 in. The winds flow nearly parallel to the isobars in both high and low pressure systems, and all atmospheric systems in New Zealand move from west to east.

High-pressure systems or anti-cyclones are usually associated with fair weather by day and cold nights, when the earth radiates the heat of its surface into space. The central isobar will occasionally enclose an area in which all the barometers reduced to sea-level and to 32° Fahr. will read as high as 30.60. Around this centre the winds revolve or veer contrary to the direction of the hands of a watch in the Southern Hemisphere; thus, if the

barometer is 30.40 in. at Wellington, and the readings are 30.00 in. or thereabouts at both Russell and the Bluff, the winds will he easterly over the North Island and westerly over the South, southerly off the east coast and northerly off the west coast. The winds thus form vast circles hundreds of miles in diameter. These anticyclones often last for eight or nine days.

Low-pressure systems are mostly of two kinds, and around their centres of lowest pressure the winds are seen to revolve clockwise on the weather-chart; thus, if the centre of a cyclone should be in Cook Strait the winds will be westerly at Auckland, easterly at Christchurch, northerly off the east coast, and southerly off the west coast. If the lowest pressure on the chart were in Foveaux Strait the prevailing winds northward would be generally westerly, at least as far north as New Plymouth and Napier, and sometimes extend even to the North Cape, changing from north by the west to southwest.

Cyclones are circular or oval-shaped disturbances with closed isobars; they come from the tropics, and chiefly affect the North Island, bringing first warmth and humidity, then high winds and heavy rain. They usually last from two to five days, and are more frequent in winter than in summer, though they are often intense at the latter period.

The term “cyclone” does not always mean a storm of great intensity such as is experienced in tropical regions, for when the disturbance leaves the tropics it usually expands and covers a wider area, over which its forces are distributed. The frequency of cyclones during the past nine years shows the following average: Spring, 2; summer, 1.8; autumn, 3.3; winter, 5.3. These figures will be surprising to some who believe that ex-tropical cyclones are only found in spring or early in summer, while others assert that they only come in midwinter.

Westerly or antarctic lows of A-shaped isobars, with lowest pressure southward of New Zealand, chiefly affect the South Island, but, like the cyclones, frequently extend their influences over the whole Dominion. These lows usually move along the parallels of latitude known to sailors as the “roaring forties.” Their duration is from twelve hours to as many days, and in some seasons are much more frequent and persistent than at others. They come at all times of the year, but with greater frequency in spring-time: Spring, 6.3; summer, 4.3; autumn, 5.2; winter, 4.7.

NEW ZEALAND RAINFALL, 1911.

As in 1910, so again in the year 1911 the rainfall was less than the average over the greater portion of New Zealand; but the difference was not to such an extent as to cause any great inconvenience to the farmer. Except in South Taranaki and in small scattered districts along the east coast, nearly the whole of the North Island shows a slight deficit. In the South Island the western and southern districts had below, but the whole of Canterbury, Nelson, and Marlborough, on the other hand, had considerably above, the average, portions of Canterbury along the coast having from 20 to as much as 99 per cent.

The following table shows the difference, above or below the mean, for each month in the year:—

North Island Rainfall, 1911.

Means for 1911, compared with the Averages for Six Previous Years.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.JuneJuly.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.

+ Above the average.

- Below the average.

+3.63..6.125.09..........4.055.34
Av. 3.922.995.503.624.964.616.004.524.234.603.283.58
- 1.61..1.25....4.085.472.753.163.44  

Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Averages for Six Years.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
+8.3..17.2............18.317.4
Av. 10.58.012.412.614.815.817.814.416.316.012.512.1
- 6.6..5.7..12.715.615.113.314.113.1  

South Island Rainfall, 1911.

Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Six Previous Years.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
+....3.44..4.77........5.257.02
Av. 3.922.394.483.363.684.524.183.794.334.352.073.91
- 3.661.771.59..1.86..3.991.503.613.50  

Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Averages for Six Years.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.

+ Above the average.

- Below the average.

+....13.6............17.618.8
Av. 12.57.412.612.312.113.714.014.215.515.912.613.6
- 11.06.37.2..8.413.511.68.014.012.2  

Following on a somewhat dry December, the beginning of January, when precipitation was also lacking, caused some anxiety to the agriculturist, especially in the east coast districts of the South Island. After the 8th, however, this anxiety was relieved, for between this date and the 13th some copious downpours occurred on this coast, with the passage of a westerly low pressure across the country. Generally, the month of January was not visited by storms of any great intensity, cyclonic disturbances from northern latitudes not having developed for a longer period than usual and westerly low pressures also showing a tendency to diminish.

February also showed a generally low rainfall, but the east coast and about Cook Strait had more rainfall than is usual in February, this being accounted for by the storms experienced being mostly confined to these districts, while the west coast of the South Island was only one seventh the usual for this month, as there was an absence of westerly low pressure. Three disturbances of an extropical nature were in evidence, the centre of which passed through Cook Strait on two occasions, and once off East Cape. The most remarkable disturbance was a cyclone whose centre passed down the west coast of the North Island and through Cook Strait on the night of the 25th. This storm caused heavy rains and high winds over the North Island, the rainfall at Wellington for twenty-four hours—viz., 6.32 in.—being the greatest day's fall recorded for the fifty-four years since records had been taken.

March was a dry and fine month, the barometer being above the normal for the month in all parts of the Dominion, owing both to the absence of low-pressure systems of any extent, and to anti-cyclonic conditions holding sway over the greater part of the month.

April, on the other hand, was subject to frequent changes of atmospheric conditions. Extensive low-pressure areas from northern latitudes three times

overspread the northern districts, bringing heavy rains in many parts of the North Island. No less than four westerly low-pressure areas passed southward of New Plymouth and Castlepoint, so that the rainfall was nearly everywhere above the average, but more especially over the North Island. Cloudy and foggy weather was much in evidence, but, on the other hand, owing to the prevailing winds being from warmer northern regions, the temperature was considerably above the average for this season of the year.

Owing to a monsoonal depression between the 1st and 4th of May, and an extropical disturbance whose centre passed to the eastward of East Cape on the 19th, the rainfall in this month was slightly in excess of the average in the northern and east coast districts of the North Island, but elsewhere it was less than the average. Three anti-cyclones of short duration passed over the Dominion, the highest barometer readings being recorded in the vicinity of Cook Strait on the 8th, 16th, and 23rd.

June was remarkable for two intense and extensive storm areas, one holding sway between the 7th and 13th, whose centre appeared to pass through Cook Strait on the 11th. Gales were frequent and widespread during this period, and most parts of the country reported one or more days of heavy rain. The second, a westerly “low,” which passed in the south on the night of the 21st, brought northerly and westerly gales in its front and southerly gales in its rear. Snow fell at this time in the back country. The rainfall was in excess of the average in the northern districts and on the east coast districts of both Islands, but below the average on the west coast of the South Island.

July proved a fair mid-winter month, but with an unusual number of hard frosts both in the North and South Islands. Some heavy rain fell on the 10th, due to a cyclone from the west, and unsettled and boisterous conditions were experienced between the 20th and 26th during the passage of an extropical cyclone down the east coasts. The heaviest falls of rain occurred on the 24th, in Marlborough and Canterbury, many rivers in these districts flooding the low-lying country through which they flowed.

In August very little rain fell, and Canterbury especially experienced one of the driest Augusts on record. A small portion of Hawke's Bay appeared to be the only district in the Dominion where a slight excess of the average took place. Except between the 4th and 9th, when abnormally high atmospheric pressure ruled, the barometer, though very unsteady, was nearly everywhere about the normal until the 30th, when a small westerly “low” passed to the southward.

The beginning of September was ushered in with somewhat squally weather, especially on the west coast and southern district of the South Island, but anti-cyclonic conditions followed on the 5th, lasting until the 9th, when a westerly disturbance brought more unsettled weather, with rain on the west coast and in the southern districts. While the barometer rose rapidly in the South, it continued to fall in the North Island, with a cyclone of moderate intensity developing to the westward of this Island, and between the 14th and 15th considerable and general rain fell. On the 18th a cyclonic disturbance of remarkable intensity overspread the country, and its centre passed through Cook Strait on the evening of this date. During its passage across the Dominion stormy weather prevailed, with considerable rain, and some heavy snow-falls occurred inland in the South Island. The total fall for the month was below the mean throughout most of the North Island, and generally about the average in the South.

Anti-cyclonic conditions, with the usual accompanying fair weather, prevailed from the 1st to the 9th of October, but thereon to the end of December there was an almost total absence of well-developed atmospheric phenomena of this description.

On the other hand, westerly disturbances of the A-shaped depression and cylonic types were frequent, and some of long duration. The result was a predominance of strong westerly winds generally, and an excess of rainfall in those districts having a westerly aspect. The most remarkable

feature was the intense westerly “low” that enveloped the country on the 6th December with a barometric pressure of 28.47 in. at the Bluff, which is the lowest reading ever recorded in New Zealand.

The following list shows the rainfall-stations that recorded the extreme maximum and minimum falls during the year and in a single month, and also stations showing the largest departure above or below the normal for the year in both the North and South Islands.

North Island.

Maximum fall for the year at Wekaweka, 108.79 in.

Minimum fall for the year at Martinborough, 28.53 in.

Maximum monthly fall for the year at Upper Mangorei in December, 19.48 in.

Minimum monthly fall for the year at Waitomo Caves, Levin, and Pahiatua, in March, nil.

Largest percentage above normal for the year at Eltham, 21.8 per cent.

Largest percentage below normal for the year at Martinborough, 34.4 per cent.

South Island.

Maximum fall for the year at Otira, 181.75 in.

Minimum fall for the year at Galloway, Alexandra South, 10.41 in.

Maximum monthly fall for the year at Puysegur Point in November, 36.62 in.

Minimum monthly fall for the year at Nelson, Meadowbank, Blenheim, Renwicktown, Avondale Station, Langridge Station, in March, nil.

And Mount Pisa Station, Cromwell, in February, nil.

Largest percentage above normal for the year at Winchmore, 99 per cent.

Largest percentage below normal for the year at Dipton, 28.7 per cent.

METEOROLOGY.

Temperature, Rainfall, Atmospheric Pressure, and Wind throughout New Zealand, as observed at Twelve Stations, for the Year 1911.

The Observations were taken at 9 a.m.

Stations.Months.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Wind.
Highest.Lowest. Max. Mean Temp.Mean Temp. for Month.Wet Days.Fall.
 °Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
Auckland (lat. 30° 50' S.; long. 178° 5°' E.; alt. 125 ft.)—January80.052.073.858.766.281.25..NE, S.
February77.550.573.458.465.971.76..S.
March76.555.572.460.266.3112.32..NE.
April75.053.071.159.965.5217.43..NE, NW.
May69.041.063.851.757.7195.46..S, SE.
June63.538.559.047.653.3195.39..S, SE.
July61.037.557.545.151.3181.63..NW, S.
August62.040.058.646.352.4203.23..SW, NE.
September65.040.060.447.954.2182.70..SW, NE.
October67.042.562.350.156.2204.67..SW, W, NE.
November70.047.564.652.458.5214.14..W, SW, NW.
December74.048.566.153.559.8235.06..W, SW.
Gisborne (lat. 38° 30' S.; long. 178° 3' E.; alt. 20 ft.)—January87.042.073.353.964.761.04..S, W.
February83.044.071.750.464.0158.26..S, W.
March81.042.074.555.665.074.58..W.
April81.046.072.064.463.5167.52..W, NE.
May71.034.063.347.455.31610.74..S, W.
June68.028.058.242.850.5184.83..W, SE.
July63.029.056.830.548.1173.74..W, S.
August68.031.058.941.650.2153.49..W, S.
September72.030.063.343.853.581.45..W, S.
October74.032.066.243.454.860.96..W, S.
November80.040.069.940.059.991.42..W, NW.
December80.039.072.150.461.292.94..W, NW.
Stations.Months.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Wind.
Highest.Lowest. Max. Mean Temp.Mean Temp. for Month.Wet Days.Fall.
Greenmeadows, Napier (lat. 39° 32' 38” S.; long. 176° 53' 20” E.; alt. 14 ft.)—January84.044.573.753.063.361.2129.991SW, NW.
February77.545.068.752.660.6154.1330.053SW.
March81.743.572.155.063.541.4530.12SW.
April80.343.170.155.062.5174.9029.9SW.
May69.533.861.047.454.21010.8730SW, W.
June68.728.856.542.349.4112.3729.84SW, W.
July65.530.055.139.947.5174.9630.002SW, W.
August67.530.056.740.848.783.1430.058SW, W.
September67.533.760.444.152.281.7629.979SW, W.
October76.032.264.945.155.051.6829.928NW, SW.
November82.043.068.848.058.491.1929.664W, SW.
December82.047.570.451.661.031.2029.584W, E, N.
New Plymouth (lat. 39° 3' 35” S.; long. 174° 4' 58” E.; alt. 63 ft.)—January78.047.075.354.364.892.04..W, SW, K.
February80.044.077.154.465.842.24..SE.
March81.048.074.156.165.171.01..E, N.
April78.049.073.156.965.0227.72..E, SE.
May74.041.069.249.359.3125.43..SE, E.
June72.033.064.145.254.7123.10..SE, NW.
July69.034.062.943.353.1154.58..E, SE.
August69.036.065.044.454.7121.47..SE, SW.
September71.036.067.947.157.5143.04..SE, NE.
October73.037.009.348.358.8153.70..W, SW, NE.
November73.040.069.350.559.9253.96..SW, N, W.
December70.045.070.651.661.1227.73..SW, NE.
Levin (lat. 40° 37' 30” S,; long. 175° 17' 13” E.; alt. 119 ft.)—January82.042.074.651.463.0101.92..W, NW.
February82.038.573.347.960.054.59..NW.
March80.442.574.952.563.8......NW, NE.
April81.138.771.055.163.3165.05..NE, SE.
May68.730.463.043.253.1101.64..NE, S.
June64.428.158.739.048.8133.14..NE, S, W.
July62.827.556.838.247.6116.58..NE, E.
August65.029.359.438.849.1131.66..E, S.
September09.928.761.042.351.6223.27..NE.
October.70.833.263.344.854.0163.38..W. NW.
November08.232.203.348.555.0233.87..W, N.
December80.239.865.049.757.3195.91..W, SW.
Wellington (lat. 41° 16' 25” S.; long. 174° 46' 20” E.; alt. 110 ft.)—January76.047.268.356.062.182.9929.981N, S.
February74.040.067.153.460.297.5830.064S, N.
March73.248.067.657.762.780.3430.131N, S.
April73.845.065.857.061.4182.5329.939N, S.
May65.238.659.648.353.9152.2130.184N, S.
June62.035.454.946.650.7224.8129.857S, N.
July59.035.853.543.348.4177.4230.012N, S.
August61.230.654.443.949.2141.3630.074N, S.
September63.036.656.946.051.5193.0130.008N, S.
October64.839.259.448.053.7121.9729.895N, S.
November67.041.261.350.856.0172.1329.627NW, N.
December73.045.803.351.557.4214.5029.553NW.
Nelson (lat. 41° 16' S.; long. 173° 18' 46” E.; alt. 34 ft.)—January84.044.074.853.864.370.94..N, SW, NW.
February79.041.073.354.764.042.29..SE, SW.
March77.049.073.356.364.8......NE, SE.
April76.044.069.753.861.8133.77..SE.
May66.034.061.244.352.732.55..SE, SW.
June63.031.056.341.248.894.94..SW.
July60.032.053.839.446.0103.38..SE, SW.
August63.034.057.140.348.781.66..SE, SW.
September70.037.060.044.552.2125.35..NE.
October.69.034.062.845.454.1132.62..SW, N.
November77.038.067.446.356.8194.88..SW, N.
December74.041.068.049.258.6175.88..SW, N, NE.
Stations.Months.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Wind.
Highest.Lowest. Max. Mean Temp.Mean Temp. for Month.Wet Days.Fall.
Hokitika (lat. 42° 41' 30” S.; long. 170° 49' E.; alt. 12 ft.)—January77.541.569.751.660.6714.0829.992SW, NW
February78.542.073.954.064.451.0330.060SW.
March79.046.071.855.063.4128.3330.109SW, NW.
April78.041.567.751.259.4157.9429.908SW, NW, E.
May66.033.061.842.252.086.9430.165E, NW.
June63.026.056.537.847.2136.2929.816E, NW.
July63.028.056.334.945.662.4229.987E.
August61.028.557.936.747.3125.6630.071E, NE.
September63.531.058.440.849.61710.0029.980SW, NW, E.
October66.533.559.842.651.21714.1029.897SW, NW.
November65.033.060.044.252.42414.8429.651SW, NW.
December69.037.562.345.453.82013.2629.613SW, NW.
Christchurch (lat. 43° 31' 50” S.; long. 172° 38' 9” E.; alt. 25 ft.)—January85.136.470.750.960.8121.7229.896NE, SW.
February72.838.766.151.358.752.3730.081NE, SW.
March85.930.369.450.760.040.1730.069NE, SW.
April79.036.365.949.457.6131.7929.903NE, SW.
May70.827.257.338.447.890.6530.162NE, SW.
June66.526.852.137.844.9167.5229.852NE, SW.
July53.624.648.832.640.7173.1730.034NE, SW.
August66.828.754.135.444.840.0930.046NE, SW.
September81.129.458.839.048.9112.8829.979NE, SW.
October72.830.361.941.751.871.0029.813NE, SW.
November78.435.366.044.155.1122.4829.548NE, SW, NW.
December77.437.364.946.555.717..29.497NE, SW, NW.
Hanmer Spa (lat. 42° 31' S.; long. 172° 50' E.; alt. 1,218 ft.)—January82.035.071.148.960.083.46..NW.
February85.036.070.347.358.875.40..SW, NW.
March80.038.071.150.060.530.19..NW, SW.
April77.033.064.048.056.3143.98..NW, SW.
May67.022.058.234.340.341.39..NE, NW.
June63.515.050.131.340.7144.10..SE, NW.
July54.012.047.426.837.11313.11..SE.
August61.027.053.133.943.570.60..SW, NW.
September66.027.056.337.246.8144.05..NW, E., SE.
October70.030.061.640.851.2113.72..NW, SW.
November73.031.061.442.652.0114.82..SW, NW.
December75.035.063.547.055.5147.45..SW, NW.
Lincoln (lat. 43° 32' 16” S.; long. 172° 38' 39” E.; alt. 42 ft.)—January85.337.371.951.261.5122.4929.925NE, SW.
February78.040.568.152.060.052.2830.072NE, SW.
March85.439.772.551.862.160.1930.083NE.
April81.236.566.850.058.4110.8129.898NE, SW.
May70.327.359.339.149.280.8230.179NE.
June66.228.153.438.846.1157.8629.894SW, NE.
July54.627.550.034.142.1123.8030.055SW, NE.
August69.428.350.338.647.550.4630.069NE, SW.
September73.830.959.640.650.1112.7429.986NE, SW.
October73.830.562.841.852.381.7229.857NE, SW, NW.
November76.436.666.944.655.7142.5229.601NE, SW, NW.
December70.439.866.447.957.1155.6829.446NE, SW.
Dunedin (lat. 45° 52' 11” S.; long. 170° 31' 7” E.; alt. 300 ft.)—January75.041.066.048.257.193.1029.890SW, W, NW.
February76.043.066.049.557.780.4930.049SW.
March82.041.068.750.459.591.1330.021SW, NE.
April72.041.060.447.253.8114.2529.835SW.
May65.035.055.540.548.070.9830.090SW, NW.
June57.029.048.538.943.7186.3029.805SW.
July53.030.047.035.841.7121.8430.000SW, NW, NE.
August65.033.052.738.845.850.7129.994SW, NE.
September65.032.054.438.346.3132.5529.921SW, NE.
October70.033.059.142.150.6112.3229.828SW.
November72.034.059.442.751.0166.4729.606SW, NE.
December67.038.058.943.551.2219.8729.511SW, NE.
Comparative Table: Year 1911.
Stations.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Winds.
Higher and Date.Lowest, and Date.Mean Max. Temp. for Year.Mean Min. Temp, for Year.Mean Temp. for Year.Days on which Rain fell.Greatest Fall, and Date.
 °Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
Auckland80.0 22 Jan.37.5 3 July65.252.658.92052.17 20 April SW, NE, S.
Gisborne87.0 21 Jan.28.0 19 June66.948.257.51426.10 17 May W, S.
Greenmeadows (Napier)84.0 20 Jan.28.8 19 June64.847.956.31134.52 18 May29.946S, W, W.
New Plymouth81.0 3 Mar.33.0 13 June69.850.160.01692.48 14 April, 26 May SE, SW, E.
Levin82.0, 30 Jan., 17 Feb.27.5, 7 July65.445.955.71582.70, 9 July W, NE, E.
Wellington76.0, 24 Jan.35.4, 16 June61.050.255.61806.32, 25 Feb.29.944N, S, NW.
Nelson84.0, 21 Jan.31.0, 29 June64.847.456.11151.87, 20 June SW, N, SE.
Hokitika79.0, 3 Mar.26.0, 27 June63.144.853.91563.80, 20 June29.937SW, E, NW
Christchurch85.9, 21 Mar.24.6, 17 July61.343.152.21272.94, 12 June29.907NE, SW.
Hanmer83.0, 17 Feb.12.0, 12 July60.740.730.71206.40, 24 July NW, SW.
Lincoln85.4, 21 Mar.27.3, 18 & 19 May62.844.253.51224.16, 11 June29.922NE, SW.
Dunedin82.0, 22 & 23 Mar.29.0, 26 & 27 June58.143.050.51401.75, 22 Nov.29.879SW, NE.

Chapter 3. SECTION III.—OFFICIAL.

SUCCESSIVE GOVERNORS.

SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS OF NEW ZEALAND , AND THE DATES ON WHICH THEY ASSUMED AND RETIRED FROM THE GOVERNMENT.

Captain William Hobson, E.N., from Jan., 1840, to 10 Sept., 1842.

[British sovereignty was proclaimed by Captain Hobson in January, 1840, and New Zealand became a dependency of the Colony of New South Wales until 3rd May, 1841, at which date it was proclaimed a separate colony. From January, 1840, to May, 1841, Captain Hobson was Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand under Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales, and from May, 1841, Governor of New Zealand; the seat of Government being at Auckland, where he died in September, 1842. From the time of Governor Hobson's death, in September, 1842, until the arrival of Governor Fitzroy, in December, 1843, the Government was carried on by the Colonial Secretary, Lieutenant Shortland.]

Lieutenant Shortland, Administrator, from 10 Sept., 1842, to 26 Dec., 184-3.

Captain Robert Fitzroy, R.N., from 26 Dec., 1843, to 17 Nov., 1845.

Captain Grey (became Sir George Grey, K.C.B., in 1848), from 18 Nov., 1845, to 31 Dec., 1853.

[Captain Grey held the commission as Lieutenant-Governor of the colony until the 1st January, 1848, when he was sworn in as Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, and as Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster. After the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, Sir George Grey was, on the 13th September, 1852, appointed Governor of the colony, the duties of which office he assumed on the 7th March, 1853. In August, 1847, Mr. E. J. Eyre was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster; he was sworn in, 28th January, 1848. On 3rd January, 1848, Major-General George Dean Pitt was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Ulster; he was sworn in, 14th February, 1848; died, 8th January, 1851; and was succeeded as Lieutenant-Governor by Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, appointed 14th April, 1851; sworn n, 26th April, 1851. The duties of the Lieutenant-Governor ceased on the assumption by Sir George Grey of the office of Governor, on the 7th March, 1853.]

Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Henry Wynyard, G.B., Administrator, from 3 Jan., 1854, to 6 Sept., 1855.

Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, C.B., from 6 Sept., 1855, to 2 Oct., 1861.

Sir George Grey, K.C.B, Administrator, from 3 Oct., 1861; Governor, from 4 Dec., 1861, to 5 Feb., 1868.

Sir George Ferguson Bowen, G.C.M.G., from 5 Feb., 1868, to 19 Mar, 1873.

Sir George Alfred Arney, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 21 Mar. to 14 June, 1873.

Sir James Fergusson, Baronet, P.C., from 14 June, 1873, to 3 Dec., 1874.

The Marquis of Normanby, P.C., G.C.M.G., Administrator, from 3 Dec., 1874; Governor, from 9 Jan, 1875, to 21 Feb, 1879.

James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 21 Feb. to 27 Mar, 1879.

Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson, G.C.M.G., Administrator, from 27 Mar, 1879; Governor, from 17 April, 1879, to 8 Sept, 1880.

James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 9 Sept. to 29 Nov, 1880.

The Honourable Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, G.C.M.G., from 29 Nov., 1880, to 23 June, 1882.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 24 June, 1882, to 20 Jan., 1883.

Lieutenant - General Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., from 20 Jan, 1883, to 22 Mar, 1889.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 23 Mar. to 2 May, 1889.

The Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G., from 2 May, 1889, to 24 Feb, 1892.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 25 Feb. to 6 June, 1892.

The Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G., from 7 June, 1892, to 6 Feb, 1897.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 8 Feb., 1897, to 9 Aug., 1897.

The Earl of Ranfurly, G.C.M.G., from 10 Aug, 1897, to 19 June, 1904.

The Right Honourable William Lee, Baron Plunket, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., from 20 June, 1904, to 8 June, 1910.

Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice, Administrator, from 8 June, 1910, to 22 June, 1910.

The Right Honourable John Poynder Dickson-Poynder, K.C.M.G., Baron Islington, D.S.O, from 22 June, 1910.

SUPREME COURT JUDGES.

SUPREME COURT JUDGES, PASTANDPRESENT, WITH DATES OF APPOINTMENT , AND OF RESIGNATION OR DEATH.

Sir W. Martin, appointed Chief Justice, 10 Jan., 1842. Resigned, 12 June, 1857.

H. S. Chapman, appointed, 26 Dec., 1843. Held office until March, 1852. Reappointed, 23 Mar., 1864. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

S. Stephen, appointed, 30 July, 1850. Appointed Acting Chief Justice, 20 Oct., 1855. Died, 13 Jan., 1858.

Daniel Wakefield, appointed, Oct., 1855. Died, Oct., 1857.

Hon. H. B. Gresson, appointed temporarily, 8 Dec., 1857. Permanently, 1 July, 1862. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

Sir G. A. Arney, appointed Chief Justice, 1 Mar., 1858. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

A. J. Johnston, appointed, 2 Nov., 1858. Died, 1 June, 1888.

C. W. Richmond, appointed, 20 Oct., 1862. Died, 3 Aug., 1895.

J. S. Moore, appointed temporarily, 15 May, 1866. Relieved, 30 June, 1868.

C. D. R. Ward, appointed temporarily, 1 Oct., 1868. Relieved, May, 1870. Appointed temporarily, 21 Sept., 1886. Relieved, 12 Feb., 1889.

Sir J. Prendergast, appointed Chief Justice, 1 April, 1875. Resigned, 25 May, 1099.

T. B. Gillies, appointed, 3 Mar., 1875. Died, 26 July, 1889.

Hon. Sir J. S. Williams, Kt., appointed, 3 Mar., 1875.

Hon. J. E. Denniston, appointed, 11 Feb., 1889.

B. T. Conolly, appointed, 19 Aug., 1889. Resigned, 9 Sept., 1903.

Hon. Sir P. A. Buckley, K.C.M.G., appointed, 20 Dec., 1895. Died, 18 May, 1896.

Hon. W. B. Edwards, appointed, 11 July, 1896.

F. W. Pennefather, appointed temporarily, 25 April, 1898. Resigned, 24 April, 1899.

Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., appointed Chief Justice, 22 June, 1899.

J. C. Martin, Acting Judge, appointed, 12 April, 1900. Resigned. 4 Dec., 1900.

Hon. Theophilus Cooper, appointed, 21 Feb., 1901.

Hon. F. R. Chapman, appointed, 11 Sept., 1903.

C. E. Button, appointed temporarily, 12 March, 1907. Resigned. 29th Feb., 1908.

Hon. William Alexander Sim, appointed, 16 January 1911.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, 1843-56.

MEMBERSOFTHE EXECUTIVE COUNCILOFTHE DOMINIONOF NEW ZEALANDPREVIOUSTOTHE ESTABLISHMENTOF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT (NOTINCLUDINGTHE OFFICERS COMMANDINGTHE FORCES).

Willoughby Shortland, Colonial Secretary, from 3 May, 1841, to 31 Dec., 1843; succeeded by Mr. Sinclair.

Francis Fisher, Attorney-General, from 3 May to 10 Aug., 1841; succeeded by Mr. Swainson.

George Cooper, Colonial Treasurer, from 3 May, 1841, to 9 May, 1842; succeeded by Mr. Shepherd.

William Swainson, Attorney-General, from 10 Aug., 1841, to 7 May, 1856.

Alexander Shepherd, Colonial Treasurer, from 9 May,] 842, to 7 May, 1856.

Andrew Sinclair, Colonial Secretary, from 6 Jan., 1844, to 7 May, 1856.

[The three gentlemen last mentioned were nominated by Her late Majesty as ex officio members of the Executive Council. Two of them, the Colonial Secretary and the Colonial Treasurer, were not members of the General Assembly, opened for the first time 27th May, 1854, but all three remained in office until the establishment of Responsible Government.]

James Edward FitzGerald, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Henry Sewell, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Frederick Aloysius Weld, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Francis Dillon Bell, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 30 June to 11 July, 1854.

Thomas Houghton Bartley, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 14 July to 2 Aug., 1854.

Thomas Spencer Forsaith, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

William Thomas Locke Travers, M.H.R., without portfolio, 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

James Macandrew, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

PARLIAMENTS.

NUMBEROF PARLIAMENTSSINCETHE CONSTITUTION ACTPASSEDFORCONFERRINGREPRESENTATIVEINSTITUTIONSUPONTHE DOMINIONOF NEW ZEALAND, WITHTHE DATES OF OPENING AND CLOSING OF SESSIONS AND DATES OF DISSOLUTION.
Parliament.Date of Opening of Sessions.Date of Prorogation.
First (dissolved 15tb September, 1855)27 May, 18549 August, 1854.
31 August, 185416 September, 1854.
8 August, 185515 September, 1855.
Second (dissolved 5th November, 1860)15 April, 1856 (No session in 1857)16 August, 1856.
10 April, 1858 (No session in 1859)21 August, 1858.
30 July, 18605 November, 1860.
Third (dissolved 27th January, 1866)3 June, 18617 September, 1861.
7 July, 186215 September, 1862.
19 October, 186314 December, 1863.
24 November, 186413 December, 1864.
26 July, 186530 October, 1865.
Fourth (dissolved 30th December, 1870)30 June, 18668 October, 1866.
9 July, 186710 October, 1867.
9 July, 186820 October, 1868.
1 June, 18693 September, 1869.
14 June, 187013 September, 1870.
Fifth (dissolved 6th December, 1875)14 August, 187116 November, 1871.
16 July, 187225 October, 1872.
15 July, 18733 October, 1873.
3 July, 187431 August, 1874.
20 July, 187521 October, 1875.
Sixth (dissolved 15th August, 1879)15 June, 187631 October, 1876.
19 July, 187710 December, 1877.
26 July, 18782 November, 1878.
11 July, 187911 August, 1879.
Seventh (dissolved 8th November, 1881)24 September, 187919 December, 1879.
28 May, 18801 September, 1880.
9 June, 188124 September, 1881.
Eighth (dissolved 27th June, 1884)18 May, 188215 September, 1882.
14 June, 18838 September, 1883.
5 June, 188424 June, 1884.
Ninth (dissolved 15th July, 1887)7 August, 188410 November, 1884.
11 June, 188522 September, 1885.
13 May, 188618 August, 1886.
26 April, 188710 July, 1887.
Tenth (dissolved 3rd October, 1890)6 October, 188723 December, 1887.
10 May, 188831 August, 1888.
20 June, 188919 September, 1889.
19 June, 189018 September, 1890.
Eleventh (dissolved 8th November, 1893)23 January, 189131 January, 1891.
11 June, 189125 September, 1891.
23 June, 189212 October, 1892.
22 June, 18937 October, 1893.
Twelfth (dissolved 14th November, 1896)21 June, 189424 October, 1894.
20 June, 18952 November, 1895.
11 June, 189619 October, 1896.
Thirteenth (dissolved 15th November, 1899)7 April, 189712 April, 1897.
23 September, 189722 December, 1897.
24 June, 18985 November, 1898.
23 June, 189924 October, 1899.
Fourteenth (dissolved 5th November, 1902)22 June, 190022 October, 1900.
1 July, 19018 November, 1901.
1 July, 19024 October, 1902.
Fifteenth (dissolved 15th November, 1905)29 June, 190325 November, 1903.
28 June, 19048 November, 1904.
27 June, 190531 October, 1905.
Sixteenth (dissolved 29th October, 1908)27 June, 19063 July, 1906.
21 August. 190629 October, 1906.
27 June, 190725 November, 1907.
29 June, 190812 October, 1908.
Seventeenth (dissolved 20th November, 1912)10 June, 190917 June, 1909.
7 October, 190929 December, 1909.
28 June, 19105 December, 1910.
27 July, 191130 October, 1911.
Eighteenth15 February, 19121st March, 1912.

SUCCESSIVE MINISTRIES

SINCETHE ESTABLISHMENTOF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENTIN NEW ZEALANDIN 1856.
Name of Ministry.Assumed Office.Retired.

* Owing to the death of the Premier, the Hon. J. Ballance, on 27th April. 1893.

† Owing to the death of the Premier, Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.O., on 10th June, 1906.

1. Bell-Sewell7 May, 185620 May, 1856.
2. Fox20 May, 18562 June, 1856.
3. Stafford2 June, 185612 July, 1861.
4. Fox12 July, 18616 August, 1862.
5. Domett6 August, 186230 October, 1863.
6. Whitaker-Fox30 October, 186324 November, 1864.
7. Weld24 November, 186416 October, 1865.
8. Stafford16 October, 186528 June, 1869.
9. Fox28 June, 186910 September, 1872.
10. Stafford10 September, 187211 October, 1872.
11. Waterhouse11 October, 18723 March, 1873.
12. Pox3 March, 18738 April, 1873.
13. Vogel8 April, 18736 July, 1875.
14. Pollen6 July, 187515 February, 1876.
15. Vogel15 February, 18761 September, 1876.
16. Atkinson1 September, 187613 September, 1876.
17. Atkinson (reconstituted)13 September, 187613 October, 1877.
18. Grey15 October, 18778 October, 1879.
19. Hall8 October, 187921 April, 1882.
20. Whitaker21 April, 188225 September, 1883.
21. Atkinson25 September, 188316 August, 1884.
22. Stout-Vogel16 August, 188428 August, 1884.
23. Atkinson28 August, 18843 September, 1884.
24. Stout-Vogel3 September, 18848 October, 1887.
25. Atkinson8 October, 188724 January, 1891.
26. Ballance24 January 18911 May, 1893.*
27. Seddon1 May, 1893.21 June, 1906.
28. Hall-Jones21 June, 19066 August, 1906.
29. Ward6 August, 190628 March, 1912.
30. Mackenzie28 March, 1912 

PREMIERS OF SUCCESSIVE MINISTRIES.

Name of Premier.

Henry Sewell.

William Fox.

Edward William Stafford.

William Fox.

Alfred Domett.

Frederick Whitaker.

Frederick Aloysius Weld.

Edward William Stafford.

William Fox.

Hon. Edward William Stafford.

George Marsden Waterhouse.

Hon. William Fox.

Hon. Julius Vogel, C.M.G.

Hon. Daniel Pollen, M.L.C.

Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G.

Harry Albert Atkinson.

Harry Albert Atkinson (Ministry reconstituted).

Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

Hon. John Hall.

Frederick Whitaker, M.L.C.

Harry Albert Atkinson.

Robert Stout.

Harry Albert Atkinson.

Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G.

Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.

John Ballance.

Rt. Hon. Richard John Seddon, P.C.

William Hall-Jones.

Right Hon. Sir Joseph George Ward, Bart., P.C., K.C.M.G.

Thomas Mackenzie.

SPEAKERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, WITH DATESOFTHEIR APPOINTMENTAND DATESOF RETIREMENTOR DEATH.

Name of Speaker.Date of Appointment.Date of Retirement or Death.
Hon. William Swainson16 May, 18548 August, 1855.
Hon. Frederick Whitaker8 August, 185512 May, 1856.
Hon. Thomas Houghton Bartley12 May, 18561 July, 1868.
Hon. Sir John Larkins Cheese Richardson, Kt.1 July, 186814 June, 1879.
Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.14 June, 187922 April, 1887
Hon. George Marsden Waterhouse22 April, 188721 September, 1887.
Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.21 September, 188723 January, 1891.
Hon. Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.23 January, 189128 June, 1892.
Hon. Sir Henry John Miller8 July, 1892.9 July 1903.
6 October, 1897
Hon. W. C. Walker, C.M.G.9 July, 19035 January, 1904.
Hon. John Rigg (Acting)5 January, 19047 July, 1904.
Hon. Sir A. J. Cadman, K.C.M.G.7 July, 190423 March, 1905.
Hon. R. H. J. Reeves (Acting)23 March, 19054 July, 1905.
Hon. Sir C. C. Bowen, Kt.4 July, 1905. 

SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, WITH DATESOFTHEIR ELECTIONAND DATESOF RETIREMENT.

Name of Speaker.Date of Election.Date of Retirement.
Sir Charles Clifford, Bart.26 May, 18543 June, 1861.
15 April, 1856
Sir David Monro, Kt. Bach.3 June, 1861.13 Sept., 1870.
30 June, 1866
Sir Francis Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., C.B.14 August, 187121 October, 1875.
Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.15 June, 187613 June 1879.
Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach.11 July, 1879.3 October, 1890.
24 September, 1879.
18 May, 1882.
7 August, 1884.
6 October, 1887
Hon. Major William Jukes Steward23 January, 18918 November, 1893.
Hon. Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach.21 June, 1894.5 November, 1902.
6 April, 1897.
22 June, 1900
Hon. Sir Arthur Robert Guinness, Kt. Bach.29 June, 1903. 
27 June, 1906.
10 June, 1909.
15 February, 1912.

GOVERNOR OF NEW ZEALAND.

31ST MAY, 1911.

ISLINGTON, His Excellency the Right Honourable John Poynder Dickson-Poynder, Baron (United Kingdom, 1910). P.C., K.C.M.G., D.S.O. Educated at Harrow and at Christchurch, Oxford. A Chairman of the Board of Trade Arbitration Court, Hon. Lieutenant in the army, and a Knight of Grace of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, in England. Formerly Lieutenant, 3rd Battalion Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment) and Major and Hon. Lieut.-Colonel Royal Wilts Yeomanry. Served in South Africa, 1900, with 1st Battalion Imperial Yeomanry (Despatches, D.S.O.). Appointed a member of the Royal Commissions on London Traffic, 1904, and Trade Relations between Canada and the West Indies, 1908. M.P. for Wiltshire, 1892-1908. Member of the London County Council, 1898-1904.

Residences: 8 Chesterfield Gardens, Mayfair, London; Hartham Park, Corsham, Wilts, England; Government House, Wellington; Government House, Auckland.

Private Secretary: Arthur Guise, Esq.

Assistant Secretary: A. C. Day, Esq.

Aides-de-Camp: Captain William John Shannon, 16th Lancers; Captain T. MacDougall, Grenadier Guards; Captain T. Estcourt, Scots Greys.

Honorary Aides-de-Camp: Colonel J. H. Boscowen; Colonel R.J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O.; Colonel W. A. Day; Colonel A. H. Russell; Lieut.-Colonel R. Logan.

Honorary Physician: Colonel J. R. Purdy.

Honorary Surgeon: Surgeon-General S. Skerman.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

The Executive Council now consists of:—

His Excellency the GOVERNOR.

Hon. Thomas Mackenzie, Prime Minister, Minister of Lands, Minister of Agriculture, and Minister of Industries and Commerce.

Hon. Arthur Mielziner Myers, Minister of Finance, Minister of Defence, and Minister of Railways.

Hon. William Donald Stuart MacDonald, Native Minister and Minister of Public Works.

Hon. Te Rangihiroa (Member of the Executive Council representing the Native race).

Hon. Josiah Alfred Hanan, Minister of Education, Minister of Stamp Duties, and Minister of Justice.

Hon. George Laurenson, Minister of Customs, Minister of Labour, and Minister of Marine.

Hon. George Warren Russell, Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Public Health, and Minister of Immigration.

Hon. Henry George Ell, Postmaster-General and Minister of Telegraphs.

Hon. James Colvin, Minister of Mines.

Hon. Thomas Buxton (Member of the Executive Council without portfolio).

Clerk of the Executive Council—James Frank Andrews.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

THE number of members at present constituting the Legislative Council is thirty-nine, and is not limited. Prior to 1891 Councillors summoned by the Governor held their appointments for life; but on the 17th of September of that year an Act was passed giving the Council power to elect its own Speaker for a period of five years, and making future appointments to the Council tenable for seven years only, to be reckoned from the date of the writ of summons of the Councillor's appointment, though every such Councillor may be reappointed. The qualifications are that the person to be appointed be a male of the full age of twenty-one years, and a subject of His Majesty, either natural-born or naturalized by or under any Act of the Imperial Parliament or by or under any Act of the General Assembly of New Zealand. All contractors to the public service to an amount of over £50 and Civil servants of the Dominion are ineligible as Councillors. Payment of Councillors is at the rate of £200 a year, payable monthly. Actual travelling-expenses to and from Wellington are also allowed. A deduction of £1 5s. per sitting-day is made in case of an absence exceeding fourteen sitting-days in any one session, except through illness or other unavoidable cause. Leave of absence may also be granted by His Excellency the Governor, and when so granted for a session the payment ceases from the date of the Proclamation calling Parliament to meet until the next Proclamation calling Parliament together is issued. Under the Legislature Act, a seat is vacated by any member of the Council (1) if he takes any oath or makes any declaration or acknowledgment of allegiance, obedience, or adherence to any foreign Prince or Power; or (2) if he does, or concurs in, or adopts any act whereby he may become a subject or citizen of any foreign State or Power, or is entitled to the rights, privileges, or immunities of a subject of any foreign State or Power; or (3) if he is a bankrupt, or compounds with his creditors under any Act for the time being in force; or (4) if he is a public defaulter, or is attainted of treason, or is convicted of felony or any infamous crime; or (5) if he resigns his seat by writing under his hand addressed to and accepted by the Governor; or (6) if for more than one whole session of the General Assembly he fails, without permission of the Governor notified to the Council, to give his attendance in the Council. By

the Standing Orders of the Council, the presence of one-fourth of the members of the Council, exclusive of those who have leave of absence, is necessary to constitute a meeting for the exercise of its powers. This rule, however, may be altered from time to time by the Council.

The ordinary sitting-days are Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 2.30 p.m. to 5 p.m., resuming again at 7.30 p.m. when necessary.

ROLLOF MEMBERSOFTHE HONOURABLETHE LEGISLATIVE COUNCILOF NEW ZEALAND (MAY, 1912).

Speaker—Hon. Sir C. C. BOWEN, Kt. Bach.

Chairman of Committees—Hon. W. C. P. CARNCROSS

Name.Provincial District.Date of Appointment.

* Life members.

Anstey, the Hon. JohnCanterbury22 January, 1907.
Baillie, the Hon. William Douglas HallMarlborough8 March, 1861.*
Baldey, the Hon. AlfredOtago18 March, 1910.
Barr, the Hon. JohnCanterbury22 January, 1907.
Beehan, the Hon. WilliamAuckland22 June, 1910.
Bowen, the Hon. Sir Charles Christopher, Kt. Bach.Canterbury20 January, 1891.*
Callan, the Hon. John BartholomewOtago22 January, 1907.
Carncross, the Hon. Walter Charles FrederickTaranaki18 March, 1910.
Collins, the Hon. William EdwardWellington22 January, 1907.
George, the Hon. Seymour ThorneAuckland22 June, 1910.
Gilmer, the Hon. HamiltonWellington22 January, 1907.
Harris, the Hon. BenjaminAuckland3 February, 1911.
Jenkinson, the Hon. John EdwardCanterbury1 July, 1907.
Johnston, the Hon. Charles JohnWellington23 January, 1891.*
Jones, the Hon. GeorgeOtago13 December, 1909.
Kelly, the Hon. ThomasTaranaki16 October, 1906.
Loughnan, the Hon. Robert AndrewWellington6 May, 1907.
Louisson, the Hon. CharlesCanterbury14 January, 1908.
Luke, the Hon. Charles ManleyWellington22 January, 1907.
McCardle, the Hon. William WilsonAuckland22 January, 1907.
McLean, the Hon. Sir George, Kt. Bach.Otago19 December, 1881.*
Marshall, the Hon. JamesWestland17 April, 1909.
Miller, the Hon. Sir Henry John, Kt. Bach.Otago8 July, 1865.*
Mills, the Hon. Charles HoughtonWellington2 March, 1909.
Ormond, the Hon. John DaviesHawke's Bay20 January, 1891.*
O'Rorke, the Hon. Sir George Maurice, Kt.Auckland25 June, 1904.
Paul, the Hon. John ThomasOtago22 January, 1907.
Pore, the Hon. WiremuHawke's Bay22 January, 1907.
Rigg, the Hon. JohnWellington1 July, 1907.
Samuel, the Hon. OliverTaranaki22 January, 1907.
Sinclair, the Hon. John RobertOtago22 January, 1907.
Smith, the Hon. George JohnCanterbury22 January, 1907.
Stevens, the Hon. Edward Cephas JohnCanterbury7 March, 1882.*
Thompson, the Hon. ThomasAuckland18 March, 1910.
Tucker, the Hon. William HenryAuckland22 January, 1907.
Wigram, the Hon. Henry FrancisCanterbury22 June, 1910.

HOUSEOF REPRESENTATIVES.

The number of members constituting the House of Representatives is eighty—seventy-six Europeans and four Maoris. They are now designated Members of Parliament. The number was fixed by the Act of 1900, which came for the first time into practical operation at the general election of 1902. Previously (from 1890) the House consisted of seventy-four members, seventy Europeans and four Maoris; and previously to that (from 1881) of ninety-five members, ninety-one Europeans and four Maoris. The North Island at present returns forty-two European members, and the South Island thirty-four. The elections are triennial, except in the case of a dissolution by the Governor. Every registered elector, being of the male sex, and free from any of the disqualifications mentioned in the Legislature Act, 1908, is eligible for membership. All contractors to the public service of New Zealand to whom any public money above the sum of £50 is payable, directly or indirectly, in any one financial year, as well as the Civil servants of the Dominion, are incapable of being elected as, or of sitting or voting as, members. The payment made to members of the House of Representatives is £25 per month, amounting to £300 per annum, subject to certain deductions for absence during session not due to sickness or other unavoidable cause. Travelling-expenses to and from Wellington are also allowed. This scale of payment came into force on the 7th November, 1901, under the provisions of an Act passed in that year. Twenty members, inclusive of the Speaker, constitute a quorum. Unless otherwise ordered, the sitting-days of the House are Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 2.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m., resuming at 7.30 p.m. Order of admission to the Speaker's Gallery is by ticket obtained from the Speaker. The Strangers' Gallery is open free to the public.

ROLLOF MEMBERSOF PARLIAMENT (APRIL, 1912) IN HOUSEOF REPRESENTATIVES.

Speaker—Hon. Sir ARTHUR ROBERT GUINNESS, Kt.

Chairman of Committees—JAMES CELVIN.

Name.Electoral District.Date when Write made returnable.
For European Electorates.
Allen, JamesBruce19 December, 1911.
Anderson, George JamesMataura19 December, 1911.
Atmore, HarryNelson19 December, 1911.
Boll, William Henry DillonWellington Suburbs and Country Districts19 December, 1911.
Bollard, JohnEden19 December, 1911.
Bollard, Richard FrancisRaglan19 December, 1911.
Bradney, James HenryAuckland West19 December, 1911.
Brown, John VigorNapier19 December, 1911.
Buchanan, Walter ClarkeWairarapa19 December, 1911.
Buddo, Hon. DavidKaiapoi19 December, 1911.
Buick, DavidPalmerston19 December, 1911.
Buxton, ThomasTemuka19 December, 1911.
Campbell, Hugh McLeanHawke's Bay19 December, 1911.
Carroll, Hon. Sir James, K.C.M.G.Gisborne19 December, 1911.
Clark, Edward HenryChalmers19 December, 1911.
Coates, Joseph GordonKaipara19 December, 1911.
Colvin, JamesBuller19 December, 1911.
Craigie, JamesTimaru19 December, 1911.
Davey, Thomas HenryChristchurch East19 December, 1911.
Dickie, William JamesSelwyn19 December, 1911.
Dickson, James SamuelParnell19 December, 1911.
Ell, Henry GeorgeChristchurch South19 December, 1911.
Escott, James HenryPahiatua19 December, 1911.
Fisher, Francis Marion BatesWellington Central19 December, 1911.
Forbes, George WilliamHurunui19 December, 1911.
Fraser, WilliamWakatipu19 December, 1911.
Glover, Albert EdwardAuckland Central19 December, 1911.
Guinness, Hon. Sir Arthur Robert, Kt.Grey19 December, 1911.
Guthrie, David HenryOroua19 December, 1911.
Hanan, Josiah AlfredInvercargill19 December, 1911.
Harris, AlexanderWaitemata19 December, 1911.
Herdman, Alexander LawrenceWellington North19 December, 1911.
Herries, William HerbertTauranga19 December, 1911.
Hindmarsh, Alfred HumphreyWellington South19 December, 1911.
Hine, John BirdStratford19 December, 1911.
Hunter, GeorgeWaipawa19 December, 1911.
Isitt, Leonard MonkChristchurch North19 December, 1911.
Lang, Frederic WilliamManukau19 December, 1911.
Laurenson, GeorgeLyttelton19 December, 1911.
Lee, Ernest PageOamaru19 December, 1911.
McCallum, RichardWairau19 December, 1911.
MacDonald, William Donald StuartBay of Plenty19 December, 1911.
McKenzie, Hon. RoderickMotueka19 December, 1911.
Mackenzie, Hon. ThomasEgmont19 December, 1911.
Malcolm, Alexander ScottClutha19 December, 1911.
Mander, FrancisMarsden19 December, 1911.
Massey, William FergusonFranklin19 December, 1911.
Millar, Hon. John AndrewDunedin West19 December, 1911.
Myers, Arthur MielzinerAuckland East19 December, 1911.
Newman, Dr. Alfred KingcomeWellington East19 December, 1911.
Newman, EdwardRangitikei19 December, 1911.
Nosworthy, WilliamAshburton19 December, 1911.
Okey, Henry James HobbsTaranaki19 December, 1911.
Payne, JohnGrey Lynn19 December, 1911.
Pearce, George VaterPatea19 December, 1911.
Poland, HughOhinemuri19 December, 1911.
Reed, Vernon HerbertBay of Islands19 December, 1911.
Rhodes, Robert HeatonEllesmere19 December, 1911.
Rhodes, Thomas WilliamThames19 December, 1911.
Robertson, JohnOtaki19 December, 1911.
Russell, George WarrenAvon19 December, 1911.
Scott, RobertOtago Central19 December, 1911.
Seddon, Thomas Edward YoudWestland19 December, 1911.
Sidey, Thomas KayDunedin South19 December, 1911.
Smith, Francis HenryWaitaki19 December, 1911.
Smith, Robert WilliamWaimarino19 December, 1911.
Statham, Charles ErnestDunedin Central19 December, 1911.
Sykes, George RobertMasterton19 December, 1911.
Thomson, George MalcolmDunedin North19 December, 1911.
Thomson, John CharlesWallace19 December, 1911.
Veitch, William AndrewWanganui19 December, 1911.
Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George Bart., P.O., K.C.M.G.Awarua19 December, 1911.
Wilford, Thomas MasonHutt19 December, 1911.
Wilson, Charles KendallTaumarunui19 December, 1911.
Witty, GeorgeRiccarton19 December, 1911.
Young, James AlexanderWaikato19 December, 1911.
For Maori Electorates.
Te RangihiroaNorthern Maori10 January, 1912.
Pomare, MauiWestern Maori10 January, 1912.
Ngata, Apirana TurupaEastern Maori10 January, 1912.
Parata, TaareSouthern Maori10 January, 1912.

HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR NEW ZEALAND, IN LONDON.

The Hon. Sir W. Hall-Jones, K.C.M.G., Westminster Chambers, 13 Victoria Street, S.W.

Secretary—C. F. W. Palliser.

THE COLONIAL OFFICE.

(DOWNING STREET, S.W., LONDON).

Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies—Right Hon. Lewis Harurt M.P., 7th November, 1910.

Parliamentary Under-Secretary—Lord Emmott.

Permanent Under-Secretary—Sir John Anderson, G.C.M.G.

Assistant Under-Secretaries: Sir H. W. Just, K.C.M.G., C.B.; and G. V. Fiddes, C.B., C.M.G.

CROWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES.

WHITEHALL GARDENS, S.W. CITY OFFICE (STOCK TRANSFER OFFICE, 1 TOWNHOUSE BUILDINGS, E.C., LONDON).

Crown Agents—Sir Reginald L. Antrobus, K.C.M.G., C.B.; Major Maurice Alexander Cameron, C.M.G., late R.E.; and William Hepworth Mercer, C.M.G.

AGENTS-GENERAL AND HIGH COMMISSIONERS FOR NEW ZEALAND.

Isaac Earl Featherston, Esq., appointed Agent-General under the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870, by Warrant dated 5th April, 1871. Appointment to date from 25th March, 1871. (Gazette, 1871, page 155.)

(Note —Sir W. Tyrone Power was appointed on 20th June, 1876, by the Crown Agents as temporary Agent-General on the death of Dr. Featherston.)

Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., appointed Agent-General under the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870, by Warrant dated 19th September, 1876. Appointment to date from 9th September, 1876, vice I. E. Featherston, deceased. (Gazette, 1876, page 721.)

Sir Francis Dillon Bell appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1878, by Warrant dated 7th December, 1880, vice Sir Julius Vogel, resigned. (Gazette, 1881, page 311.)

Westby Brook Perceval, Esq., appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1891, by Warrant dated 25th September, 1891, vice Sir F. D. Bell. (Gazette, 1891, page 1071.)

The Hon. William Pember Reeves appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1891, by Warrant dated 23rd December, 1895, vice Sir W. B. Perceval. (Gazette, 1896, page 50.) Appointed High Commissioner under the High Commissioner Act, 1904, by Warrant dated 14th June, 1905. (Gazette, 1905, page 1509.) Reappointed High Commissioner as from 14th June, 1908. (Gazette, 1908, page 1921.)

The Hon. Sir William Hall-Jones, K.C.M.G., appointed from 1st December, 1908, vice Hon. W. P. Reeves. Assumed office 18th January. 1909. (Gazette, 1909, page 27.) Appointment extended to 31st December, 1911. (Gazette, 1911, page 2720.) Appointment further extended to 31st March, 1912. (Gazette, 1912, page 45.) Appointment further extended to 31st May, 1912. (Gazette, 1912, page 1227.)

TRADE COMMISSIONERS.

H.M. TRADE COMMISSIONERS.

New Zealand—W. G. Wickham, 9 Grey Street, Wellington. Australia—C. Hamilton Wicks. (Telegraphic address: “Combrit.”) Canada—Richard Grigg, Montreal. (Telegraphic address: “Britcoin.”) South Africa—R. Sothern Holland, Cape Town. (Telegraphic address: “Austere.”)

IMPERIAL TRADE CORRESPONDENTS.

A. J. Denuiston, Auckland; W. T. Monkman, Dunedin.

TRADE COMMISSIONERFORTHE DOMINIONOF CANADA.

W. A. Beddoe, Auckland.

FOREIGN CONSULS.

CONSULSOF FOREIGN COUNTRIESRESIDINGIN, ORWITH JURISDICTIONOVER NEW ZEALAND, 31ST MAY, 1912.

Argentine Republic.—Vice-Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand): Hon. T. Fergus, Dunedin.

Austria-Hungary.—Consul-General for the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the South Sea Islands: Heinrich Jehlitschka, Sydney. Consul: E. Langguth, Auckland.

Belgium.—Consul-General for Australasia and Fiji: F. Huylebroeck, Melbourne. Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand): A. Dauge, Sydney. Consul-General (with jurisdiction over the Provincial Districts of Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, and Wellington): Hon. Charles John Johnston, Wellington. Vice-Consul: G. F. Johnston, Wellington. Consul (with jurisdiction over the Districts of Canterbury, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland): Joseph James Kinsey, Christchurch. Consuls: Alexander Manual Ferguson, Auckland; George Lyon Denniston, Dunedin.

Brazil.—Vice-Consul: A. H. Miles, Wellington.

China.—Consul: Chow Si Lanchu, Wellington.

Chili.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand: William Brown, Sydney. Honorary Consuls: Georgo Dunnet, Auckland; Albert Martin, M.D., Wellington; J. G. F. Palmer, Christchurch; J. A. Roberts., Dunedin.

Denmark.—Consul (for North Island): Fancis Henry Dillon Bell, Wellington (Principal Consulate). Vice-Consul: William Henry Dillon Bell, Wellington. Consul (for South Island): Henry Bylove Sorensen, Christchurch. Vice Consuls: Paul Maximilian Hansen, Auckland; William Edward Perry, Hokitika; Odin Henry MÖller, Dunedin.

France.—Consul (for New Zealand): Auckland. Vice-Consul: Percival Clay Neill, Dunedin. Consular Agents: George Humphreys, Christchurch; James Macintosh, Wellington.

German Empire.—Consul General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, British New Guinea, and British Islands in the southern seas situated between Tonga and the French Possessions: Richard Kiliani, Sydney. Vice-Consul-General; Count Deym Von Stritez, Sydney. Consuls: Carl Seegner, Auckland; Willi Fels, Dunedin; Karl Joosten, Christchurch; Friedrich August Krull, Wanganui; Eberhard Focke, Wellington.

Greece.—Vice-Consul for the Dominion of New Zealand: Joseph Frank Dyer, Wellington.

Honduras.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand: Frederic Walsh, Sydney.

Italy.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji: Commendatore Luigi Mercatelli, Melbourne. Vice-Consul: G. Ferrando, Melbourne. Consular Agents: Thomas Wallace, Christchurch; Poland Thomas Robertson, Wellington; Sir James Mills, K.C.M.G., Dunedin: Geraldo Giuseppe Perotti, Greymouth; Charles Rhodes, Auckland.

Japan.—Consul: Thomas Young, Wellington. Consul-General: M Saito, Sydney.

Liberia.—Consul: Hon. Charles Louisson, Christchurch. Honorary Consul: Arnold Woodford Izard, Wellington.

Mexico.—Consul: John William Hall, Auckland.

Netherlands.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji: W. L. Bosschart, Melbourne. Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand and the Islands belonging thereto): Hon. Charles John Johnston, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: George Ritchie, Dunedin; Ambrose Millar, Auckland; Harold Featherston Johnston, Wellington; G. de Vries, Christchurch.

Norway.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the adjacent Islands: O. RÖmcke, Melbourne. Consul: Alex, W. Newton, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Sigurd Bentzon, Melbourne; Leslie Robert Wilson, Dunedin; Robert Millar, Auckland; Albert Peter Gundersen, Christchurch; Mathias Ericksen Wüg, Invercargill; Richard Rowland Whyte, Westport.

Paraguay.—Consul: A. E. Kernot, Wellington.

Peru.—Consul-General (with jurisdiction over the Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand): J. Maitland Paxton, Sydney. Consul: Ambrose Millar, Auckland.

Portugal—Consul: John Duncan, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Henry Rees George, Auckland; Arthur Donald Stuart Duncan, Wellington: Charles William Rattray, Dunedin.

Russia.—Consul-General for the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Dominion of New Zealand: A. N. d'Abaza, Melbourne.

Spain.—Consul-in-Chief (with jurisdiction over Australia and New Zealand): Senor Don Mario, Pinies y Bayona, Melbourne. Honorary Vice-Consul: Alexander H. Turnbull, Wellington.

Sweden.—Consul: Arthur Edward Pearce, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Sidney Jacob Nathan, Auckland; Albert Kaye, Christchurch.

United Slates of America.—Consul-General (for New Zealand and its dependencies): William A. Prickitt, Auckland. Vice-Consul-General: Leonard A. Bachelder, Auckland. Consular Agents: Frank Graham, Christchurch; Charles Harcourt Turner, Wellington; Frederick Orlando Bridgeman, Dunedin.

Uruguay.—Consul: Don Cesar Montero Bustamente Wellington.

INDEX TO OFFICIAL LIST.

DEPARTMENTS.

 Page
Advertising Office72
Agriculture81
Audit69
Bacteriological Laboratory72
Commerce81
Cook Islands Administration68
Grown Law Office65
Customs Department74
Defence Department73
Dominion Laboratory72
Education Department85
Electoral70
Friendly Societies60
Geological Survey69
Government Insurance88
High Commissioner's Office71
Hospitals and Charitable Aid73
House of Representatives60
Immigration81
Income-tax61
Internal Affairs69
Justice65
Labour Department77
Land Transfer and Deeds Registry68
Land and Income Tax81
Land for Settlements86
Lands and Survey78
Land-tax61
Legislative Council60
Machinery Inspection and Survey of Ships76
Maori Councils65
Marine and Harbours75
Mental Hospitals72
Meteorological Office75
Mines Department68
Museum71
Native Department65
Native Land Court65
New Zealand Institute72
Parliamentary Library60
Patent Office65
Police68
Post and Telegraph Department62
Prime Minister's Office60
Printing and Stationery72
Prisons68
Public Health73
Public Service Superannuation Office69
Public Trustee87
Public Works90
Railways Department64
Registrar-General70
Stamp Department62
State Coal-mines69
State Fire Insurance89
State-guaranteed Advances89
Tourist Office84
Treasury60
Valuation61
GOVERNMENT BOARDS.
Appeal, Board of. Post and Telegraph Department63
Appeal, Boards of Railway Department65
Civil Service Guarantee Board92
Education Boards 
Examiners under the Coal-mines Act, Board of69
Examiners under the Mining Act, 1908, Board of69
Examiners of Stationary, Traction, Locomotive, Winding Engine Drivers, and Electric - tram Drivers, Board of77
Investment, Board of, Government Insurance Department89
Land Boards81
Land Purchase Board86
Maori Land Boards65
National Provident Fund Board61
Native Reserves Board88
Prisons Board68
Public Service Classification Board92
Public Service Superannuation Board92
Public Trust Office Board88
Public Works Tenders Board91
Railways Superannuation Board65
Scenery Preservation Board81
State Fire Board89
Surveyors Board of New Zealand81
Workers' Dwellings Board78

OFFICIAL, LIST.

1ST APRIL, 1912.

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENTS.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

Clerk of Parliaments, Clerk of the Legislative Council, and Examiner of Standing Orders upon Private Bills—Leonard Stowe.

Clerk-Assistant and Acting Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod—A. T. Bothamley.

Second Clerk - Assistant — B. E. S. Stocker, M.A.

Interpreter—F. H. Phillips.

HOUSEOF REPRESENTATIVES.

Clerk of House—H. Otterson.

Clerk-Assistant—A. J. Rutherfurd.

Second Clerk-Assistant—A. F. Lowe.

Sergeant-at-Arms—Major T. V. Shepherd.

Reader and Clerk of Bills and Papers—E. W. Kane.

Record Clerk—W. E. Dasent.

Chief Hansard Reporter—Silas Spragg.

Hansard Reporters—W. Berry, W. Leslie, J. M. Geddes, W. H. Russell, H. M. Gore, J. Gray, D. H. Cameron, R. G. Thomson, F. W. Weston, J. W. Stevenson.

Hansard Supervisor—M. F. Marks.

Clerk of Writs—J. Hislop.

Deputy Clerk of Writs—G. P. Newton.

Interpreter—D. F. G. Barclay.

PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY.

Chief Librarian—Charles Wilson.

Assistant Librarian—H. L. James.

PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE.

Prime Minister—Hon. T. Mackenzie.

Secretary to Cabinet and Clerk of the Executive Council (also Secretary to the Prime Minister)—J. F. Andrews.

Private Secretary—L. E. Johnson.

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE.

Minister of Finance—Hon. A. M. Myers.

Private Secretary — P. D. Thomson, B.A.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

THE TREASURY.

Secretary to the Treasury, Receiver-General, Paymaster-General, and Registrar of New Zealand Consols—J. W. Poynton.

Accountant to the Treasury and Deputy Registrar of New Zealand Consols—E. L. Mowbray.

Chief Clerk—A. O. Gibbes.

Cashier-C. E. Chittey.

Clerks—J. J. Esson, A. J. Morgan, M. S. Seddon, T. J. Davis, J. A. Martin, J. H. Stock, H. Hawthorn, R. J. S. Hickson, W. Wilson, F. H. Tuckey, G. C. Rodda, W. M. Townshend, F. J. Chittey, G. Scott, R. Witheford, S. Eraser, C. B. Carpenter, A. J. Trezise, A. C. McIntrye, T. M. Highet, J. D. Naughton, A. H. Duff, C. Boyd, J. G. Spotswood, L. McIntosh, W. L. Clapson, P. Dunstan, M. Ralston, D. M. Schramm, E. Toms, E. M. Taylor, T. H. Jones, E. M. Bodmin, G. E. Miller, G. D. Hamilton, H. Stafford, C. J. Fisher, F. J. McComisky, E. C. Clarke, W. H. Welsh, D. E. Mackay, F. Prideaux, H. Vivian, J. B. Waton, D. R. Dinnie, D. T. Moroney, A. P. Lewis, G. King.

Cadette—D. Mason.

Cadets—E. Pearce, H. T. Hartley, H. N. Scrimshaw, H. S. Clarke, A. G. Hickson, J. T. O'Shea, K. E. Shaw.

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES OFFICE.

Registrar—R. E. Hayes.

Revising Barrister—E. Y. Rodward.

Actuary—A. T. Traversi.

Clerks—J. G. Roache, R. D. Spraggon, L. R. Hamilton, M. A. Bridson, L. P. Minifie.

Cadets—G. E. Bradley, P. H. Jones.

NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND BOARD.

Members—Hon. the Minister of Finance (Chairman, ex officio). Dr. Hay, Messrs. J. W. Poynton, G. F. C. Campbell, and R. E. Hayes.

Superintendent of Fund—R. E. Hayes.

Secretary to Board—A. T. Traversi.

Boards meets third Thursday in February, May, August, and November, or as business requires.

LAND- AND INCOME-TAX DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner of Taxes—G. F. C. Campbell.

Clerk in Charge. Income-tax—J. M. King.

Clerk in Charge, Land-tax—H. Nancarrow.

Receiver of Land and Income Tax—C. V. Kreeft.

Inspectors—W. M. Tyers, D. G. Clark.

Clerk in Charge, Graduated Tax—E. W. Watson.

Income-tax Staff.

Clerks—D. R. Purdie, E. J. R. Cumming, J. M. Glasgow, H. S. Barron, J. M. Park, R. Hirschberg, L. F. Men, L. Powell, P. Hodgkins, E. M. Pytt-Jackson, N. Kennedy, E. Hyde, H. H. A. Young.

Typistes—E. C. Graves, M. A. Rogers.

Cadets—B. Black, E. L. Enting, R. H. Martin, H. C. Grout, C. W. Thorn.

Land-tax Staff.

Clerks—E. Randell, J. M. Smythe, R. R. Leys, A. S. Williamson, C. T. Rout, C. E. Dowland, P. H. Wood, W. H. Doyle, S. C. Lambert, M. G. Fisher, T. Hoggard, J. B. Hobart, W. B. Rhodes, J. A. Horne, St. G. A. Dowsing, J. H. Clark, F. F. Laurenson, F. Houldsworth, J. Monahan, C. Headland, E. W. Arnold, W. H. Phillips, C. Mundy, R. Grant, W. Penney, G. Walsh, H. F. Wood, J. T. D'Emden, B. Hibbard, H. L. Rosenberg, F. Bray, S. J. A. Hill, C. Sparrow, J. Coogan, W. V. Fantham, R. S. Wakelin.

Cadets—A. C. Watson, L. F. Cooper, W. G. Clinkard, A. E. Reed, F. B. Auburn, O. S. Harvey.

VALUATION DEPARTMENT.

Valuer-General—F. W. Flanagan.

Officers in Charge—A. J. McGowan, Auckland; H. L. Wiggins. Christchurch; A. Clothier, Dunedin: T. L. Oswin, Invercargill.

Clerks — Wellington: C. J. Lovatt (Chief), F. W. Barnett (Accountant), W. A. Clachan, C. H. Biss, E. H. Fisher, T. J. Rowse, H. A. Anderson, H. J. Valentine, J. H. Shine, E. H. Eton, H. Christie, J. Guthrie, M. V. Card, G. F. Cooke, W. Lovell, A. T. McCaw, F. K. Tucker, C. J. Hurley, J. Long.

Draughtsmen—Wellington, H. H. Seed, F. W. Clayton, J. Wells; Christchurch, J. D. Hutchin.

District Valuers—W. F. Thompson, Whangarei; E. Morgan, Onehunga; B. J. Esam, Auckland; G. W. Hyde, Hamilton; W. F. Wallis, Morrinsville; J. H. Burch, Rotorua; F. F. McKenzie (Acting), Auckland; H. A. Ellison, Te Kuiti; J. B. Wallis (Assisting), Auckland; W. E. Akroyd, Gisborne; G. H. Llovd, Hastings; H. F. Russell, New Plymouth; D. Craig, Wanganui; E. P. Fowler, Masterton; H. J. C. Coutts, Palmerston North; J. Ames, F. N. Martin, G. Halliday (Acting), A. E. S. Gill (Assisting), N. H. Mackie (Assisting), Wellington; E. Kenny Picton: H. Murray, D. H. Pullar (Acting). Christchurch; J. M. Kelly, Rangiora; G. Mason, O'Kain's Bay; D. Stowell, Timaru; E. A. Atkinson, Oamaru; J. F. H. McCarthy, Dunedin; R. Milne, Milton; J. George, Lumsden; J. Smaill, Gore; D. P. Varcoe (Assisting), Invercargill.

Clerks—Auckland, T. C. Somers, W. Gulliver, T. P. Gilfedder, P. G. Pearce, C. W. Chilcott; Christchurch, A. Millar, J. E. Johnston, G. J. Russell, N. Smythe, B. Nixon; Dunedin, C. de R. Andrews, M. J. Drysdale; Invercargill, A. Wylie, W. W. King.

Cadets — Auckland, H. C. Fletcher, V. E. Lough, M. T. John; Wellington, W. G. McClintock, G. S. Rowe, B. Carter, R. A. Armstrong, L. W. Simpson; Christchurch, P. J. P. Dwyer, E. J. Bridgeman, P. W. Miller; Dunedin, F. G. Glastonbury, A. W. Clulee; Invercargill, W. A. McCaw.

STAMP DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Stamp Duties—Hon. J. A. Hanan.

Private Secretary—H. D. Grocott.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Commissioner of Stamps—P. C. Corliss.

Chief Clerk—C. H. W. Dixon.

Custodian and Issuer of Stamps—W. H. Shore.

Accountant—J. P. Murphy.

Inspecting Valuator; G. W. Jänisch.

Clerks—V. Willeston, C. McIntosh, G. Tinney, R. Smythe, B. L. Dallard, J. H. McKay.

Chief Stamper—A. A. Somerville.

Cadets—R. Chapman, F. O'Connor.

DEPUTY COMMISSIONERSOF STAMPS.

Auckland—W. G. Fletcher.

Gisborne—R. N. Jones.

Taranaki—A. V. Sturtevant.

Hawke's Bay—F. Aspinall.

Wellington—C. H. W. Dixon.

Wanganui—G. Sampson.

Nelson—W. W. de Castro.

Marlborough—F. Broughton.

Canterbury—P. G. Withers.

Timaru—H. W. Capper.

Otago—J. Murray.

Southland—L. Pauling.

Westland—W. P. Morgan.

REGISTRAROF COMPANIES.

P. C. Corliss.

REGISTRARSOF BUILDING SOCIETIES, INDUSTRIALAND PROVIDENT SOCIETIES, AND ASSISTANT REGISTRARSOF COMPANIES.

Auckland—W. G. Fletcher.

Poverty Bay—R. N. Jones.

Taranaki—A. V. Sturtevant.

Hawke's Bay—F. Aspinall.

Wellington—C. H. W. Dixon.

Nelson—W. W. de Castro.

Marlborough—F. Broughton.

Canterbury—P. G. Withers.

Otago—J. Murray.

Southland—L. Pauling.

Westland—W. P. Morgan.

POST AND TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT.

Postmaster - General and Minister of Telegraphs—Hon. H. G. Ell.

Private Secretary—W. Crow.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

GENERAL POST OFFICE.

Secretary, Post and Telegraph Department, and Commissioner of Old-age Pensions—D. Robertson.

Assistant Secretary—W. R. Morris.

Chief Clerk—F. V. Waters.

Staff—J. C. Williamson (Second Clerk), W. Crow, H. D. Grocott, J. C. Redmond, A. T. Markmann, W. J. Gow, R. C. O'Connor, J. E. Broadfoot.

F. W. Furby, G. G. Rose, M.A., G. McNamara, S. Macalister, C. A. Mathieson, J. P. P. Clouston, A. Donovan, W. I. Dawson, W. J. Wilkie, W. H. Barnett, J. F. Brown, W. G. Cooper, J. F. Wilson, K. G. Chamberlain, T. E. A. Duffy, S. J. Smith, T. Mark, G. L. Popple, J. E. Hunt, D. E. Fouhy, D. G. Cody, J. A. Smyth, E. J. Spooner, E. R. Fallwell, G. B. Farmer, A. D. Troup, E. J. R. Downard, N. T. Polley, A. C. Affleck, A. McGill, A. J. Ryan, E. T. Poison.

Chief Telegraph Engineer—J. Orchiston.

Chief Electrician—T. Buckley.

Staff—R. Heinitz, F. Palmer, A. Gibbs, C. S. Plank, H. L. Cummings, E. C. Gage, L. L. Macey, J. C. Fairbairn, J. Webster.

Controller of Money-orders and Savings-banks—J. L. H. Ledger.

Chief Accountant—H. A. R. Huggins.

Staff—W. Chegwidden (First Clerk) F. T. R. Johnston, W. E. Keefe, H. G. Cornwall, A. J. A. Roberts, G. Levy, D. A. Jenkins, C. B. Harton, H. D. Edwards, F. E. Beamish, P. D. Hoskins, H. C. Milne, J. Snell, M.A., S. J. Bolton, W. H. Carter, F. W. Faber, F. S. Robins, F. Stewart, W. R. Wakelin, A. Marshall, H. E. Combs, F. G. A. Eagles, E. White, F. Wilton, J. Madden, P. Cutforth, G. Foote, W. Gilbert, R. M. Porteous, D. Rutherford, A. Leeden, R. H. Twose, C. Gamble, L. C. Forgie, P. Williams, J. A. Humphrey, W. A. Smith, C. B. Burdekin, H. A. Lamb, T. A. Churches, C. H. Clinkard, H. J. Copping, N. V. Ross, D. A. McCurdy, G. B. Williamson, O. L. T. Harrison, T. Blown, A. M. Rosie, F. D. Andrews, E. E. Mortimer, C. A. Jeffery, J. Macmorran, J. T. Schulenburg, J. C. Arthur, J. A. Goodwin

W. Findlay, F. G. Furniss, J. K, Brooks, H. Toner, E. J. G. Loader, S. McDowall, J. C. Paul, W. T. Bird, C. J. H. Davidson, L. F. Bruce, R. T. McElligott, J. F. J. Hanratty, T. A. Jackson, V. J. Brogan, F. S. Hodson, R. G. Pullar, C. E. C. Milner, C. W. Robinson, R. S. James, J. H. Mitchell, G. B. Brown, G. T. Kellaway, T. P. M. Grace, E. C. B. Wilkinson, W. G. Sage, R. McKenzie, C. H. Gannaway, E. A. Wiggins, T. L. Darby, P. H. Cross, C. J. Boveridge, A. Waterman, S. L. White, W. H. Coop, J. H. Z. Geddes, A. E. Bate, J. R. McKee, A. W. Godsell, E. B. Kay, L. D. Bourke, A. J. V. Johnston, E. Harris, B. M. Kenny, M. A. M. Macleod, M. A. Asquith, E. E. Warren, R. E. E. Alexander, C. M. Jordan, P. E. Mackay, C. A. Coady, A. R. Payne, E. H. Dudley, M. Meacham, M. T. Gray, J. A. Scully, C. M. Godsell, A. J. Reid, J. L. Robertson.

Deputy Commissioner of Old-age Pensions—G. C. Fache.

Staff—J. A. Thomson, I. E. Wiren, F. M. Leckie, J. R. Williams, H. C. Hickson, J. H. Reynolds, J. S. Lambert, W. M. Moore, H. D. Smith, A. W. Robertson, M. McCartney, G. O. Morgan, R. P. Smyth, P. S. N. Council, H. Harris, J. H. Buohan.

Inspector of Post-offices—G. B. Dall.

Staff—G. V. Hudson, J. Brennan, W. A. Tanner, S. M. Harrison, H. McGill, G. A. Maskew, T. O. Lambie, L. Sleightholme, E. M. Phillips, H. G. Shakes, C. O. Coad, W. A. Evans, T. H. Langford, G. R. Edwards.

Inspector of Savings-banks—

Assistant Inspector of Savings-banks—W. Gee.

Inspector of Telegraph Offices—H. W. Harrington.

Staff—W. A. Andrews, J. Robertson, D. A. Herbert, W. C. Purdie.

Controller of Stores—C. B. Mann.

Assistant Controller of Stores—C. H. W. Nicholls.

Staff—J. B. Jordan, T. Palmer, M. McGilvray, C. H. N. Clarkson, J. G. Howard, J. L. Murphy, H. W. Cockerill, P. Cunningham, J. O'Sullivan, W. M. Krebs, F. Sutherland, R. S. Wogan, M. A. White, G. E. St. George, F. L. Chapman, H. A. Johnston, J. A. Salmond, W. Gazley, J. S. Hunter, L. C. B. Loveridge, D. O. Miller, C. Cates, E. J. Edwards.

CHIEF POSTMASTERS.

Auckland—P. D. Holdsworth.

*Thames—J. J. Pickett.

*Gisborne—W. H. Renner.

Napier—E. Northcroft.

*New Plymouth—A. P. Drydon.

*Wanganui—G. W. Sampson.

Wellington—D. Miller.

*Blenheim—C. Whelan.

*Nelson—W. T. Ward.

*Westport—F. H. Dodd.

*Greymouth—D. St. George.

*Hokitika—G. A. Empson.

Christchurch— R. B. Morris.

*Timaru—H. W. Capper.

*Oamaru—C. Hill.

Dunedin—W. McHutcheson.

*Invercargill—T. T. King.

TELEGRAPH ENGINEERS.

Auckland—R. M. Baird.

Christchurch—

Dunedin—W. E. Chisholm.

Nelson—G. T. Kemp (Assistant).

Wellington-E. A. Shrimpton.

ASSISTANT INSPECTORSOF POSTOFFICES.

P. Curtis (Northern District); J. H. Stevens (Central District): G. F. Furby (Acting) (Midland District); W. Isbister (Acting) (Southern District).

OFFICERSIN CHARGEOF TELEGRAPH OFFICES.

Auckland—F. G. Gannaway.

Wellington-C. H. M. Hawk.

Christchurch—A. J. Talbot.

Dunedin—B. H. Keys.

POSTAND TELEGRAPH BOARDOF APPEAL.

Members—J. W. Poynton, Secretary to the Treasury (Chairman), nominated; H. S. Wardell, nominated; L. Anderson, Representing Postal Branch, elected; A. Mill, Representing Telegraph Branch, elected.

Meets annually in Wellington.

* Combined post and telegraph office.

RAILWAYS DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Railways—Hon. A. M. Myers.

Private Secretary—F. D. Thomson, B.A.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

General Manager—T. Ronayne.

Chief Clerk—R. W. McVilly.

Clerks — G. Brownlee, W. S. Ridler, J. L. Day, J. O. Duff, J. E. Widdop, D. MacKellar, W. A. Wellings, P. J. McGovern, W. P. Miller, F. M. Sherwood, A. J. Levick, T. H. McLean, R. S. Allwright, A. M. Pratt, R. J. Walker, J. A. Mitchell, A. Benton, W. M. Duncan, R. A. Pepperill, F. Nash, C. W. M. Cameron, T. H. Forster.

Audit Inspectors—D. Munro, I. Karis, H. Williams, J. B. Mitchell.

Chief Accountant—H. Davidson.

Clerks — J. H. Davies, S. P. Curtis, A. W. J. Cook, C. Batten, J. Firth, W. B. Fisher, E. J. Fleming, E. Davy, H. H. Leopard, R. J. Loe, W. Bourke, T. Pattle, A. H. Hunt, H. D. Smith, P. H. Smith, W. E. Ahem, F. K, Porteous, A. D. C. Gosman, T. A. O'Connor, A. J. McCaul, A. E. Wilson, J. W. Dayman, W. H. Simmons, J. A. F. Gundy, J. B. Gauntlett, P.J. Wright, E. D. H. Heaton, J. P. Treahy, R. A. Fahy, J. Jessen, A. R. Charlton, J. A. McQueen, E. G. Edwards, D. McCallum, R. E. B. Hopkirk, O. M. Ross, F. Davies, R. J. S. Weeher.

STORES BRANCH.

Stores Manager—H. Baxter.

Stores Audit Inspector—W. Williams.

Sawmill Manager (Kakahi)—G. Weir.

Clerks—M. C. Rowo, W. H. Chittey, A. E. Boyes, R. H. Stephens, E. J. Guinness, W. E. Curtis, J. Lundon, W. P. Bond, P. M. Muir, F. O. Austin, C. Bearsley, J. P. Harris, T. Fitzgerald, L. W. F. Wiren, A. P. Dwan, H. M. Williamson, C. Cotter, E. J. Dingle, F. B. Knutson, J. M. Power.

TRAFFIC BRANCH.

Chief Trailic Manager—H. Buxton.

Clerks—G. A. C. Robieson, J. D. Nash, F. G. Craig.

District Managers — Whangarei, W. Sword; Auckland, W. Bowles; Wanganui, J. E. Armstrong; Wellington, S. F. Whitcombe; Westport, ; Westland, A. Duncan Christchurch, W. J. Stringleman; Dunedin, C. A. Piper; Invercargill, T. W. Brehner.

Stationmasters in Charge—Kaihu, R. B. Peat.; Gisborne, H. J. Day; Nelson, T. S. Edwards; Picton, A. M. Arthur.

MAINTENANCE BRANCH.

Chief Engineer for Working Railways—J. Burnett, M.Inst.C.E.

Inspecting Engineer—F. W. MacLean.

Signal Engineer—H. J. Wynne, A.M. Inst.C.E.

Railway Land Officer—G. McCartney.

Inspector of Bridge-construction—A. H. Alabaster.

Signal Inspector—J. Cheeseman.

Electrician—J. T. Fahy, A.M.I.E.E.

Electrical Mechanician—T. Hendry.

Electric Lines Inspector—E. A. Tomkies.

Office Engineer—G. A. Troup.

Draughtsmen—J. Besant, Ad. Howitt, E. Meek, D. Thomson, W. W. Fry, A. S. Henderson, H. H. Christophers.

Civil Engineering Cadets—H. C. Lusty, H. K. Edie, R. R. Gow, A. A. W. Dromgool, E. W. Lee.

Clerks—W. P. Hicks, W. A. Mirams, E. S. Kelly, F. W. Phillips, J. M. Robb, F. J. Rowden, W. B. Lee, H. McAlister, W. T. Doig, L. H. Campbell, R. Greig, S. Perry, F. P. Adamson, J. A. Simpson, H. L. Andrews, G. McGrath, R. G. McKay, V. R. Bond, J. O'Toole, R. H. C. Mardon.

District Engineers—Auckland, D. T. Mcintosh; Ohakune, J. K. Lowe; Wanganui, F. J. Jones; Wellington, F. C. Widdop; Westport and Westland, C. M. Benzoni; Christchurch, C. H. Biss; Dunedin, H. Macandrew; Invercargill, A. J. McCrcdie.

LOCOMOTIVE BRANCH.

Chief Mechanical Engineer — A. L. Beattie.

Clerks—J. P. Kelly, R. Aekins, D. D. Weir, B. A. Marris, H. McKeowen, N. P. G. Ewart, L. C. Fama, J. H. Leopard, J. P. McKeowen, J. M. Porteous, E. S. Stringleman, J. Lineham, A. Goodley, R. B. Scott, C. G. Hedge, T. C. McGrath, J. O. Wilson Chief Draughtsman—R. Pye-Smith.

Draughtsmen—S. H. Jenkinson, C. G. G. Berry, G. V. R. Fraser.

Boiler Inspector—J. W. Nichols.

Locomotive Inspector—G. Bowles.

Locomotive Engineers—Auckland, G. E. Richardson; Wellington-Napier - New Plymouth, G. A. Pearson; Hurunui-Bluff, H. H. Jackson; Westport and Westland E. E. Gillon. Relieving, F. T. Murison.

Loco. Inspector (Thames)—C. T. Bargh.

Tech. Clerks—G. Wilson, A. L. Piper.

BOARDS of APPEAL.

North Island.

Members — Chairman, Alexander Me-Arthur, appointed by the Governor; C. P. Ryan, Clerk, Wanganui, elected; M. Lee, Guard, Wellington, elected; J. L. Churchouse, Ganger, Cross Creek, elected; D. McKenzie, Machinist, Petone, elected; C. G. Lee, Engine-driver, Wanganui.

Meets irregularly when required and where most convenient.

South Island.

Members — Chairman, William Reeve Haselden, appointed by the Governor; J. Gray, Traffic Inspector, Christchurch, elected; P. Gaines, Guard, Balclutha, elected; J. McNeely, Engineman, Christchurch, elected; J. H. Jones, Turner, Addington, elected; E. J. Dash, Surfaceman, Timaru.

Meets irregularly when required and where most convenient.

GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS SUPERANNUATION BOARD FUND.

Members—Chairman, Hon. A. M. Myers, Minister of Railways; J. L. Salmond, Esq., LL.B., Solicitor-General; F. Fitchett, Esq., M.A., LL.D., Public Trustee; T. Ronayne, Esq., General Manager, Railways: elected — J. Young; R. M. Isaacs; M. Lee; W. T. Wilson; and J. P. Puttick.

Board meets quarterly at Wellington.

NATIVE DEPARTMENT.

Native Minister—Hon. W. D. S. Mac-Donald.

Private Secretary—F. G. Matthews.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary—Thomas W. Fisher.

Chief Clerk.—W. T. Gordon.

Clerks—W. T. Pitt, J. B. Hackworth, L. A. Teutenberg, C. V. Fordham, A. L. Warren.

Private Secretary to Hon. Native Minister—H. R. H. Balneavis.

Private Secretary to Hon. Dr. Rangi-hiroa—J. Harvey.

Translator.—L. M. Grace.

NATIVE LAND COURT.

Chief Judge.—Jackson Palmer.

Judges—R. N. Jones, W. E. Rawson. C. E. MacCormick, M. Gilfedder, T. W. Fisher, J. W. Browne, A. G. Holland, T. H. Wilson, J. B. Jack.

Commissioners—H. W. Bishop, W. H. Bowler, H. Carr, C. T. H. Brown.

Registrars—Auckland, E. P. Earle; Wellington, E. A. Welch; Wanganui, A. H. Mackay; Gisborne, H. Carr.

Clerks and Interpreters—A. F. Puckey, C. W. P. Seon, W. E. Goffe, H. M. Stowell, W. T. Pitt, H. R. H. Balneavis, C. P. Newton, W. P. Waitai, Tiweka Anaru, Tukere te Anga, H. P. Parata, J. M. Durie, J. Sheridan.

MAORI LAND BOARDS.

Meetings gazetted annually.

Tokerau District—W. Dinnie, President, Auckland.

Waikato-Maniapoto District—W. H. Bowler, President, Auckland.

Waiariki District—J. W. Browne, President, Rotorua.

Tairawhiti District — R. N. Jones. President, Gisborne.

Aotea District—J. B. Jack, President. Wanganui.

Ikaroa District—C. T. H. Brown, President, Wellington.

MAORI COUNCILS.

Minister in Charge—Hon. Dr. Rangihiroa.

Superintendent—J. B. Hackworth.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.

Minister of Justice and Attorney-General—Hon. J. A. Hanan.

Private Secretary—H. D. Grocott.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary—G. C. B. Jordan Chief Clerk—

Clerks—G. F. Dixon, W. Gollan, H. W. Kirkwood, S. C. Hunt.

Cadets—E. Grant, V. R. Crowhurst.

CROWN LAW OFFICE.

Solicitor - General — J. W. Salmond, LL.B.

Assistant Law Officers — E. Y. Redward, H. H. Ostler.

Law Draftsman—W. Jolliffe.

Assistant Law Draftsman—J. Christie.

Clerks—E. N. G. Poulton (also Private Secretary to Attorney-General), J. M. Tudhope, M. L. Richardson, D. L. Nancarrow.

PATENT OFFICE.

Registrar of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks, Fine Arts and Dramatic Works Copyrights—J. C. Lewis.

Clerks—Mary Eyre, J. A. Hardie.

Cadet—G. Miller.

JUDICIAL.

Supreme Court Judges.

Chief Justice—

Wellington — Hon. Sir R. Stout, K.C.M.G.

Judges—

Wellington—Theo. Cooper, F. R. Chapman, W. A. Sim.

Auckland—W. B. Edwards.

Christchurch—J. E. Denniston.

Dunedin—Sir J. S. Williams, Kt.

Registrars of the Supreme Court.

Auckland—R. E. G. Thomas.

Hamilton—F. O'B. Loughnan.

New Plymouth—A. Crooke.

Gisborne—W. A. Barton.

Wanganui—W. Kerr.

Palmerston North—A. D. Thomson.

Napier—S. E. McCarthy.

Masterton—L. G. Reid.

Wellington—D. G. A. Cooper.

Nelson—J. S. Evans.

Blenheim—R. S. Florance.

Christchurch—W. A. Hawkins.

Westport—E. Rawson.

Timaru—V. G. Day.

Hokitika—W. Wilson.

Greymouth—I. G. L. Hewitt.

Dunedin—A. Stubbs.

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer.

Sheriffs.

Auckland—R. E. G. Thomas.

Taranaki—J. Terry.

Hawke's Bay—S. E. McCarthy.

Poverty Bay—W. A. Barton.

Wellington—D. G. A. Cooper.

Wairarapa—M. Foley.

Wanganui and Rangitikei—C. A. Barton.

Manawatu—C. J. Hewlett.

Nelson—W. Heaps.

Westland North—O. E. Bowling.

Central Westland—H. Smith.

Marlborough—F. W. Hart.

Canterbury—W. A. Hawkins.

Timaru—V. G. Day.

Westland—W. Wilson.

Otago—A. Stubbs.

Southland—J. R. Colyer

Crown Solicitors.

Auckland—Hon. J. A. Tole.

Hamilton—H. T. Gillies.

New Plymouth—T. S. Weston, sen.

Gisborne—J. W. Nolan.

Napier—H. A. Cornford.

Masterton—A. R. Bunny.

Wellington—H. H. Ostler.

Wanganui—G. Marshall.

Palmerston North—C. A. Loughnan.

Nelson—C. Y. Fell.

Blenheim—C. H. Mills.

Westport—A. A. Wilson.

Greymouth—M. Hannan.

Hokitika—J. Park.

Christchurch—T. W. Stringer.

Timaru—J. W. White.

Dunedin—J. F. M. Fraser.

Invercargill—W. Macalister.

Oamaru—A. G. Creagh.

Stipendiary Magistrates.

Auckland—C. C. Kettle and E. C. Cutten.

Whangarei, &c.—F. V. Frazer.

Hamilton, &c.—F. O'B. Loughnan.

Russell, &c.—R. J. Acheson.

Rotorua, &c.—R. W. Dyer.

Thames, &c.—F. J. Burgess.

Gisborne, &c.—W. A. Barton.

New Plymouth, &c.—A. Crooke.

Hawera, &c.—W. G. K. Kenrick.

Wanganui, &c.—W. Kerr.

Palmerston North, &c.—A. D. Thomson.

Wellington, &c.—A. McArthur, M.A.. LL.D., and W. G. Riddell.

Wairarapa, &c.—L. G. Reid.

Napier, &c.—S. E. McCarthy.

Nelson, &c.—J. S. Evans.

Blenheim, &c.—R. S. Florance.

Christchurch, &c.—H. W. Bishop

Kaiapoi, &c.—T. A. B. Bailey.

Timaru, &c.—V. G. Day.

Greymouth, &c.—J. G. L. Hewitt.*

Westport, &c.—E. Rawson.*

Hokitika, &c.—W. Wilson.*

Dunedin, &c.—H. Y. Widdowson.

Oamaru, &c.—T. Hutchison.*

Milton, &c.—J. R. Bartholomew.*

Queenstown, &c.—H. A. Young.*

Naseby, &c.—W. R. Haselden.*

Invercargill, &c.—G. Cruickshank.*

Chatham Islands—Dr. G. H. Gibson.

Official Assignees in Bankruptcy.

Auckland—W. S. Fisher.

Wellington—A. Simpson, J.P.

Christchurch—J. Evans.

Dunedin—F. H. Morice.

Clerks of Magistrates Courts.

Hamilton—H. J. Dixon.

New Plymouth—J. Terry.

Hawera—D. W. Mason.

Stratford—F. Bird, jun.

Wanganui—C. A. Barton.

Palmerston North—C. J. Hewlett.

Dannevirke—S. Tansley.

Masterton—M. Foley.

Pahiatua—D. O'Rourke.

Timaru—T. W. Tayler.

Oamaru—A. A. Mair.

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer.

Auckland—H. H. G. Ralfe.

Rotorua—A. F. Bent.

Gisborne—G. J. Johnstone.

Wairoa—J. L. Crowther.

Napier—A. Trimble.

Hastings—T. M. Lawlor.

Waipawa—W. Baker.

Marton, &c.—H. Morgan.

Feilding—C. V. Roberts.

Otaki—T. O'Rourke.

Taihape—F. Mitchell.

Wellington—A. H. Holmes.

Christchurch—W. A. D. Banks

Lyttelton—W. D. Wallace.

Kaiapoi and Rangiora—A. G. Ashby.

Waimate—W. Y. Purchase.

Port Chalmers—G. G. Chisholm.

Balclutha—G. H. Sherwood.

Clerks of Magistrates' and Wardens' Courts, and Receivers of Gold Revenue and Mining Registrars.

Thames—J. Jordan.

Coromandel—F. G. Hutton.

Paeroa and Te Aroha—H. R. Bush.

Waihi—J. McIndoe.

Tauranga—T. R. W. Philpotts.

Whangarei—W. J. Reeve.

Nelson—E. C. Kelling.

Blenheim—F. W. Hart.

Collingwood—C. E. Taylor.

Westport—O. E. Bowling (on leave). D. P. Phillips.

Reefton—H. Smith.

Ahaura—G. P. Shepherd.

Greymouth—B. Harper.

Kumara—G. H. Harris.

Hokitika—J. N. Nalder.

Ashburton—J. Fitzgerald.

Naseby, &c.—J. C. Malfroy.

Clyde, Black's, and Alexandra—F. T. D. Jeffrey.

Cromwell—G. N. Morris.

Queenstown and Arrowtown—A. J. Thompson.

Lawrence—J. M. Adam.

Gore—G. H. Lang.

Riverton and Orepuki—H. G. Macfarlane.

Dunedin (Hindon)—R. P. Ward.

CORONERS.

Auckland, T. Gresham; Arrowtown. H. Graham; Carterton, J. T. M. Hornsby; Coromandel, A. R. H. Swindley; Collingwood, Dannevirke, T. L. Buick; Dunedin, C. C. Graham; Feilding, J. J. Bagnall; Foxton, A. Fraser; Hamilton, J. S. Bond; Kawhia, T. D. Hamilton; Levin, W. C. Nation; Marton, J. J. McDonald; New Plymouth, J. Mackay; Ohakune, E. G. Allsworth; Onehunga, D. A. Sutherland; Opotiki, P. A. Crawford; Otahuhu, A. R. Harris; Paeroa, J. Nathan; Pahi, J. B. Ariell; Port Albert, L. P. Becroft; Queenstown, L. Hotop; Raglan, W. H. Wallis, Taihape, J. P. Aldridge; Takaka, A. Sinclair; Tapanui, W. Quin; Taumarunui, A. S. Laird; Te Awamutu, J. B. Teasdale; Te Kopuru, T. Webb; Te Puke, C. Lally; Thames, W. H. Lucas; Waihi, W. M. Wallnutt; Waipawa, J. C. Taylor; Waiuku, W. J. King; Westport, G. B. Sinclair; Whangarei, J. M. Killen; Woodville, E. J. Gothard. All Stipendiary Magistrates are ex officio Coroners.

* Are also Wardens of Goldfields.

PRISONS.

Inspector—Dr. J. F. S. Hay, M.B., C.M.

Visiting Adviser—Rev. J. L. A. Kayll.

Gaolers — Auckland, A. W. Ironside; Dunedin, T. R. Pointon; Invercargill, Michael Hawkins; Lyttelton, H. McMurray; Napier, A. Gideon; New Plymouth, J. Coyle; Wellington, J. C. Scanlon; Waiotapu, W. T. Leggett; Hanmer Springs, W. Ayling; Waipa Valley, J. Down.

PRISONS BOARD.

Members—The Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., Dr. Hay, J. R. Blair, F. G. Ewington, G. Fenwick, and W. Reece. Secretary—Rev. J. L. A. Kayll, Wellington.

Board meets once a quarter at different gaols.

COOK ISLANDS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT.

HEAD OFFICE—WELLINGTON.

Clerk—F. G. Twiss.

RAROTONGA.

Resident Commissioner — J. Eman Smith,

Chief Medical and Health Officer—G. Pearce Baldwin. Assistant Medical Officer—A. R. Maclurkin. Collector of Customs—W. J. Stevenson. Registrar. High Court — E. Blaine. Clerk to Federal Council and Government Printer — S. Savage. Fruit Inspector—G. Esam. Resident Agents—Mangaia, J. C. Cameron; Aitutaki, E. F. Hawk; Atiu, J. T. Large; Mauke, J. McCulloch; Penrhyn, R. C. Morgan; Manihiki and Rakahanga, H. Williams.

NIUE.

Resident Commissioner—H. G. Cornwall.

Clerk—A. House.

Medical Officer—C. Schumacher.

Schoolmaster—D. C. Smith.

POLICE DEPARTMENT.

HEAD OFFICE.

Commissioner—John Cullen.

Chief Clerk—C. E. Matthews.

Clerks—R. F. Madden, J. Evans. A. Hall. J. W. Coard, J. Smyth.

Cadet—J. C. Robinson.

Chief Detective—W. B. McIlveney.

Finger-print Expert—E. W. Dinnie.

Editor Police Gazette—W. McGill.

Police Storekeeper—A. Muggeridge.

POLICE FORCE.

Inspectors—John Wybrant Ellison, Nicholas Kiely, Edward Wilson Alfred James Mitchell, John Dwyer, John O'Donovan, Arthur Hobbins Wright, Samuel Percival Norwood.

Sub-Inspectors—William John Phair, Joseph Albert McGrath, Charles William Hendrey, Alexander Cruick shank, Bartholomew Sheehan.

LAND TRANSFER AND DEEDS REGISTRY.

Registrar-General of Land and Deeds—G. G. Bridges.

Secretary, Land and Deeds—P. C. Corliss.

Accountant—J. C. Murphy.

DISTRICT LAND REGISTRARS AND REGISTRARS OF DEEDS.

Auckland—T. Hall.

Taranaki—A. V. Sturtevant.

Wellington—G. G. Bridges.

Hawke's Bay—F. Aspinall.

Poverty Bay—R. N. Jones.

Nelson—J. S. Evans.

Marlborough—R. Stone Florance.

Canterbury—W. Wyinks.

Otago—C. E. Nalder.

Southland—L. Pauling.

Westland—J. G. L. Hewitt.

EXAMINERS OF TITLES.

Auckland—T. Hall.

Taranaki—A. V. Sturtevant.

Wellington—J. J. L. Burke.

Hawke's Bay—F. Aspinall.

Poverty Bay—R. N. Jones.

Nelson—J. S. Evans.

Marlborough—R. Stone Florance.

Canterbury—W. Wyinks.

Otago—C. E. Nalder.

Southland—L. Pauling.

Westland—

MINES DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Mines—Hon. James Colvin.

Private Secretary—J. H. McAlister.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary for Mines—H. J. H. Blow.

Chief Clerk—H. E. Radcliffe.

Clerks—G. Girling-Butcher, J. T. Watkins, T. H. Sherwood, A. N. Polson.

INSPECTION OF MINES.

Inspecting Engineer and Inspector of Mines—Frank Reed, M.I.M.E.

District Inspectors: — Thames and Auckland Districts — Boyd Bennie and Matthew Paul; Clerk, G. S. W. R. Hanson: Canterbury, Otago, and Southland Districts — E. R. Green and Thomas Thomson; Clerk, ; West Coast Districts—J. Newton (Westport), A. H. Richards (Hokitika), Otto Bishop (Reefton).

MANAGERS OF WATER-RACES.

Waimea-Kumara—J. Rochford.

Mount Ida—R. Murray.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH.

Director—P. G. Morgan, M.A.

Mining Geologist—J. Henderson, M.A., D.Sc.

Palæontologist—J. Allan Thomson, D.Sc.

SCHOOLS OF MINES.

Lecturers and Instructors:—Thames—W. H. Baker, B.Sc.; Assistant, W. A. Given, M.A.: Coromandel—

: Waihi—A. H. V. Morgan, M.A.: Karangahake—R. B. McDuff: Reefton—J. McPadden: Westport—

BOARD OF EXAMINERS UNDER THE COAL-MINES ACT, 1908.

Members—The Director, Geological Survey; the Surveyor-General; the Inspecting Engineer of Mines; the Chief Inspector of Machinery, Wellington; James Bishop; J. C. Brown; and H. A. Gordon, F.G.S.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS UNDER THE MINING ACT, 1908.

Same official members as preceding Board, excepting the Chief Inspector of Machinery, Wellington, with the following private members: H. A. Gordon, F.G.S., Auckland; T. Gilmour, Waihi; Benjamin Sutherland, Reefton; and H. P. Hornibrooke. Coromandel

The Director of Geological Survey is Chairman of both Boards, and H. E. Radcliffe is the Secretary.

Board meets once a year in Wellington.

STATE COAL-MINES.

General Manager—W. C. Gasquoine.

Mine-manager, Point Elizabeth Colliery Greymouth—James Bishop.

Mine - manager, Seddonville Colliery Westport—I. A. James.

Agent, Westport—A. W. Wilson.

Depot Agent, Wellington — T. Quinlivan.

Depot Agent, Christchurch — W. H. Crothers.

Depot Agent, Wanganui—F. A. Nalder

Depot Agent, Dunedin—F. J. Gunn

Accountant—L. H. Eilers.

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS.

Minister of Internal Affairs—Hon. G. W Russell.

Private Secretary—J. W. Black.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary—James Hislop.

Chief Clerk—G. P. Newton.

Accountant—A. R Kennedy.

Clerks—J. E. Read, J. H. Ross, J. D. Ferguson, H. Dibley, W. B. Cahill, J. W. A. Heenan, J. E. Hunt.

Typist—Miss R. Rees.

Officer in Charge of Government Buildings—W. H. Hennah.

PUBLIC SERVICE SUPERANNUATION OFFICE.

Secretary—Amelius M. Smith.

Accountant—W. M. Wright.

Clerks—G. C. Smith, J. Fisher, M. P. Finnigan.

AUDIT OFFICE.

Controller and Auditor - General — Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O.

Deputy Controller and Auditor and Chief Clerk—P. Purvis Webb.

Audit Inspectors—A. A. Bethune, C. G. Collins, A. W. Eames, J. H. Fowler R. A. Gray, C. P. Johnson, A. L. B. Jordan, H. A. Lamb, B. A. Meek, C. A. Ralston, J. Ward, H. Wylie, O. R. Younghusband.

Audit Officer, London—T. H. Hamer.

Examiners—A. M. Adams, T. Auton, W. J. Brooke, A. A. Cairns, E. A. Casey, G. C. Cooke, J. C. A. Dudley, J. T. Dumbell, H. Eastgate, C. E. Easton, L. H. Edwards, J. D. Eves, A. E. Fowler, G. S. Gapper, R. Garriock, T. S. Hamer, J. Mc. Hamilton, F. M. Hay, A. Hore, D. C. Innes, E. S. Innes, K. D. MacLeod, H. L. Marbrook, R. J. Miller, H. M. Nalder, G. H. Richardson, A. G. Robinson, J. P. Rutherford, W. C. Ryan, G. G. Smith, E. E. Smyth, E. Stewart, R. M. Sunley, F. J. Taylor, H. T. Thompson, C. D. Thompson, T. Treahy, A. Watters, A. W. Whyte.

Cadet—C. V. Chamberlain.

REGISTRAR-GENERAL'S OFFICE.

Registrar-General—F. W. Mansfield.

Government Statistician—M. Fraser.

Deputy Registrar-General and Chief Clerk—W. W. Cook.

Clerks—F. H. Machattie, S. Coffey, M. A. Ashenden, R. G. Poulton, R. Kirker, J. W. Butcher, H. Alley, H. E. Dowdy, R. C. Barkle.

Shorthand-writers and Typistes—E. M. Swift, L. H. Dixon.

Cadets—R. A. Younger, J. P. Mc-Mahon-Box, K. J. Strack.

Messenger—W. Houldsworth.

Registrars of Births, Deaths, and Marriages.

Auckland—Registrar, T. Culpan. Clerk, E. Livermore. Cadets, C. C. F. Heywood, E. L. Hale.

Wellington—Registrar, G. G. Hodgkins. Clerks, J. L. Palethorpe, Te Koroneho.

Christchurch — Registrar, F. Evans. Clerk, H. B. McGrath. Cadet, S. G. McIntosh.

Dunedin—Registrar, H. Maxwell. Clerk, W. E. Gladstone. Cadet, W. J. McMillan.

Ashburton, W. W. White; Blenheim, S. E. Harrop; Dannevirke, H, Tilsley; Feilding, C. C. Halliday; Gisborne, H. E. Hill; Gore, C. Whelan; Greymouth, B. Harper; Hamilton, J. S. Bond; Hastings, R. Braithwaite; Hokitika, D. St. George; Invercargill, J. G. Petrie; Lyttelton, W. D. Wallace; Masterton, W. M. Easthope; Napier, W. Buchanan; Nelson, S. Blomfield; New Plymouth, J. S. S. Medley; Oamaru, A. A. Mair; Palmerston North, C. E. Shortt; Petone, F. Ward; Stratford, S. H. James; Thames, W. H. Potts; Timaru, A. Montgomery; Waihi, A. W. Mann; Wanganui, C. E. Hylton; Westport, F. H. Dodd; Whangarei, W. J. Reeve.

(There are also 202 other District Registrars located throughout the Dominion.)

ELECTORAL.

Minister in Charge—Hon. G. W. Russell.

Chief Electoral Officer—F. W. Mansfield.

Clerk in Charge and Deputy Chief Electoral Officer—G. A. Cormack.

Clerks—A. G. Wiffin, W. A. von Keisenberg.

Typist—

Registrars of Electors (R.E.) and Returning Officers (R.O.).

Bay of Islands—M. H. Kirkpatrick, R.E.; H. C. Blundell, R.O.

Marsden—W. J. Reeve, R.E. and R.O.

Kaipara—S. Ure Macaulay, R.E. and R.O.

Waitemata—J. Hay, R.E. and R.O.

Eden—J. G. Culpan, R.E. and R.O.

Auckland East—T. Culpan, R.E. and R.O.

Auckland Central—E. P. Earle, R.E. and R.O.

Auckland West—H. H. G. Ralfe, R.E. and R.O. (also R.O. for Auckland Licensing District).

Grey Lynn—W. R. Holmes, R.E. and R.O.

Parnell—H. B. Massey, R.E. and R.O.

Manukau—S. J. Brookfield, R.E. and R.O.

Franklin—E. D. McLennan, R.E.; W. J. King, R.O.

Raglan—H. Marsland, R.E. and R.O.

Thames—J. Jordan, R.E. and R.O.

Ohinemuri—H. R. Bush, R.E.; J. Nathan, R.O.

Tauranga—T. R. W. Philpotts, R.E and R.O.

Waikato—J. S. Bond, R.E.; H. J. Dixon, R.O.

Bay of Plenty—A. P. Day, R.E. and R.O.

Taumarunui—T. Buchanan, R.E. and R.O.

Gisborne—H. E. Hill, R.E. and R.O.

Hawke's Bay—T. M. Lawlor, R.E.; R. Brathwaite, R.O.

Napier—J. Parker, R.E. and R.O.

Waipawa—H. Tilsley, R.E. and R.O.

Pahiatua—D. O'Rourke, R.E.; A. R. Crawford, R.O.

Masterton—M. Foley, R.E.; W. Gillespie, R.O.

Wairarapa—R. R. Armstrong, R.E. and R.O.

Stratford—F. Bird, jun., R.E. and R.O.

Taranaki—J. Terry, R.E. and R.O.

Egmont—T. C. Stanners, R.E.; W. J. Tristram, R.O.

Patea—D. W. Mason, R.E. and R.O.

Wanganui—T. D. Cummins, R.E. and R.O.

Waimarino—H. J. Doherty, R.E.; J. P. Aldridge, R.O.

Oroua—T. Watson, R.E. and R.O.

Rangitikei—H. Morgan, R.E.; F. C. Wilson, R.O.

Palmerston—C. E. Shortt, R.E. and R.O.

Otaki—J. Hurley, R.E. and R.O.

Hutt—R. Mothes, R.E.; F. W. London, R.O.

Wellington North—J. D. Avery, R.E. and R.O. (also R.O. for Wellington Licensing District).

Wellington Central—G. G. Hodgkins, R.E. and R.O.

Wellington East—J. W. Hill, R.E.; P. Cording, R.O.

Wellington South—J. E. F. Perry, R.E. and R.O.

Wellington Suburbs and Country District—J. W. Salmon, R.E. and R.O.

Nelson—J. Glen, R.E.; W. W. de Castro, R.O.

Motueka—W. Baird, R.E.; G. J. W. Boundy, R.O.

Buller—D. P. Phillips, R.E. and R.O.

Grey—B. Harper, R.E. and R.O.

Westland—J. N. Nalder, R.E. and R.O.

Wairau — F. W. Hart, R.E.; R. Wanden, R.O.

Hurunui—W. H. Rhodes, R.E. and R.O.

Kaiapoi—A. G. Ashby, R.E.; C. H. Wright, R.O.

Christchurch North—J. H. Newlyn, R.E. and R.O.

Christchurch East—C. J. Marshall, R.E. and R.O. (also R.O. for Christchurch Licensing District).

Christchurch South—T. W. Reese, R.E. and R.O.

Riccarton—S. A. Staples, R.E.; A. Freeman, R.O.

Avon—G. W. Hulme, R.E. and R.O.

Lyttelton—W. D. Wallace, R.E.; C. Ferrier, R.O.

Ellesmere—G. W. Thomas, R.E. and R.O.

Selwyn—A. E. Colthart, R.E.; W. T. Popple, R.O.

Ashburton—W. W. White, R.E.; J. Fitz-Gerald, R.O.

Timaru—T. W. Tayler, R.E. and R.O.

Temuka—E. Booth, R.E. and R.O.

Waitaki—W. Y. Purchase, R.E. and R.O.

Oamaru—A. W. Woodward, R.E. and R.O.

Otago Central—J. C. Malfroy, R.E. and R.O.

Dunedin North—D. Larnach, R.E. and R.O.

Dunedin West—R. P. Ward, R.E. and R.O.

Dunedin Central—H. Maxwell, R.E. and R.O. (also R.O. for Dunedin Licensing District).

Dunedin South—R. Mercer, R.E. and R.O.

Chalmers—G. G. Chisholm, R.E. and R.O.

Bruce—W. Walker, R.E. and R.O.

Clutha—R. Grigor, R.E. and R.O.

Wakatipu—A. J. Thompson, R.E. and R.O.

Mataura—G. H. Lang, R.E.; J. Boyne. R.O.

Wallace—H. M. G. Macfarlane, R.E.; W. Saunders, R.O.

Invercargill—W. A. Saunders, R.E.; W. B. Scandrett, R.O.

Awarua—I. G. Russell, R.E.; J. A. Broom, R.O.

HIGH COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE.

High Commissioner—Hon. Sir. W. Hall - Jones.

Secretary—C. F. W. Palliser.

Trade and Immigration Representative—T. E. Donne.

Accountant—G. F. Copus.

Produce Commissioner—H. C. Cameron.

Veterinarian—A. Crabb, M.R.C.V.S.

Chief Clerk—A. S. Row.

DOMINION MUSEUM AND OBSERVATORY.

Director—A. Hamilton.

Government Astronomer—C. E. Adams, M.Sc., F.R.A.S.

Museum Assistant—Miss A. Castle.

Clerk—Miss J. A. Wilson.

NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE.

President—T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S.

Hon. Treasurer—C. A. Ewen.

Secretary—B. C. Aston.

ADVERTISING OFFICE.

Clerk in Charge—P. J. Kelleher.

Clerks—J. E. Hull, R. Jenkins, R. S. Cunliffe, T. Lynch.

DOMINION LABORATORY.

Dominion Analyst and Chief Inspector of Explosives—James S. Maclaurin, D.Sc., F.C.S.

Agricultural Chemist—B. C. Aston, F.I.C.

Mining Chemist—W. Donovan, M.Sc.

Inspector of Explosives—R. Girling-Butcher.

Laboratory Assistants—R. L. Andrew, F. T. Leighton, C. M. Wright, T. Rigg, M.Sc.

Cadets—C. A. McCombie, L. D. Foster, N. L. Wright.

Clerk—W. A. Thomas.

BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

Government Pathologist—R. H. Makgill, M.D., Edin., D.P.H., Camb.

Bacteriologist—J. A. Hurley.

Government Laboratory Assistant—P. L. Hickes.

Clerk—H. Wells.

PRINTING AND STATIONERY.

Minister in Charge—Hon. G. W. Russell. Private Secretary—J. W. Black.

Government Printer, Sationery Office Manager, and Controller of Stamp Printing—John Mackay.

Chief Clerk and Accountant—B. B. Allen.

Clerks—J. W. Hall, P. C. Jordan, R. Watts, A. Stace, W. Hutchings, A. Williams, G. Garnham, C. T. Williams, C. P. Cosgrove, H. V. Wilson, A. Besant.

Clerk and Typiste—A. Anderson.

Computer—R. G. Dagger.

Cadet—L. Williams.

Copy Supervisor—M. F. Marks.

Mechanical Division.

Superintending Overseer—W. A. G. Skinner.

Printing Branch—

Overseers—W. P. McGirr, G. H. Loney, F. H. Mountier, H. C. Jones, W. L. Gibson.

Chief Reader—H. S. Mountier.

Stereotyper and Electrotyper—R. Usmar.

Railway-ticket Printer—H. B. D. Swain.

Monotype Expert—E. J. Hampton.

Machine-room—

Overseer—J. Phillips.

Sub-overseers—W. Weaver, J. R. Donald.

Binding Branch—

Overseer—G. H. Broad.

Sub-overseer—J. Rutter.

Forewoman—A. O'Malley.

Stamp Branch—

Overseer—J. Burns.

Lithographic and Photographic Br'ch—

Overseer—D. Ross.

Chief Draughtsman—G. N. Sturte vant.

Engineer—T. E. King.

MENTAL HOSPITALS.

Inspector-General—Frank Hay, M.B., C.M.

Deputy Inspector-General—St. Leger H. Gribben, M.D.

Assistant Inspector—Miss Hester Maclean.

Chief Clerk—D. Souter.

Clerks—A. Wells, J. P. Lindsay.

Shorthand - writer and Typiste—S. Fisher.

Medical Superintendent, Auckland Mental Hospital—R. M. Beattie, M.B.

Medical Superintendent, Christchurch Mental Hospital—W. Baxter Gow, M.D.

Medical Superintendent, Porirua Mental Hospital—Gray Hassell, M.D.

Medical Superintendent, Seacliff Mental Hospital—F. Truby King, M.B.

Medical Superintendent, Nelson Mental Hospital—William James Mackay, M.D.

Superintendent, Hokitika Mental Hospital— John Downey; Medical Officer—H. Macandrew, M.B.

Ashburn Hall, Wakari (licensed institution)—Proprietors, Executor of James Hume, Dr. W. Brown, and Dr. E. H. Alexander; Medical Superintendent, Henry John Tizard. M.R.C.S.

Home for Defectives, Richmond—Steward, Henry Buttle; Matron, Matilda C. Buttle.

HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE AID AND PUBLIC HEALTH.

Inspector-General of Hospitals and Chief Health Officer—T. H. A. Valintine, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H.

Medical Secretary—J. P. Frengley, M.D., F.R.C.S., D.P.H.

Assistant Inspectors—Miss Hester Maclean, Miss J. Bicknell, Miss A. Bagley.

Chief Clerk—E. A. S. Killick.

Clerks—H. Magrath, C. W. Steward, L. J. Ell.

Shorthand-writers and Typistes — G. Craig, G. Martelli.

Cadet—A. O. von Keisenberg.

District Health Officers—Auckland, Dr. R. H. Makgill; Napier, Dr. F. I. De Lisle; Wellington, Dr. J. P. Frengley, Dr. Chesson; Christchurch, Dr. H. E. Finch (also Assistant Inspector of Hospitals); Dunedin, Dr. S. Chamtaloup.

Port Health Officers—Hokianga, (vacant); Whangarei, Dr. W. W. Baxter; Kaipara, Dr. W. H. Horton; Helensville, Dr. Max Meinhold; Whitianga, Dr. K. F. Gordon; Auckland, Dr. E. W. Sharman; Onehunga, Dr. W. G. Scott; Thames, Dr. Walshe; Gisborne, Dr. J. W. Williams; New Plymouth, Dr. H. A. McCleland; Napier, Dr. T. C. Moore; Wanganui, Dr. A. Wilson; Wellington, Dr. H. Pollen; Picton, Dr. W. E. Redman; Nelson, Dr. F. A. Bett; Westport, Dr. G. Hallwright; Greymouth, Dr. C. G. F. Morice; Lyttelton, Dr. C. H. Upham; Timaru, Dr. C. E. Thomas; Oamaru, Dr. A. Douglas; Bluff, Dr. J. Torrance; Chatham Islands, Dr. G. H. Gibson.

Chief Sanitary Inspector — C. A. Schauer, Wellington.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE.

Minister of Defence—Hon. Arthur M. Myers.

Private Secretary—Frank D. Thomson, B.A.

Judge Advocate-General—Colonel J. R. Reed, Reserve of Officers.

HEADQUARTERS NEW ZEALAND MILITARY FORCES (WELLINGTON).

General Officer Commanding N.Z. Forces— S Major - General Alexander John Godley, C.B., p.s.c., Imperial General Staff.

Assistant Military Secretary—Captain D. C. Spencer-Smith, R.A.

Chief Clerk—W. E. Butler.

DOMINION SECTION OF THE IMPERIAL GENERAL STAFF.

Director of Staff Duties and Military Training— S Colonel E. S. Heard, p.s.c., Imperial General Staff.

Officers Attached to General Staff—S Major J. G. Hughes, D.S.O., N.Z. Staff Corps; Captain J. E. Duigan, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Director of Military Operations—S Lieut.-Colonel J. T. Burnett - Stuart, D.S.O., p.s.c., Imperial General Staff.

Representative at Headquarters, Imperial General Staff, War Office, London—Colonel A. W Robin, C.B., C.M.G., N.Z. Staff Corps.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Adjutant-General—S Colonel G. C. B. Wolfe, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Assistant Adjutant-General—S Captain R. O. Chesney, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Director of Medical Services—Colonel J. R. Purdy, N.Z. Medical Corps.

DEPARTMENT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Quartermaster-General—Lieut. - Colonel H. O. Knox, Army Service Corps.

Assistant Quartermaster - General — S Major H. H. Browne, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Director of Veterinary Services and Remounts — Lieut. - Colonel C. J. Reakes, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Director of Equipment and Stores—Hony. Major J. O'Sullivan.

Assistant Director—Hony. Lieutenant E. P. Coady.

DEPARTMENT OF THE DIRECTOR OF ORDNANCE.

Director of Ordnance and Artillery—Lieut.-Colonel G. N. Johnston, R.G.A.

Assistant Director and Instructor in Artillery Duties—Major J. S. Maidlow, R.A.

Artillery Store Accountant—Hon. Lieutenant F. Silver.

Testing Officer, S.A. Ammunition—Hony. Lieutenant A. Duvall.

FINANCE BRANCH.

Director of Accountants—F. B. Mabin.

Accountant—H. M. Griffen.

HEADQUARTERS OFFICE.
Clerical Branch.

Clerks—J. F. Rockstrow, W. R. Collett, G. F. Rudkin, D. S. Lyons, A. W. Jackson, R. Fordyce, L. F. O'Neill, T. J. Collerton, E. Fennessy, F. Bond, J. B. Ryan, J. Swift.

Clerical Cadets—E. J. Scott, H. G. Wilson, M. Patoka.

Typistes and Shorthand-writers—Miss M. I. Davidson, Miss A. Tyerman.

DISTRICT COMMANDS.
Auckland.

Officer Commanding District—

General Staff Officer—Major W. C. Braithwaite, D.S.O., Imperial General Staff.

Attached to General Staff—Captains J. E. Barton and C. W. Melvill, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General—Captain R. S. Matthews, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Wellington.

Officer Commanding District — S Colonel Edward Walter Clervaux Chaytor, p.s.c., N.Z. Staff Corps.

General Staff Officer—Major J. K. Cochrane, Imperial General Staff.

Attached to General Staff — Captain J. H. Whyte, N.Z. Staff Corps, and Captain G. C. Hamilton, Crenadier Guards.

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General — S Captain John Thomas Bosworth, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Canterbury.

Officer Commanding District—Colonel V. S. Smyth, N.Z. Staff Corps.

General Staff Officer—Major W. R. Pinwill, Imperial General Staff.

Attached to General Staff—Captain A. W. Macarthur Onslow, 16th Lancers, and Captain A. C. B. Critchley - Salmonson, the Royal Munster Fusiliers.

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General—Captain W. H. Meddings, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Otago.

Officer Commanding District—Colonel A. Bauchop, C.M.G., N.Z. Staff Corps.

General Staff Officer—V.C. Major J. D. Grant, Imperial General Staff.

Attached to General Staff — Captain S. A. Grant, N.Z. Staff Corps, and Captain A. Moore, D.S.O., the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General—Captain W. L. Robinson, N.Z. Staff Corps.

PERMANENT FORCE.

Officer Commanding— S Major J. E. Hume, R.N.Z.A.

DETACHMENTS ROYAL N.Z. ARTILLERY.
Auckland.

Captains—George E. B. Mickle, Raynor Barrington Smythe.

Wellington.

Majors—John Edward Hume, Murray Menzies Gardner, Frank Symon.

Captain—Ivon Tatham Standish.

Lieutenants—H. A. Davies, C. E. Daniell, J. M. Richmond, J. L. H. Turner.

Lyttelton.

Major—Herbert Edward Pilkington.

Dunedin.

Captain—Sydney George Sandle.

NOTE.—For full particulars of rank and names of Officers of Permanent Staff and Territorial Force, and of Officers of the N.Z. Permanent Staff and Permanent Force on interchange and undergoing training in England and India, vide Army List of the New Zealand Forces, published quarterly.

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND CUSTOMS.

Minister of Customs—Hon. G. Lauren son.

Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Secretary—W. B. Montgomery.

Inspector and Collector—C. S. Nixon.

Chief Clerk—G. Craig, LL.B.

Clerks, Customs—J. H. Chapman, R. J. Gray, W. C. Thomas, D. R. Wallace.

Cadet—H. F. Cotter.

Typiste—E. E. Westrup.

Auckland—Collector, J. P. Ridings. Landing Surveyor — A. H. Penn. First Clerk—J. McIntosh. Landing Waiters—T. R. Herd, E. W. Carter, W. A. Cameron, A. Collie, G. H. Cornes, L. J. Thompson, J. J. Furlong, W. H. Graham, W. R. B. Oliver, G. Uren, C. O. Eyre, W. Stewart, O. M. G. Richardson. Tide Surveyor —W. G. D. Grant.

Thames—T. C. Bayldon, Coastwaiter.

Russell—H. Stephenson, Coastwaiter.

Tauranga—J. J. Pickett, Officer in Charge.

Whangaroa—A. G. Ratcliffe, Coastwaiter.

Whangarei—J. Munro, Coastwaiter.

Mangonui—J. T. Williams, Officer in Charge.

Hokianga—F. A. Hardy, Coastwaiter.

Kaipara—D. Savident, Officer in Charge.

Poverty Bay—Collector, J. Howie.

New Plymouth—Collector, J. H. Hempton; Landing Waiter, W. Omeara.

Waitara—Coastwaiter, L. H. Sampson.

Patea—Officer in Charge, J. C. Patrick.

Napier—Collector, W. F. Dickey; Landing Waiters, W. McIntosh, R. A. Olsen.

Wellington—Collector, C. S. Nixon; Landing Surveyor, W. Rose; First Clerk, H. A. Jackman; Landing Waiters, A. Duncan, C. H. Manson, A. Paul, J. M. O'Reilly, F. W. Aitchison, D. Butler, F. W. Lawrence, H. W. Williams, F. N. Abererombie, J. H. Forrester, R. H. Smythe, E. D. Good; Tide Surveyor, R. Martin.

Wanganui—Collector, F. J. Walker; Landing Waiter, F. Davies.

Wairau—Collector, L. E. Harrop.

Picton—Officer in Charge, J. W. Burgess.

Nelson—Collector, T. M. Cullen; Landing Waiter, R. R. Walter.

Westport—Collector, R. B. D. Eyre.

Greymouth—Collector, W. Devenish.

Hokitika—Collector, R. G. Ecclesfield.

Christchurch and Lyttelton—Collector, A. Elliott; Landing Surveyor, E. T. W. Maclaurin; First Clerk, F. Oxford; Landing Waiters, W. Howarth, F. C. Fantham, J. Campbell, H. L. Cordery, G. P. Prichard, D. W. P. Dunn, J. E. Rundle; Tide Surveyor, J. Hill.

Timaru—Collector, W. J. Hawley; Landing Waiter, P. D. Jones.

Oamaru—Collector, H. W. P. Ruffell.

Dunedin and Port Chalmers—Collector. E. R. Brabazon; Landing Surveyor, W. J. Wratt; First Clerk, G. Prain; Landing Waiters, P. Doull, T. C. Rowe, G. F. McKellar, C. O. Trownson, A. Barron, C. E. Brocket, E. McGregor. Tide Surveyors — Dunedin, J. Scott; Port Chalmers, G. R. Baudinet.

Invercargill and Bluff Harbour—Collector, H. R. Spence; Landing Waiters, B. Anderson, H. A. Wild; Tide Surveyor, R. C. Hunter.

Chatham Islands—Officer in Charge, H. Scott.

Custodian, Customhouse, Wellington—J. J. McGahey.

MARINE DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Marine—Hon. G. Laurenson.

Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Secretary—G. Allport.

Chief Clerk—B. W. Millier.

Clerks—G. H. A. Tanner, W. Alves, J. A. Munro, T. J. King, L. E. Judd.

Cadet—P. A. Burke.

Shorthand - writers and Typistes—A. Reed, H. M. C. Berntsen, I. M. Richardson, V. S. Nathan.

Marine Engineer for the Dominion—R. W. Holmes.

Nautical Adviser and Chief Examiner of Masters and Mates—H. S. Black burne.

Director, Meteorological Branch—Rev. D. C. Bates.

Assistant—B. V. Pemberton.

Clerks—F. W. Simms, W. Goudie.

Shorthand-writer and Typiste—E. McAlister.

Superintendents of Mercantile Marine and Examiners of Masters and Mates—

Auckland—C. E. W. Fleming.

Assistant—T. A. G. Atwood.

Examiner of Masters and Mates and Surveyor of Ships—T. A. Dykes.

Surveyor of Ships, &c.— C. M. Renaut.

Clerk—J. Scully.

Cadet—W. S. Long.

Wellington—G. G. Smith.

Assistant—S. G. Stringer.

Surveyor of Ships, &c.—C. Angus.

Clerk—H. D. Thomson.

Cadet—W. J. Forsyth.

Lyttelton—J. A. H. Marciel.

Assistant—H. T. W. Wilcox.

Dunedin—N. Beaumont.

Assistant—R. Fraser.

Clerk—C. B. Jarman.

Cadet—N. M. Smith.

Master of s.s. “Hinemoa”—J. Bollons.

Master of s.s. “Tutanekai”—C. F. Post.

Commander Training-ship “Amokura”—G. S. Hooper (R.N.R.).

Lighthouse Expert—W. A. Fraser.

Storeman and Carpenter — J. W. Mitchell.

INSPECTORS OF SEA-FISHERIES.

Wellington—L. F. Ayson (Chief Inspector), J. Bollons, C. F. Post, W. J. Simpson.

Raglan—J. O'Sullivan.

Mangonui—J. M. O'Connor.

Russell—H. Stephenson and W. J. Williams.

Whangarei—T. M. Condon, J. Munro.

Kaipara—D. Savident, E. Driscoll.

Coromandel—L. Spellman.

Manukau—R. H. Gibbons.

Hokianga—F. A. Hardy.

New Plymouth—A. Hooker.

Waihi—W. G. Wohlmann.

Tauranga—A. Skinner.

Kapiti Island—R. Henry.

Wanganui—W. J. Connor.

Auckland—J. P. Bennett, D. Rowles, W. Sefton, T. E. Creeks, T. Donovan, W. J. Baskiville.

Waitara—T. H. Price.

Foxton—F. Woods.

Picton—C. J. King.

Greymouth—E. Egan.

Kaikoura—W. McLennan.

New Brighton—E. J. Rowe.

Rangiora—E. Mackay.

Kaiapoi—J. Holmes.

Dunedin—J. T. Sullivan, J. McIntyre, F. W. Beck.

Port Chalmers—J. Dougan.

Lyttelton—W. Richardson.

Thames—W. Berry.

Palmerston North—J. C. S. Willis.

Bluff—W. A. Brookes.

Napier—C. S. Le Fevre.

Invercargill—J. Friend.

HARBOURMASTERS.*

Collingwood—F. Stallard.

Puponga—J. V. Gilmer.

Hokianga—F. A. Hardy.

Kaipara—D. Savident.

Manukau—R. H. Gibbons.

Picton—J. W. Burgess.

Russell—H. Stephenson.

Tauranga—A. F. Tunks.

Akaroa—W. A. Harding.

Waitapu—E. J. Winter.

Karamea—A. L. Kemp.

Okarito—J. W. Thomson.

Okura—J. A. Cuttance.

Waikawa—A. Currie.

Mangonui—J. T. Williams.

INSPECTION OF MACHINERY AND SURVEY OF SHIPS.

Minister in Charge—Hon. G. Laurenson.

Chief Inspector of Machinery, Chief Surveyor of Ships, and Chief Examiner of Marine Engineers and Stationary-engine Drivers—R. Dun can, Head Office, Wellington.

Chief Clerk—A. R. Stone.

Draughtsman—G. E. Breeze.

Clerks—R. P. Milne, Auckland; W. D. Andrews, J. G. Maepherson, H. M. Mullins, J. C. O'Leary, Wellington; W. J. Craig, Dunedin.

Shorthand - writer and Typiste — A. Duncan.

Cadets—Head Office: D. McKay, G. H. Weir, A. R. McNeilly, R. C. Trembath, E. N. Tarrant, J. Butler.

Inspectors of Machinery, Surveyors of Ships, and Examiners of Marine Engineers and Stationary - engine Drivers,—

Auckland—H. Wetherilt, S. Dalrymple, W. G. Bell, J. McAlpine.

Hamilton—J. Kydd.

Napier—W. R. Douglas.

Wanganui—C. W. R. Suisted.

Palmerston North—W. Cullen.

Wellington—A. Calvert, A. E. Macindoe, T. A. Cooper.

Nelson—N. D. Hood.

Greymouth—P. Mackenzie.

Christchurch—P. J. Carman, A. McKenzie.

Timaru—J. Williamson.

Dunedin — A. W. Bethune, W. J. Crawford, H. G. L. Noy.

Invercargill—P. Grant.

The more important harbours are controlled by local Boards, not by the Marine Department.

Board of Examiners of Stationary, Traction, Locomotive, and Winding Engine and Electric-tram Drivers,—

Members — Robert Duncan, Chief Inspector of Machinery, M.Inst., Nav. A., Chairman; Frank Reed, M.I.M.E., Inspecting Engineer of Mines; R. W. Holmes, M.Inst. C.E., Engineer-in-Chief, P.W.D.; C. R. Vickerman, Superintending Engineer, P.W.D.; Evan Parry, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E., M.I.E.E., Electrical Engineer, P.W.D.: J. G. Macpherson, Secretary.

Board meets once a quarter, or when required, at Wellington.

DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR.

Minister of Labour—Hon. G. Laurenson.

Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Secretary for Labour, Registrar of Industrial Unions, Chief Inspector of Factories, and Superintendent Workers' Dwellings Board — J. Lomas.

Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories, Deputy Registrar of Industrial Unions, and Chief Clerk—F. W. Rowley.

Accountant and Inspector of Factories —J. W. Collins.

Clerks—W. J. KcKeown, T. McIntosh, J. R. Fraser, W. E. Shanahan, E. M. Casey, V. Saxon, A. Way, T. G. Trowern, A. B. Rigg.

Shorthand-writers and Typistes—R. Ritson, C. Fama, B. E. Cowie, E. Hill, J. Salmon, I. Henderson.

Cadets—H. S. Hurle, V. Bernard, K. J. Tait, R. W. Wills, J. Mulcahey.

INSPECTORS OF FACTORIES AND AWARDS.

Wellington—E. LeCren, P. Carmody, A. Donald.

Auckland—J. Shanaghan (in charge), W. Hood, E. W. F. GÖhns. Clerk—W. Hunter, Cadet — V. Sutton. Shorthand-writer and Typiste—M. Atkinson.

Christchurch — W. H. Hagger (in charge), L. D. Browett G. E. A. Hood. Clerks—A. E. Waite, P. H. Kinsman. Shorthand - writer and Typiste—B. A. Dewar.

Dunedin—W. Newton (in charge), J. Hollows, W. Rapley. Clerks—J. Maxwell. Cadets—A. H. Latta, E. E. Fisher.

Gisborne—W. H. Westbrooke. Clerk—M. Brooking.

Napier — R. T. Bailey. Clerk — M. Ranzi.

New Plymouth—H. Willis. Clerk—E. C. Putt.

Wanganui—H. E. Mosten. Clerk—P. Sarten.

Palmerston North — W. J. Culver. Clerk—O. Martin.

Masterton—J. Georgeson. Clerk—E. Rayner.

Nelson—S. Tyson. Clerk—M. Emerson.

Greymouth — J. Jackson. Clerk — J. Burke.

Timaru—H. G. Lightfoot. Clerk — E. Patton.

Invercargill—H. B. Bower, J. Brown. Clerk—M. Kempton.

Oamaru—J. C. Yorke.

And 160 Inspectors and Agents (police officers) in small towns.

WORKERS' DWELLINGS ACT.

Superintendent—J. Lomas.

Architect—W. Temple.

INSPECTORS OF SCAFFOLDING.

Auckland and Taranaki—H. Gresham (Auckland).

Wellington and Hawke's Bay—R. A. Bolland (Wellington).

North Canterbury—E. J. G. Stringer (Christchurch).

Otago—F. Barton (Dunedin).

Nelson and Marlborough — S. Tyson (also Inspector of Factories at Nelson).

South Canterbury—G. H. Lightfoot (also Inspector of Factories at Timaru).

Westland—J. Jackson (also Inspector of Factories at Greymouth).

Southland—J. Brown (Invercargill).

OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT BRANCHES.

Auckland—H. R. Morrison, Miss.

Wellington—E. R. Bremner, Miss.

Christchurch—J. Mitchell, Mrs

Dunedin—M. S. Hale, Miss.

COURT OF ARBITRATION.

Judge—His Honour Mr. Justice Sim.

Employers' Member—W. Scott.

Workers' Member—J. A. McCullough.

CONCILIATION COMMISSIONERS.

Auckland and Taranaki Industrial Districts—T. Harle Giles (Auckland).

Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland Industrial Districts—P. Hally (Wellington).

Canterbury and Otago and Southland Industrial Districts—J. R. Triggs (Christchurch).

WORKERS' DWELLINGS BOARD.

Members — The Superintendent of Workers' Dwellings and the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and the Inspectors of Factories in each of the following cities and towns: Auckland, Gisborne, New Plymouth, Napier, Wellington,* Nelson, Greymouth, Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill.

Meetings irregular; sits when business is required to be transacted.

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY.

Minister of Lands—Hon. Thomas Mackenzie.

Private Secretary—L. E. Johnson.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary for Crown Lands and Immigration—John Strauchon.

Surveyor-General—James Mackenzie.

Assistant Under - Secretary — F. T. O'Neill.

Inspecting Surveyors—J. Langmuir, J. D. Climie.

District Surveyor—C. A. Mountfort, H. M. Kensington.

Assistant Surveyor—H. E. Girdlestone.

Land Drainage Engineer — J. B. Thompson.

Assistant Land Drainage Engineers—O. N. Campbell, R. G. McMorran.

Chief Clerk—W. R. Jourdain.

Chief Accountant—R. A. Paterson.

Chief Draughtsman—H. T. McCardell.

Draughtsmen — H. R. A. Farquhar, A. L. Haylock, H. E. Taylor, F. W. S. Bronte, A. G. Watt G. C. Warren.

Chief Computer—C. E. Adams, M.Sc., F.R.A.S. (also Government Astronomer).

Assistant Computers—T. G. Gillespie. J. J. Hay.

Clerks—E. F. Hawthorne, A. A. S. Danby, W. S. Hardy, J. Stalker, P. J. Herlihy, R. A. Keenan, A. C. Turnbull, P. D. N. Verschaffelt, T. J. Lang, S. Gambrill, A. Quinney, W. E. Shaw, J. Bennett, F. P. Hagan, F. A. Ruck, G. T. Findlay.

Cadets—P. C. Gannaway, R. J. Cornwell, R. W. Cooper, T. S. Roe, T. S. McMillan.

AUCKLAND.

Commissioner of Lands and Chief Surveyor—H. M. Skeet.

Inspecting Surveyor—W. J. Wheeler.

District Surveyors—A. H. Vickermann, R. S. Galbraith, T. Carroll, A. Wilson, H. F. Edgecumbe, T. W. Hughes, A. A. Seaton, V. I. Blake, H. T. Mitchell.

Assistant Surveyors—C. B. Turner, F. E. Byrne, H. R. Atkinson, P. S. Sherratt, E. C. Clarke, W. B. Willis. E. V. Blake.

Chief Draughtsman—H. D. McKellar.

Draughtsmen—T. K. Thompson, A. Nicholson, W. T. Morpeth, G. F. Townshend, J. Y. Dixon, H. A. Warner R. C. Airey, R. Covil, H. Townshend, P. Mitchell, F. Martin, A. B. Harding, C. E. O. Smith, R. J. Knight, H. J. Kallendar, R. J. Crawford, W. Scanlen, E. C. O'Brien, J. H. W. Parsons, A. Streton, R. P. Dykes, O. A. Darby, M. M. Davies.

Chief Clerk—J. G. Bendeley.

Receiver of Land Revenue—J. H. O'Donnell.

Accountant—D. Smith.

Clerks—C. E. Archibald, W. J. Munro. W. H. Stebbing, R. W. Cumming, A. G. Stebbing, J. A. Attridge, J. A. Redman, J. S. McLean, J. Smith. A. L. Menzies, F. S. Downard, G. Anderson, N. C. S. Porch, G. A. Potter, A. Kennedy, J. P. Lane, H. A. Vollemaere, W. L. Mellsop, R. K. M. McLeod, G. I. Beeson, R. E. L. Mitchell, R. F. Ward, J. C. Nilson.

* Deputy Chief Inspector.

Cadets—G. M. R. Jackson, A. W. Craig, A. A. Otterson, F. W. Watson, G. Pirrit, L. J. Poff, C. H. Wright, J. J. Carroll, J. H. Robertson, T. G. Phillips, O. D. Pearce.

Messenger—W. H. Hawkesby.

Crown Lands Rangers—F. C. Ewen, C. S. Kensington, J. W. Shannon, A. B. Jordan, J. D. Steedman.

HAWKE'S BAY DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—R. T. Sadd.

Inspecting Surveyor and Local Land Officer, Gisborne—T. Brook.

District Surveyors—E. H. Farnie, J. Roddick.

Assistant Surveyors—H. E. Walshe, T. Cagney.

Chief Draughtsman—F. A. Thompson.

Draughtsmen—J. G. Clare, E. H. Cane, G. Duncan, W. T. Nelson, H. J. Lewis, A. F. Browne, F. J. Harrop, W. G. Harding, W. Paltridge, C. G. Maher.

Receiver of Land Revenue—H. R. Robinson.

Receiver of Land Revenue—Gisborne, R. Sinel.

Chief Clerk—J. Thomson.

Clerks—N. Wright, A. Kennedy.

Accountant—T. Tudhope.

Cadets—F. R. Burnley, A. R. Barker, E. G. Robinson, M. H. B. Burreil, W. J. Gallen, T. R. Jamieson.

Crown Lands Rangers—H. M. Smith, D. G. Robertson.

TARANAKI DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—G. H. Bullard.

District Surveyors—W. Laing, N. C. Kensington, D. M. Wilson,

Assistant Surveyor—A. F. Waters.

Chief Draughtsman—H. J. Lowe.

Draughtsmen—F. Carrington, J. Cook, W. Gordon, H. W. Saxton, H. J. Moverley, T. V. Mackay, P. S. Lawson, H. W. Broadmore, T. G. Sole, J. A. Montgomerie.

Chief Clerk—H. M. Bannister.

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. J. Rossiter.

Accountant—E. W. F. Cooke.

Clerks—A. C. Clarke, J. W. Harvey, L. L. Smith, E. C. Gideon, J. E. Warren, W. E. White, M. St. G. Hammond.

Cadets—T. R. Hancock, T. H. Hudson, W. Paora.

Crown Lands Rangers—H. T. Twiss, E. Tolme.

WELLINGTON DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—T. N. Brodrick.

District Surveyors—J. R. Strachan, J. Stevenson, A. M. Roberts.

Assistant Surveyors—H. Dyett, W. Stewart, V. Blake, W. M. Gray.

Chief Computer and Inspecting Surveyor—R. P. Greville.

Chief Draughtsman—M. C. Smith.

Assistant Draughtsmen—R. Ballantyne, H. Mackay, R. Caldwell, F. J. Halse, H. J. W. Mason, E. C. Cachemaile, R. R. Percival, H. A. Armstrong, J. D. Watt, R. W. Collins, M. E. Richardson, H. C. Luff, G. H. M. Moir, D. F. Mason, M. Orr, H. B. Randrup, C. A. Gordon, J. L. Climie, H. Snow, H. G. Vickers, E. H. Kelly, C. Purdie.

Chief Clerk—G. R. N. Wright.

Receiver of Land Revenue — T. G. Waitt.

Accountant—C. Holden.

Clerks—J. R. McCormick, C. Gore, A. Duncan, W. Burch, J. Urquhart, N. Fleming, G. Letham, R. McDonald, F. T. Venning, E. K. Davern, W. A. Nicholson, W. H. Ellis.

Cadets—V. Blake, E. H. Whiting, N. Middlemas, L. W. B. Hall, R. F. Mackenzie, M. Walshe, P. Burke, W. N. Sievers.

Crown Lands Rangers—H. Lundius, J. B. F. Sutherland, J. Ammunson, N. Craig.

NELSON DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—F. A Thompson.

District Surveyors—J. D. Thomson, H. Maitland.

Assistant Surveyors—J. L. D'A. Irvine, J. H. Buttress, S. L. Fairhall, D. Nelson, W. D. Armit.

Chief Draughtsman—F. E. Greenfield.

Assistant Draughtsmen—J. Pollock, W. Curtis, W. A. Styche, J. F. Frith, P. A. Dalziell, E. O. Weir, L. E. Ward, D. S. Thomson, S. M. Montgomerie.

Receiver of Land Revenue—J. R. Macdonald.

Clerks—G. Anderson, P. Keenan.

Clerk—H. M. Crawford.

Cadets—F. H. Waters, E. A. Ingram, B. C. A. McCabe, A. W. Bell.

Crown Lands Ranger—R. E. Harris.

Land Officer, Westport—D. S. Thomson.

MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—W. H. Skinner.

Surveyor—A. Hodgkinson.

Chief Draughtsman—A. D. Burns.

Assistant Draughtsmen—A. J. Wicks, W. J. Elvy.

Receiver of Land Revenue — H. L. Welch.

Accountant—W. H. Marple.

Clerks—A. Mackintosh, C. M. Watterson.

Cadet—T. S. Couch, H. P. Fougere.

Crown Lands Rangers—E. E. Townshend, H. F. Hursthouse.

WESTLAND DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—H. D. M. Haszard.

District Surveyors—A. N. Harrop, W. Wilson, C. H. Morison.

Assistant Surveyor—

Chief Draughtsman and Inspecting Surveyor—D. MeB. Calder.

Assistant Draughtsman—A. D. Folley.

Chief Clerk—F. T. Sandford.

Receivers of Land Revenue — A. D. Macfarlane, B. Harper (Greymouth).

Clerks—J. A. Chesney, I. Aitken, R. King.

Cadets—K. J. Hogan, T. A. Armstrong, L. D. Woolf.

Crown Lands Rangers—C. Macfarlane, G. Anderson.

Messenger—W. Fleming.

CANTERBURY DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands—C. R. Pollen.

Chief Draughtsman.—H. G. Price.

District Surveyors—A. G. Allom, A. J. Mountfort.

Assistant Draughtsmen—H. R. Schmidt, F. W. Hunt, W. C. Leversedge, H. Kensington, C. B. M. Straubel, W. F. Newman, J. G. Wilson, P. E. Webb, R. Gillanders.

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. A. McNab.

Accountant—S. H. Sapsford.

Chief Clerk—R. Leckie.

Clerks—J. C. Anderson, A. Costelloe, M. Cooper, A. H. Eaton, A. E. Rosanowski.

Cadets—F. Rochfort, R. F. Burgess. H. W. Harris, S. P. Day.

Crown Lands Rangers—W. B. Buckhurst, J. Forrester.

Messenger—D. N. Scott.

OTAGO DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—E. H. Wilmot.

District Surveyors—W. T. Neill, D. I. Barron.

Assistant Surveyor—S. T. Burton.

Chief Draughtsman—W. F. Marsh.

Assistant Draughtsmen—C. Fynmore, J. R. Vaile, A. J. Morrison, R. V. Parker, S. B. Smith, A. H. Saunders, C. E. Pfeifer, M. E. Drumm.

Receiver of Land Revenue—F. A. Cullen.

Accountant—F. E. Duncan.

Chief Clerk—R. A. Johnston.

Clerks—A. Marshall, J. McDonald, F. J. Mouat, J. D. Hay, J. Torrance, F. E. Woodhouse, H. C. Hulme, J. F. Quinn.

Cadets—J. A. McIver, P. J. Schluter, V. S. Pickett, C. J. Dunn.

Crown Lands Rangers—E. Atkinson. E. O'Neill, F. B. Leonard, A. McDougall.

Lands Officer at Lawrence—J. B. Barclay.

Messenger—A. Betten.

SOUTHLAND DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—G. H. M. McClure.

District Surveyors—C. Otway, D. Macpherson.

Assistant Surveyor—H. M. Thompson.

Chief Draughtsman—G. Robinson.

Assistant Draughtsmen—W. Deverell, J. L. Dickie, J. B. Greig, O. G. Goldsmith, J. C. Potter.

Chief Clerk—A. D. McGavock.

Receiver of Land Revenue and Accountant—G. W. Palmer.

Clerks—W. Robertson, T. Pound, H. S. Jamieson, D. E. Goldsmith.

Cadets—A. N. West, W. Traill, S. T. Seddon, A. L. H. Hay, A. C. R. Anderson, E. D. Thompson, J. C. Thomson.

Crown Lands Rangers—J. Collins, J. C. Mackley, A. Cameron, W. Traill.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Caretaker, Kapiti Island—J. L. Bennett.

MAGNETIC OBSERVATORY, CHRIST-CHURCH.

Magnetic Observer—H. F. Skey, B.Sc.

MEMBERS OF LAND BOARDS.

Auckland—H. M. Skeet, A. R. Harris, William Johns, J. Trounson, J. Rountree.

Hawke's Bay—C. R. Pollen, E. Lane, G. Wright, R. M. Birreil, T. Hyde.

Taranaki—G. H. Bullard, J. Heslop, James Rattenbury, J. MeCluggage, W. M. Kennedy.

Wellington—J. Dawson, H. T. Ellingham, J. Georgetti, W. McLennan.

Nelson—R. T. Sadd, J. S. Wratt, G. Walker, E. S. Hoult, R. Paterson.

Marlborough—W. H. Skinner, H. M. Reader, A. McCallum, James Fulton, James Boyd.

Westland—H. D. M. Haszard, J. S. Lang, A. Cumming, M. Pollock, G. Mallinson.

Canterbury—T. N. Brodrick, J. Sealy, J. Stevenson, R. Macaulay, J. Gibson.

Otago—E. H. Wilmot, G. Livingstone, J. A. Macpherson, C. Anderson, P. Kinney.

Southland—G. H. M. McClure, D. King, J. McLean, J. King, J. Thomson.

SCENERY PRESERVATION.

Minister in Charge—Hon. T. Mackenzie.

Private Secretary—L. E. Johnson.

Inspector of Scenic Reserves—E. Phillips Turner.

SCENERY PRESERVATION BOARD.

Members—The Surveyor-General (Chairman), the General Manager of Tourist and Health Resorts, the Under-Secretary Native Department, the Commissioner of Crown Lands for each Land District in which are lands dealt with under the Act.

Secretary—W. R. Jourdain.

Meets when directed by Minister, at Wellington or elsewhere.

AFFORESTATION BRANCH.

Superintending Nurseryman, North Island (Rotorua)—H. A. Goudie.

Superintending Nurseryman, South Island (Tapanui)—R. G. Robinson.

Nurserymen in Charge — Eweburn A. W. Roberts; Hanmer Springs, W. G. Morrison; Ruatangata, A. Gordon.

Assistant Foresters — H. Howe, R. Braudigam, R. Macrae, D. Buchanan, F. Benfell, A. J. Boydell, A. McVicar, Robert Glass.

Clerk—W. Montgomery.

IMMIGRATION.

Minister for Immigration—Hon. G. W. Russell. Private Secretary—J. W. Black.

Under-Secretary—John Strauchon.

Assistant Under - Secretary — F. T. O'Neill.

Chief Accountant—R. A. Paterson.

Immigration Officer—A. A. S. Danby.

SURVEYORS BOARD OF NEW ZEALAND.

Members—James Mackenzie, Surveyor General; Thomas N. Brodrick, Chief Surveyor at Wellington; Hubert Sladden, Hutt; and John W. Harrison, Auckland.

Secretary—Charles E. Adams, M.Sc., F.R.A.S.

Board meets March and September for examinations, and at other times as business requires, at Wellington.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. COMMERCE, AND TOURISTS.

Minister in Charge—Hon. T. Mackenzie.

Private Secretary—L. F. Johnson.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce and Tourists—F. S. Pope.

Chief Clerk—W. C. Robinson.

Trade Representative—J. B. Gow.

Inspector of Offices—R. Evatt.

Accountant—J. W. Bell.

Editor—C. E. Cuming.

Draughtsman and Artist—J. McDonald.

Biologist—A. H. Cockayne.

Laboratory Assistants — R. Waters, E. H. Atkinson, P. N. Cubitt.

Clerks—L. E. Johnson, J. Andrews, T. D. H. Hall, E. A. Farrington, M. Keogh, W. R. B. Aekins, J. P. Hyland, V. A. Mills, T. W. Brown, C. Mackie, G. H. Butler, J. R. F. Cameron, D. Patterson, L. G. Bruce, A. M. Gill, C. H. Schwass.

Shorthand-writers and Typistes—L. E. Larchin, E. S. Boyd, K. Fitzgerald.

Cadets—C. J. M. Gair, H. Manuera, H. J. Craig, F. E. Cameron, E. B. Levy.

Messenger—C. Perry.

DISTRICT AGENTS.

Auckland—J. E. D. Spicer.

Napier—A. C. Philpott.

Wanganui—R. H. Hooper.

Wellington—W. T. Wynyard.

Christchurch—A. E. Rowden.

Dunedin—W. Miller.

Invercargill—D. Sinclair.

Clerical Staff attached to District Agencies.

Auckland—

Clerks—W. M. Miller, T. L. Gedye, Cadets—B. P. Climo, J. W. Holm.

Hamilton—

Clerk—J. Hill.

Napier—

Clerk—H. G. Absolum. Cadet—Pekama Kaa.

Wanganui—

Cadets—G.G.M. Mitchell, J. D. Roche, Clerk at Palmerston North—W. Nettlefold.

Wellington—

Clerk—W. A. Pye. Clerk at Masterton—G. Evatt. Clerk at Blenheim—H. T. Payne.

Christchurch—

Clerk—J. W. Butters. Cadets—J. Walker, E. W. Lewington. Clerk at Hokitika—H. H. Halliday. Clerk at Lyttelton—E. Weastell.

Dunedin—

Clerk—W. H. McLew, A. Gillies. Cadets—J. Hunter, A. H. Fraer.

Invercargill—

Cadet—W. N. Crawford. Clerk at Bluff—R. Hutton.

Caretaker of the Auckland Office—H. T. Norton.

LIVE-STOCK AND MEAT DIVISION.

Director — C. J. Reakes, D.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.

Assistant Director—J. L. Bruce.

Senior Veterinarian — J. G. Clayton, M.R.C.V.S.

Clerical Staff—Divisional Clerk, H. W. Rowden; Clerks, A. Ironside, J. F. C. Harrison, L. C. Mitchell, F. S. Dayman, A. T. Stone. Cadets, R. R. Tyrer, A. McKinnon, C. L. Grange.

Veterinary Supervisors (Ms.R.C.V.S.) —Auckland, J. Lyons; Rotorua, J. Kerrigan; Gisborne, S. Burton; Hastings, A. W. Barnes; Hawera, A. R. Young; Christchurch, A. A. Johnson, F.R.C.V.S.

Veterinary Officer in Charge of Laboratory, Wallaceville, H. A. Reid, F.R.C.V.S.; Laboratory Cadets, Wallaceville, F. Smith, C. S. M. Hopkirk; Laboratory Farm Overseer, Wallaceville, A. McKerrow; Laboratory Attendant, Wallaceville, C. R. Matthews, H. J. Creely.

Veterinarians and Meat - Inspectors (Ms.R.C.V.S.) — Auckland, A. J. Hickman, W. D. Blair, H. L. Marsack (Ont.); Hamilton, W. T. Collins; Tokomaru Bay, G. N. Waugh; Hastings, T. A. Blake; Waitara, G. Broom; Wanganui, P. M. Edgar; Petone, D. Spilman; Ngahauranga, W. G. Taylor; Wellington, E. C. Howard; Christchurch, J. R. Charlton, H. S. S. Kyle (Melb.), J. Stafford; Timaru, A. M. Paterson; Oamaru, T. Cunningham; Dunedin, W. D. Snowball, William W. H. Edwards; Invercargill, R. Finch, D.V.S.M.

Inspectors of Manure - sterilizing — Sydney (N.S.W.), F. G. Laurie; Calcutta (India), R. L. Ward.

Inspectors of Stock—Ohaeawai, J. W. Otway*; Whangarei, J. T. Stone*; Auckland, W. R. Brown*, A. H. Burkill; Te Kuiti, V. A. Huddleston; Tauranga, D. Elliot*; Hamilton, R. Alexander*; Gisborne, W. B. Hingston*; New Plymouth, H. Munro*; Stratford, P. Beere*; Opunake, R. Crockett; Hawera, G. Ford*; Hastings, D. A. Graham*; Wanganui, D. Munro*; Feilding, J. C. Miller; Woodville, F. W. Sutton*; Palmerston North, D. Fleming*; Masterton, A. T. P. Hubbard*; Wellington, J. Halligan*; Nelson, C. C. Empson*; Amberley, J. Munro*; Hokitika, *; Christchurch, F. Mackenzie*; Sockburn, S. H. Ussher; Timaru, C. S. Neville*; Oamaru, F. W. Blair*; Dunedin, R. G. F. Fountain*; Mosgiel, R. I. Gossage; Gore, H. Hill; Balclutha, T. Gilmour*: Invercargill, R. Wright*.

* The Inspectors of Stock marked * are also Registrars of Brands.

Assistant Inspectors of Stock—Auckland, H. Whyte; Eltham, F. Murray; Hastings, A. Cook; Longburn, J. P. Findlay; Lower Hutt, H. A. W. Ward; Christchurch, R. T. Souness, E. A. McKinlay; Dunedin, J. W. Smith; Invercargill, D. M. McKay.

Meat - inspectors — Auckland, T. P. Burke; Thames, F. G. Wayne; Paeroa, F. Beattie; Waihi, A. C. Scandress; Gisborne, C. R. Spragg; Napier, G. Thomson; Hastings, T. P. Short; Dannevirke, C. J. Stone; New Plymouth, T. J. Reakes; Waitara, P. J. Sheridan; Stratford, A. M. Spilman; Hawera, G. H. Barker; Feilding, F. Stewart; Wanganui, P. T. Emerson; Masterton, A. D. Gillies; Ngahauranga, J. C. Mackley, John Steven, J. Tomlinson; Blenheim, A. M. R. Mills; Picton, S. T. Evatt; Nelson, G. W. Mitchell; Westport, G. B. Williams; Greymouth, H. G. Wilton; Belfast, T. J. Buckton; Lyttelton, J. Preston; Ashburton, G. H. Jarrett; Dunedin, M. W. Watt; Gore, W. C. Moore.

Assistant Meat-inspectors—Auckland, F. Godfrey, A. McDonald, J. Vette; Hamilton, G. A. Beere; Gisborne, J. E. Tomlinson, E. Dawson; Patea, P. Dow; Napier, G. Blair; Tomoana, H. F. Brittain; Hastings, E. S. Jenkins; Wanganui, ; Palmerston North, K. Ross; Woodville, O. O. Mackley; Waingawa, J. D. S. Heaton; Petone, W. J Walter; Ngahauranga, G. W. Rait, W. G. Marshall; Wellington, G. B. Carter; Islington, J. Fowler Ross; Timaru, H. Rountree, M. Hannan; Sockburn, A. T. Rutherford; Christchurch, B. Thomson, J. F. Ross; Dunedin, D. D. Wilson; Burnside, R. Fleming; Mataura, J. G. Johnston; Invercargill, F. Witty, F. Godfrey; Wallacetown, W. Falconer; Woodlands, J. Milne.

Poultry Instructor—Wellington, F. C. Brown.

Overseers, Poultry Stations—Burnham, A. Rose (acting); Milton, A. Carr.

Caretakers of Live-stock Quarantine Stations—Auckland, T. Hill; Lyttelton, W. J. Thomas; Wellington, J. Christie.

FIELDS AND EXPERIMENTAL FARMS DIVISION.

Director—E. Clifton.

Assistant Director—J. Duncan.

Divisional Clerk—M. O'Brien (acting).

Clerks—J. Fitzgibbon, W. R. King, S. H. Huntington.

Cadets—F. R. Webster, J. H. Dennehy, W. Smith, A. J. Robinson.

Fields Supervisors—Auckland, D. Ross; Wanganui, J. W. Dean; Christchurch, H. T. G. Turner; Dunedin, A. K. Blundell.

Fields Instructors—Palmerston North. G. T. de S. Baylis; Christchurch. A. Macpherson.

Experimental-farm Managers — Waerenga, J. F. Shepherd; Ruakura, P. McConnell; Weraroa, J. Drysdale; Arataki, T. F. Ellis; Moumahaki, T. W. Lonsdale.

Experimental-farm Overseers—Bicker-staffe, W. C. King; Tauranga, W. C. Berridge.

Experimental-farm Managers' Assistants—Ruakura, E. P. Brogan; Arataki, T. E. West; Weraroa, F. J. Alexander; Clerk, Moumahaki, D. Winton.

Orchard and Garden Overseers—Ruakura, A. W. Green; Waerenga, G. Mills; Moumahaki, ; Weraroa, W. H. Taylor.

Vineyard Overseer—Waerenga, J. B. Andrews.

Beekeepers—Ruakura, Miss D. R. Hart.

Overseer, Poultry - station — Ruakura. C. J. C. Cussen.

Chief Hemp-grader, Wellington, W. H. Ferris.

Hemp-graders—Auckland, W. H. O. Johnston; Wellington, J. Stewart, W. L. Rutherford; Foxton, W. Petrie; Invercargill, W. H. Middle miss. Clerk, Wellington—H. Wynn Williams.

Inspectors of Rabbits and Noxious Weeds—Ohaeawai, W. J. Dunlop; Whangarei, A. P. Speed; Auckland, R. Rowan; Te Aroha, J. L. Morris; Hamilton, J. Kerr; Ohakune, P. Barry; Cambridge, ; Kihikihi, C. E. McPhee; Opotiki, J. Case; Lichfield, T. Parker; Te Kuiti, B. W. Bayly; Gisborne, W. Ross; Taumarunui, E. T. Hughes; Wairoa, T. Mullaly; Taihape, A. P.

Smith; New Plymouth, R. E. Fairfax-Cholmeley; Stratford, A. F. Wilson; Hawera, A. J. Glasson; Mangaweka; J. A. Melrose; Wanganui, C. Watson; Hastings, J. G. Parker; Waipukurau, H. O. M. Christie; Feilding, W. Dibble; Palmerston North, W. Dalgliesh; Pahiatua, T. Bacon; Masterton, T. C. Webb, J. S. Rankin; Carterton, S. C. Ivens; Wellington, G. H. Jenkinson; Nelson, G. J. Ward; Blenheim, F. H. Brittain; Seddon, E. T. Sinclair; Kaikoura, W. S. Goodall; Hokitika, H. J. Walton; Rotherham, W. M. Munro; Rangiora, J. A. B. Hughes; Lincoln, J. G. Scott; Ashburton, C. Branigan; Fairlie, W. B. Manning; Timaru, J. C. Huddleston; Waimate, F. A. Macdonald; Kurow, G. Reid; Oamaru, S. M. Taylor; Naseby, A. T. N. Simpson; Queenstown, A. Clarke; Pembroke, J. A. Griffith; Clyde, T. N. Baxter, R. McGillivray; Palmerston, C. S. Dalgliesh; Sutton, W. Scott; Dunedin, E. Fowler; J. R. Renton; Taieri, H. McLeod; Lawrence, R. Barron; Tapanui, W. J. McCulloch; Gore, B. Grant; Clinton, A. A. Clapeott; Balclutha, H. A. Munro; Owaka, T. D. Urquhart; Otautau, H. F. Dencker; Lumsden, W. S. S. Cantrell; Invercargill, W. Wills, J. R. Whyborn.

ORCHARDS, GARDENS, AND APIARIES DIVISION.

Director—T. W. Kirk.

Assistant Director—W. A. Boucher.

Divisional Clerk—R. W. Atkinson.

Clerk—E. McCarthy.

Cadets—L. J. Meredith, W. K. Dallas, W. H. Udy.

Vine and Wine Instructor, Wellington —S. F. Anderson.

Orchard Instructors—Auckland, W. C. Thompson, G. Esam,* W. R. L. Williams, N. R. Pierce; Hamilton, T. E. Rodda; Whangarei, J. W. Collard; Hastings, J. A. Campbell; Wanganui, W. C. Hyde; Palmerston North, G. Stratford; Wellington; G. Harnett; Blenheim, E. Rabbits; Nelson, J. H. Thorp; Christchurch, W. J. Courtier, E. A. Reid; Dunedin, W. T. Goodwin, E. T. Taylor.

Fruit-inspectors—Auckland, W. R. L. Williams, C. E. C. Dyke; Wellington, H. Palethorpe, G. E. Harnett; Christchurch, E. A. Reid; Dunedin, E. T. Taylor; Bluff, R. Hutton.

Apiary Instructors—Auckland, G. V. Westbrooke; Wellington, F. A. Jacobsen; Christchurch, E. G. B. Kenny; Dunedin, E. A. Earp.

DAIRY-PRODUCE DIVISION.

Director—D. Cuddie.

Assistant Director—W. M. Singleton.

Divisional Clerk—J. S. Fleming.

Clerk—C. J. Drake.

Cadets—J. A. Scott, N. Forbes, A. E. Morrison, J. Kinghan, H. G. Philpott.

Dairy Instructors—Auckland, ; Stratford, N. Fulton; Hawera, W. Grant; Hamilton, W. Dempster; Patea, E. E. C. Wood; Manaia, C. Stevenson; Wanganui, J. Pedersen; Palmerston North, J. O'Dea; Carterton, W. Graham; Dunedin, A. C. Ross: Invercargill, J. Sawers.

Cheese Instructress—Miss G. N. Davies.

Dairy-produce Graders—Auckland, A. A. Thornton, L. Hansen; New Plymouth, J. Johnston, F. Thomson; Gisborne, ; Patea, E. E. C. Wood; Wellington, W. E. Gwillim, E. A. Dowden; Christchurch, S. Clayton; Dunedin, A. C. Ross; Bluff, J. Sawers.

Clerical Staff to Graders—F. W. Grey, Auckland; W. F. Shield, Clerk, New Plymouth; C. J. Cornwall, Cadet, Patea; A. Paisley, Cadet, Wellington.

TOURIST DIVISION.

Director—B. M. Wilson.

Divisional Clerk—W. H. Frethey.

Clerks—J. H. Barr, A. G. Millington, L. C. Redwood, A. B. Saunders, C. Freyberg, J. B. Saxon.

Cadets—S. R. Edwards, W. O'Connell, John Houston.

Shorthand-writers and Typistes — L. Turton, E. Cunningham.

Photographic Assistants—A. I. Murphy, G. Armstrong.

Clerk in Charge of Inquiry Office, Wellington—J. W. Hill.

* At present in Cook Islands.

Tourist Agents—Auckland, C. Wallnutt; Te Aroha, G. F. McGirr; Rotorua, W. R. Blow; Christchurch, G. W. C. Moon; Dunedin, S. J. Collett; Invercargill, T. F. McLaughlin.

New Zealand Government Agents—Sydney, N.S.W., E. H. Montgomery; Melbourne, Vic., H. J. Manson; Adelaide, D. T. Lawes; Cadet, Sydney, G. Gregg; Cadet, Melbourne, J. W. Clarke.

Rotorua Sanatorium and Baths — Balneologist, A. S. Wohlmann, M.D., M.R.C.S.; House Surgeon, (vacant); Matron, I. Pownall; Clerk, J. F. Robieson; Cadet, L. J. D. Bayfield; Engineer in Charge (vacant); Clerk, W. Hill.

Rotorua—Resident Officer, Town of Rotorua (vacant): Deputy Resident Officer, Town of Rotorua, W. Hill; Ranger and Inspector, Rotorua, F. Moorhouse.

Hanmer Springs — Resident Medical Officer, J. D. C. Duncan, M.B., Ch.B.; Matron, E. Rennell; Cadet, U. K. Harty.

Managers of Government Hostels—Waitomo Caves, Mr. and Mrs. Parmenter; Mount Cook “Hermitage.” Mr. and Mrs. Cook.

Chief Guide, Mount Cook—P. Graham.

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Education—Hon. J. A. Hanan.

Private Secretary—H. D. Grocott.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Inspector-General of Schools—George Hogben, M.A., F.G.S.

Secretary for Education—Sir E. O. Gibbes, Bart.

Assistant Inspector - General — W. J. Anderson, M.A., LL.D.

Chief Clerk and Accountant (also Secretary, Teachers' Superannuation Board)—F. K. de Castro.

Inspectors—W. E. Spencer, M.A., M.Sc. (also Editor School Journal), and T. H. Gill, M.A., LL.B.

Clerks—F. D. Thomson, B.A., T. G. Gilbert, J. Beck, I. Davey, B.A., A. J. H. Benge, B.A. F. W. Miller, H. L. J. Machu, H. A. Vollheide, V. A. Mills, H. V. Croxton, E Lear, I. Johnstone. J. A. Orr. J. R. McClune, A. M. Palmer, B.A., W. L. Dunn, L. P. Arthur, C. A. Berendsen, B. Egley, C. G. Murray, E. Windsor, W. C. Collier, T. C. Comrie, E. M. Hogg, H. D. Clyde, C. R. Horrell, R. S. Bremner, T. H. Jamieson, A. W. Reynolds, D. N. Johnson, J. C. Hendry, T. P. Cox, I. B. Gow, J. H. Grigg, W. McMahon, L. M. Walsh, N. E. Brown, J. L. McAlister, T. W. M. Ashby, C. S. Slocombe, H. O. Wiseley.

NATIVE SCHOOLS BRANCH.

Inspector—W. W. Bird, M.A.

Assistant Inspector—J. Porteous, M.A.

Clerk in Charge—F. L. Severne.

MANUAL and TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION BRANCH.

Inspectors—M. H. Browne (in charge of Branch), E. C. Isaac.

SPECIAL SCHOOLS BRANCH.

Inspector—R. H. Pope (in charge of Branch).

Assistant Inspector—T. A. Walker.

Visiting Officers—E G. Hyde, Mrs. C. F. Scale.

Managers of Industrial Schools—

Government Schools.

Auckland (Mount Albert)—Miss S. E. Jackson.

Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa—G. M. Burlinson.

Receiving Home, Wellington—Mrs. E. S. Dick.

Boys' Industrial School, Stoke—M. D. Flaherty.

Receiving Home. Christchurch—Miss A. B. Cox.

Te Oranga Home, Christchurch—Mrs. B. MacMurtrie.

Burnham—T. Archey.

Caversham—Miss M. Kempton.

Private Schools.

St. Mary's, Auckland—Rev. H. F. Holbrook.

St. Joseph's, Wellington — Rev. J. Hickson.

St. Mary's, Nelson — Rev. Mother M. St. Euphrasic.

St. Vincent de Paul's Dunedin—Rev. J. Coffey.

Infant Life Protection.

District Agents—Auckland, Miss S. E. Jackson; Wellington, Mrs. E. S. Dick; Christchurch, Miss A. B. Cox; Dunedin, Miss M. Kempton.

School for Deaf, Sumner (Christchurch).

Director—J. E. Stevens.

School for Boys of Feeble Mind, Otekaike (Oamaru District).

Principal—G. Benstead.

Matron—Mrs. G. Benstead.

EDUCATION BOARDS, WITH NAMES OF SECRETARIES.

Auckland—R. Crowe.

Taranaki—P. S. Whitcombe.

Wanganui—W. H. Swanger.

Wellington—G. L. Stewart.

Hawke's Bay—G. Crawshaw.

Marlborough—E. Hylton.

Nelson—N. R. Williams.

Grey—P. F. Daniels.

Westland—A. J. Morton, B.A.

Canterbury North—H. C. Lane.

Canterbury South—A. Bell, M.A.

Otago—S. M. Park.

Southland—J. Neill.

INSPECTORS OF SCHOOLS.

Auckland—E. K. Mulgan, M.A.; J. Grierson; C. W. Garrard, B.A.; W. A. Burnside, B.A.; J. T. G. Cox; G. H. Plummer, LL.B.; M. Priestley (Organizing).

Taranaki—W. A. Ballantyne, B.A.; R. G. Whetter, M.A.

Wanganui—G. D. Braik, M.A.; J. Milne, M.A.; T. B. Strong, M.A., B.Sc.; D. Stewart.

Wellington — T. R. Fleming, M.A., LL.B.; F. H. Bakewell, M.A.

Hawke's Bay—Henry Hill, B.A.; J. A. Smith, B.A.

Marlborough—D. A. Strachan, M.A.

Nelson—G. A. Harkness, M.A.; A. Crawford, B.A.

Grey—Edward A. Scott.

Westland—A. J. Morton, B.A.

North Canterbury—T. S. Foster, M.A.; W. Brock, M.A.; C. D. Hardie, B.A.; S. C. Owen, M.A.

South Canterbury—J. G. Gow, M.A., A. Bell, M.A.

Otago—C. R. D. Richardson, B.A.; C. R. Bossence; J. R. Don, M.A., D.Sc.; J. Robertson.

Southland—J. Hendry, B.A.; A. L. Wyllie, M.A.

JUNIOR CADET DEPARTMENT.

Commandant of Junior Cadets—Major T. W. McDonald.

Staff Officer for Junior Cadets (in charge of Department in absence of Commandant)—Captain A. C. C. Stevens.

Clerks—H. B. Jacobs, W. Maginnity.

Armourer, &c.—E. R. C. Brooke.

Drill Instructors—

Auckland — Staff Sergeant - major Barlow.

Wellington — Staff Sergeant - majors Just, Routledge, and Macdonald.

Christchurch—Staff Sergeant-majors Kennedy and Mellows.

Dunedin — Staff Sergeant - majors Bishop and Cummings.

BOARD OF LAND PURCHASE COMMISSIONERS UNDER THE LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS ACT. 1908.

Chairman and Land Purchase Inspector—J. D. Ritchie.

W. C. Kensington, I.S.O., Under-Secretary for Lands.

John Strauchon, Surveyor-General.

Chief Clerk—O. Mewhinney.

Also for the following Districts:

Auckland—

H. M. Skeet, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

A. R. Harris.

Hawke's Bay—

C. R. Pollen, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

Thomas Hyde.

Wellington—

James Mackenzie, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

Vacant.

Taranaki—

G. H. Bullard, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

John Heslop.

Marlborough—

W. H. Skinner, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

Vacant.

Nelson—

R. T. Sadd, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

Philip Best.

Westland—

H. D. M. Haszard, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

J. S. Lang.

Canterbury—

T. N. Brodrick, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

A. C. Pringle.

Otago—

E. H. Wilmot, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

A. McKerrow.

Southland—

G. H. McClure, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

John McLean.

PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE.

HEAD OFFICE.
Wellington.

Public Trustee—F. Fitchett, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D.

Deputy Public Trustee and Chief Inspector—T. S. Ronaldson.

Solicitor—J. W. Macdonald.

Secretary—A. Purdie.

Accountant—W. McL. Barr.

Chief Examiner and Sub-Inspector—E. O. Hales.

Assistant Solicitors—E. P. Hay, R. L. Macalister.

Officers in charge of branches—G. A. Smyth, W. A. Fordham, K. N. H. Browne, G. P. Purnell, W. S. W. McGowan, C. A. Goldsmith, W. M. Egglestone.

Assistant Examiners—H. Turner, N. M. Chesney.

Clerks—E. C. Reeves, A. Oakey, A. B. Chappell, A. C. Bretherton, V. J. Brogan, A. Marshall, A. Coad, F. Robinson, R. A. V. Oswin. G. H. Chesterman, A. W. Watters, G. H. Elliffe, W. G. Baird, E. R. Myers, W. C. Nicholls, T. F. H. King, T. J. Dwyer, H. W. S. Pearce, R. L. Macalister, K. A. E. Alexander, A. S. Faire, D. L. McKay, P. R. Winchcomb, P. J. Ryan, H. Poananga, E. F. Allen, H. Mulholland, T. Fawcett.

Cadets—C. H. Riddick, H. Stubbs, E. M. C. Burr, C. J. Playne, C. E. Makeham, L. Tattle, F. F. Reid, W. T. Dundon, L. H. Dear, A. Dawson, T. M. O'Donnell, A. Miller, L. A. Rogers, O. W. Bamfield, H. T. Pokiha, S. A. Trezise, T. A. Jones. A. Whitcombe, G. G. Vial, E. T. Layburn, H. Thompson, C. F. Saunders, M. Lynch, R. H. Greville, C. R. Kreeft, J. D. O'Halloran, K. E. Adams, D. A. McDonald, E. F. J. Reeves.

Cadettes—E. A. Smythe, M. E. Nash, G. M. Morris, A. R. O'Sullivan, M. Downes, E. E. McLean, A. Mackay, A. Gurney, N. J. Mulhane, H. Jack, A. M. Webb, E. Fallows, V. Upham, M. Higgie, G. Jennings, G. McInerny, M. W. Watson.

Custodian—G. Warren.

DISTRICT OFFICES.

Wellington.

District Manager — T. D. Kendall-Clerks—T. R. Allen, H. A. Mackay, H. A. Cunningham. Cadets—H. W. Cannington, D. L. Kellett. Cadette—V. Clark.

Auckland.

District Manager — E. F. Warren. Clerks—A. J. Cross, S. Hunter. Cadets—J. S. Donovan, F. C. Coombe, J. Kalnan, J. McGovern, W. Smith, D. B. Campbell, S. R. Carden. Cadettes—E. G. You, C. Anderson.

Christchurch.

District Manager — M. C. Barnett. Clerks—A. R. Jordan, A. E. Hardy, S. J. Smith, P. C. Dwyer. Cadets—C. A. Suckling, L. J. Stanley, C. E. White, L. H. Sinclair. Cadettes—V. E. Moon, E. M. Hassall. A. Brooke-Taylor.

Dunedin.

District Manager — F. H. Morice. Clerks—R. Price, R. Ward. Cadets—F. M. Whyte, F. McIvor, A. H. Foote, F. Muirhead. Cadettes—G. E. Allnut, M. T. Shannon.

Hawera.

West Coast Settlement Reserves Agent and District Manager—C. Zachariah. Clerks—N. M. Macdougall, A. H.

Pearce. Cadet — T. Kururangi. Typist—I. W. Thomson. New Plymouth — A. H. T. Jones, Kouru Ereatara.

Wanganui.

District Manager — T. R., Saywell. Clerk—R. D. Newth. Cadet—D. G. McMillan, J. C. McGinley. Cadette— A. H. Reed.

Napier.

District Manager—E. B. Burdekin. Cadets—D. O'Donoghue, H. McCormick.

Nelson.

District Manager—J. E. Allen. Cadets —D. Scannell, L. M. Gudsell.

Greymouth.

District Manager — C. W. Cooke. Cadet — J. C. Hogan. Cadette — M. E. Troy.

Invercargill.

District Manager — S. W. Smith. Typist—C. E. D. Stobo.

NATIVE RESERVES BOARD.

Members — The Solicitor-General, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Government Advances to Settlers Superintendent, the Public Trustee, Mr. Hoani Tainui, and Mr. Teo Tipene.

Meets irregularly at the Public Trust Office, Wellington.

PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE BOARD.

Members—The Minister of Finance, the Native Minister, the Solicitor-General, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Surveyor-General, the Public Trustee, and the Government Advances to Settlers Office Superintendent.

Meets every Wednesday, at Wellington.

GOVERNMENT INSURANCE DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner — J. H. Richardson, F.F.A., F.A.S., F.I.A.V. F.I.A.N.Z.

Actuary—Morris Fox.

Deputy Commissioner and Secretary—W. B. Hudson.

Accountant—G. W. Barltrop.

Assistant Actuary—P. Muter.

Chief Medical Officer—T. Cahill, M.D.

Chief Clerk—R. C. Niven.

Office Examiner—G. A. Kennedy.

Clerks—J. W. Kinniburgh, A. H. Hamerton, H. S. Manning, H. Rose, W. S. Smith, C. E. Galwey, T. L. Barker, G. Webb, F. K. Kelling. G. A. N. Campbell, C. H. E. Stichbury, A. de Castro, J. R. Samson, G. B. Hill, H. L. Levestam, T. Fouhy. S. P. Hawthorne, J. G. Reid, G. S. Nicoll, R. Fullerton, W. Spenoe. A. P. King, G. E. Sadd, W. J. Ewart, A. J. E. Wiggs, A. S. Houston, R. T. Smith, H. H. Dixon, W. H. Woon, S. G. Hamerton, W. McLaughlin, J. M. Emerson, W. E. Arnold, W. Copeland, G. L. Osborne, G. J. Robertson, W. Thompson, C. Bolton, S. Muter, T. Dimant, J. W. Macdonald, E. K. Hay, A. V. Howitt, B. Trevithick, E. B. Wright, I. L. O'Reilly, C. H. White, J. C. Low, S. C. G. Downard, D. Sturrock, N. F. Wright, I. A. Bentley, F. J. Colmer, A. O. Murdock, L. A. Chapman, E. C. Cooper, H. Williams, L. F. Casey, E. R. Matthews, H. K. Johnston, C. B. Ferguson, H. I. Ryan, M. O'Maley, R. C. Barnett, E. W. Coldicutt, H. J. Cameron N. G. Bennett, A. H. Gooch.

Auckland Agency.

District Manager—M. J. Heywood.

Chief Clerk—J. B. Young.

Clerks—C. H. Ralph, E. T. O. Downard.

Napier Agency.

Resident Agent—J. H. Dean.

Clerk—T. Casserley.

Wanganui Agency.

Resident Agent—A. E. Allison.

Clerk—N. Webley.

Wellington Agency.

District Manager and Supervisor of New Business—G. Robertson.

Chief Clerk—W. C. Marchant.

Clerks—A. Marryatt, F. J. Mushet.

Nelson Agency.

Resident Agent—A. P. Burnes.

Greymouth Agency.

Resident Agent—R. S. Latta.

Clerk—A. F. Robbie.

Christchurch Agency.

District Manager—J. C. Prudhoe.

Chief Clerk—J. K. Benkhorn.

Clerks—P. M. West, F. P. Cleary.

Timaru Agency.

Resident Agent—S. T. Wicksteed.

Oamaru Agency.

District Manager—A. W. G. Burnes.

Dunedin Agency.

District Manager—F. B. Bolt.

Chief Clerk—O. H. Pinel.

Clerk—T. P. Laurenson.

Invercargill Agency.

District Manager—J. Findlay.

Clerks—J. Hendry, R. M. McLean.

BOARD OF INVESTMENT.

Members—The Minister of Finance, the Solicitor-General, the Surveyor-General, the Public Trustee, the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office Superintendent, and the Government Insurance Commissioner.

Meets weekly on Wednesdays at the Government Insurance Buildings, Wellington.

STATE FIRE INSURANCE OFFICE.

HEAD OFFICE.

General Manager—C. R. C. Robieson.

Deputy General Manager — J. H. Jerram.

Inspector—H. C. Rogers.

Accountant—C. B. Redward.

Fire Surveyor—A. L. Berry.

Corresponding and Record Clerk—O. S. Jones.

Clerks—E. C. Little, R. H. Newbold, R. J. McLean, S. O. Jones, W. E. Watson, E. MacPherson, J. H. Dick, F. C. Haycroft, T. J. Power.

Cadets—L. W. Probert, A. H. Pollen, J. L. Inkster, J. B. Walter, A. W. Newton, W. V. Chegwidden. D. D. McDonald.

STATE FIRE BOARD.

Members—The Minister in Charge, the General Manager, the Government Insurance Commissioner, and two persons (not being members of the Civil Service) appointed by the Governor.

Meets on third Monday of each month, at the State Fire Office. Wellington.

BRANCHES.

Auckland.

Manager—F. H. Pope.

Chief Clerk—F. R. Gruszning.

Clerk—H. H. S. Rodgers.

Cadets—L. J. Mander, G. H. Kelsall, G. L. P. Brookfield, W. T. Blight, S. G. Bennett, A. S. Belcher.

Typiste—Miss D. Bates.

Canterbury.

Manager—F. J. G. Wilkinson.

Chief Clerk—H. J. Thomson.

Clerks—D. Morrison, T. L. Seaton, W. L. Jackman.

Cadets—H. W. Lomas, W. E. Bradbury.

Typiste—Miss E. A. Paton.

Otago and Southland.

Manager—L. H. Osborne.

Chief Clerk—P. H. Smith.

Cadets—A. J. Muirhead, G. G. Slater.

Typiste—Miss A. Arnold.

Palmerston North.

Manager—R. H. Pavitt.

Cadet—S. A. Parker.

Taranaki (New Plymouth).

Manager—K. B. Bain.

Cadet—G. A. Hayden.

NEW ZEALAND STATE - GUARANTEED ADVANCES DEPARTMENT.

Minister in Charge — Hon. A. M. Myers.

Private Secretary — F. D. Thomson, B.A.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Superintendent—J. W. Poynton.

Deputy-Superintendent—W. Waddel.

Solicitor—J. B. Christie.

Accountant—W. N. Hinchliffe.

Inspecting Valuer—J. M. Wilson.

Clerk in Charge—J. E. Thompson.

Clerk in Charge of Correspondence and Insurance—C. T. Fraser.

Cashier—A. A. Prichard.

Ledger-keeper—A. W. Knowles.

Clerks—T. W. Foote, W. Auld, W. McGoldrick, J. A. Hay, C. D. Wilson, G. Mackley, J. M. Hutchison, S. Piggin, F. North, A. Esam, W. H. Cooper, J. F. O'Leary, A. L. Hackworth, E. H. Wood, J. T. E. Harrap, N. J. Thomas, R. Roberston, A. T. Jones, A. J. R. Isherwood, J. Cattell, A. F. Newbold, T. H. Giles, S. Astin, A. Curtayne, F. J. R. Gledhill, H. F. White, H. K. Douglas, E. V. Paul.

Cadets—G. L. Morrison, N. D. Vallance, C. M. Murray, W. C. Neal, W. H. Pearce, A. J. Kilsby, R. Hall, A. O. Williams, T. Twomey, F. J. Passmore, C. G. Wilson, R. A. Bolland, G. L. Scott, C. L. Crombie, D. Hamilton, E. L. Adams, F. Shaw.

Typistes—M. W. Ahern, E. Hishon, M. M. Lyons, R. Marchant, E. Robinson.

Messenger—M. W. Thew.

Board meets at the State-guaranteed Advances Office, Government Buildings, each Monday.

Advances Board—Ex officio members: The Minister (Chairman of Board), the Superintendent, the Public Trustee, and the Valuer-General. Unofficial members—Messrs. Henry Kember, and J. K. Warburton.

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Public Works—Hon. W. D. S. MacDonald.

Private Secretary—F. G. Matthews.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary—H. J. H. Blow, I.S.O.

Assistant Under - Secretary — W. S. Short (solicitor).

Engineer - in - Chief — R. W. Holmes, M.I.C.E.

Electrical Engineer—E. Parry, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E., A.M.I.E.E.

Assistant Electrical Engineer — L. Birks, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E., A.M.I.E.E.

Superintending Engineer — C. R. Vickerman.

Inspecting Engineer — F. W. Furkert. A.M.I.C.E.

Assistant Engineer — F. C. Hay, A.M.I.C.E., J. D. Holmes, and H. Watkinson.

Architect—J. Campbell, F.R.I.B.A.

Chief Clerk—W. D. Dumbell.

Assistant Chief Clerk—G. C. Schmidt.

Accountant—G. J. Clapham.

Assistant Accountant—C. E. Bennett.

Land-purchase Officer—E. Bold.

Assistant Land-purchase Officer—A. B. Kimbell.

Inspecting Officer—P. S. Waldie.

Head Storekeeper—J. C. Fulton.

Fire Inspector—W. H. Hennah.

Record Clerk—H. W. H. Millais.

Clerks—J. O. Anson, C. E. Crawford. J. Thompson, A. W. Innes, W. McNamara, L. White, H. F. Curtis. J. Connell, J. W. Black, P. J. Fennell. J. G. B. Hannah, F. A. Lewis, J. J. Bennett, J. D. Brosnan, A. O. Leach. G. F. Jackson, S. L. Searell, A. J. Ridler, O. Ellison, E. A. Pettit, A. Belcher, C. A. Carmine, E. Gibson, G. Tyerman.

Draughtsmen—C. H. Picrard, L. L. Richards, J. P. Nicoll, T. J. McCosker. J. B. Robertson, H. M. Millar, A. W. Kemp, W. G. C. Swan, H. C. North. R. Walker, A. Stevenson, H. C. Heays, C. E. Paton, G. H. Murray, H. Matthewman, A. E. Wilson, W. Stewart, J. Stratford, C. McKeegan. A. T. Ford, C. C. Butt, D. C. Hay. H. L. Hickson, B. F. Kelly, M. King.

Engineering Cadets—R. H. P. Ronayne. J. M. Coleman, W. M. Isitt, J. Hurrell, H. E. Standring.

Architectural and Drafting Cadets—R. G. Caigou, R. A. Patterson, F. G. Bradley, G. F. Penlington, R. R. Dawber, C. E. J. Price, C. N. Rabone.

Clerical Cadets—J. Murphy, F. S. Read, W. L. Chapman, J. Brownlee, W. L. Borrows, W. R. Carter, H. R. Neas. L. R. Poutawera.

Clerical Cadette—K. F. Haldane.

Helio Printer—R. V. Rankin.

Messenger—H. T. Foster.

DISTRICT OFFICES.

District Engineers—Auckland, J. A. Wilson; Gisborne, C. E. Armstrong; Wellington, J. D. Louch, A.M.I.C.E. Dunedin. J. E. W. McEnnis.

Resident Engineers — Whangarei, J. Wood, A.M.I.C.E.; Tauranga, J. Hannah; Napier, S. J. Harding; Stratford, C. J. McKenzie; Nelson, W. Widdowson; Blenheim, A. B. Wright; Greymouth, J. H. Lewis; Christchurch, H. Vickerman, A.M.I.C.E., B.Sc.; Invercargill, J.H. Treseder.

Resident Road Engineers — F. B. Wither; G. T. Murray, A.M.I.C.E.; R. H. Reaney.

Assistant Engineer in Charge—H. H. Sharp, Westport.

Assistant Engineers—H. Dickson, A. Stewart, J. H. Dobson, J. Thorpe, H. Rix-Trott, H. R. Young, J. V. Haskell, J. Meenan, L. B. Campbell, F. T. M. Kissel, A. Ross, A. J. Baker, A.M.I.C.E., J. J. Wilson, F. S. Dyson, H. S. Curtis, P. Keller, H. Patterson, R. B. Cotton, T. M. Ball, A. J. Wigley, G. H. J. Mellsop, W. Hall-Jones, W. G. Pearce, F. N. Thompson, C. W. Salmon, O. G. Thornton, J. E. Anderson, A. C. Smith, G. S. Bogle, J. R. Marks, R. L. Kaye, T. M. Crawford, R. A. Wilson.

Assistant Road Engineers — T. Burd, C. H. Williams, W. Nathan, D. N. McMillan, E. M. Donaldson.

Chief Draftsman—W. G. Rutherford.

Engineering Cadets—F. K. Wilkie, W. L. Newnham, L. May, G. W. Albertson, K. R. Watson, G. G. Lowe, R. H. Packwood, F. Langbein, A. Tyndall, E. F. Evans, S. G. Paterson, J. Rochford, T. D. McLean, F. W. Lindup, T. D. H. Alderton, F. V. Brown, W. Struthers, H. Newton, B. C. Annand, W. H. Bennett, R. T. Smith, L. L. Meadowcroft, R. Worley, G. L. Laurenson, A. B. Bremner.

Architectural and Drafting Cadets—T. C. V. Rabone, W. H. Milne, A. E. Thompson.

Draughtsmen—E. C. Farr, F. I. Ellis. J. R. Cade, C. H. Lawn, L. H. Keals. W. H. Gilmour, W. N. Anderson, W. J. C. Slane, O. H. Degerman. W. H. Hislop, A. E. Kennedy, G. Brown, J. J. Fraser, G. More, A. B. Child, A. S. Colvin, T. S. Goudie, J. M. Lowry, J. E. Hoy, H. T. W. McLennan, E. Puttick W. S. King.

Clerks—G. A. Kallender, J. H. Denton, W. J. T. Wiggs, F. P. Manson, A. D. Park, P. S. Foley, L. M. Shera, H. Arthur, W. Merson, A. J. Sutcliffe, St. J. A. White, F. H. S. Ibbetson, S. de A. Grut, C. A. Turner, P. W. Willson, H. M. O'Donnell, N. J. Ryan, L. Cooper, W. H. Boys, J. H. Irvine, E. J. Edwards, E. Twohill, A. J. Archer, V. C. Curtis, T. C. Duncan, H. Colvin, A. Ross, W. Sotheran, W. S. Turner, W. S. Ferguson, D. Carman, D. Twohill, J. J. Gibson, E. G. Thomas, H. D. Ellerby, A. C. Fraser, T. Lockhead, W. H. Mardon, W. T. Birchall, H. L. Powell, S. A. Holland, E. J. Colquhoun, J. A. Wilkinson, R. J. Potts, R. J. Mathers, F. C. Stewart.

Clerical Cadets—J. D. Stack, A. B. Robson, I. D. Shearer, H. S. Hills, H. G. M. Priestley, L. O. Chamberlain, J. A. Shannon, C. O. Miller. R. H. McMillan, F. G. Parker, S. D. Beetham, W. L. Corbett, W. B. King, S. McKechnie, H. G. H. Larking, C. Fryer, C. Halliday, F. K. Chipman, E. R. McKillop, T. T. Ropiha.

Storekeepers—S. J. Moncrieff, S. E. Vaile, J. Nutting, C. B. Gollop, W. H. Gibbs, G. R. Drury, C. F. C. White, H. E. Vokes.

Messenger—W. J. Monds.

PUBLIC WORKS TENDERS BOARD.

Members — Minister of Public Works (President), Under-Secretary for Public Works, Engineer-in-Chief of Public Works, General Manager of Railways, and Government Architect.

Secretary to Board, G. C. Schmidt.

PUBLIC SERVICE SUPERANNUATION.

On 1st January, 1908, a fund was established to provide annual allowances to officers of the public service on their retirement on account of age, infirmity, or length of service. All branches of the service are included, excepting the Railways Department and Teachers, these being provided with separate funds. The fund is supported by contributions from members, regulated according to age at time of joining the fund, and a fixed sum paid annually by the Government. The solvency of the fund is guaranteed by the State. All moneys are invested by the Public Trustee, and the administration of the fund is vested in a Board, of which a Minister of the Crown is Chairman—four permanent members appointed by the Governor and six members elected, two by the Post and Telegraph Department, one by the Police Force, and three by all other Departments, the elected members holding office for three years. The Board at present consists, besides the Chairman, of the following members:—

Nominated—

H. J. H. Blow, Esq., I.S.O.

J. W. Poynton, Esq.

J. H. Richardson, Esq.

John Strauchon, Esq.

Elected—

H. A. R. Huggins, Esq.,

A. T. Markmann, Esq.,

for Post and Telegraph Department.

Elected—

J. W. Ellison, Esq., Inspector, for Police Department.

George Allport, Esq.,

H. R. Spence, Esq.,

H. W. Bishop, Esq.,

for other Departments.

Secretary—

A. M. Smith.

The Board holds its meetings in the Government Buildings on the second Thursday in January, April, July, and October.

CIVIL SERVICE GUARANTEE.

The Civil Service Act provides for the establishment of a system whereby officers of the Service guarantee the fidelity of each other. There are certain exemptions provided for in the Act, and the Governor in Council has by regulations exempted the following:—

The Governor's Establishment.

The Solicitor-General.

The Assistant Law Officer.

The Law Draughtsmen.

The Secretary to Cabinet.

The Public Trustee, and all other officers, clerks, and persons employed by or in the Public Trust Office.

Officers employed in the working, management, control, or supervision of all railways now or hereafter in any manner vested in His Majesty the King.

Lighthouse-keepers and their assistants.

Officers serving outside the limits of the Dominion of New Zealand.

Nor shall these regulations apply to any member of the Executive Council- to the bank appointed under the Public Revenues Act, 1910, or any officer of such bank, nor to any officer of the Civil Service whose salary is less than one hundred pounds per annum.

In case of defalcation by an assurer the amount of such defalcation must be made good from the salaries of insurers by a deduction in proportion to the total

yearly salary to the extent of thirty-nine-fortieths of the ascertained liability, the balance being a charge on the Consolidated Fund.

A Board of five members, of whom at least three must be assurers, is appointed by the Governor for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Act regarding the system. The following gentlemen constitute the present Board:—

D. Robertson, Secretary, Post and Telegraphs.

J. W. Poynton, Secretary to the Treasury.

W. B. Montgomery, Secretary for Customs.

Two vacancies.

Secretary to Board—A. M. Smith.

The Board meets irregularly, as business requires, at Wellington.

PUBLIC SERVICE CLASSIFICATION.

Under the Classification Act, 1907, a Board was appointed to classify all positions held by officers in the Public Service. All branches of the Service are included, except the following:—

Any responsible Minister of the Crown:

Any Judge of the Supreme Court or Court of Arbitration:

Any person whose salary is permanently appropriated by any Act:

Any person employed in the naval or military Defence Forces:

Any person employed in the Police Force:

Any officer of either House of Parliament:

Any person temporarily employed in the Public Service:

And also the Post and Telegraph Department and the Railway Department which are already classified under separate schemes.

Owing to various causes a final scheme of classification was not decided upon until the close of 1911, and this was gazetted in accordance with section 7 of the Act to enable officers to apply to the Board should they desire to do so, for a reconsideration of such classification.

The Board has yet to meet and consider the claims of such officers as have applied for a reconsideration, and after these have been heard and determined the Board will forward a statement to the Governor in Council, when further action has to be taken.

The Board at present consists, besides the Chairman (who is a Minister of the Crown), of the following members:—

Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O.

W. B. Montgomery, Esq.

J. Strauchon, Esq.

G. Allport, Esq.

H. J. H. Blow, Esq., I.S.O.

G. Hogben, Esq.

F. S. Pope, Esq.

Dr. Hay.

J. Mackay, Esq.

J. Lomas, Esq.

Secretary—A. M. Smith.

The Board meets in the Government Buildings when required

Chapter 4. SECTION IV.—MISCELLANEOUS.

HONOURS HELD IN CONNECTION WITH THE DOMINION.

BARONET.

Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1911.

PRIVY COUNCILLOR (P.C.).

Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1907.

KNIGHTS COMMANDERS OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE (K.C.M.G.).

Carroll, Hon. Sir James, 1911

Findlay, Hon. Sir John George, K.C., LL.D., 1911

Hall-Jones, Hon. Sir W., 1910.

Mills, Sir James, 1909.

Perceval, Sir Westby Brook, 1894.

Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, 1886.

Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1901.

KNIGHTS BACHELOR (KT. BACH.).

Bowen, Hon. Sir Charles Christopher, 1910.

Campbell, Sir John Logan, 1902.

Guinness, Hon Sir Arthur Robert, 1911.

Kennaway, Sir Walter, 1909.

Miller, Hon. Sir Henry John, 1901.

McLean, Sir George, 1909.

O'Rorke, Hon. Sir George Maurice, 1880.

Prendergast, Hon. Sir James, 1881.

Russell, Sir William Russell, 1902.

Steward, Hon. Sir William Jukes, 1902.

Williams, Sir Joshua Strange, 1911.

COMPANIONS OF THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH (C.B.).

Cradock, Major Montagu, 1900.

Davies, Colonel R. H., 1900.

Newall, Colonel Stuart, 1900.

Porter, Colonel T. W., 1902.

Robin, Colonel Alfred William, 1900.

COMPANIONS OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE (C.M.G.).

Bauchop, Lieut.-Colonel A., 1902.

Collins, Colonel Robert Joseph, V.D., I.S.O., 1911.

Fitchett, Frederick, LL.D., M.A., 1911.

Gudgeon, Lieut.-Colonel Walter Edward, 1890.

Jowsey, Lieut.-Colonel Thomas, 1900.

Richardson, Hon. Edward, 1879.

Roberts, John, 1891.

Robin, Colonel Alfred William, 1912.

COMPANION, DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER (D.S.O.).

Abbott, Lieut.-Colonel F. W., 1902.

Bartlett, Major E., 1902.

Hickey, Lieutenant D. A., 1902.

Hughes, Major J. G., 1900.

Major, Major C. T., 1900.

Polson, Major D., 1900.

Stevenson, Captain R., 1902.

Todd, Captain T. J. M., 1900.

Walker, Captain G. H., 1901.

COMPANION, IMPERIAL SERVICE ORDER (I.S.O.).

Blow, Horatio John Hooper, 1911.

Collins, Colonel R. J., V.D., 1909.

Heywood, James B., 1905.

Kensington, W. C., 1909.

Logan, J. K., 1909.

Robertson, Donald, 1912.

Strauchon, John, 1912.

Tregear, Edward, 1911.

ROYAL RED CROSS.

Williamson, Miss J. M. N., 1900

VICTORIA CROSS.

Hardham, Lieut. W. J., 1901.

NEW ZEALAND CROSS.

Adamson, Thomas, 1869.

Biddle, Benjamin, 1869.

Black, Solomon, 1869.

Hill, George, 1869.

Lingard, William, 1869.

Mace, Francis Joseph, 1869.

Maling, Christopher, 1869.

Mair, Gilbert, 1870.

Northcroft, William Henry, 1910.*

Preece, George, 1869.

Roberts, John Mackintosh, 1869.

Shepherd, Richard, 1869.

Wrigg, Harry Charles William, 1898.

* For service rendered in 1866.

† For service rendered in 1867.

DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT MEDALS AWARDED TO MEMBERS OF NEW ZEALAND CONTINGENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA (1899-1902).

Baigent, Private Ivanhoe.

Black, Sergeant-Major G. C.

Burr, Sergeant-Major W. T.

Cassidy, Sergeant W.

Fletcher, Sergeant-Major W. H.

Free, Private A.

Kent, Sergeant W.

Langham, Sergeant-Major J.

Lockett, Sergeant-Major E. B.

Pickett, Sergeant-Major M.

Rouse, Farrier-Sergeant G.

Wade, Private H. B.

White, Sergeant-Major H.

PERSONS ALLOWED TO RETAIN THE TITLE OF “HONOURABLEWITHIN HIS MAJESTY'S DOMINIONS.

By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated Downing Street, 15th June, 1893, His Excellency the Governor was apprised that the title of “Honourable,” appertaining to Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils in colonies possessing Responsible Government, whether confined to duration of office or continued for life, was approved by Her late Majesty for use and recognition throughout her dominions, either during office or for life, as the case may be.

By further despatch of 10th March, 1894, the Secretary of State announced that he was prepared in future to submit for the approval of the Sovereign the recommendation of the Governor of any colony having Responsible Government that the President of the Legislative Council or the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly may, on quitting office after three years' service in their respective offices, be permitted to retain the title of “Honourable.” This title is now held by Sir G. M. O'Rorke and Major Sir William Jukes Steward.

Besides the members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, the following ex-Ministers, are allowed, as such, to retain the title of “Honourable”: Bryce, John, 1884; Duncan, Thomas Y., 1906; Fergus, Thomas, 1891; Findlay, Hon. Sir John George, K.C., LL.D., K.C.M.G.; Fowlds, G., 1911; Hall-Jones, William, 1908; Hislop, Thomas W., 1891; McGowan, James, 1909; Mills, Charles H., 1906; Mitchelson, Edwin, 1891; Oliver, Richard, 1884; Reeves, William P., 1896; Richardson, Hon. Edward, C.M.G., 1887; Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, K.C.M.G., 1887; Thompson, Thomas, 1900; Tole, Joseph A., 1888.

By another despatch of 14th November, 1896, the Secretary of State requested to be informed if the Government of New Zealand desired that members of the Legislative Council in this Dominion should on retirement or resignation, after a continuous service in such Council of not less than ten years, be eligible for recommendation by the Governor for Royal permission to retain the title of “Honourable.”

Mr. William Montgomery has been allowed to retain the title as from 14th December, 1906, accordingly on such retirement.

RETIRED JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT.

By despatch of 29th August, 1877, it was announced that retired Judges of the Supreme Court may be allowed the privilege of bearing the title of “Honourable” for life, within the Dominion. This title is now held by Sir James Prendergast.

By despatch of 22nd December, 1911, it was announced that title of “Honourable” be conferred on Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court of New Zealand.

ECCLESIASTICAL.

THERE is no State Church in the Dominion, nor is State aid given to any form of religion. Government in the early days set aside certain lands as endowments for various religious bodies, but nothing of the kind has been done for many years past.

CHURCH OF THE PROVINCE OF NEW ZEALAND, COMMONLY CALLED THE “CHURCH OF ENGLAND.”

Bishops.

The Most Rev Samuel Tarratt Nevill, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1871 (Primate).

The Right Rev. Owen Thomas Lloyd Crossley, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1911.

The Right Rev. Alfred Walter Averill, M.A., Waiapu: consecrated 1910.

The Right Rev. Thomas Henry Sprott, D.D., Wellington; consecrated 1911.

The Right Rev. Charles Oliver Mules, D.D., Nelson; consecrated 1892.

The Right Rev. Churchill Julius, D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1890.

The Right Rev. Cecil John Hood, M.A. (Bishop-elect), Melanesia; 1912.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.

Archbishop.

The Most Rev. Francis Redwood, S.M., D.D., Archbishop and Metropolitan, Wellington; consecrated 1874.

Bishops.

The Right Rev. Henry W. Cleary, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1910.

The Right Rev. John Joseph Grimes, S.M., D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1887.

The Right Rev. Michael Verdon, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1896.

ANNUAL MEETINGS AND OFFICERS.

The principal present heads or officers of the various churches, and the places and times of holding the annual or periodical assemblies or meetings, are as follow:—

Church of England.—For church purposes, the Dominion is divided into six dioceses—viz., Auckland, Waiapu, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Dunedin. The General Synod meets every third year in each diocese in rotation. Representatives attend from each diocese, and also from the diocese of Melanesia. President, the Primate (Bishop of Dunedin). The Diocesan Synods meet once a year, under the presidency of the Bishop of the diocese.

Presbyterian Church of New Zealand.—The General Assembly will meet on the second Tuesday of November, 1912, in St. John's Church, Wellington. Moderator, the Rev. George Lindsay, Dunedin; Emeritus Clerk, Rev. David Sidey, D.D., Napier; Clerk, Rev. J. H. Mackenzie, Nelson; Treasurer, Rev. W. J. Comrie, Presbyterian Church Offices, Wellington; Theological Professors, Rev. Michael Watt, M.A., D.D., Dunedin, Rev. W. Hewitson, B.A., Dunedin, and Rev. John Dickie, M.A., Dunedin.

Roman Catholic Church.—The diocese of Wellington, established in 1848, was in 1887 created an archdiocese and the metropolitan see. There are three, suffragan dioceses—Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin. A retreat is held annually in each of the four dioceses, at the end of which a synod is held, presided over by the bishop or archbishop, and at which all his clergy attend.

In January, 1899, the first Provincial Council of New Zealand was held in Wellington, under the presidency of the Metropolitan, and attended by all the suffragan bishops, and a number of priests elected specially in each diocese as representatives of the whole Catholic clergy in the Dominion. The decrees of this Council were approved by Rome in April, 1900, were published on 1st January, 1901, and are now binding in every diocese in the Dominion.

Methodist Church of Australasia in New Zealand.—The next Annual New Zealand Conference is to meet during February, 1913, at Wesley Church, Taranaki Street, Wellington. Each Conference determines the time and place of the meeting of the next Conference. President for 1912-13, Rev. William Ready, Hopetoun Street, Auckland; Secretary, Rev. Samuel Lawry, Armagh Street, Christchurch.

It is anticipated that during the current year the Methodist Church in New Zealand will become legally independent of the General Conference of the Methodist Church of Australasia, and that the Conference of 1913 will meet under the name of the “Methodist Church of New Zealand.”

Primitive Methodist Connexion.—A conference takes place every January. The next is to be held at Wellington, date to be fixed later. The Conference officials for the present year are: President, Rev. G. Knowles Smith, Dunedin; Vice-President, Mr. W. T. Lill, Ashburton; Secretary, Rev. J. Featherston, Timaru; Hon. District Secretary, Mr. D. Goldie, Pitt Street, Auckland; Treasurer of Connectional Funds, Mr. Joseph Watkinson, Sherwood Road, Auckland.

Baptist Union of New Zealand.—President, Rev. R. H. Knowles Kempton, Auckland; Vice-President, Mr. J. G. Fraser, Christchurch; Secretary, Rev. R. S. Gray, Christchurch; Treasurer, Mr. A. F. Carey, Christchurch; Mission Secretary, Rev. J. K. Archer, Napier; Mission Treasurer, Mr. A. Hoby, Wellington. The Union comprises 52 churches, 34 preaching-stations, 5,415 members, and a constituency of 25,000. The denominational organ is the New Zealand Baptist; Editor, Mr. H. H. Driver, Dunedin. The Foreign Missionary Society, with an average income of £2,000, has a thoroughly equipped hospital, employs a doctor, 2 missionaries, 3 zenana ladies, and 32 Native helpers. The sphere of operations is in North Tipperah, East Bengal.

Congregational Union of New Zealand.—The annual meetings are held during the month of February, at such place as may be decided on by vote of the Council. Chairman for 1913, Rev. R. Mitchell, Te Kuiti; Chairman-elect, Rev. A. M. Aspland, Wellington; Secretary, Rev. J. H. Mackenzie, Onehunga; Treasurer, Mr. W. H. Lyon, Auckland; Registrar, Mr. G. B. Gregory, Wellington; Head Office, Auckland. In 1913 the meeting of the Council will be held at Timaru. The Committee of the Union meets in Auckland on the second Tuesday of each month.

Hebrews.—Ministers: Rev. S. A. Goldstein and Rev. Mr. Katz, Auckland; Rev. H. van Staveren and Rev. C. Pitkowski, Wellington; Rev. I. Bernstein, Christchurch; Mr. Spiro is in charge of Dunedin though not as minister. Annual meetings of the general congregations are usually held at these places during the month of Elul (about the end of August).

NEW ZEALAND NEWSPAPERS.

THERE are (May, 1912) 238 publications on the register of newspapers for New Zealand. Of these, sixty-five are published daily, thirty-four are published three times a week, twenty-six twice a week, seventy-one once a week, four fortnightly, one three-weekly, one four-weekly, and thirty-six monthly.

The names of the newspapers, with the postal districts and towns in which they are printed, are given in the following list, the second column showing the day or period of publication.

M. signifies morning paper; E. evening paper.

AUCKLAND.
Auckland—
   Athletic Field, The (E.)Saturday.
   Auckland Free Press (M.)Saturday.
   Auckland Star (E.)Daily.
   Auckland Weekly News and Town and Country Journal (M.)Thursday.
   Church Gazette (M.)Monthly.
   Liberator (E.)Monthly.
   New Zealand Farmer, Stock and Station Journal (M.)Monthly.
   New Zealand Herald (M.)Daily.
   New Zealand Home Journal, (M.)Monthly.
   New Zealand Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic Review and Licensed Victuallers' Gazette (M.)Thursday.
   New Zealand Motor and Cycle Journal (M.)Monthly.
   New Zealand Observer (M.)Saturday.
   New Zealand Town and Country Life, Farmers' Weekly, and Land Agents' Record (M.)Wednesday.
   New Zealand Yachtsman (E.)Saturday.
   Saturday Night (E.)Friday.
   Sentinel, The, Auckland's Sporting and Dramatic Times (E.)Friday.
   Sharland's New Zealand Journal and Photographer (M.)Monthly.
   Social Democrat (E.)Friday.
   Sport, The Citizens' Weekly (E.)Saturday.
   Stage (M.)Monthly.
   Tawhirimatea Taima (M.)Friday.
   Theosophy in New Zealand (M.)Friday.
   Voice of Labour, The (M.)Friday.
   Weekly Graphic and New Zealand Mail (M.)Wednesday.
Cambridge—Waikato Independent (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Coromandel—Coromandel County News and Kuaotunu and Mercury Bay Mail (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Dargaville—
   North Auckland Times (E.)Daily.
   Wairoa Bell and Northern Advertiser (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri
Devonport—
   Waitemata Post, Local Bodies' Gazette, and Cook Islands News (E.)Thursday.
   Waitemata Times, The (E.)Daily.
Hamilton—
   Waikato Argus (E.)Daily.
   Waikato Times (E.)Daily.
Helensville—Kaipara Advertiser and Waitemata Chronicle (M.)Wednesday.
Huntly—Huntly Press and District Gazette (E.)Friday.
Kawakawa—Bay of Islands Luminary, and Hokianga, Mangonui, and Whangaroa Counties Gazette (E.)Saturday.
Kawhia—Kawhia Settler and Raglan Advertiser (E.)Friday.
Kohukohu—Hokianga Times and North-western Representative (E.)Monday.
Mangonui—North Auckland Age (E.)Friday.
Morrinsville—Morrinsville Star and Matamata Gazette (M)Tuesday, Friday.
Ngaruawahia—Ngaruawahia Advocate and Counties Gazette, The (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Onehunga—Manukau Gazette (M.)Saturday.
Ohura—Ohura Advocate (E.)Friday.
Pukekohe—Pukekohe and Waiuku Times, The (E.)Wednesday.
Raglan—Raglan County Chronicle (M.)Thursday.
Rotorua—
   Hot Lakes Chronicle and Rotorua Advertiser (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
   Rotorua Times (M.)Daily.
Taumarunui—Taumarunui Press and Upper King Country Gazette (E.)Wed., Saturday.
Te Awamutu—Waipa Post (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Te Kuiti—King Country Chronicle (E.)Wed., Saturday.
Warkworth—Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette (E.)Wednesday.
Whangarei—
   Northern Advocate (E.)Daily.
   Northern Advocate Weekly (E.)Friday.
   Northern Mail (M.)Daily.
   Northern Mail Weekly (M.)Friday.
THAMES.
Opotiki— 
   East Coast Guardian (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
   Opotiki Herald, Whakatane County and East Coast Gazette (E.)Tuesday, Friday. 
Paeroa—Ohinemuri Gazette (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Tauranga—Bay of Plenty Times (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Te Aroha— 
   Te Aroha and Ohinemuri News and Upper Thames Advocate (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
   Te Aroha Mail (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Te Puke—Te Puke Times, The (E.)Tuesday, Friday. 
Thames— 
   Thames Advertiser (M.)Daily. 
   Thames Star (E.)Daily. 
Waihi—Waihi Daily Telegraph (E.)Daily. 
Whakatane—Whakatane County Press (E.)Tuesday, Friday. 
GISBORNE. 
Gisborne— 
   Gisborne Times (M.)Daily. 
   Poverty Bay Herald (E.)Daily. 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 
Inglewood—Inglewood Record and Waitara Age (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
New Plymouth— 
   Budget and Taranaki Weekly Herald (M.)Saturday. 
   Taranaki Daily News (M.)Daily. 
   Taranaki Herald (E.)Daily. 
Opunake—Opunake Times (E.)Tuesday, Friday. 
Stratford—Stratford Evening Post (E.)Daily. 
Waitara — Waitara Evening Mail and Clifton County Chronicle (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
NAPIER. 
Dannevirke— 
   Dannevirke Advocate (E.)Daily. 
   Dannevirke Evening News (E.)Daily. 
Hastings— 
   Hawke's Bay Tribune (E.)Daily. 
   New Zealand Bulletin (M.)Saturday. 
Napier— 
   Daily Telegraph (E.)Daily. 
   Hawke's Bay Herald (M.)Daily. 
   New Zealand Fire and Ambulance Record (M.)Monthly. 
   Waiapu Church Gazette (M.)Monthly. 
White Ribbon (M.)Monthly. 
Waipawa—Waipawa Mail (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Waipukurau—Waipukurau Press (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Wairoa—Wairoa Guardian (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
WANGANUI. 
Eltham—Eltham Argus (E.)Daily. 
Hawera— 
   Egmont Star (M.)Friday. 
   Hawera and Normanby Star, Patea County Chronicle, and Waimate Plains Gazette (E.)Daily. 
Hunterville—Hunterville Express and Rangitikei Advertiser (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Manaia—Waimate Witness (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Mangaweka—Mangaweka Settler (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Marton—Rangitikei Advocate and Manawatu Argus (E.)Daily. 
Ohakune—Ohakune Times, Rangataua Advocate, and Waimarino Gazette (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Patea—Patea County Press (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Raetihi—Waimarino County Call (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Taihape—Taihape Daily Times and Waimarino Advocate (E.)Daily. 
Wanganui— 
   Good Cheer (M.)Last week in m'th. 
   Wanganui Chronicle (M.)Daily. 
   Wanganui Herald (E.)Daily. 
WELLINGTON. 
Carterton—Wairarapa Daily News (E.)Daily. 
Te Puke Ki Hikurangi (E.)Twice monthly. (15th and last day). 
Eketahuna—Eketahuna Express and County Gazette (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Feilding—Feilding Star and Kiwitea-Oroua County Gazette (E.)Daily. 
Foxton—Manawatu Herald (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Greytown— 
   Te Mareikura (M.)Monthly (1st). 
   Wairarapa Standard and Featherston Advocate (E.)Mon., Wed. Fri. 
Levin— 
   Horowhenua Chronicle (E.)Daily. 
   Horowhenua County RecordThursday. 
Martinborough—Martinborough Star (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Masterton— 
   Wairarapa Age (M.)Daily. 
   Wairarapa Daily Times (E.)Daily. 
Otaki—Otaki Mail and Horowhenua County and West Coast Advertiser (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Pahiatua—Pahiatua Herald (E.)Daily. 
Palmerston North— 
   Manawatu Daily Times (M.)Daily. 
   Manawatu Evening Standard (E.)Daily. 
Petone—Hutt and Petone Chronicle (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Upper Hutt—Hutt Valley Independent and Upper Hutt Advertiser (M)Saturday. 
Wellington— 
   Church Chronicle (M.)Monthly. 
   Dominion (M.)Daily. 
   Evening Post (E.)Daily. 
   Farmers' Union Advocate (E.)Saturday. 
   Journal of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture (M.)Monthly. 
   Katipo (E.)Monthly. 
   Maoriland Worker (M.)Friday. 
   Mercantile Gazette of New Zealand (E.)Wednesday. 
   Nation (M.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Craftsman (E.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Dairyman and Farmers' Union Journal (E.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Free Lance (M.)Saturday. 
   New Zealand Gazette (E.)Thursday. 
   New Zealand Primitive Methodist (M.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Railway Review (E.)Four-weekly. 
   New Zealand Shipping and Commerce (E.)Friday. 
   New Zealand Times (M.)Daily. 
   New Zealand Trade Review and Price Current (M.)Three-weekly. 
   New Zealand Truth (M.)Saturday. 
   Progress (M.)Monthly. 
   Triad, The (M.)Monthly. 
   Weekly Herald (M.)Saturday. 
Woodville—Examiner (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
BLENHEIM. 
Blenheim—Marlborough Express (E.)Daily. 
Havelock—Pelorus Guardian and Miners' Advocate (M.)Tuesday, Friday. 
Picton—Marlborough Press, County of Sounds Gazette (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
NELSON. 
   Collingwood—Golden Bay Argus (E.)Thursday. 
   Motueka—Motueka Star (E.)Tuesday, Friday. 
Nelson— 
   Colonist (M.)Daily. 
   Nelson Evening Mail (E.)Daily. 
Takaka—Golden Bay Times (E.)Thursday. 
WESTPORT. 
Murchison—Buller Post (E.)Tuesday. 
Westport— 
   Buller Miner (M.)Friday. 
   Westport News (M.)Daily. 
   Westport Times and Evening Star (E.)Daily. 
GREYMOUTH. 
Greymouth— 
   Evening Star and Brunnerton Advocate (E.)Daily. 
   Grey River Argus (M.)Daily. 
Reefton— 
   Inangahua Herald and New Zealand Miner (M.)Daily. 
   Inangahua Times and Reefton Guardian (E.)Daily. 
HOKITIKA. 
Hokitika— 
   Hokitika Guardian and Evening Star (E.)Daily. 
   West Coast Times (M.)Daily. 
Kumara—Kumara Times and Dillman's and Goldsborough Advertiser (E.)  
CHRISTCHURCH. 
Akaroa—Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser (M.)Tuesday, Friday. 
Ashburton— 
   Ashburton Guardian (E.)Daily. 
   Ashburton Mail, Rakaia, Mount Somers, and Alford Forest Advertiser (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat. 
Cheviot—Cheviot News (M.)Tuesday, Friday. 
Christchurch— 
   Anti-Militarist (M.)Monthly. 
   Canterbury Times (incorporating “Sportsman” and “New Zealand Cyclist”) (M.)Wednesday 
   Christian Herald (E.)Monthly. 
   Church News (E.)Daily. 
   Dominion Scout, (M.)Monthly. 
   Evening News (E.)Daily. 
   Examiner (M.)Monthly. 
   Layman (M)Monthly. 
   Loco. Record (M)Monthly. 
   Lyttelton Times (M.)Daily. 
   New Zealand Baptist (E.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Methodist Times (M.)Sat., fortnightly. 
   New Zealand Poultry Journal (M.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Tatler (M.)Monthly. 
   Observer (M.)Saturday. 
   Press (M.)Daily. 
   Spectator (M. and E.)Saturday. 
   Star (E.)Daily. 
   Vanguard (E.)Sat., fortnightly. 
   War Cry and Official Gazette of the Salvation Army of New Zealand (M.)Saturday. 
   Weekly Press (incorporating “Referee”) (M.)Wednesday. 
Kaiapoi—Kaiapoi Record (M.)Wednesday. 
Kaikoura—Kaikoura Star and Kaikoura County Gazette and Recorder (E.)Daily. 
Rangiora—Standard and North Canterbury Guardian (M.)Wed., Saturday. 
Southbridge—Ellesmere Guardian (M.)Wed., Saturday. 
TIMARU. 
Temuka— 
   Geraldine Mail (M.)Mon., Wed., Sat. 
   Geraldine Guardian (M.)Tues., Thur., Fri. 
   Temuka Leader (M.)Tues., Thur., Fri. 
   Temuka News (M)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Timaru— 
   Timaru Herald (M.)Daily. 
   Timaru Post (E.)Daily. 
Waimate— 
   Waimate Advertiser (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
   Waimate Times (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat 
OAMARU. 
Oamaru— 
   North Otago Times (M.)Daily. 
   Oamaru Mail (E.)Daily. 
DUNEDIN. 
Alexandra South—Alexandra Herald and Central Otago Gazette (E.)Wednesday. 
Balclutha— 
   Clutha Leader (M.)Tuesday, Friday. 
   Free Press (M.)Tuesday, Friday. 
Clyde—Dunstan Times, Vincent County Official Gazette, and General Goldfields Advertiser (E.)Monday. 
Cromwell—Cromwell Argus and Northern Goldfields Gazette (E.)Monday. 
Dunedin— 
   Evening Star (E.)Daily. 
   Farmers' Circular (M.)Thur., fortn'ly. 
   Magpie (M.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Guardian (M.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Journal of Education (M.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Railway Officers' Advocate (M.)Monthly. 
   New Zealand Tablet (M.)Thursday. 
   New Zealand Tribune (M.)Monthly. 
   Otago Daily Times (M.)Daily. 
   Otago Witness (M.)Wednesday. 
   Outlook (M.)Saturday. 
Lawrence— 
   Mount Benger Mail (M)Wednesday. 
   Tuapeka Times (M.)Wed., Saturday. 
Milton—Bruce Herald (E.)Mon., Thursday. 
Mosgiel—Taieri Advocate (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri. 
Naseby—Mount Ida Chronicle (M.)Friday. 
Palmerston—Palmerston and Waikouaiti Times (M.)Friday. 
Tapanui—Tapanui Courier and Central Districts Gazette (M.)Wednesday. 
INVERCARGILL. 
Arrowtown—Lake County Press (E.)Thursday. 
Bluff—Bluff Press and Stewart Island Gazette (E.)Tues., Friday. 
Gore—Mataura Ensign (E.)Daily. 
Invercargill— 
   Southern Cross (M.)Saturday. 
   Southland Daily News (E.)Daily. 
   Southland Times (M.)Daily. 
   Southlander (M.)Friday. 
   St. John's, Monthly (M)Monthly. 
   Weekly Times (M.)Monthly. 
Orepuki—Orepuki Advocate and Western District Advertiser (M.)Saturday. 
Otautau— 
   Otautau Farmer and Wallace County Gazette (M.)Wednesday. 
   Otautau Standard and Wallace County Chronicle (E.)Tuesday. 
Queenstown—Lake Wakatipu Mail (E.)Tuesday. 
Riverton—Western Star and Wallace County Gazette (E.)Tues., Friday. 
Winton—Winton Record, Hokonui Advocate, and Awarua Guardian (M.)Friday. 
Wyndham— 
   Wyndham Farmer (M.)Tuesday, Friday. 
   Wyndham Herald (M.)Tuesday, Friday. 

The foregoing towns are arranged according to the postal district in which they are situated.

PART II-STATISTICAL.

Table of Contents

Chapter 5. SECTION I.—POPULATION.

THE population of New Zealand, as estimated on the 31st December, 1911, and the increase during the year, is shown below:—

 Males.Females.Totals.
Population as enumerated at the Census of 2nd April, 1911 (exclusive of Maoris, also Cook and other Pacific islands)531,910476,5581,008,468
Increase from 2nd April to 31st December, 1911—
   By excess of births over deaths6,0096,57212,581
   By excess of immigration over emigration1,8102,5474,357
   Estimated population (exclusive of Maoris, also Cook and other Pacific islands) on 31st December, 1911539,729485,6771,025,406
Maori population, census, April, 191126,47523,36949,844
Population of Cook and other Pacific islands6,4496,14912,598
Total estimated population of the Dominion on 31st December, 1911572,653515,1951,087,848

Estimates of population are made from the records of births and deaths and the returns of migration. These estimates, when tested in the past by census results, have been found to approach very closely to the facts, and there is no reason to suspect that the present estimate is an exception. The following table shows the growth of the population during the last twenty-six years:—

EXPLANATION OF THE GRAPHS.—The base of each square represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height 10,000 persons. The upper curve shows the increase in the Total Population, the middle the increase in Males, and the lower in Females.

Year.Estimated Population on the 31st December.*Increase during the YearCentesimal Increase on Population of Previous Year.
By Excess of Births over Deaths.By Excess of Arrivals over Departures.Net Increase.

* Corrected where necessary in accordance with census results.

† Loss. The amount of loss by departures in the period 1886-91, though correct in the aggregate, cannot be allocated with exactness to the respective years.

1886589,38613,164-17,19458,88610.24
1887603,36112,998
1888607,38013,194
1889616,05212,685
1890625,50812,284
1891634,05811,755
1892650,43311,4174,95816,3752.58
1893672,26511,42010,41221,8323.36
1894686,12811,6102,25313,8632.06
1895698,70611,68389512,5781.83
1896714,16212,1801,47213,6521.95
1897729,05612,1422,75214,8942.09
1898743,46311,7112,69614,4071.98
1899756,50511,1551,88713,0421.75
1900768,27812,3461,83114,1771.87
1901787,65712,8576,52219,3792.52
1902807,92912,2807,99220,2722.57
1903832,50513,30111,27524,5763.04
1904857,53914,67910,35525,0343.01
1905882,46215,6219,30224,9232.91
1906908,72615,91312,84828,7613.26
1907929,48415,0285,73020,7582.28
1908960,64216,89714,26131,1583.35
1909982,92617,5654,71922,2842.32
19101,002,67916,3453,40819,7532.01
19111,025,40616,8204,20021,0202.09

An examination of the increase for each quarter of the past ten years discloses a considerable amount of irregularity, due to fluctuations in migration. The second quarter shows a loss from this cause for each year, excepting 1903, for the reason that visitors to New Zealand take their departure just before the winter season. New-Zealanders travelling abroad for pleasure usually sail during the autumn, returning in the spring and summer.

INCREASE OF POPULATION DURING EACH QUARTER, 1902-11.
Year.First Quarter.Second Quarter.Third Quarter.Fourth Quarter.Total Increase.
19022,3391,5356,5819,81720,272
19036,9213,9944,6559,00624,576
19046,4523,2745,6109,69825,034
19057,4342,3955,5189,57624,923
19067,5093,8095,79711,64628,761
19075,1417204,59510,30220,758
19088,1053,2326,96512,85631,158
19097,6901,0344,0259,53522,284
19104,5557924,08410,32219,753
19114,0821,0244,76911,14521,020
Year.First Quarter.Second Quarter.Third Quarter.Fourth Quarter.Total Increase.

The minus sign ( - ) denotes decrease.

Increase by Migration.
1902- 825- 1,6153,7586,6747,992
19033,8147961,4665,19911,275
19042,861- 3072,0435,75810,355
19053,448- 1,3841,7055,5339,302
19063,426- 1901,8977,71512,848
19071,513- 3,1061,0926,2315,730
19083,548- 7153,1178,31114,261
19093,435- 3,517- 1674,9684,719
1910577- 3,4301846,0773,408
1911- 157- 3,1748506,6814,200

The natural increase of population is shown in the following table:—

NATURAL INCREASE OF POPULATION, 1902-11.
YearExcess of Births over Deaths.Natural Increase per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Males.Females.Persons.
19025,7636,51712,28015.39
19036,2707,03113,30116.21
19047,0097,67014,67917.37
19057,4208,20115,62117.95
19067,4628,45115,91317.77
19077,0807,94815,02816.35
19088,0458,85216,89717.88
19098,2569,30917,56518.07
19107,8388,50716,34516.46
19117,9378,88316,82016.57

The average rate of natural increase for the above period was 17.00 per 1,000. The average rate in New Zealand, the Commonwealth of Australia, and some of the principal countries of Europe is given hereunder:—

Country.Increase.
New Zealand (1907-11)17.07
Commonwealth of Australia (1906-10)15.93
German Empire (1904-8)14.16
Denmark (1905-9)14.23
England and Wales (1905-9)11.58
Scotland (1905-9)11.40
Italy (1905-9)10.85
Switzerland (1904-8)10.14
Ireland (1905-9)6.13
Franc (1905-9)e0.53

MIGRATION.

The number of persons arriving in and departing from New Zealand is compiled from the records of the Customs Department, and the departures from the Dominion by the Union Steamship Company's boats are checked by special returns kindly furnished by the pursers of the steamers, so that where persons who did not book their passages have been omitted, the necessary additions can be made. The pursers' returns also serve to prevent the occasional omission of the full number of persons leaving by any one vessel, which sometimes has happened previous to the introduction of this check. Unless more passengers are at any time of great pressure taken away from New Zealand than can lawfully be carried, the returns of outgo of population should prove nearly correct.

The total number of arrivals and departures during the past ten years, distinguishing the sexes and the number of those under or over twelve years of age, is given in the next table.

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES, 1902-11.
Year.Arrivals.
Over 12 Years of Age.Under 12 Years of Age.Total.
Males.Females.Males.Females.
190220,0297,4061,4931,36530,293
190318,6288,6031,8511,80130,883
190420,1189,0081,8621,64432,632
190519,5419,6061,8031,73532,685
190623,37411,6512,2331,97539,233
190721,26611,0801,9621,80036,108
190826,66413,2692,6782,35944,970
190921,76312,4802,3022,10538,650
191020,16111,8321,9741,80235,769
191122,88113,9532,4522,10341,389
Year.Departures.
Over 12 Years of Age.Under 12 Years of Age.Total.
Males.Females.Males.Females.
190214,7525,96984873222,301
190312,1205,96986365619,608
190413,7826,92888967822,277
190514,4687,16492282923,383
190616,0238,0821,1881,09226,385
190717,9689,8231,3421,24530,378
190818,3649,7791,3431,22330,709
190920,77210,3731,4721,31433,931
191019,03210,6291,4191,28132,361
191121,73012,1901,8091,46037,189

ARRIVALS FROM AND DEPARTURES TO DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

The external movement of population is greatest with the Commonwealth of Australia, as will be seen in the next table, but these numbers are inflated by the inclusion of many persons who sail from New Zealand for Australia to make that country a starting-point for further travel, and who may or may not return by the same route. The real destination and original place of departure when returning is not ascertained in these cases.

Countries.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Arrivals.
United Kingdom7,44911,34811,1849,36711,379
Commonwealth of Australia26,91631,76925,54824,50226,909
Other British possessions1,2161,1381,1419321,620
Foreign countries5277157779681,481
 36,10844,97038,65035,76941,389
Departures.
United Kingdom2,4462,6352,6762,5092,755
Commonwealth of Australia25,84826,46828,99527,10030,918
Other British possessions1,2441,1931,3261,3961,540
Foreign countries8404139341,3561,976
 30,37830,70933,93132,36137,189

RACE ALIENS.

Persons of other than European descent are classified in the immigration returns as “race aliens.” It will be seen by the following table that the number of arrivals of this class during 1908 was greater than usual, the object being to escape the education test which came into operation during the latter end of that year.

Birthplace.Year.
1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
China69132235239260255538171209546
Syria412363033223129
Asia Minor6865..461244
Japan481011033714
Palestine....7..............
Armenia....13............ 
Pacific Islands12..142428271018725
Other counties144111..221
   Totals96164292276329293589233235589

The majority of the 589 race aliens who arrived during 1911 were persons formerly resident in New Zealand, and who were returning to their homes, 546 Chinese being included in this category.

PASSAGES AT REDUCED RATES FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM TO NEW ZEALAND.

Residents in the Dominion may nominate domestic servants, and near relatives may also nominate agriculturists for passages at reduced rates, and pay the necessary sum to the Under-Secretary for Immigration, Wellington.

The payments required are as follow:—
Second class£27.
   Third class (two-berth cabin)£12.
   Third class (four-berth cabin)£10.

Children between three years and twelve years of age travelling with their parents are charged half-price. One child under three years of age in each family is taken free. A quarter-fare is charged for each additional child under three years of age.

The full rates are—second class, £38; and third class, £21 or £19: a reduction to the passenger of £11 in the second-class or £9 in the third class.

Passages are granted on vessels belonging to the Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company, the New Zealand Shipping Company, and the Federal Steam Navigation Company to persons approved by the High Commissioner in London.

The persons nominated must be within the age-limit (50). A nomination is accepted only upon the understanding that the relative in the Dominion is responsible for the nominee immediately on arrival.

Persons in a delicate state of health should not be nominated, as passages at reduced rates will not be granted to them. When cases of lung, chest, or other complaints are discovered in any member of a family by the Medical Officer at London or Liverpool, the whole family will be prevented from sailing.

The question of suitability of any applicant for reduced passage will be decided by the High Commissioner.

The High Commissioner in London is authorized to grant passages at reduced rates to bona fide farmers and farm labourers, provided the applicant is possessed of a capital of not less than £25 for married farmers and farm labourers, and £10 for unmarried farm labourers. A farm labourer can obtain a passage in a six-berth enclosed cabin at £8. The rates in the four-berth and two-berth cabins are the same as given above. The rates for single female domestic servants are as follows: In a six-berth enclosed cabin,

£2 16s.; in a four-berth cabin, £4 16s.; in a two-berth cabin, £6 16s.

Agriculturists, whether nominated or not, are only given passages so that they may arrive in the Dominion during the summer months.

The address of the High Commissioner for New Zealand is Westminster Chambers, 13 Victoria Street, London S.W.

The total number of persons assisted during each of the last six years was,—

Year.Persons assisted.
19063,880
19072,510
19084,466
19093,990
19102,179
19112,839

RECEPTION OF IMMIGRANTS IN NEW ZEALAND.

On arrival in New Zealand the immigrants are met on board by two officers of the Labour Department, one representing the Men's Employment Office and the other, a lady officer, representing the Women's Branch. It is the special duty of these officials to afford all information and advice on the prospects of employment in New Zealand, and more generally on any topic about which the new arrivals require information. There is generally not sufficient time, however, between the arrival of the steamers in port and disembarkation to give to each passenger all the details necessary as to employment offering, and those persons desiring such information are directed to call at the offices of the Department in Ghuznee Street, Wellington, where expert officers endeavour to deal with each individual case. The newly-arrived applicant for employment is interviewed as to his capabilities, testimonials are produced and read, and, after a personal chat with the agent, a position from one of the employer's application cards is brought under notice, and an engagement is effected, if possible, on the spot. Sometimes, where employment is not immediately offering in any particular line of work followed by an immigrant, a reference to the labour reports received regularly at headquarters from agents throughout New Zealand may show where there is a shortage of such labour, or where he applicant's trade is reported to be busy, and a telegram is at once despatched to inquire if there is a chance for the newcomer. Again, where immediate success is not met with in placing a new arrival, the Department's officers frequently effect an engagement through the medium of the Press. An advertisement is drawn up

on behalf of the applicant, who inserts the notice in some of the leading daily papers as to the position desired, requesting a reply; and it has often been found that by this means alone many difficult cases are successfully dealt with.

The new arrivals are also impressed with the necessity of self-reliance in seeking new positions. For instance, an engineer may be desirous of getting a position in a Wellington workshop, and applies to the Department for assistance. If there is no vacancy the Department's officers supply the applicant with a list of those employers carrying on such business in the city, and armed with this information the new arrival is told to apply in person to the proprietor or manager and state his wants. It would be difficult to estimate how many engagements are effected in this way, but it has proved one of the most successful employed by the Department.

During recent years the work of placing immigrants in employment has been very heavy, especially during the spring and summer seasons—extending from September to April. Over-sea vessels usually arrive in New Zealand fortnightly, and bring from two hundred to five hundred third-class passengers at a time. As a rule, the majority of these passengers have friends or employment to go to, but the applications made to the Department run into many hundreds during the course of twelve months. Those immigrants possessing a knowledge of farm-work are invariably placed with little or no delay, and during recent years there has been little difficulty in finding employment for other skilled workers, such as plumbers, carpenters, engineers, tailors, cabinetmakers, painters, watchmakers, &c., but those trained in light employment, such as all classes of clerks, railway-hands, packers, hotel employees (waiters, &c.) have usually had to wait some time before being placed. The Department of Labour does not encourage the immigration of such workers, and it is advisable for those following such pursuits to seek the advice of the Department as to their prospects before leaving England. Indeed, this last method of inquiry for reliable information is already largely availed of by residents abroad who are desirous of ascertaining their chances of employment in New Zealand. A letter addressed to the Secretary of Labour, at Wellington, by any person residing abroad asking for such information is answered promptly. Whilst employers here in New Zealand are unwilling, as a rule, to engage men before leaving England, many promise that, providing the writers are as competent as their papers show, they (the employers) will probably engage on arrival.

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION.

The Immigration Restriction Act prohibits the landing of lunatics or idiots, persons suffering from a dangerous or loathsome contagious disease, certain convicted criminals, and any person other than of British birth who fails to write out and sign, in any European language, a prescribed form of application. Shipwrecked persons are excepted. The Act does not apply to officers and crews of any mercantile vessels, provided they are not discharged in New Zealand, and are on board the vessel when she clears outward. There are other exemptions under the Act, including His Majesty's land and sea forces and the officers and crew of any ship of war of any Government, and certain persons may be specially exempted by the Minister of Internal Affairs. Heavy penalties may be incurred for breaches of this law. Regulations under the Act were published in the New Zealand Gazette of 26th November, 1908.

The law of the Commonwealth of Australia, with a view to the restriction of Asiatic immigration, prohibits the landing of any person who, when asked to do so by a public officer, fails to write out from dictation and sign a passage of fifty words in any prescribed language. An Act, having a similar purpose, was passed by the Parliament of New Zealand in 1907, requiring that any Chinese proposing to land in the Dominion shall be able to read a printed passage of not less than one hundred words of the English language. This measure became law on the 23rd October, 1908, and is now incorporated in the Immigration Restriction Act, 1908.

CENSUS, 1911.

European Population.

The population of the Dominion (exclusive of Maoris and the population of the annexed Pacific islands) according to the census of 2nd April, 1911, was 1,008,468 persons, as shown by the following summaries:—

(a.) SUMMARY BY ISLANDS.
Total Population (exclusive of Maoris and that of Annexed Pacific Islands).Half-castes living as Europeans (included previously).Chinese (included previously.)
Persons.Males.Females.Males.Females.Males.Females.

* Including persons on shipboard, but excluding 133 persons, officers and crew of British man-of-war, in Auckland Harbour on 2nd April, 1911,

North Island*563,729300,199263,5301,2541,1941,32268
South Island*444,120231,323212,7972172071,12020
Stewart Island35722013741....
Chatham Islands*25816692..2....
Kermadec Islands422........
      Totals for Dominion1,008,468531,910476,5581,4751,4042,54288
(b.) SUMMARY BY COUNTIES AND BOROUGHS.
Total Population (exclusive of Maoris and that of Annexed Pacific Islands).Half-castes living as Europeans (included previously).Chinese (included previously).
Persons.Males.Females.Males.Females.MalesFemales.

* Including persons on shipboard, but excluding 133 persons, officers and crew of British man-of-war, in Auckland Harbour on 2nd April, 1911,

† Including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands.

‡ These islands are not within the boundaries of the neighbouring counties, but their inhabitants are included in the population of the North and South Islands given in previous table.

Counties496,779276,495220,2841,1521,1201,09619
Boroughs505,598250,196255,4023132821,38269
Islands adjacent to New Zealand1,07965242772....
Kermadec Islands422........
On shipboard4,8654,4564093..64..
Main Trunk Railway14310934........
      Totals1,008,468531,910476,5581,4751,4042,54288

PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES AND DENSITY OF POPULATION.

The gradual equalization of the numbers of the sexes, the density of population, and the average number of persons to an inhabited dwelling are illustrated in the following table:—

Date of Enumeration.Number of Females to 100 Males.Number of Persons to a Square Mile.Number of Persons to an Inhabited Dwelling.Number of Inhabited Dwellings to a Square Mile.
Dec., 186162.160.9444.420.214
Feb., 187170.522.4564.480.548
April, 188181.724.6935.120.917
April, 189188.266.0245.061.191
Mar., 190190.337.4274.861.527
April, 190688.658.5414.821.773
April, 191189.599.6904.682.070

INCREASE OF POPULATION AT SUCCESSIVE CENSUSES.

The increase of population of European descent at successive census periods has been,—

Date of Enumeration.Population. Persons.Numerical Increase. Persons.Centesimal Increase.
December, 185859,41339,60866.67
December, 186199,02173,13773.86
December, 1864172,15846,51027.01
December, 1867218,66837,72517.25
February, 1871256,39343,12116.82
March, 1874299,514114,89838.36
March, 1878414,41275,52118.22
April, 1881489,93388,54918.07
March, 1886578,48248,1768.33
April, 1891626,65876,70212.24
April, 1896703,36069,3599.86
March, 1901772,719115,85914.99
April, 1906888,578  
April, 19111,008,468119,89013.49

POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS.

The principal natural divisions in New Zealand are the North, South, and Stewart Islands. These contain nearly the whole population of European descent, the Cook and other annexed islands being inhabited almost solely by coloured Natives. Until 1876 the Dominion was divided into provincial districts, orginally seven and

finally nine in number. On the abolition of these provinces a system of local administration was established by a subdivision of the whole area of the Dominion into counties and boroughs. Subsequently minor subdivisions, interior to counties, were legalized, these subdistricts having more limited powers for administration.

The population of the two main Islands, with that of Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands, the former being included in the South and the latter in the North Island, at each census period, is given in the next table, together with the proportion per cent. that the population of each division bears to the total population of the Dominion.

POPULATION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS, 1858-1911.
Census Year.Population (excluding Maoris).Proportions per Cent.
North Island and Chatham Islands.South and Stewart Islands.Total.North Island and Chatham Islands.South and Stewart Islands.
185834,17925,23459,41357.5342.47
186141,69157,33099,02142.1057.90
186465,349106,809172,15837.9662.04
186780,097138,571218,66836.6363.37
187197,008159,385256,39337.8462.16
1874112,063187,451299,51437.4162.59
1878158,404256,008414,41238.2261.78
1881193,289296,644489,93339.4560.55
1886250,681327,801578,48243.3356.67
1891281,745344,913626,65844.9655.04
1896340,872362,488703,36048.4651.54
1901390,786381,933772,71950.5749.43
1906476,934411,645888,57853.6746.33
1911563,991444,4771,008,46855.9344.07

It will be seen that in the earlier year the North Island had the larger population, this position being reversed at the succeeding enumerations until 1901. The Maori war which broke out in 1860 retarded settlement in the North, while the large area of land reserved for the Maoris was until quite recently a serious hindrance to the development of this portion of the Dominion. The construction of railways, roads, and bridges is now giving access to larger

areas of new lands, which are being offered for selection in blocks intended for close settlement, and quickly occupied. The South Island was practically free from the Maori trouble, and settlement was more rapid, though much of the land was disposed of in large areas. The discovery of gold in Otago in 1861 and in the West Coast in 1864 attracted to these localities considerable numbers of miners.

In 1870 a policy of vigorous construction of railways and other developmental public works and of assistance to immigrants was inaugurated, resulting in a large increase to the population, including nearly ninety thousand Government immigrants introduced between 1873 and 1879.

POPULATION IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

Although for political or administrative purposes provinces have now no signification, still the territorial subdivisions have been retained for many reasons. An estimate of the population is made each year, but it is based on the assumption that there has been no movement since the previous census and that new arrivals are distributed in proportion to the total population of each district. The population as ascertained at the census of 1911 was,—

Provincial District.Population, Census, 1911.
Males.Females.Totals.
Auckland141,700122,820264,520
Taranaki27,78523,78451,569
Hawke's Bay25,76922,77748,546
Wellington104,94594,149199,094
Marlborough8,7457,24015,985
Nelson26,95821,50548,463
Westland8,7196,99515,714
Canterbury88,39184,794173,185
Otago—
   Otago portion66,99565,407132,402
   Southland portion31,73526,99358,728
   Chatham Islands16692258
   Kermadec Islands224
      Totals for the Dominion531,910476,5581,008,468

POPULATION IN COUNTIES.

The counties contain what is understood to be the rural population, but this is not strictly correct, as some of the towns not municipalized, and forming part of counties, have considerable populations. On the other hand the population of a few of the smaller boroughs might be classed as rural, as will be noticed further on. The population of counties is ascertained only when a census is taken, no estimate being attempted. Each county, with the number of its inhabitants, is shown below.

County.Population, Census, 1911.
Mangonui3,105
Whangaroa775
Hokianga3,041
Bay of Islands3,147
Whangarei7,854
Hobson4,078
Otamatea3,548
Rodney4,249
Waitemata8,648
Eden23,258
Manukau16,180
Coromandel2,732
Thames4,388
Waikato6,610
Raglan2,907
Waipa6,971
Kawhia875
Waitomo3,595
Awakino605
Ohinemuri6,044
Piako3,200
Matamata2,946
Tauranga2,932
Rotorua3,544
East Taupo528
West Taupo974
Ohura1,436
Kaitieke1,966
Whakatane1,700
Opotiki2,419
Waiapu1,734
Cook6,420
Waikohu2,963
Clifton2,198
Taranaki9,245
Egmont3,264
Stratford5,226
Whangamomona1,615
Eltham3,339
Waimate West2,358
Hawera3,659
Patea3,565
Wairoa1,876
Hawke's Bay10,114
Waipawa3,041
Waipukurau1,581
Patangata1,936
Dannevirke4,683
Weber526
Woodville1,880
Pahiatua3,398
Akitio1,421
Eketahuna1,914
Waimarino4,151
Waitotara4,390
Wanganui3,549
Rangitikei9,042
Kiwitea2,781
Pohangina1,797
Oroua3,588
Manawatu4,461
Kairanga3,877
Horowhenua6,064
Masterton4,020
Mauriceville950
Castlepoint620
Wairarapa South2,745
Featherston3,965
Hutt5,189
Makara3,632
Sounds1,181
Marlborough8,056
Collingwood1,206
Takaka1,820
Waimea8,626
Buller6,682
Inangahua4,503
Murchison1,014
Amuri1,695
Cheviot1,383
Kaikoura1,926
Grey7,202
Westland4,274
Waipara1,966
Tawera1,241
Ashley9,417
Selwyn1,267
Waimairi13,582
Malvern3,458
Paparua4,092
Heathcote4,154
Halswell1,898
Springs1,891
Ellesmere3,773
Mount Herbert464
Akaroa2,251
Wairewa894
Ashburton12,313
Geraldine5,471
Levels5,319
Mackenzie2,341
Waimate6,730
Waitaki9,733
Waihemo1,647
Vincent3,734
Maniototo2,812
Lake1,958
Tuapeka5,732
Waikouaiti4,318
Taieri6,202
Peninsula2,937
Bruce4,835
Clutha7,266
Southland26,460
Wallace9,422
Fiord42
Stewart Island325
Chatham Islands234
   Total496,779

POPULATION IN BOROUGHS.

Prior to the year 1900 there was no statutory limitation to the number of inhabitants necessary to constitute a borough, consequently many small centres, the residents being mainly engaged in rural occupations, became municipalities. The Municipal Corporations Act now imposes a limit as to area, and provides that no new borough may be constituted unless the proposed area contains not less than 1,000 inhabitants. The total number of persons resident in boroughs at the last five census periods was as follows:—

Census Period.Population in Boroughs. Persons.
1891270,343
1896307,294
1901350,202
1906424,614
1911505,598

The increase during the twenty years was 235,255 persons, or 87.02 per cent. Boroughs which in 1911 had a population of 1,000 or over contained an aggregate of 491,836 persons in that year, as against an aggregate of 252,722 persons for boroughs of 1,000 and over for 1891, an increase of 239,114 persons, or 94.62 per cent. The name of each borough, with the number of inhabitants, is given in the next table.

POPULATION OF CITIES AND BOROUGHS ON THE 2ND APRIL, 1911.
City or Borough.Population Persons.
Whangarei2,664
Dargaville1,291
Birkenhead1,703
Northcote1,422
Devonport7,041
Auckland40,536
Grey Lynn7,454
Newmarket2,780
Mount Eden9,381
Mount Albert6,700
Parnell5,465
Onehunga4,651
Thames3,591
Te Aroha1,298
Waihi6,436
Cambridge1,463
Hamilton3,542
Te Kuiti1,266
Tauranga1,346
Taumarunui1,128
Gisborne8,196
New Plymouth5,238
Stratford2,639
Waitara1,452
Inglewood1,273
Eltham1,737
Hawera2,685
Patea919
Wairoa1,097
Napier10,537
Hastings6,286
Waipawa1,083
Dannevirke3,368
Woodville1,165
Pahiatua1,358
Eketahuna806
Wanganui10,929
Wanganui East1,737
Taihape1,577
Marton1,438
Feilding3,161
Foxton1,637
Palmerston North10,991
Levin1,608
Masterton5,182
Carterton1,546
Greytown1,042
Lower Hutt4,240
Petone6,640
Onslow1,789
Karori1,449
Wellington64,372
Miramar1,630
Eastbourne560
Picton1,361
Blenheim3,771
Nelson8,051
Richmond703
Motueka1,229
Westport4,729
Greymouth5,469
Brunner1,007
Hokitika2,291
Kumara783
Ross643
Rangiora1,834
Kaiapoi1,823
Christchurch53,116
Woolston3,412
Sumner1,751
New Brighton1,696
Lyttelton4,058
Spreydon3,286
Akaroa622
Ashburton2,571
Geraldine945
Temuka1,741
Timaru11,280
Waimate1,762
Oamaru5,152
Hampden346
Palmerston792
Waikouaiti688
Port Chalmers2,100
West Harbour1,651
Dunedin41,529
Maori Hill2,216
Roslyn5,744
Mornington4,679
St. Kilda4,137
Green Island1,872
Mosgiel1,596
Milton1,347
Kaitangata1,567
Balclutha1,261
Lawrence911
Roxburgh441
Tapanui332
Gore3,258
Mataura1,199
Winton564
Invercargill12,782
Invercargill South1,388
Campbelltown1,780
Riverton936
Naseby310
Cromwell587
Alexandra772
Queenstown696
Arrowtown406
   Total505,598

CHIEF CITIES AND SUBURBS.

The principal cities of New Zealand are Auckland and Wellington in the North Island, Christchurch and Dunedin in the South Island. The population of each of these centres and their suburbs, as taken at the census on 2nd April, 1911, is given below:—

AUCKLAND AND SUBURBS.
 Population.
Auckland City40,536
Suburban boroughs—
   Birkenhead1,703
   Devonport7,041
   Newmarket2,780
   Grey Lynn7,454
   Parnell5,465
   Mount Eden9,381
   Mount Albert6,700
   Northcote1,422
Other suburbs.20,194
Total Greater Auckland102,676
WELLINGTON AND SUBURBS.
 Population.
Wellington City64,372
Suburban boroughs—
   Onslow1,789
   Karori1,449
   Miramar1,630
   Eastbourne560
Other suburbs929
Total Greater Wellington70,729
CHRISTCHURCH AND SUBURBS.
 Population.
Christchurch City53,116
Suburban boroughs—
   Woolston3,412
   New Brighton1,696
   Sumner1,751
   Spreydon3,286
Other suburbs16,932
Total Greater Christchurch80,193
DUNEDIN AND SUBURBS.
 Population.
Dunedin City41,529
Suburban boroughs—
   Maori Hill2,216
   Mornington4,679
   Roslyn5,744
   St. Kilda4,137
   West Harbour1,651
   Green Island1,872
Other suburbs2,409
Total Greater Dunedin64,237

The towns of over 8,000 inhabitants, with their suburbs, as at 2nd April, 1911, are:—

Totals.Males.Females.
North Island.
GISBORNE8,1964,3053,891
NAPIER10,5375,1755,363
   Suburbs—
      West Shore527286241
      Napier South420194206
      Awatoto272144128
         Total, Napier and Suburbs11,7365,7995,937
WANGANUI10,9295,4535,476
   Suburbs—
      Wanganui East1,737887850
      Gonville1,557770787
      Mosstown20210696
      Putiki1729379
      Marybank1054857
         Total, Wanganui and Suburbs14,7027,3577,345
PALMERSTON NORTH10,9915,4705,521
South Island.
NELSON8,0513,7384,313
   Suburbs—
      Bishopdale391623
      Tahunanui1447074
         Total, Nelson and Suburbs8,2343,8244,410
TIMARU11,2805,5215,759
INVERCARGILL12,7826,3616,421
   Suburbs—
      Invercargill South1,388720668
      Otatara211105106
      Grassmere, Waikiwi, and Prestonville901458443
      Waverley402416
      Lindisfarne, Richmond Grove, Inglewood, Adamsons, and Hawthorne536283253
         Total, Invercargill and Suburbs15,8587,9517,907

POPULATION IN TOWN DISTRICTS.

The several stages in the growth of a New Zealand town may be marked thus: The village, taxed by the parent county, and dependent upon the latter for all public works; then the legally constituted town district, still subordinate to the county in some matters, its affairs administered by a Board presided over by a Chairman. When its population exceeds 500 the town district may become independent of the county, and control the whole of its revenues. If the population reaches 1,000, full municipal powers may be obtained, with the dignity of a Council presided over by a Mayor, and finally, if the number of inhabitants should reach 20,000 or over, the title of “city” may be assumed, although the constitution remains unaltered. The name of each town district and its population is as follows:—

Town Districts.Population Persons.
Kamo337
Hikurangi693
Warkworth689
Helensville670
New Lynn592
Hobsonville373
Ellerslie947
Papakura453
Pukekohe629
Huntly1,319
Frankton1,113
Kihikihi259
Leamington378
Morrinsville565
Ngaruawahia478
Te Awamutu645
Raglan246
Rotorua2,390
Opotiki936
Kawhia157
Fitzroy710
St. Aubyn606
Opunake488
Kaponga384
Normanby441
Manaia537
Gonville1,557
Ohakune743
Waverley626
Castlecliff620
Lethbridge263
Hunterville658
Mangaweka494
Bull's519
Halcombe260
Rongotea313
Taradale894
Ormondville360
Norsewood210
Waipukurau1,043
Otane260
Featherston743
Martinborough631
Upper Hutt1,050
Johnsonville929
Havelock301
Mackenzie191
Amberley346
Southbridge418
Hampstead1,490
Tinwald539
Pleasant Point493
Bay1,042
Outram429
Clinton451
Wyndham663
Otautau744

POPULATION ON ADJACENT ISLANDS.

Adjacent to the main Islands are many smaller islands, some of which are of considerable area, and are under cultivation; others are but islets used as sites for lighthouses, while others again are barren and unfitted for human habitation. The Chatham Islands have been constituted a county, but so far no movement has been made towards exercising the functions of a local governing body.

The name and population of each of the inhabited islands is shown in the next table:—

Islands.Total.Males.Females
Mokohinau Lighthouse752
Kawau603525
Motuketekete33..
Moturekareka734
Great Barrier416254162
Little Barrier22..
Waiheke227110117
Pahiki Lighthouse422
Ponui431924
Rakino853
Motutapu1468
Motuihi541
Brown's422
Rotoroa1101046
Pakatoa22220
Bean Rock Lighthouse11..
Tiritiri Lighthouse743
Slipper22..
Cuvier Lighthouse1495
Motiti321
Somes and Lighthouse844
Kapiti22..
The Brothers Lighthouse33..
D'Urville775324
Stephen Lighthouse734
Ripa22..
Dog Island Lighthouse1248
Centre Island Lighthouse972
      Total1,079652427

Since 1901 the boundaries of New Zealand have been extended to include the Cook and certain other Pacific islands, the population of which is shown elsewhere.

MAORI POPULATION.

A census of the Maori population is taken every five years, the information being obtained by the collectors either directly or through the chief or head of the tribe or hapu. The name, sex, and age, so far as it can be ascertained, of each Maori is entered; but, owing to the nomadic habits of the race and lack of definite

knowledge in some particulars, it has been a difficult task in the past. The results of the past five enumerations are as follows:—

Census Year.Males.Females.Total.
189122,86119,13241,993
189621,67318,18139,854
190123,11220,03143,143
190625,53822,19347,731
191126,47523,36949,844

The number of half-castes living as members of Maori tribes, and the number living as and among Europeans, is given in the next table for five census periods. Those under the first heading are already included among Maoris in the preceding table, the others being classed among the European population. It is a matter of some difficulty to ascertain the number of half-castes living as Maoris. There has been no definite rule to guide collectors in deciding when a half-caste should be classified as living as a Maori— indeed, it might be said that all the half-castes and a large proportion of the Maoris in the South Island live in European fashion. They mostly have separate holdings of land and separate homes, and have adopted the habits of the whites.

HALF-CASTES.

Census Year.Half-castes.Total.
Living as Members of Maori Tribes.Living as and among Europeans.
18912,6812,1844,865
18963,5032,2595,762
19013,1332,4065,539
19063,9382,5786,516
19114,1812,8797,060

The number of Maoris (including half-castes living as Maoris) in each county and adjacent islands, as ascertained at the census of 1911, was as follows:—

NUMBEROF MAORISINEACH COUNTY, 1911.
Counties.Persons.
Mangonui2,330
Whangaroa626
Hokianga3,228
Bay of Islands2,623
Hobson818
Otamatea454
Whangarei941
Rodney155
Great Barrier Island72
Eden (including Waiheke and Chamberlin Islands)426
Waitemata186
Manukau776
Waikato603
Raglan1,720
Kawhia588
Awakino86
East Taupo1,046
Matamata403
West Taupo1,299
Waitomo1,523
Waipa375
Piako231
Ohinemuri661
Thames770
Coromandel498
Ohura61
Tauranga1,718
Whakatane2,228
Opotiki1,427
Rotorua1,461
Waiapu2,952
Cook1,424
Waikohu549
Hawke's Bay1,262
Waipawa324
Patangata134
Woodville..
Wairoa2,660
Akitio56
Castlepoint26
Featherston348
Wairarapa South114
Pahiatua33
Masterton279
Waipukurau7
Dannevirke162
Weber3
Eketahuna9
Mauriceville15
Hutt and Makara311
Waitotara430
Manawatu248
Kairanga171
Rangitikei387
Wanganui656
Horowhenua1,295
Waimarino632
Oroua, Pohangina, Kiwitea221
Patea258
Hawera570
Eltham38
Whangamomona51
Taranaki474
Waimate West153
Clifton388
Egmont659
Sounds218
Marlborough162
Waimea133
Collingwood5
Takaka48
Buller36
Westland82
Kaikoura109
Ashley230
Malvern5
Selwyn83
Heathcote5
Akaroa25
Mount Herbert106
Wairewa107
Geraldine174
Levels41
Mackenzie4
Waimate71
Waitaki96
Waikouaiti138
Peninsula140
Waihemo7
Taieri59
Clutha39
Southland190
Wallace327
Stewart Island63
Chatham Islands219
Ruapuke Island41

POPULATION OF COOK AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDS INCLUDED WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE DOMINION.

During the year 1901, the boundaries of the Dominion were extended to include the Cook Group and certain other of the South Pacific islands. No record of the population of these islands was then obtainable, but at each subsequent census an account of the

number and birthplaces of the inhabitants was taken. The results for the census of 1911 are shown in the following table:—

 Whites and Half-castes living as Whites.Natives and Half-castes living as Natives.Total.

* Not including 513 absentees.

† Labourers temporarily employed on these islands.

(a) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 52; New Zealand, 30; Australia, 4; Tasmania, 1; Rarotonga, 22; Mangaia, 2; Atiu, 1; Aitutaki, 1; France, 6; Germany, 3; Sweden, 1; United States America, 9; Holland, 1; Pitcairn Islands, 2; Tahiti, 2; not stated, 2.

(b) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 3; New Zealand, 1; Australia, 1.

(c) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 5; New Zealand, 1; Rarotonga, 1; Aitutaki, 4; France, 2; Germany, 1; Norway, 2.

(d) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 1; Society Islands, 1.

(e) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 2; Mauke, 6; Germany, 2.

(f) Birthplaces.—Denmark, 1.

(g) Birthplaces not stated.

(h) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 2; New Zealand, 1.

(i) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 1; New Zealand, 1; France, 2.

SUMMARY OF BIRTHPLACES.—United Kingdom, 66; New Zealand. 34; Australia, 5; Tasmania, 1; Rarotonga, 23; Mangaia, 2; Atiu, 1; Mauke, 6; Aitutaki, 5; France, 10; Germany, 6; Sweden, 1; United States America, 9; Holland, 1; Pitcairn Islands, 2; Norway, 2; Tahiti, 2; Society Islands, 1; Denmark, 1; not stated, 2.

Rarotonga139(a)2,6202,759
Mangaia5(b)1,4661,471
Aitutaki16(c)810826
Atiu2(d)1,2211,223
Mauke10(e)447457
Mitiaro1(f)198199
      Total Cook Group1736,7626,935
Niue (or Savage Island)52(k)3,8913,943*
Palmerston 107107
Penrhyn3(h)332335
Manihiki4(i)440444
Rakaanga 315315
Danger (or Pukapuka) 490490
Hervey Islands 2929
      Total other islands595,6045,663
Total population of Pacific islands23212,36612,598

THE CHINESE.

At the census of 1881, the year in which taxation was first imposed on Chinese landing in New Zealand, the Chinese population numbered 5,004 persons, which fell to 4,542 in 1884, and further to 3,711 in 1896. During the period 1881-96 the poll-tax was £10 per head, and this seemed sufficient for the purpose of preventing a large influx of the Chinese. During the years 1894 and 1895, however, the arrivals shown by the Customs returns were found to be somewhat greater than the departures, and in 1896 an Act was passed, raising the poll-tax on Chinese immigrants to £100 per head and limiting the number of Chinese passengers that may be carried by vessels to New Zealand to one for every 200 tons burthen. According to the census of 1901 the Chinese population was 2,857, and in 1906 it was 2,570, while the census of 1911 make the total 2,630, of whom 88 were females. The arrivals during

1911 numbered 546, all of whom had previously resided in New Zealand. The census taken for 2nd April, shows that the number of Chinese in New Zealand was 2,630, the arrivals for the balance of the year numbered 492. Births added seven, while thirty died, and 496 took their departure, leaving 2,603, of whom 95 were females resident in the Dominion on 31st December, 1911, a decrease of 27 in the nine months.

AGES OF THE PEOPLE.

The number of persons at each year of age is ascertained from the census household schedule. In the following tables these numbers have been condensed in customary groups, and the information disclosed at the census of 1911 is compared with that for two previous censuses. Chinese are included, but not Maoris.

Age-groups.Number.
1896.1906.1911.
Males.Females.Males.Females.Males.Females
Under 5 years42,44841,21152,49950,24659,97557,934
5 years and under 10 years43,56142,46445,82644,46253,84452,163
10 years and under 15 years43,04442,42343,83442,92446,42144,992
15 years and under 20 years40,36440,37044,24242,87544,79843,660
20 years and under 25 years34,26434,45249,37045,23849,69246,124
25 years and under 30 years30,60528,99049,30843,14054,69447,520
30 years and under 35 years23,74721,46637,79832,62149,41042,714
35 years and under 40 years22,50618,08132,32927,79439,45833,437
40 years and under 45 years19,99914,85524,45120,93031,19827,259
45 years and under 50 years16,83012,72521,42417,00324,21420,696
50 years and under 55 years16,20311,52318,33613,56320,29016,573
55 years and under 60 years14,2528,59713,98410,95816,68612,609
60 years and under 65 years10,5046,27812,4529,44212,81610,225
65 years and under 70 years6,4593,78111,5247,59910,9358,707
70 years and under 75 years3,2192,2057,5674,6168,6916,030
75 years and under 80 years1,8431,3883,6982,3735,2123,260
80 and over9828791,8651,5462,7352,130
Unspecified children261835285942
Unspecified adults559239466212782483
      All ages371,415331,945471,008417,570531,910476,558

A calculation of the proportion per cent, at each age-group to the total of males and females shows the effect of a declining birthrate on the ages under 15, the proportion of males at these ages having been 38.08 per cent. in 1891 against 30.19 per cent. in 1911, and 42.20 per cent. against 32.58 per cent. respectively of females.

Of the males, those 15-24 years formed 18.35 per cent. of the total in 1891, against 17.79 per cent. in the later year. At the ages 15-64 the proportions were 59.42 per cent. and 64.62 per cent. in 1891 and 1911 respectively. From 65 years upwards the proportions increased from 2.50 per cent. to 5.19 per cent. during the period under review.

Females at ages 15-44 increased in proportion to the total from 44.73 per cent. in 1891 to 50.56 per cent. in 1911. At 45 years and over there was 13.07 per cent. in 1891 and 16.86 per cent. in 1911 of the number of this sex.

Age-groups.Proportion per Cent. of Males.Proportion per Cent. of Females.
1891.1901.19111891.1901.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
Under 5 years12.7210.9311.2913.9511.5912.16
5 years and under 10 years13.0910.6810.1514.5111.5710.96
10 years and under 15 years12.2710.628.7513.7411.499.46
15 years and under 20 years9.8210.478.4311.1211.569.18
20 years and under 25 years8.5310.169.3610.1611.459.68
25 years and under 30 years7.148.7110.307.629.079.98
30 years and under 35 years6.637.329.306.107.448.97
35 years and under 40 years6.185.997.435.155.797.02
40 years and under 45 years5.345.325.874.584.735.73
45 years and under 50 years5.134.724.564.033.824.35
50 years and under 55 years5.053.803.823.383.273.48
55 years and under 60 years3.293.383.142.102.722.65
60 years and under 65 years2.313.162.411.522.192.15
65 years and under 70 years1.182.512.060.871.651.83
70 years and under 75 years0.751.321.640.640.881.27
75 years and under 80 years0.360.560.980.320.460.69
80 and over0.210.350.510.210.320.44
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

The declining proportions at the earlier ages 0-19 years may be ascribed to a falling birth-rate, while the increase at the higher ages is due to the advanced age of the then mostly adult immigrants introduced during the early stages of settlement. These form the greater portion of the groups 60 years and over, numbering 70,741 persons in 1911, of whom only 3,862 were New-Zealand-born. The latter element in the population is assuming larger proportions each year, while the influence of the numbers recruited from abroad on the age-constitution is gradually waning.

The distribution of population (exclusive of Maoris) according to age-groups between the North and South Islands, is shown in the following table:—

Island.Under 55 and under 2020 and under 3535 and under 5050 and under 6565 and over.Unspecified.Totals.
North66,888160,015165,117100,19048,18322,457879563,729
South50,997125,793124,95176,03040,98525,235486444,477
   Totals117,885285,808290,068176,22089,16847,6921,3651,008,206

BIRTHPLACES OF THE PEOPLE.

The table following shows the birthplaces of the population, exclusive of Maoris, for five census years. The total number of British-born has increased during the period by 63 per cent., while the number of foreign-born has remained stationary. Persons born in New Zealand have increased 92 per cent. The Commonwealth of Australia is represented by 50,029 persons, a large increase since 1891. Against this there were 31,868 persons, natives of New Zealand, residing in the Commonwealth in 1911 as compared with 25,788 in 1901. Persons born in the United Kingdom numbered 218,834 in 1891, against 228,684 in 1911.

Birthplace.Number in each Census Year.
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
 Persons.Persons.Persons.Persons.Persons.
New Zealand366,716441,661516,106606,247702,779
Commonwealth of Australia15,94321,63126,99147,25650,029
England117,070116,541111,964116,560133,811
Wales2,2142,1481,7652,1442,206
Scotland51,91650,43547,85847,76751,709
Ireland47,63446,03743,52442,46040,958
Other British possessions3,7033,9014,2734,5605,234
      Total British605,196682,354752,481866,994986,726
Austria-Hungary5648811,8742,2122,131
German Empire4,6634,5954,2174,1744,015
Denmark2,0532,1252,1202,2772,262
Chinese Empire4,4703,7192,9022,6022,611
Other foreign countries7,4007,7607,4808,6028,552
      Total foreign countries19,15019,08018,59319,86719,571
At sea1,2951,3221,2031,2451,392
Not stated1,017604442472779
      Totals626,658703,360772,719888,5781,008,468

The population of foreign origin shows a small increase since 1891, while the native-born portion becomes rapidly greater. The

table given below shows the proportionate strength of the different nationalities represented in the Dominion.

Birthplace.Proportion of each Nationality in—
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
New Zealand58.6162.8566.8368.2669.74
Commonwealth of Australia2.553.083.495.324.97
England18.7116.5814.5013.3013.28
Wales0.350.310.220.240.22
Scotland8.307.186.205.385.13
Ireland7.616.555.644.784.06
Other British possessions0.590.550.550.510.52
      Total British96.7297.1097.4397.6297.92
Austria-Hungary0.090.130.240.250.21
German Empire0.750.650.550.470.40
Denmark0.330.300.270.260.22
Chinese Empire0.710.530.380.290.26
Other foreign countries1.191.100.970.970.85
      Total foreign countries3.072.712.412.241.94
At sea0.210.190.160.140.14
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

NATURALIZATION

When any alien residing in New Zealand desires to be naturalized, he may present to the Governor a memorial signed and verified by a statutory declaration setting forth—

His name, age, birthplace, residence, and occupation;

The length of his residence in New Zealand, and his desire to settle therein;

A request that letters of naturalizátion may be granted to him.

Every memorial must have written upon it or attached a certificate signed by some Magistrate or Justice to the effect that the applicant is known to the person certifying and is of good repute. On taking the oath of allegiance he shall enjoy within New Zealand all the rights and capacities that a natural-born subject of the United Kingdom can enjoy or transmit, excepting such rights (if any) as are specially excepted in the letters of naturalization granted to him.

Any person who has been previously naturalized in the United Kingdom, or any British possession, may obtain letters of naturalization in New Zealand upon presentation of his certificate or letters to the Governor, with satisfactory evidence of his bona fides.

An alien woman married to a natural-born or naturalized British subject shall be deemed to be herself naturalized. Where

the father, or the mother, being a widow, has become naturalized in New Zealand, every child of such father or mother who during minority resides with such parent shall also be deemed to be naturalized.

Every alien resident in New Zealand may inherit or otherwise acquire, hold, and dispose of every description of property in the same manner as if he were a natural-born British subject, but may not become the owner of any ships, or of a share in any ship, registered in New Zealand. Any person born in foreign territory whose mother is a natural-born British subject shall be capable of acquiring property in New Zealand by purchase, or under a will or intestacy.

No fee is payable for naturalization except in the case of Chinese, who are charged £1.

During 1911 letters were granted to 509 males and 17 females belonging to the following nationalities:—

Natives of—M.F.
   Austria-Hungary125 
   Germany895
   Denmark454
   Sweden63 
   Norway532
   Russian Empire41 
   Syria131
   Switzerland251
   Greece3 
   Belgium2 
   France72
   Italy211
   United States of America131
   Other countries9 
      Total50917

The number of natives of each country naturalized during the last twenty-eight years is next shown.

Natives of—Persons.
   Germany1,977
   Norway and Sweden1,679
   Denmark1,097
   Russia in Europe408
   France190
   Belgium49
   Netherlands81
   Switzerland261
   Italy and Sicily314
   Portugal74
   Austria-Hungary1,166
   Greece80
   China418
   United States of America140
   Other countries255
      Total8,189

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

Both in 1906 and 1911 the number of females returned as married was less than that of males. In many instances married men coming to New Zealand from abroad leave their families behind until steady work has been obtained and a home prepared. This is the usual practice among aliens, the expense of transport in some cases preventing the union of families for a considerable length of time.

The number of married persons in 1911 was slightly more than one-third of the total population, exclusive of Maoris. Widowed and divorced are included among the unmarried over 20 and 15 years of age for males and females respectively, the number of the widowed being 14,222, males and 25,725 females. Those returned as divorced

at the last census—575 males and 411 females—are probably less than the actual fact, owing to the reluctance of some persons to state this condition. The following table shows the number of unmarried and married males and females for five successive census years:—

Census.Number of UnmarriedNumber of Married
Males.Females.Males.Females.
Under 20 Years of Age.Over 20 Years of Age.Under 15 Years of Age.Over 15 Years of Age.
1891159,00077,955123,85278,77690,37190,765
1896169,32594,946126,087102,422102,621103,062
1901173,096110,485127,017121,297118,401117,746
1906186,270137,191137,621136,584143,838142,736
1911204,883150,484155,047149,274171,936170,989

The proportions per cent. exhibit a steady increase both for married males and females since 1891. Widowed males increased relatively to the total population, but not to the same extent as widowed females, as the latter do not remarry so often as the former, and the liability to fatal accident among males is far greater than among the opposite sex.

Census.Proportion of MalesProportion of Females
Unmarried.Married.Widowed.Unmarried.Married.Widowed.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
189170.0227.612.3764.9530.944.11
189609.4827.972.5564.3731.104.53
190167.9029.452.6562.9432.174.89
190666.5230.782.7060.5734.245.19
191164.6932.612.7058.5935.995.42

The proportion of married women under 20 years of age is steadily diminishing, while between 35 and 45 years there is an increasing tendency. Women in New Zealand are not now marrying at such early ages as they did formerly, as will be seen from the figures given below.

Age-groups.Proportion of Married Women.
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
Under 20 years1.191.120.980.940.81
20 and under 35 years60.1259.5759.9460.2959.98
35 and under 45 years38.6939.3139.0838.7739.21
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

Excluding the widowed, the number of unmarried males over 20 years of age was found at the census of 1911 to be 136,262, and the number of unmarried females was 123,549-110 bachelors to every 100 spinsters. The relative numbers at the last five census periods were,—

Census.Number of Bachelors to every 100 Spinsters.
1891105
189698
190197
1906108
1911110

RELIGION.

There is no State Church in New Zealand, nor is financial assistance given by the State to any religious denomination. Among the first colonists settlements were formed composed entirely of the adherents of certain religious bodies, but, as facilities for communication increased, this exclusiveness rapidly gave place to a spirit of tolerance, and no serious attempt was made to preserve the distinctive religious character of these communities. In Otago, where the Free Church of Scotland founded a settlement, adherents to the Presbyterian Church, mostly descendants of the original stock, form 45 per cent. of the population of that portion of the Dominion; while in Canterbury, which was originally settled by the United Church of England and Ireland, adherents to the Church of England constituted a similar proportion of the population of the Canterbury Provincial District at the census of 1911.

The Church of England has the largest number of adherents, and, according to returns collected in 1911, had 554 churches, besides using 242 other buildings for Divine worship. The Presbyterian Church, the next in strength, had 426 churches, with the use of 283 buildings as temporary places of worship. Roman Catholics occupy third place in point of numbers, and possessed 296 churches and used 62 other buildings. Methodists had 405 churches, and used 178 other buildings wherein to hold service.

The total number of churches and chapels belonging to all denominations and sects was 1,976, besides which 491 schoolhouses and 392 dwellings or public buildings were made use of as places of worship or for meetings. These churches and buildings were sufficient for the accommodation of 429,059 persons, or 42 per cent. of the total number of adherents and members.

The number belonging to each of the principal denominations is shown, for five census periods, in the next table.

Denomination.Number of Adherents.
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
Church of England253,331282,809315,263368,065413,842
Presbyterian141,477159,952176,503203,597234,662
Methodist63,41573,36783,80289,03894,827
Roman Catholic87,27298,804109,822126,995140,523
Other Christian denominations48,63355,13753,73958,61965,735
Non-Christian14,34214,32713,30414,34615,029
No religion1,5581,8751,1091,7095,529
Object to state15,34215,96718,29524,32535,905
Unspecified1,2881,1228821,8842,416
   Totals626,658703,360772,719888,5781,008,468

Members of Christian denominations formed 94.39 per cent. of those who made answer to the inquiry at the last census, non-Christian sects were 1.49 per cent., and those who described themselves as of no religion 0.55 per cent. The Census Act provides that those persons who are unwilling to state what denomination, if any, they belong to, may enter the word “Object” in the census schedule. In 1911 there were 35,905 persons, or 3.57 per cent. of the total, who took advantage of this permission.

Denomination.Proportion of Adherents.
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
Church of England40.5140.2740.8541.5141.14
Presbyterian22.6222.7822.8722.9623.32
Methodist10.1410.4410.8610.069.43
Roman Catholic13.9614.0714.2314.3213.97
Other Christian denominations7.797.866.966.606.53
Non-Christian2.282.041.721.611.49
No religion0.250.270.140.190.55
Object to state2.452.272.372.753.57
   Totals100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

INFIRMITIES OF THE PEOPLE.

The tables following show the numbers and the proportion per 10,000 living at quinquennial age-periods of persons, males and females, stated to be deaf and dumb, lunatics, and feeble-minded at the census taken for the 2nd April, 1911. The total infirmities of the people at specified ages number 5,231 or 51.94 per cent. in every 10,000 persons living. This total is made up by the deaf and dumb, who number 301 or 2.99 per cent.; the blind contribute 480 or 4.77 per cent.; the lunatics number 3,682 or 36.56 per cent.; and the feebleminded 768 or 7.62 per cent.

DEAF AND DUMB AND BLIND.
Ages.Total Population.Male Population.Males.Female Population.Females
Deaf and Dumb.Blind.Deaf and Dumb.Blind.
All ages1,008,468531,910154279476,558147203
Specified ages1,007,102531,069154278476,033147202
Under 5 years117,90959,9752257,93443
5 years to 10 years106,00753,84429352,163238
10 years to 15 years91,41346,42132544,992314
15 years to 20 years88,45844,798171543,660238
20 years to 25 years95,81649,69215946,124146
25 years to 30 years102,21454,4131447,520125
30 years to 35 years92,12449,4107942,714610
35 years to 40 years72,89539,45810833,43748
40 years to 45 years58,45731,19861227,25987
45 years to 50 years44,91024,21481320,69676
50 years to 55 years36,86320,29052216,573510
55 years to 60 years29,29516,68641612,609411
60 years to 65 years23,04112,81611110,225211
65 years to 70 years19,64210,9353358,707215
70 years to 75 years14,7218,691 326,030238
75 years to 80 years8,4725,2121423,260 22
80 and upwards4,8652,7351302,130 30
Unspecified1,366841 1525 1
LUNATICS AND FEEBLE-MINDED.
Ages.Total Population.Male Population.Males.Female Population.Females.
Lunatics.Feeble-mind'dLunatics.Feeble- mind'd
All ages1,008,468531,9102,195423476,5581,546354
Specified ages1,007,102531,0692,148416476,0331,534352
Under 5 years117,90959,9753157,934 1
5 years to 10 years106,00753,844172152,1631511
10 years to 15 years91,41346,421184644,9921442
15 years to 20 years88,45844,798436143,6602230
20 years to 25 years95,81649,692775546,1247334
25 years to 30 years102,21454,6941493747,52010635
30 years to 35 years92,12449,4102172842,71414229
35 years to 40 years72,89539,4582262033,43715619
40 years to 45 years58,45731,198269927,25916626
45 years to 50 years44,91024,2142111320,69617815
50 years to 55 years36,86320,290209716,57316821
55 years to 60 years29,29516,686174812,6091437
60 years to 65 years23,04112,8161802010,22511014
65 years to 70 years19,64210,935117178,7079215
70 years to 75 years17,7218,691126206,0308115
75 years to 80 years8,4725,21268233,2604216
80 and upwards4,8652,7354430,1302622
Unspecified1,366841477525122
INFIRMITY: PROPORTION PER 10,000 AT QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIODS.
Ages.Total.Total Males.Total Females.Deaf and Dumb.Blind.Lanatics.Feeble-minded.
Specified ages, persons51.94....2.994.7735.567.62
Specified ages, males56.41....2.905.2340.457.83
Specified ages, females46.95....3.094.2432.237.39
    P'sonsMales.Fem'sPersons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females
Under 5 years1.361.331.380.510.330.690.420.330.520.250.50..0.170.170.17
5 years to 10 years11.9813.0010.924.905.384.411.040.561.533.023.162.873.023.902.11
10 years to 15 years21.0021.7520.236.896.896.890.981.070.893.503.883.119.639.919.34
15 years to 20 years24.7630.3619.014.523.805.272.603.351.837.359.605.0410.2913.616.87
20 years to 25 years29.5431.3927.533.033.023.031.571.811.3015.6515.4915.839.2911.077.37
25 years to 30 years36.3038.9433.252.452.382.521.862.561.0524.9527.2422.317.046.767.37
30 years to 35 years48.6352.8243.781.411.421.412.061.822.3438.9743.9233.246.195.666.79
35 years to 40 years61.8766.9155.931.922.531.202.192.032.3952.4157.2846.665.355.075.68
40 years to 45 years86.0494.8875.942.391.922.933.253.852.5774.4186.2260.905.992.899.54
45 years to 50 years100.42101.1899.543.343.303.384.235.372.9086.6287.1486.016.235.377.25
50 years to 55 years121.26119.76123.092.712.463.028.6810.846.03102.27103.01101.377.603.4512.67
55 years to 60 years125.27121.06130.862.732.403.179.219.598.73108.21104.28113.415.124.795.55
60 years to 65 years151.47165.42133.981.300.781.959.558.5810.76125.86140.45107.5814.7615.6113.69
65 years to 70 years150.70157.29142.422.552.742.2925.4632.0117.23106.40106.99105.6616.2915.5517.23
70 years to 75 years213.30204.81225.541.36..3.3247.5536.8263.02140.61144.98134.3323.7823.0124.87
75 years to 80 years252.59257.09245.391.181.91..75.5480.5867.48129.84130.47128.8346.0344.1349.08
80 and upwards376.16383.91366.202.063.65..123.33109.69140.84143.88160.88122.07106.89109.69103.29

Chapter 6. SECTION II.—VITAL STATISTICS.

INTRODUCTORY.

NEW Zealand is (1st July, 1912) divided into 223 marriage districts, with a Registrar for each district. These Registrars of Marriages are also Registrars of Births and Deaths for the registration districts. There are, in addition, eight districts constituted under the Births and Deaths Registration Act only, each having a Registrar with power to register births and deaths, but not to solemnize marriage.

The birth of every child born alive in New Zealand must be notified to the Registrar of the district wherein it occurred within seventy-two hours if in a city or borough, or within twenty-one days in any other case. Such notice must be given by the occupier of the house in which the birth took place, and must set forth the date of birth and the name and address of the father or mother. There is a penalty up to £5 for non-compliance.

In addition to the liability above stated, the occupier is responsible jointly with the mother, father, and each person present at birth, for the registration of the birth.

The provisions generally as to registration are that a birth may be registered within sixty-two days (inclusive of the day of birth) without fee. After sixty-two days and within six months a birth is registrable only after solemn declaration made before the Registrar by the parent or some person present at birth, and on payment of a late fee of 5s. When six months have elapsed a birth cannot be registered except within a month after conviction of one of the responsible parties for neglect. But an information for such neglect must be laid within two years of date of birth. The foregoing provisions do not apply to still births.

Every death occurring in New Zealand should be registered before burial, but must be registered within thirty-one days. There is a penalty up to £10 for neglect, the undertaker in charge of the funeral being primarily looked to for registration. The other parties responsible are the occupier of the house in which the death took place, and every person present at the death. The law does not impose any limit of time after which a death may not be registered as it does in the case of a birth.

Births and deaths may be registered by agents specially authorized in writing on forms supplied by all Postmasters and Registrars for the purpose, so that personal attendance of the responsible parties at the Registrar's office is not necessary, except when a declaration has to be made before the Registrar.

Although births and deaths should be registered with the Registrar of the district in which they occur, nevertheless registration is permitted at the office of the Registrar most convenient to the party registering.

Marriage may be solemnized in New Zealand only on the authority of a Registrar's certificate, either by a person whose name is

EXPLANATION OF THE GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents a year's interval, and the vertical height one per thousand of the population.

on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act, or before a Registrar or Deputy Registrar of Marriages duly appointed.

Notice of intended marriage must be given to the Registrar of the district within which the marriage is to be solemnized, and the party giving notice must have resided for three clear days in the district. If the parties dwell in different districts, notice must be given to and a certificate obtained from the Registrar of each district. In the case of a person under twenty-one not being a widow or widower, the consent of parent or guardian is necessary before the Registrar's certificate can be issued.

The fees payable are—Notice, 2s. 6d.; certificate authorizing marriage, £1; marriage before a Registrar, £1.

BIRTHS.

The number of births registered during 1911 was 26,354, or 25.97 in every 1,000 persons living. The number is 370 above that for the year 1910, an increase of 1.42 per cent., the rate, however, being lower by 0.20 per thousand. From 1882 until the year 1899 there was a regular fall in the rate. The births registered in a year numbered 19,846 in 1884, and, after falling to 17,876 in 1892, have risen to the number first stated above.

The number of male children born during 1911 was 13,532, and of female children 12,822.

The following table shows the number registered, the birth-rate calculated on the total population, and comparison with the average rate for 1882-86 taken as 100. It will be noticed that there was a steady decrease from 1886 until 1899 (in which year the lowest rate was recorded), and that since then there has been a slight improvement, the increase in 1911 over 1899 being 3.38 per cent. on the rate per 1,000 in that year, although the rate for 1910 and 1911 are lower then those of the few previous years.

BIRTHS, NUMBER AND RATE.
Year.Total Number of Births registered.Birth-rate.
Per 1,000 of Population.Compared with Rate in 1882-86 taken as 100.

* Average of 5 years.

1882-8619,410*35.40100
188719,13532.0991
188818,90231.2288
188918,45730.0785
189018,27829.4483
189118,27329.0182
189217,87627.8379
189318,18727.5078
189418,52827.2877
189518,54626.7876
189618,61226.3374
189718,73725.9673
189818,95525.7473
189918,83525.1271
190019,54625.6072
190120,49126.3474
190220,65525.8973
190321,82926.6175
190422,76626.9476
190523,68227.2277
190624,25227.0876
190725,09427.3077
190825,94027.4577
190926,52427.2977
191025,98426.1774
191126,35425.9773

A declining birth-rate is noticeable in many civilized countries, and attention has been drawn by statisticians and political economists to the serious consequences that may result. That fertility among women in New Zealand has decreased, from whatever causes, further facts will tend to show.

Taking the number of married women in New Zealand at what may be considered the child-bearing ages (i.e., from 15 to 45 years, inclusive) as shown by each census since 1878, and for the same years the number of legitimate births (excluding plural) registered, the birth-rate per 1,000 married women of the above-stated ages is easily found, and is shown to be steadily declining. In 1878 the rate was 337 per 1,000, in 1896 it had fallen to 252, in 1901 to 244, in 1906 to 228, and in 1911 to 209.2; or, in other words, in 1878 one in every three of the married women between the ages specified gave birth to a child, while in 1911 the rate was only one in nearly five. The figures for each census year are given below.

BIRTH-RATES (LEGITIMATE) PER 1,000 MARRIED WOMEN AT CHILD-BEARING AGES FOR EACH CENSUS YEAR, 1878 TO 1911.
Year (Census).Number of Married Women between 15 and 45 Years of Age.Proportion per Cent. of Married Women in the Female Population aged 15 to 45 Years.Number of Legitimate Births (Confinements).Birth-rate per 1,000 Married Women of from 15 to 45 Years of Age.
187850,99563.5017,196337.2
188157,45859.7618,003313.3
188662,70453.1918,532295.5
189163,16548.1217,455276.3
189669,80744.1217,596252.1
190179,40643.3019,355243.8
190698,21146.1522,352227.6
1911119,35549.5924,972209.2

Another table is given, showing for a period of twenty-five years the numbers of married women at quinquennial groups of age belonging to the full term 15 to 45 years, with the proportions that those numbers bear to every 100 married women living at 15-45. These proportions are found to have diminished appreciably at the earlier ages, 15-20 and 20-25; but the effect of this lesser number of wives at the earlier ages in reducing the birth-rate would not be serious. It is, however, undoubtedly a fact that to have a growing proportion of wives at the earlier productive ages is the best position, but it is not the one which obtains at present in New Zealand.

MARRIED WOMEN UNDER 45 YEARS OF AGE, GIVEN ACCORDING TO AGE-GROUPS, AS AT THE CENSUSES OF 1881, 1891, 1901, AND 1911; WITH THE PROPORTION IN EACH GROUP FOR EVERY 100 OF THE WHOLE.
Age-groups.Married Women under 45, excluding Chinese.
Numbers at Census.Proportions per Cent.
1881.1891.1901.1911.1881.1891.1901.1911.
15-201,2337507779682.141.190.980.81
20-258,9968,86210,05312,82915.6614.0312.6610.75
25-3013,13314,54017,92327,76222.8623.0222.5723.26
30-3512,65614,57619,61730,99222.0323.0824.7025.96
35-4011,81112,95916,85425,46620.5520.5121.2321.34
40-459,62911,47814,18221,33816.7618.1717.8617.88
   Totals57,45863,16579,406119,355100.00100.00100.00100.00

The average number of children to a marriage may be ascertained by comparing the number of legitimate births for a series of years with the marriages, but commencing with the marriages in the year preceding that for which the first number of births is taken. Calculating in this way the figures for the twenty-year period 1892-1911 show a decline from 4.54 to 3.07 as below:—

Year.Marriages.Legitimate Births.Proportion of Births to every Marriage solemnized in the Preceding Year.
18913,805  
18924,00217,2834.54
18934,11517,5144.37
18944,17817,8244.33
18954,11017,7114.24
18964,84317,7784.32
18974,92817,9113.70
18985,09118,1543.68
18995,46118,0663.54
19005,86018,6403.41
1901..19,5543.34
19016,095....
19026,39419,7343.23
19036,74820,8353.26
19046,98321,7373.22
19057,20022,6003.24
19067,59223,1203.21
19078,19223,9373.15
19088,33924,8353.03
19098,09425,3013.03
19108,23624,8223.07
1911..25,2763.07

If the average result be taken out for the ten years 1892-1901, t will be found to represent 3.89 births to a marriage. Dealing

similarly with the figures for 1902-11 the result is an average of 3.14, so that regarded annually or decennially there is a decided fall to be observed.

In April, 1906, New Zealand had 102,745 children living under the age of five years, an increase of 15,939, or 18.35 per cent., on the figures for 1901; and in April, 1911, the number was 117,909, an increase of 15,164, or 14.76 per cent., on 1906; although the population at all ages increased in the quinquennium by only 13.49 per cent. Between 1891 and 1896 the increase was only 455, or 0.55 per cent., while between 1886 and 1891 the children living under five years actually decreased in number by 3,624, the increase of population of all ages (8.33 per cent.) being less than between 1891 and 1896 (12.24 per cent.), 1896 and 1901 (9.86 per cent.), or 1901 and 1906 (14.99 per cent.). The number of children under one year to the total population at all ages, and the proportion per 1,000, according to the results of six censuses, was,—

 Total Population (all Ages).Children under One Year.Children under One Year per 1,000 Population.
Census 1886578,48218,35531.73
Census 1891626,65816,44326.24
Census 1896703,36017,07024.27
Census 1901772,71918,38123.79
Census 1906888,57822,28925.08
Census 19111,008,46824,34024.14

Thus, in 1886, with a population of 578,482 persons, there were 18,355 children under one year, against 24,340 children of that age in 1911, with a population of 1,008,468 persons.

The births registered in 1885 were 19,693, against 25,984 in 1910. The birth-rate fell from 34.35 per 1,000 of the population in 1885 to 26.17 in 1910.

Deducting 1,760, the number of deaths of children under one year registered in 1910, from 25,984, the number of births for that year, leaves 24,224, or within 116 of the living children under one year at the time of the last census.

BIRTHS AND BIRTH-RATES IN THE FOUR CHIEF CITIES.

The total number of births registered as occurring in the four chief centres and suburbs in 1911 was 7,473, as against 7,221 for the previous year. The birth-rates last year were,—

 Birth-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Auckland City30.03 
Auckland City and eight suburban boroughs 27.25
Wellington City26.67 
Wellington City and four suburban boroughs 26.08
Christchurch City28.45 
Christchurch City and four suburban boroughs 26.84
Dunedin City29.45 
Dunedin City and six suburban boroughs 26.52

By the inclusion of the suburbs the rate is lowered in the case of all four centres. Excluding the suburbs, it will be observed that Auckland has the highest rate, Dunedin next highest, Christchurch and Wellington following. The birth-rate for the Dominion last year was 25.97 per thousand, so that each of the four centres is above the average. This is no doubt largely due to the fact that many women living in country districts go to the cities to enter maternity homes.

The birth-rates for the four central boroughs last year are higher than those of 1910. In Auckland the rate rose from 27.75 to 30.03; in Wellington from 24.13 to 26.67; in Christchurch from 27.10 to 28.45; in Dunedin from 27.22 to 29.45. The rates for five years, 1907 to 1911, are,—

 Births per 1,009 of Population.
1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Auckland (without suburbs)29.6330.5629.7327.7530.03
Wellington27.5327.6026.6224.1326.67
Christchurch30.4728.4328.5527.1028.45
Dunedin25.6925.4828.3427.2229.45

BIRTH-RATES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

New Zealand had in 1880 the highest birth-rate in Australasia (40.78); in 1900 the case was reversed; but in 1911 the New Zealand rate was higher than that of Victoria.

The birth-rate of New Zealand in 1909 was higher than the average of the Commonwealth, 26.40 per 1,000 of population; but in 1911, while the Commonwealth rate increased to 27.21 per 1,000 of population, the rate in New Zealand decreased to 25.97.

The movement over ten years is calculated as follows:—

BIRTH-RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.
Country.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Queensland27.8924.6227.1325.9226.3126.9826.9927.5227.5827.65
New South Wales27.2025.4126.8126.7927.1227.2226.8627.2627.5628.75
Victoria25.2324.4624.6524.8325.1425.1624.7124.5524.1224.84
South Australia24.8523.4324.7023.8223.5423.8224.5924.5725.0826.89
Western Australia30.2730.2630.3330.2930.0129.4029.2528.0627.1728.21
Tasmania29.2328.6229.6029.3329.8229.5030.9029.8630.2628.57
New Zealand25.8926.6126.9427.2227.0827.3027.4527.2926.1725.97

A table is given in the Seventy-second Annual Report of the Registrar-General of England of such interest that it is reproduced here.

LEGITIMATE-BIRTH RATES.

Country.Proportion of Legitimate Births per 1,000 Wives aged 15-45 Years.Increase (+) or Decrease (-) per Cent. in Fertility during 20 Years.
Approximate Periods.
1880-2.1890-2.1900-2.
Australasia
   New Zealand322.1277.5243.2-24.5
   Queensland329.0320.6252.8-23.2
   New South Wales337.8298.5234.3-30.6
   Victoria209.2297.8226.8-24.2
   South Australia326.5307.5235.0-28.0
   Western Australia323.9338.8246.4-23.9
   Tasmania 311.0256.4 
European Countries
   England and Wales286.0263.8235.5-17.7
   Scotland311.5296.4271.8-12.7
   Ireland282.9287.6289.4+2.3
   The Netherlands347.5338.8314.6-9.5
   Norway314.5306.8302.8- 3.7
   German Empire310.2300.9284.2- 8.4
   Prussia312.6307.6290.4- 7.1
   Austria281.4292.4283.7+ 0.8
   Italy276.2 269.4- 2.5
   Sweden293.0280.0269.0- 8.2
   Switzerland284.1274.0265.9- 6.4
   Denmark287.1278.1259.1- 9.8
   Spain257.7263.9258.7+ 0.4
   Belgium312.7285.1250.7- 19.8
   France196.2173.5157.5-19.7

A further table shows the declining birth-rate and the marriage-rate in the United Kingdom.

BIRTH AND MARRIAGE RATES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1906, 1908, 1909, AND 1910.
Year.Mean Population.Births.Marriages.
Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.
188636,313,5821,145,57731.5241,1806.6
189137,802,4401,148,25930.4275,9707.3
189639,599,0721,152,14429.0296,0897.5
190141,550,7731,162,97528.0313,3517.5
190643,353,0001,170,62227.0325,8427.5
190844,113,0001,173,78426.6319,2807.2
190944,507,0001,145,81325.7313,2867.0
191044,902,0001,123,01025.0320,4027.1

The birth-rates for ten years in Great Britain and certain countries of the European Continent are also given. The decline is steady and continuous, Ireland, where the rate is very low, being the least affected:—

BIRTH-RATES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 1901 TO 1910.
Countries.Number of Births per 1,000 of Mean Population.
1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.
Hungary37.838.836.737.035.736.036.036.337.035.6
Austria36.837.235.335.733.835.034.033.6  
Spain34.935.536.334.335.234.033.634.033.533.1
Italy32.533.431.732.832.531.931.533.432.432.9
German Empire35.735.133.934.133.033.132.232.031.0 
Netherlands32.331.831.631.430.830.430.029.729.128.6
Scotland29.529.229.228.728.127.927.027.226.4 
Norway29.729.128.728.127.026.726.326.226.126.1
England and Wales28.528.528.427.927.227.126.326.525.6 
Belgium29.428.427.527.126.225.725.324.923.7 
Sweden27.026.525.725.825.725.725.525.725.6 
Switzerland29.028.527.427.427.026.926.326.425.6 
Ireland22.723.023.123.623.423.623.223.323.5 
France22.021.721.221.020.620.619.720.219.619.7

SEXES OF CHILDREN BORN.

The figures show that during each year there has been a preponderance of births of male children. It would appear, however, that this excess of male births is not sufficient to compensate for the heavier mortality which occurs among that sex. Of the total population of New Zealand in 1871 there were 70.52 females to every 100 males, but at the Census of 1911 the proportion of females to 100 males had risen to 89.59.

Year.Number of Births ofProportion of Births of Males to every 100 Females.
Males.Females.
18889,6419,261104.1
18899,5148,943106.4
18909,2938,985103.4
18919,3778,896105.4
18929,1018,775103.7
18939,3108,877104.9
18949,4729,056104.6
18959,4939,053104.9
18969,5119,101104.5
18979,6009,137105.1
18989,6159,340102.9
18999,7249,111106.7
190010,1079,439107.1
190110,47110,020104.5
190210,65310,002106.5
190311,21710,612105.7
190411,76211,004106.9
190512,10911,573104.6
190612,39711,855104.6
190712,83512,259104.7
190813,36912,571106.3
190913,50213,022103.7
191013,44212,542107.2
191113,53212,822105.5

PLURAL BIRTHS.

There were 300 cases of twin births (600 children) and 2 cases of triplets registered in 1911. The number of children born was 26,354; the number of mother was 26,050: thus, on an average, one mother in every 86 gave birth to twins, against 89 in 1910, 99 in 1909, 90 in 1908, and 102 in 1907.

The proportion of plural births per 1,000 of all births during the past five years was,—

Year.All Births.Plural Births.Plural Births per 1,000 of all Births.
190725,0942449.72
190825,94028611.03
190926,52426610.03
191025,98429011.16
191126,35430211.46

ILLEGITIMACY.

The births of 1,078 children were illegitimate: thus 41 in every 1,000 children born were born out of wedlock, against 45 in 1910.

The proportion of illegitimate births per 1,000 unmarried women —i.e., spinsters and widows—at the reproductive ages, covering a period of twenty years, is shown:—

Year.Unmarried Women aged 15-45 Years.Illegitimate Births.Illegitimate-birth Rate per 1,000 Unmarried Women.
189168,9906389.25
189689,7228349.30
1901105,4209378.89
1906116,5061,1329.72
1911116,7261,0789.24

The rates of illegitimacy in Australasia are quoted. That for 1910 in New Zealand was less than in most of the Australian States.

PROPORTION OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EVERY 100 BIRTHS.
Year.Queensland.New South Wales.Victoria.South Australia.Western Australia.Tasmania.New Zealand.
19015.937.165.583.93.885.944.57
19026.046.605.514.33.966.124.46
19036.796.715.734.14.705.614.55
19046.907.125.744.04.365.824.52
19056.977.375.614.354.195.524.57
19067.687.045.584.004.785.784.67
19077.686.925.624.093.865.784.61
19087.546.805.774.474.355.244.26
19097.056.445.944.223.955.454.61
19106.396.285.594.384.135.334.47

These figures show the proportion of illegitimate births to every 100 births for New Zealand to be fairly steady during the period 1901-10.

The figures in the next table give, for a number of countries, the proportion of illegitimate births per 1,000 unmarried and widowed women aged 15-45 years.

Countries.Approximate Periods.Increase(+) or Decrease (-) per Cent. in Illegitimacy during 20 Years.
1880-82.1890-92.1900-2.
New Zealand13.49.08.9-33.6
Australian Commonwealth14.515.913.3- 9.0
England and Wales14.110.58.5-39.7
Scotland21.417.113.4-37.4
Ireland4.43.93.8-13.6
The Netherlands9.79.06.8-29.9
Norway19.716.917.2-12.7
German Empire29.628.727.4- 7.4
Prussia25.825.123.7- 8.1
Austria43.442.740.1- 7.6
Italy25.4 19.4-23.6
Sweden22.622.924.3+ 7.5
Switzerland10.810.09.8- 9.3
Denmark26.924.524.2-10.0
Spain16.017.515.5- 3.1
Belgium20.020.617.8-11.0
France17.617.719.1+ 8.5

THE LEGITIMATION ACT.

An important Act was passed in 1894 and re-enacted in 1908, entitled the Legitimation Act, which makes provision for the legitimation of children born before marriage on the subsequent intermarriage of their parents. Under this Act any child born out of wedlock, whose parents afterwards intermarry, is deemed to be legitimized by such marriage on the birth being registered in the manner prescribed by the Act. For legitimation purposes Registrars must register a birth when called upon to do so by any person claiming to be the father of an illegitimate child; but such person is required to make a solemn declaration that he is the father, and that at the time of the birth there existed no legal impediment to his marriage with the mother of the child. He has also to produce the evidence of his marriage. It will thus be seen that registration becomes the test of legitimacy. The following is the number of legitimations in each year, and the total to 1911, since the Act came into force:—

Year.Number of Children legitimized.
189411
189568
189656
189748
189859
189941
190062
190147
190296
190365
190487
190584
1906125
1907114
1908119
1909129
1910121
1911122
Total1,454

The Act came into operation only during the latter end of 1894, which fact accounts for the small number of legitimations shown for that year.

VACCINATION.

The vaccinations registered for the ten years ending 1908 and for the years 1910 and 1911 are shown hereunder. No accurate record of the operations in 1909 was kept by the public health authorities.

Year.Total Vaccinations registered of Children under 14 Years of Age.Vaccinations of Children under 1 Year of Age.Number of Births registered.Proportion of Successful, Vaccinations of Children under 1 Year of Age to Total Births. Per Cent.
19111,04241526,3541.57
19102,6591,17125,9844.51
19083,3461,24925,9404.82
19075,3281,96125,0947.81
19063,6021,81024,2527.46
19053,8182,07923,6828.78
190418,3682,32322,76610.20
190311,6835,56621,82925.50
19028,7632,61120,65512.64
19013,7681,98420,4919.68
19004,5253,15119,54616.12
18995,1333,37918,83517.94

The number of successful vaccinations of children registered in 1911 was 1,042, against 2,659 in 1910. The fall prior to 1902 was consequent on the alteration of the law relating to vaccination in England, and subsequently in this Dominion, while the increase shown for the three years 1902-4 was no doubt due to a slight visitation of small-pox from abroad, which caused one death in 1903.

Not two children out of every hundred born in 1911 are shown to have been successfully vaccinated in that year. The last two years show a position even lower than that which obtained in 1901 as regards vaccination of infants. The procedure under the new law as to vaccination is similar to that previously in force. The Registrar issues a notice when a birth is registered, with forms for certificate as to the result of vaccination attached. Vaccination is still compulsory, if exemption is not secured in four months from date of birth. But everything is now subject to the provisions of the “exemption clause,” which is

the main feature, and governs the rest. Any parent or custodian who has conscientious objections—believing that vaccination would be injurious to the child's health—can apply for a certificate of exemption to a Magistrate or Registrar of Births; and, when the child's parent or guardian is resident outside of a borough, the application may be made to and certificate granted by a Justice of the Peace.

Thirty-five thousand seven hundred and forty-seven exemption certificates were issued from the 13th October, 1900, to the end of the year 1911. Of these 6,754 belong to the year 1911, when, as before stated, the successful vaccination of children under one year of age amounted to 415, or 1.57 per cent. of births.

When no exemption certificate is obtained, the law now allows to the parent twelve months instead of six from date of birth in which to vaccinate, and a similar period from date of taking charge of child in case of a custodian. There are penalties for not vaccinating, as before. One conviction for neglecting to vaccinate a child removes liability until the child is four years of age.

The figures given above do not include Maoris vaccinated, nor vaccinations of adult persons other than Natives.

MARRIAGES.

A marriage may be solemnized after the delivery to the officiating minister or Registrar of a certificate issued by a Registrar authorizing such marriage, and if any persons knowingly and wilfully intermarry without such certificate the marriage is null and void. No clergyman or minister of any denomination is empowered to solemnize marriages until his name has been placed on the Registrar-General's list of officiating ministers for the year.

Registrars of Marriages are prohibited by law from issuing certificates for the marriage of minors without the consent of the parents or lawful guardians, if there be any in New Zealand. If a declaration is made in any case that there is no such parent or lawful guardian resident in the Dominion, then a certificate may be issued after the expiration of fourteen days following the date on which the notice of intended marriage was given.

Marriage with a deceased wife's sister in New Zealand was legalized in the year 1880, and marriage with the brother of a deceased husband was made legal by an Act which came into force on 22nd May, 1901. The latter Act is retrospective, including in its provisions marriages between such parties which had previously been solemnized as well as those contracted after the statute was passed, and declaring all these to be valid, and the issue born prior or subsequent to the passing of the Act to be deemed born in lawful wedlock.

The marriages for 1911 show an increase on the number for the previous year. The number was 8,825, or 589 more than in 1910. The rate per 1,000 of the population was 8.70 as against 8.30 in 1910. It is shown by the table following that there has

been considerable increase in the marriage-rate, which has been above the standard during each of the last sixteen years:—

MARRIAGES. NUMBERAND RATE.
Year.Total Number of Marriages registered.Marriage-rate.
Per 1,000 of Population.Compared with Kate in 1882-86 taken as 100.

*Average for five years.

1882-863,663*6.68100
18873,5635.9789
18883,6175.9789
18893,6325.9389
18903,7976.1292
18913,8056.0490
18924,0026.2393
18934,1156.2293
18944,1786.1592
18954,1105.9489
18964,8436.85103
18974,9286.83102
18985,0916.91103
18995,4617.28109
19005,8607.67115
19016,0957.83117
19026,3948.01120
19036,7488.23123
19046,9838.26124
19057,2008.28124
19067,5928.48127
19078,1928.91133
19088,3398.82132
19098,0948.33125
19108,2363.30124
19118,8258.70130

The marriage-rate, measured by the total population, does not show the true position when, as in the case of New Zealand, the age constitution of the people fluctuates considerably. A more satisfactory standard is found in the number of persons of marriageable age, defined as meaning the unmarried and widowed of males aged 20 years and upwards and of females aged 15 years and upwards. The rates are given for six census years:—

Year of Census.Proportion of Unmarried per 1,000 of TotalProportion of Marriages per 1,000 of the
Males.Females.Marriageable Men.Marriageable Women.Marriageable Persons.Total Population.
1886235.0238.247.3254.5625.365.99
1891238.2268.547.7847.9723.946.04
1896258.8308.950.1447.0024.266.85
1901275.5331.854.1149.7825.937.83
1906294.3328.254.3654.9327.728.48
1911286.5314.957.6058.3828.998.70

A comparison of the marriage-rate for each State of the Australian Commonwealth with New Zealand for the last ten years is given. For the Commonwealth the rate in 1902 was 7.26, and in 1911 it was 8.79 per 1,000 of mean population.

MARRIAGESPER 1,000 OFTHE POPULATIONIN AUSTRALIAAND NEW ZEALAND.
Year.Queensland.New South Wales.Victoria.South Australia (Proper).Western Australia.Tasmania.New Zealand
19026.357.557.026.619.897.508.01
19035.706.886.316.319.407.458.23
19045.907.246.837.028.927.388.26
19056.007.467.287.148.617.408.26
19066.697.687.367.308.897.598.48
19077.567.897.818.298.277.638.91
19087.248.037.538.187.807.648.82
19097.978.157.488.387.597.858.33
19108.068.767.989.177.777.828.30
19118.419.248.349.818.447.768.70

The rate for New Zealand is higher than the rate for most of the European countries given in the table following.

MARRIAGESINEVERY 1,000 OFTHE POPULATIONOF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
Country.Year.Rate.
Roumania19099.35
Servia19099.35
Russia19038.90
Bulgaria19088.85
Hungary19098.50
German Empire19087.95
Prance19097.85
Belgium19087.80
Switzerland19087.80
Italy19097.70
Austria19087.60
England and Wales19097.30
Denmark19097.30
Netherlands19097.05
Spain19096.50
Finland19096.40
Scotland19096.15
Norway19096.00
Sweden19095.95
Ireland19095.20

CONDITION OF CONTRACTING PARTIES.

Of the marriages contracted in 1911, those between bachelors and spinsters comprised 91 per cent. The number under each heading for the ten years 1902-11 is stated below:—

Year.Marriages contracted betweenOf Divorced Persons (included previously).Of Minors (included in previous columns).
Bachelors and Spinsters.Bachelors and Widows.Widowers and Spinsters.Widowers and Widows.
19025,803199292100761,150
19036,133198305112861,189
19046,365210307101871,351
19056,582196316106871,347
19066,925265286116981,329
19077,4992313351271281,427
19087,6222543441191291,515
19097,3752303571321521,452
19107,4403063421481501,454
19118,0362583651661651,498

Divorced men and women have been classified as bachelors or spinsters: 63 divorced men and 102 divorced women were married during the last year.

Included amongst widows in 1911 are fifteen married women, and amongst the widowers three men, who elected to go through the form of marriage with other persons under the protection of the provisions of section 224, subsection (5), of the Crimes Act, which reads, “No one commits bigamy by going through a form of marriage if he or she has been continually absent from his or her wife or husband for seven years then last past, and is not proved to have known that his wife or her husband was alive at any time during those seven years.”

The total number of marriages solemnized does not include marriages where both parties are of the aboriginal Native race, such persons being exempted from the necessity of complying with the provisions of the Marriage Act, although at liberty to take advantage, thereof. Forty-five marriages in which both parties were Maoris were contracted in 1911 in terms of the Act. The greater portion (27) being solemnized before Registrars. In addition, returns were received of 228 marriages solemnized under the provisions of sections 191 (1) (b) of the Native Land Act, 1909.

BACHELORS AND SPINSTERS IN NEW ZEALAND.

The results of three censuses in respect of the number of bachelors of 20 years and upwards, and the number of spinsters of 15 years and upwards, show some interesting features. In 1896 there was an excess of spinsters over the bachelors amounting to 1,786, and the census of 1901 shows that this excess had increased to 3,572. But by 1906 not only had the preponderance of the female element been lost, but an excess of bachelors over spinsters was reported amounting to 9,633. This result, no doubt, is largely due to the arrival from abroad of numbers of young men who have settled in New Zealand. The census of 1911 again shows a further increase of the bachelors to 12,713.

It is noticeable how differently the numbers for the provincial districts have been affected by the process in operation. An excess of bachelors was preserved in Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland from 1896 to 1906. Auckland in 1906 showed an excess of bachelors of 3,383, and in 1911 this number had increased to 7,263. The number of bachelors in Wellington has decreased from 4,389 in 1906 to 2,308 in 1911. In Canterbury, an excess of spinsters in 1896 of 3,997, which increased to 4,918 in 1901, decreased to 2,117 in 1906, and again increased in 1911 to 2,299; while in Otago an excess of 2,066 spinsters in 1896 diminished in 1901 when there were 1,899 more spinsters than bachelors, and again in 1906, when the number of spinsters was 954 greater than the number of bachelors. The census of 1911 shows an excess of spinsters over bachelors of 2,765 for the Otago portion of the province, while in the Southland portion there were 1,519 more bachelors than spinsters. Both Canterbury and Otago have lost large numbers of bachelors by departures to the North Island. The following table exhibits the particulars for each provincial district:—

Provincial Districts.Census, 1896.Census, 1901.Census, 1906.Census, 1911.
Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.
Total excess..1,786..3,5729,633..12,713..
Auckland703..521..3, 383..7,263..
Taranaki524..805..754..1,370..
Hawke's Bay1,142..425..1,151..1,003..
Wellington637..32..4,389..2,308..
Marlborough183..158..532..610..
Nelson580..637..1,550..2,629..
Westland501..666..935..1,033..
Canterbury..3,997..4,918..2,117..2,299
Otago..2,066..1,899..954..2,765
Southland............1,519..
Chatham Islands7..1..10..14..
Kermadec Islands............1..

AGES OF PERSONS MARRIED.

Of the persons married in 1911, 172 bridegrooms and 1,326 brides were under 21 years of age. Of the bridegrooms, two were between 17 and 18, and sixteen between 18 and 19. Of the brides, ten were between 15 and 16, and forty-nine between 16 and 17 years of age. The proportion of men married is greatest at the ages 25 to 30, and of women at from 21 to 25 years.

The following are the proportions of men and women married at each age-period to every 100 marriages in the years 1891, 1901, and 1911:—

Age.1891.1901.1911.
M.F.M.F.M.F.
Under 21 years1.5520.791.9317.161.9515.02
21 and under 2526.9943.9924.9439.9721.6835.41
25 and under 3036.1922.9737.0826.8938.4528.94
30 and under 4025.948.7227.1212.7329.0016.14
40 and under 506.442.716.042.445.833.12
50 and under 602.260.661.770.572.000.93
60 and under 700.550.160.920.240.740.37
70 and upwards0.08 0.20 0.350.07
MEAN AGEAT MARRIAGE.
Year.Mean Age of Bridegrooms.Mean Age of Brides.
189529.9025.05
189629.7425.28
189729.6225.21
189829.9525.30
189929.8625.48
190029.9125.29
190129.7225.54
190229.8925.63
190325.8429.89
190429.6025.44
190529.6525.75
190629.7625.97
190729.8326.07
190829.8626.11
190930.1126.40
191029.9126.32
191130.1226.48

The average age of bridegrooms has remained fairly constant during the period, but there is a gradual increase in the average age of the brides. In England the mean age of those whose ages were stated was (in the year 1909) 28.88 years for men, and 26.69 years for women. Thus the average age at marriage in New Zealand would appear to be higher for men, but lower for women, than in England.

The proportion of bridegrooms under 21 is much greater in England than in New Zealand, and the proportion of brides under 21 somewhat lower.

In England, in 1909, of every 1,000 bridegrooms whose ages were stated, 40 were under 21 years of age, and of every 1,000 brides 137 were under 21 years of age. In New Zealand, in 1911, the proportions were 19 bridegrooms and 150 brides of similar ages in every 1,000 married.

Year.Bridegrooms under 21 in every 100.Brides under 21 in every 100.
18901.8922.75
18921.6220.14
18941.4419.53
18961.9619.51
18981.5718.13
19001.6717.34
19011.9317.16
19041.7317.61
19051.8016.90
19061.6515.86
19071.6015.82
19082.1216.05
19091.7616.17
19101.9515.70
19111.9515.02

The ages at which persons may contract binding marriages are the same as in England—12 years for females and 14 for males. Marriage may be contracted at earlier ages than those stated, but would be voidable at the discretion of either of the parties upon reaching the age of 12 or 14, as the case may be, and without the necessity of proceedings in Court.

Although in New Zealand the age at which girls may legally marry is as above, nevertheless, by the criminal law, to unlawfully carnally know a girl under the age of 16 years is now a punishable offence. The age of consent was raised from 15 to 16 by statute passed in 1906.

OCCUPATIONS OF BRIDEGROOMS.

The bridegrooms married during 1911 are given below according to their occupations, arranged in the classification used at the census of 1911.

OCCUPATIONSAND AGESOF BRIDEGROOMS, 1911.
Occupation.Total Bridegrooms.Age-groups.
Under 20.20-2425-4445-6465 and Upwards
Professional class543269443281
Domestic class182 50119121
Mercantile class1,006183451,082556
Engaged in transport and communication83612223572245
Engaged in manufacturing1,2598348843555
Engaged in building and construction8201217563372
Industrial workers imperfectly defined1,473143711,007729
Agricultural and pastoral class1,88023231,43410219
Working in mines and quarries223 561598..
Other primary producers75219513..
Independent means14 2318
Occupations not stated14 3812
      Totals8,825592,0266,28439858

MARRIAGE REGISTER SIGNED BY MARK.

Of the men married in 1911, 10, or 1.02 in every 1,000, and of the women 21, or 2.38 per 1,000, signed the register by mark.

The illiteracy of the people, as measured by the proportion of persons who affix marks instead of signatures to the marriage register, has greatly decreased of late, having fallen since 1881 from 32.04 per 1,000 among men to 1.02 per 1,000, and from 57.98 per 1,000 to 2.38 per 1,000 among women. This is shown by the following table:—

PERSONSINEVERY 1,000 MARRIEDWHOSIGNEDBY MARK.
1881.1891.1901.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Male32.0413.934.591.802.472.191.02
Female57.9316.826.232.253.581.822.38

The numbers upon which the above rates are worked are small, and they should not be used as a basis for any conclusion as to the education of the people as a whole.

MARRIAGES BY MINISTERS OF VARIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

The following table shows the proportions of marriages by ministers of the principal denominations in the past five years:—

Denomination.Percentage of Marriages.
1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Church of England24.3824.9624.2724.3825.60
Presbyterians26.2326.3725.7226.2026.54
Methodists14.9514.514.8414.4911.17
Roman Catholics11.2211.0210.9311.8510.86
Other denominations7.997.847.976.319.20
   Before Registrars15.2315.2316.2716.7716.63
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

The above figures must not be taken as a true indication of the religions of the parties married, as it does not necessarily follow that both parties are members of the church whose officiating minister performed the ceremony, and persons married before Registrars may belong, in greater or lesser proportion, to any of the denominations.

NUMBER OF MINISTERS.

The number of names on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act is (July, 1912) 1,432, and the denominations to which they belong are shown hereunder:—

Denomination.No.
Specified in statute—
   Church of England421
   Presbyterian Church of New Zealand333
   Roman Catholic Church221
   Methodist Church of Australasia in New Zealand217
   Congregational Independents34
   Baptists47
   Primitive Methodist Connexion49
   Lutheran Church8
   Hebrew Congregations6
Not specified in statute—
   Church of Christ29
   Free Methodist Church of New Zealand3
   Latter-day Saints2
   Salvation Army31
   Catholic Apostolic Church5
   Unitarians3
   Brethren5
   Others18
      Total1,432

DEATHS.

The deaths in 1911 numbered 9,534, a rate of 9.39 in every 1,000 persons living, as against 9.71 in 1910. This is below the average of the previous ten years, 9.83 per 1,000.

The following table shows the number of deaths, and the death-rate per 1,000 of the living population; also a comparison with the average rate for 1882-86:—

Year.Total Number of Deaths.Death-rate.
Per 1,000 of Population.Compared with Rate in 1883-86 taken as 100

* Average for five years.

1882-865,944*10.84100
18876,13710.2995
18885,7089.4387
18895,7729.4487
18905,9949.6689
18916,51810.3595
18926,45910.0693
18936,76710.2394
18946,91810.1994
18956,8639.9191
18966,4329.1084
18976,5959.1484
18987,2449.8491
18997,68010.2494
19007,2009.4387
19017,6349.8190
19028,37510.5097
19038,52810.4096
19048,0879.5788
19058,0619.2786
19068,3399.3186
190710,06610.95101
19089,0439.5788
19098,9599.2285
19109,6399.7189
19119,5349.3987

The death-rates of males and females for the last ten years are shown separately in the next table, and also the number of male deaths to every 100 female deaths:—

Year.Deaths per 1,000 of the Total Population.Male Deaths to every 100 Female Deaths.
Males.Females.Total.
190211.649.2310.50140
190311.439.2410.40138
190410.648.379.57143
190510.188.249.27139
190610.408.089.31145
190711.819.9810.95133
190810.628.389.57143
190910.188.149.22141
191010.678.639.71139
191110.468.219.39142

Males of tender years are more delicate than females, and, later in life, more liable to accident. These disadvantages are partly compensated for by the preponderance of male births, but were it not for the fact that excess of immigration over emigration gives the country many more males than females, the tendency would be for

the female population to exceed the male. During the ten years 1902-11 the net gain to the Dominion by migration was in the proportion of 179 males to every 100 females.

For the purpose of considering the mortality in New Zealand more closely than can be done by means of crude death-rates, it is desirable to ascertain the rates at different age-periods of the population.

DEATH-RATESPER 1,000 LIVINGAT VARIOUS AGE-PERIODS.
Ages.Average, 1902-6.1907.1008.1900.1010.1911.Decrease per Cent. in 1911, compared with 1902-6.
Under 5 years21.7527.1420.3818.7719.4816.6723.36
5, to 9 years2.072.151.761.961.851.898.70
10 to 14 years1.641.841.641.351.211.489.76
15 to 19 years2.642.852.032.232.062.1917.05
20 to 24 years3.693.803.423.082.822.9520.05
25 to 34 years4.554.734.374.434.544.0910.11
35 to 44 years6.306.226.246.716.065.6410.48
45 to 54 years10.3510.4110.479.739.549.825.12
55 to 64 years20.2620.1718.0617.9719.5319.543.55
65 to 74 years47.0647.9344.7542.6245.6047.76+ 1.49
75 and upwards124.65145.45132.36125.91162.03126.53+ 1.51
All ages9.8110.959.579.229.719.394.28

Besides advantages of climate New Zealand possesses a population younger in age constitution than that of most other countries, conditions favourable to a low rate of mortality. Another table is given comparing death-rates at twelve age-periods for 1909 with those of England and Wales. Here the extremely low rate of mortality among children under five years of age is remarkable, and the difference at some of the groups at the more advanced ages is considerable. The New Zealand rate for males is higher than that for females at all groups excepting 5-10, 10-15, 35-45, and 85 and upwards, while for England and Wales the female rate is greater than that for males at 5-10 and 10-15 years, and is lower in every other instance.

DEATH-RATEPER 1,000 PERSONSLIVING, ACCORDINGTO SEX, FORTHE YEAR 1909, COMPAREDWITH ENGLANDAND WALES.
Ages.Deaths per 1,000 Persons living.
New Zealand.England and Wales.
Males.Females.Males.Females.
Under 5 years20.716.740.333.2
5 years and under 10 years1.92.023.23.3
10 years and under 15 years1.81.41.92.0
15 years and under 20 years2.61.82.82.6
20 years and under 25 years3.22.93.73.1
25 years and under 35 years4.44.45.34.4
35 years and under 45 years6.66.99.17.4
45 years and under 55 years10.38.916.413.0
55 years and under 65 years19.515.932.825.7
65 years and under 75 years43.241.773.561.4
75 years and under 85 years127.292.2141.8129.9
85 and upwards236.2202.5321.4300.0
All ages10.28.115.413.7

Perfect accuracy in comparing one country with another can only be attained by the use of what is termed an “index of mortality.” The proportions of the living vary in regard to the different age-groups, and the ordinary death-rate—which is calculated on the population as a whole—does not afford a true means of judging of the relative healthiness of the places compared. But by taking a population like that of Sweden, and applying the percentage at each age-group to the death-rates, a standard of health or index of mortality can be arrived at. This has been done for New Zealand, in accordance with a resolution of the Statistical Conference held at Hobart in 1902, and the result is expressed in tabular form.

INDEXOF MORTALITYIN NEW ZEALANDFOR 1911.
Apes.Estimated Mean Population, 1911.Number of Deaths, 1911.Death-rate per 1,000, 1911.Percentage of Population of Sweden, 1890 (Standard).Index of Mortality in New Zealand per 1,000.
Under 1 year24,5601,48460.422.551.54
1 and under 20 years382,3111,0292.6939.801.07
20 and under 40 years365,9721,4654.0026.961.08
40 and under 60 years170,8071,6509.6619.231.86
60 years and upwards71,2463,90654.8211.466.28
   Totals1,014,8969,5349.39100.0011.83

A similar calculation for the States of the Australian Commonwealth has been made for 1910. The results, when compared with the actual rates, exhibit to what degree the age-constitution of the population affects the death-rate. The figures for New Zealand are also given.

 Year 1910.
Index.Actual.
New South Wales12.369.89
Victoria14.1111.49
Queensland12.449.71
South Australia12.3910.21
Western Australia13.3110.11
Tasmania13.5911.10
New Zealand12.049.71
COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATEFORTHE PERIOD 1902 TO 1911.
country.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.

*Excluding the Northern Territory.

New Zealand10.5010.409.579.279.3110.959.579.229.719.39
Queensland12.1512.3310.0610.409.5010.3110.269.709.7110.65
New South Wales11.9811.6710.6710.189.9510.6310.209.899.8910.37
Victoria13.4012.9411.9712.1712.5511.8612.7111.4511.4911.45
South Australia*11.9710.9810.4610.4510.7110.3010.269.8210.219.82
Western Australia13.7912.6912.0410.9812.1211.4711.1710.2710.1110.19
Tasmania10.9311.7310.7910.0010.9110.8111.369.6811.1010.13
England and Wales16.215.416.215.215.415.014.714.5 ..
Scotland17.216.616.915.916.016.216.115.3 ..
Ireland17.517.518.117.117.017.717.617.2 ..
Denmark14.614.714.115.013.514.214.513.312.9..
Norway13.814.814.314.813.714.214.313.413.5..
Sweden15.415.115.315.614.414.614.913.714.0..
Austria24.723.823.725.022.422.622.3  ..
Hungary27.026.124.827.824.825.224.825.123.5..
Switzerland17.217.617.817.917.016.816.216.1 ..
German Empire19.520.019.619.818.218.018.017.1 ..
Netherlands16.315.615.915.314.814.615.013.713.6..
France19.519.219.419.619.920.219.019.317.9..
Italy22.222.421.121.920.820.722.621.419.6..

Considering the range of this statement New Zealand is conspicuous as showing the lowest death-rate. The rates for the principal Australian States are a little higher, but, generally speaking, far below those for the United Kingdom or the European Continental States mentioned in the table.

AGES AT DEATH.

The deaths occurring during 1911 are tabulated below in single ages up to five years, and from thence in groups, showing males and females separately:—

Ages.Males.Females.Total.
Under 1 month447304751
1 month and under 3 months13087217
3 months and under 6 months13599234
6 months and under 12 months147135282
      Total under 1 year8596251,484
1 year90116206
2 years6656122
3 years564399
4 years393069
      Total under 5 years1,1108701,980
5 years and under 10 years11191202
10 years and under 15 years8254136
15 years and under 20 years93102195
20 years and under 25 years137148285
25 years and under 30 years181211392
30 years and under 35 years225184409
35 years and under 40 years223156379
40 years and under 45 years223145368
45 years and under 50 years216152368
50 years and under 55 years278163441
55 years and under 60 years283190473
60 years and under 65 years336222558
65 years and under 70 years504281785
70 years and under 75 years548320868
75 years and under 80 years519300819
80 years and under 85 years330198528
85 years and under 90 years13694230
90 years and under 95 years445195
95 years and under 100 years13720
100 years1 1
103 years1 1
110 years1 1
      Totals5,5953,9399,534

The average age at death of persons of either sex, in each of the ten years 1902-11, was as follows:—

 Males.Females.
19024107 years34.88 years.
190339.56 years35.43 years.
190441.47 years38.44 years.
190543.03 years39.13 years.
190644.39 years39.35 years.
190740.43 years36.66 years.
190842.50 years39.14 years.
190942.76 years38.78 years.
191044.47 years42.25 years.
191146.17 years42.37 years.

The average expectation of life at each year of age has been compiled from a table given in a paper on the rates of mortality in New Zealand which was published by Mr. George Leslie. This is the most up-to-date information procurable.

The table shows, on comparison with New South Wales figures (Coghlan's), that at birth the expectation of life to the male infant in New Zealand is considerably greater than in that State, the figures being 54.44 years (N.Z.), against 49.6 (N.S.W.), and for females 57.26 and 52.9.

At 21 years of age the expectation in New Zealand for males is 4377 years, against 41.35 (N.S.W.), and for females 45.59, against 43.62.

At age 45 the comparison is, for males, 25.23 years (N.Z.), 23.27 (N.S.W.); females, 27.46 years (N.Z.), against 25.34 (N.S.W.).

At the age of 70, the limit of a normal life, the figures for New Zealand are—males 9.48 years, females 10.23, against 8.64 for both sexes in New South Wales.

EXPECTATIONOF LIFEIN NEW ZEALAND.
Age.Average Duration of Life:Years.Age.Average Duration of Life:Years.Age.Average Duration of Life:Years.
Male.Female.Male.Female.Male.Female.
054.44457.2603532.82934.954709.48110.227
159.10261.2143632.05434.215718.9889.673
259.16961.2203731.28233.475728.5049.130
358.62060.6473830.51132.734738.0358.604
457.92459.9343929.74431.990747.5868.095
557.16759.1484028.97931.243757.1607.614
656.39658.3434128.22030.493766.7587.164
755.60657.5204227.46529.739776.3796.742
854.79156.6804326.71528.981786.0226.349
953.95655.8254425.97128.221795.6835.982
1053.09454.9534525.23127.458805.3625.636
1152.21254.0694624.49926.694815.0555.312
1251.31553.1804723.77325.927824.7655.005
1350.42552.2944823.05525.163834.4894.714
1449.53951.4154922.34424.399844.2294.439
1548.66350.5455021.63623.640853.9824.180
1647.80349.6905120.93222.885863.7473.935
1746.96048.8475220.23122.135873.5253.705
1846.13948.0165319.53021.392883.3133.487
1945.33647.1985418.83620.655893.1103.283
2044.55146.3935518.15019.920902.9143.089
2143.77545.5935617.47819.202912.7232.905
2243.00544.8035716.82218.485922.5252.731
2342.23544.0215816.18317.776932,3232.564
2441.46343.2445915.56017.077942.1012.400
2540.68442.4746014.94916.386951.8.432.238
2639.89941.7086114.34815.705961.5532.082
2739.10840.9466213.75415.037971.2471.931
2838.31940.1876313.17014.386980.9601.774
2937.52639.4316412.60013.752990.6771.600
3036.73638.6786512.04613.1351000.5001.424
3135.94937.9286611.51212.534101..1.195
3235.16337.1816710,99411.945102..0.889
3334.38436.4386810.48611.365103..0.500
3433.60535.695699.98110.792......

BIRTHPLACES.

TABLESHOWINGTHE BIRTHPLACESAND AGESOFTHE PERSONS(MALESAND FEMALES)WHODIEDDURINGTHE YEAR 1911.
Birthplace.Ages in Years.
Under1010-1920-2930-3940-4950-3960-6970 and upwards.Totals.
British.
Australasia—
   New Zealand2,153290509476335126101234,013
   Queensland..4321......10
   New South Wales1316461551262
   Victoria72102720421131.22
   South Australia1..23343218
   Western Australia............1..1
   Tasmania....27619141563
   Australia (State not named)....21102..318
United Kingdom—
   England and Wales1313521311583065191,0982,290
   Scotland162242531372595621,085
   Ireland..11836651422425291,033
Other British possessions—
   India....31123919
   North America....143382443
   South Africa........11114
   Others......1213714
Foreign.
Austria....4..222515
Denmark......332..1835
Finland..............11
France..1......12610
Germany..113810214589
Italy............369
Norway....422271633
Poland..............11
Russia..........4127
Sweden......13581330
Switzerland..1..........1011
United States of America....125103324
China....11..10141440
Others1....5753526
At sea........392519
Unspecified292636395498125389
      All ages2,1823316777887369141,3432,5639,534

OCCUPATIONS OF DECEASED MALES, 1911.

The occupations of males who died during 1911, arranged according to the census classification, are shown in the following table:—

Occupations.Number of Deaths of Males.Age-groups.
Under 15.15 and under 2020 and under 25.25 and under 45.45 and under 6565 Years and upwards.
CLASS I.—PROFESSIONAL.
General Government16..1..366
Local Government9......234
Defence9......135
Law and order30......10128
Religion15......258
Health39....1121412
Literature9......144
Science1..........1
Civil, and mechanical engineering, architecture, and surveying26....121211
Education21......5011
Fine arts10......136
Music4......22..
Amusements12..1..821
      Total Professional201..22497177
CLASS II.—DOMESTIC.
Hotelkeepers and assistants47......171911
Others engaged in providing board and lodging8......422
House servants38....1111412
Coachmen and grooms11......335
Laundrymen1........1..
Others engaged in domestic service18..2..565
      Total domestic123..21404535
CLASS III.—COMMERCIAL.
Banking and finance18....21024
Insurance and valuation15......744
Land and household property11......353
Trade—
   Books, publications, and advertising11......218
   Paper and stationery2........11
   Furniture2......1..1
   Machinery2......2....
   Carriages and vehicles2......11..
   Chemicals2..1....1..
   Textile fabrics39....4101015
   Dress2......1..1
   Animal food52....3112216
   Vegetable food10....1342
   Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants16..1..573
   Living animals9......333
   Hay, corn, &c.1..........1
   Timber3......12..
   Wood, coal, &c.7......115
   Ironmongery6......2....
   Merchants, shopkeepers, &c.46......62218
   Dealers and hawkers15......1410
   Agents, brokers, &c.19......1612
   Accountants, clerks, &c.94..75302725
   Commercial travellers, salesmen17....1844
   Other mercantile persons26..13679
      Total commercial427..1019115136147
CLASS IV.—TRANSPORTAND COMMUNICATION.
Railway traffic49..23181313
Tramway5....14....
Road62....3211622
Sea and river traffic115..26293048
Postal service2..........2
Telegraph and telephone service13..3..442
Delivery of parcels, &c, by hand2........11
      Total transport and communication248..713766488
CLASS V.—INDUSTRIAL.
Books and publications25..225124
Musical instruments3....1....2
Prints, pictures, and art materials2..........2
Ornaments, minor art products, &c.5....32....
Designs, medals, type, and dies2........11
Watches, clocks, and scientific instruments8......152
Engines, machines, tools, &c.17..11663
Carriages and vehicles18......369
Harness, saddlery, and leatherware13....1426
Ships, boats, and equipments17......1511
Furniture18....1548
Building-material (wood)36..1..11915
Wood-work1..........1
Textile fabrics9....1422
Dress100..12223342
Fibrous materials4......2..2
Animal food9......612
Vegetable food37....27919
Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants14....1715
Wool-scouring, soap, and candles6......231
Marble, clay, cement, glass, &c.11......236
Precious metals7......124
Metals, other66..3..152028
Fuel, light, &c.11....3422
Building and construction—
   Builders and contractors40......51124
   Stonemasons8........17
   Bricklayers19......3412
   Carpenters111..17192559
   Slaters2........11
   Plasterers9......522
   Painters and glaziers45..2271915
   Plumbers15..11634
   Roads, railways, and earthworks16......574
Disposal of the dead3........3..
Disposal of refuse2........11
Other industrial workers—
   Mechanics, manufacturers5......1..4
   Machinists, machine hands2......1..1
   Contractors, managers, &c.44......101222
   Engineers, engine-drivers64..13201723
   Millers, mill hands, &c.1........1..
   Labourers undefined671..932157180293
      Total industrial1,496..2263349413649
CLASS VI.-AGRICULTURAL, PASTORAL, AND MINING PURSUITS, ETC.
Agricultural873..1416113210520
Pastoral82....3133135
Bees, fisheries, and wild animals20......677
Forestry18....11223
Kauri-gum diggings22....11119
Mines and quarries260..162842183
   Total agricultural, pastoral, &c.1,275..1527173303757
CLASS VII.—INDEFINITE.
Independent means, &c.230....1524200
Dependent relatives (including persons under 20 years of age with no specified occupation)1,3321.30320........
Dependent upon the State or upon public or private support12....3324
Undefined or unknown251..684255140
      Total indefinite1,8251,30335125081344
   Total deaths (all occupations)5,5951,303931378521,1132,097

DEATHS AND DEATH-RATES OF THE FOUR PRINCIPAL CITIES AND THEIR SUBURBS.

In the earlier annual reports on the vital statistics of the four chief towns the central boroughs alone were dealt with, particulars respecting the suburbs not having been obtained. But this omission was held to be a grave defect, as the suburban death-rate may differ much from the death-rate at the centre. Steps were therefore taken early in 1895 to collect statistics of the suburban boroughs as well as of the four chief cities. As regards Auckland and Christchurch, the whole of the area usually recognized as suburban has not yet been brought under municipal government, and the statistics given below do not deal with such portions as still remain in road districts. The omission, however, is not very important, for there are in either case quite enough suburbs included within borough boundaries to give a fair idea of the death-rates of greater Auckland and greater Christchurch. As further boroughs are formed the vital statistics will be made to include them.

The total number of deaths registered for the four centres in 1911 was 2,932—viz., 2,308 in the cities, and 624 in the suburbs.

By including the suburbs the death-rate for last year is lowered at all of the four centres. The rates for the year are:—

 Death-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Auckland City13.68 
Auckland City and eight suburban boroughs 10.93
Wellington City10.32 
Wellington City and four suburban boroughs 10.08
Christchurch City10.95 
Christchurch City and four suburban boroughs 10.36
Dunedin City11.79 
Dunedin City and six suburban boroughs 10.43

The death-rates for the cities, including suburban boroughs, for five years are as below:—

 Deaths per 1,000 of Population.
1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Auckland (including suburbs)11.4810.419.309.7310.93
Wellington (including suburbs)11.289.109.118.9510.08
Christchurch (including suburbs)14.379.529.3310.4110.36
Dunedin (including suburbs)12.0210.509.9510.2410.43

If the number of deaths of infants under one year be excluded, the mortality among the rest of the population is found to have been for 1910 and 1911 in the following ratio to the 1,000 living:—

 1910.1911.
Auckland (including suburbs)7.679.21
Wellington (including suburbs)6.918.17
Christchurch (including suburbs)8.628.67
Dunedin (including suburbs)8.249.28

The degree of infantile mortality is perhaps best shown in the proportion of deaths of children under one year of age to every 100 births. For 1910 and 1911 the proportions at the chief centres are,—

 1910.1911.
Auckland (including suburbs)7.906.30
Wellington (including suburbs)8.457.33
Christchurch (including suburbs)6.94629
Dunedin (including suburbs)7.914.34

Again, the percentage of deaths of children under 5 to the total number of deaths is—in Auckland, 22.31; in Wellington, 26.73; in Christchurch, 20.36; in Dunedin, 15.18.

MORTALITY AT FOUR CENTRES, EXCLUDING SUBURBS.

Excluding suburbs, and dealing with the deaths at all ages in the four cities or central boroughs only, the rates for 1911 are found to be higher than in the previous year. The figures for five years are given:—

 Deaths per 1.000 of Population.
1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)13.3812.4311.2511.8813.68
Wellington (excluding suburbs)11.459.189.359.3110.32
Christchurch (excluding suburbs)14.729.709.4810.5410.95
Dunedin (excluding suburbs)12.9811.9311.0510.9911.79

Omitting the deaths of infants under one year, and calculating the rate on the population of one year of age and upwards, an increase is shown at each of the four centres. The mean rates for five years are also given:—

 Deaths per 1,000 of Population, excluding Infants under One Year of Age.
1910.1911.Mean of Five Years.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)9.7211.9810.38
Wellington (excluding suburbs7.348.607.75
Christchurch (excluding suburbs8.899.439.09
Dunedin (excluding suburbs9.2010.8410.26

Subjoined is a table showing the rates of infant mortality in the four cities for each of the past two years, together with the mean rates for the last five years.

 Deaths of Children under One Year to every 100 Births.
1910.1911.Mean of Five Years.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)8.756.868.46
Wellington (excluding suburbs)8.897.318.95
Christchurch (excluding suburbs)6.976.287.77
Dunedin (excluding suburbs)7.514.286.95

VITAL STATISTICS OF CHIEF CITIES, COMPARED WITH AUSTRALIAN CAPITALS, 1911.

The death-rates of the four chief centres compare very favourable with those of the capital cities of the various Australian States. The following table shows the numbers and rates of births and deaths for the year 1911. Rates for Perth are not available:—

Capital Cities (including Suburbs).Estimated Mean Population,Births.Deaths.Excess of Births over Deaths
Total Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.Total Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.

* Ten-mile radius

Sydney641,70017,82927.786,97310.8710,856
Melbourne594,25014,56324.527,61512.826,948
Adelaide190,3025,22527.462,42612.752,799
Brisbane*142,4284,04828.421,72912.142,319
Hobart37,8681,15730.5557715.26580
Auckland83,2802,26927.2591010.931,359
Wellington70,1381,82926.0870710.081,122
Christchurch63,9751,71726.8466310.361,054
Dunedin62,5271,65826.5265210.431,006

ORPHANHOOD OF CHILDREN.

Although this subject is not one of general interest, it may be desirable to summarize two of the tables published in the “Statistics of New Zealand.”

The first table as given below shows, for the five years 1907-11, the total number of married men who died at various age periods (a) childless, (b) leaving children; and the number and ages of the children living at the time of the father's death.

NEW ZEALAND, 1907-11.
Ages of Married Men at Death.Number of Married Men who diedNumber and Ages of Living Issue.
Childless.Leaving Children.5 and underand under 1111 and under 1610 and under 2121 and over.Not specified.Totals.
20 and under 3010916923425......17276
30 and under 402258181,07571024535..1042,169
40 and under 502381,0827721,0591,0618203302284,270
50 and under 602501,5603607031,1961,6713,5023317,763
60 and under 651291,015641433537414,0242365,561
65 and over9035,874781955161,24928,81183531,684

The number and ages of the youngest orphan children left by married men who died during the live years 1907-11 is stated below.

NUMBERAND AGESOF YOUNGEST LIVING CHILDRENLEFTBY MARRIED MENWHODIED, 1907-11.
Ages of Married Men at Death.Number of Married Men who died leaving Children.Number and Ages of Youngest Living Children.
5 and under6 and under 1111 and under 1616 and under 2121 and over.Not specified.
20 and under 301691573   9
30 and under 40818624132253 34
40 and under 501,082466297167762155
50 and under 601,56023029636333126377
60 and under 651,015447016125144940
65 and over5,874521102575534,734168

INFANTILE MORTALITY.

Subjoined is a classified statement of the deaths of infants under one year during 1911, with the ratio of the deaths in each class to the 1,000 births during the year:—

Year.Sex.Under 1 Month.1 and under 3 Months.3 and under 6 Months.6 and under 12 Months.Total under 12 Months.
NUMBEROF DEATHS.
1911Male447130135147859
Female3048799135625
DEATHSTOTHE 1,000 BIRTHS.
1911Male33.039.619.9810.8663.48
Female23.716.787.7210.5348.74

Sixty-three out of every thousand male children born, and forty-nine of every thousand females, are found to have died before attaining the age of one year. The mortality was thus one in sixteen of male children and one in twenty-one of females in New Zealand.

It will be seen from the figures that the chances of living during the first year of age are greater for female than for male infants. Thus, in proportion to the number of children of each sex born in 1911 there were during the year—

100 deaths of males to 72 deaths of females under 1 month of age;
100 deaths of males to71deaths of femalesfrom 1 to 3 months of age;
100 deaths of males to77deaths of femalesfrom 3 to 6 months of age;
100 deaths of males to97deaths of femalesfrom 6 to 12 months of age;
100 deaths of males to77deaths of femalesunder 12 months of age.

Dealing with the results for ten years, the deaths of infants under one year are in the large proportion of three-fourths of the

total deaths under five, as might be expected, the first year being the tenderest period. (See notes to tables.)

DEATHSOF CHILDRENUNDER FIVE YEARSAND PROPORTIONTO DEATHSATALL AGES.
Year.Deaths of Children under 5 Years of Age. (Totals for each Year, and Means of 10 Years.)Total Deaths at all Ages for each Year, and Mean of 10 Years.Deaths under 5 Years: Per Cent. of Mortality at all Ages.
Under 1 Year.1 Year and under 2 Years.2 Years and under 3 Years.3 Years and under 4 Years.4 Years and under 5 Years.Total Deaths under 5 Years.
19021,71230711892612,2908,37527.34
19031,770275126111642,3468,52827.51
19041,6161698363431,9748,08724.41
19051,5991769761461,9798,06124.55
19061,5061778758371,8658,33922.36
19072,22835016594492,88610,06628.67
19081,76123110388452,2289,04324.64
19091,63424211575442,1108,95923.55
19101,7602539576542,2389,63923.22
19111,48420612299691,9809,53420.77
Means of ten years1,70723911182512,1908,86324.70

NOTE.—The total number of deaths included in this table of children under 5 years is 21,896.

DEATHSOF INFANTSUNDER ONE YEAR, AND PROPORTIONTO BIRTHS.
YearDeaths of Infants under 1 Year of Ago. (Totals for each Year, and Means of 10 Years.)Total Births registered in each Year, and Mean of 10 Years.Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year to every 1,000 Births.
Under 1 Month.1 Month and under 3 Months.3 Months and under 6 Months.6 Months and under 12 Months.Total under 12 Months.
19026653443133901,71220,65582.89
19036923463673651,77021,82981.08
19046692603563311,61622,76670.98
19057142852903101,59923,68267.52
19067172472442981,50624,25262.10
19077634465005192,22825,09488.78
19088102423473621,76125,94067.88
19097942852582971,63426,52461.60
19107862983333431,76025,98467.73
19117512172342821,48426,35456.31
Means of ten years7352973243501,70724,30870.22

NOTE —The total number of deaths of infants for the period included in the table is 17,070.

RATES OF INFANTILE MORTALITY IN NEW ZEALAND AND FOUR CHIEF CENTRES AND NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1,000 BIRTHS EACH YEAR 1902-11.
YearNew Zealand.Auckland and Suburban Boroughs.Wellington and Suburban Boroughs.Christchurch and Suburban Boroughs.Dunedin and Suburban Boroughs.
190282.89140.74130.20117.5589.07
190381.08121.4892.76100.5262.30
190470.9870.1295.33102.9693.02
190567.5291.5296.2188.9967.13
190662.1085.8071.8874.3772.60
190788.7897.19117.80126.1695.36
190867.8881.8781.6767.8274.54
190961.6061.8584.2162.7818.52
191067.7379.0284.5969.4079.08
191156.3163.0273.3662.9043.42

Although 17,070 infants (under one year) were lost to the Dominion by death during the decade, and, including these, 21,896 children under five, the third table shows more satisfactory results for New Zealand than for New South Wales or Victoria in the matter of the preservation of infant life. Dealing with averages of five years, in New Zealand only 696 infants under one year are found to die out of every 1,000 born, against 77.3 in New South Wales and 800 in Victoria.

Year.Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year of Age to every 1,000 Births.
New Zealand.New South Wales.Victoria.
190662.174.592.9
190788.888.572.6
190867.975.286.0
190961.673.871.4
191067.774.776.9
Means of five years69.677.380.0

The table following giving the rates of infantile mortality in various countries and cities shows that as regards the preservation of infant life far better conditions obtain in New Zealand than elsewhere.

RATEOF INFANTILE MORTALITY.
Country or City.Year.Rate of Infantile Mortality per 1,000 Births.Birth-rate.
New Zealand19115620.0
   Auckland19116327.2
   Wellington19117326.1
   Christchurch19116326.8
   Dunedin19114320.5
Australian Commonwealth19107526.7
   Sydney19108426.5
   Melbourne19109323.3
   Adelaide19107825.8
   Brisbane19108428.3
   Perth19107928.9
   Hobart191011928.9
United Kingdom190811826.3
England and Wales190910925.6
   London191010323.6
Scotland190812127.2
   Edinburgh191111821.3
   Glasgow191113927.7
Ireland19099223.5
   Dublin191014228.3
   Belfast191014327.8
France190713519.7
   Paris191011818.0
Belgium190814724.9
The Netherlands19099929.1
   The Hague19109325.4
   Amsterdam19107823.6
   Rotterdam19109429.6
Denmark190812328.3
   Copenhagen191011826.1
Norway19087626.2
   Christiania19108323.5
Sweden19088525.7
   Stockholm19109223.2
Finland190911131.3
Russia (European)190325048.1
   St. Petersburg191020227.8
   Moscow191029735.9
German Empire190717632.3
   Berlin191015721.5
   Hamburg191014923.2
   Dresden191012921.6
   Breslau191018827.5
   Munich191016623.4
Switzerland190810827.1
Spain190617333.4
Italy190815333.4
   Milan191011323.3
Austria190720433.8
   Vienna191017019.9
   Prague191016419.2
   Trieste191019032.9
Hungary190921237.0
   Budapest191014826.5
Servia190815836.8
Bulgaria190817040.4
Ceylon190920236.7
Japan190815733.9
Ontario (Canada)190812424.9
Jamaica190917437.8
Chile190832039.3

The principal causes of mortality in children under one year for New Zealand are given, with the numbers of deaths for five years for such causes. Premature births stands first in order of importance, diarrhœa and enteritis next, followed by marasmum or debility. Here it is seen how much mortality is attributed to these causes according to the medical certificates.

DEATHSOF CHILDRENUNDER ONE YEAR.—CAUSES, 1907-11.
Causes.Number of Deaths from each Cause.Percentage of Total.
1907.1008.1909.1910.1911.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Whooping-cough2073128101129.291.761.715.740.81
Convulsions847610780893.774.326.554.546.00
Bronchitis and pneumonia26914816815716112.088.4010.288.9210.85
Diarrhœa and enteritis55741824034324425.0023.7415.2419.4916.44
Premature birth35938834740733716.1122.0321.2423.1222.71
Marasmus, &c30326425628126313.6014.9915.6715.9717.72
Other causes44943647939137820.1524.7629.3122.2225.47
   Totals2,2281,7611,6341,7601,484100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

INFANT-LIFE PROTECTION.

It is unlawful for any person to take charge of an infant under the age of six years, for the purpose of nursing or maintaining it apart from its parents or guardians, for a longer period than seven consecutive days, unless such person is licensed as a foster-parent.

Provision is made by law for the granting and revocation of licenses, and for the method of payment of maintenance-money. No payment is to be made to or received by a foster-parent except in pursuance of an agreement approved by the Secretary to the Education Department, and if default be made in payment under the agreement the amount due, or part thereof, may be paid by the Secretary, and shall be recoverable as a debt due to the Crown. When and so long as any money so recoverable remains unpaid, the Secretary shall have and may exercise the powers of a guardian until the child attains the age of fifteen years. Provision is also made for the inspection of foster-homes, and in case of the removal or death of foster-children. The Act applies to any adopted infant in the same manner and to the same extent as if no such adoption had taken place. The Department of Education is the authority by whom the Act is to be administered.

In a recent report the Registrar-General of England remarked that a well-devised system of early notification of births, legalized and worked in conjunction with the present registration system on the one hand, and with sanitary administration on the other, might, along with other motive forces, serve as a most effective and lasting barrier with which to stem the tide of infant mortality.

The Notification of Births Act was passed accordingly in England, and the New Zealand Legislature in 1907 introduced provisions for early notification allowing seventy-two hours after birth if in a city or borough, or twenty-one days in any other case.

CAUSES OF DEATH.

The classification of causes of death was made in 1908 for the first time in New Zealand according to the Bertillon Index of Diseases. This system has been adopted by the Commonwealth of Australia and the principal European and American countries. It is highly desirable for comparative purposes that uniformity of statistical method should obtain when possible.

The new system differs materially from that hitherto in use, and comparisons of certain causes of mortality prior to 1908 are impossible owing to changes in the classification of minor diseases. This applies more particularly to diseases of the digestive, nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. There are, however, certain principal causes of deaths which are unaffected and retain their comparative value, such as cancer, tubercular diseases, typhoid fever, whooping-cough, measles, influenza, scarlet fever, diabetes, appendicitis, liver and puerperal diseases, suicide, and old age.

A comparison of the causes of deaths in 1910 and 1911 arranged according to an abridged classification, the percentage of each group to the total deaths, and the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is given in the following table:—

Class.Number of Deaths.Proportion to Total Deaths.Proportion per 10,000 living.
1910.1911.1910.1911.1910.1911.
 Total.Total.Per Cent.Per Cent.  
I. General diseases2,3932,28824.8324.0024.1022.54
II. Diseases of the nervous system and of the organs of special sense1,00894010.469.8610.159.26
III. Diseases of the circulatory system1,4121,44414.6515.1514.2214.23
IV. Diseases of the respiratory system9119889.4510.369.189.74
V. Diseases of the digestive system1,02691810.649.6310.349.05
VI. Diseases of the genito-urinary system and annexa4304614.524.834.394.54
VII. Puerperal condition1171141.211.201.181.12
VIII. Diseases of the skin and of the cellular tissue33410.340.430.330.40
IX. Diseases of the organs of locomotion18230.190.240.180.23
X. Malformations65560.670.590.650.55
XI. Infancy7196747.467.077.246.64
XII. Old-age6606616.856.936.666.51
XIII. Violence6677146.927.496.727.04
XIV. Ill-defined causes1742121.812.221.752.09
      Totals9,6399,534100.00100.0097.0993.94

The next table shows the number of deaths from each principal cause for the five years 1907-11, and the proportion per 10,000 of the population.

Cause.Number of Deaths.Proportion per 10,000 of Mean Population.
1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Typhoid fever53905562670.580.950.570.620.66
Measles10119261411.100.200.270.010.40
Scarlet fever2560261390.270.630.270.130.09
Whooping-cough3074241148173.340.440.421.490.17
Influenza2236447141632.430.680.481.420.62
Tuberculosis of the lungs6126075885505366.666.426.055.545.28
Other forms of tuberculosis2442322121812022.652.452.181.821.99
Cancer6746577117428097.336.957.327.477.97
Diabetes871001041231290.951.061.071.241.27
Simple meningitis1301361311421381.411.441.351.431.36
Convulsions of children under 5 years of age104961311071091.131.021.351.081.07
Apoplexy3303413163893523.593.613.253.923.47
Pneumonia5724534584485226.224.804.714.515.14
Gastritis and enteritis5184783624573745.645.063.734.603.69
Diarrhœal diseases314198102164943.422.201.051.650.93
Cirrhosis of liver42524738440.460.550.480.380.43
Appendicitis868166981030.930.860.680.991.01
Blight's disease and acute nephritis2682632612562772.922.782.692.582.73
Violence, suicide1021031181001241.111.091.211.011.22
Violence, accident, &c.6115706605675906.656.036.795.715.81
Other causes4,6634,4014,4974,9124,934..........
   Totals10.0669,0438,9599,6399,534109.5295.6992.1997.0993.94

For purposes of comparison with previous years it is necessary to confine attention to certain special causes of death. Diseases of the circulatory system, though numerous, are avoided, owing to the fact that in former years it has been the practice, when the cause of death was certified as heart disease with another possibly fatal complaint the latter has been preferred. Under the new system the reverse is the case. The number of deaths occurring from bronchitis is similarly affected. Hydatids, formerly grouped under the heading “Parasitic,” are now assigned to the location of the disease. These and many other changes in the classification must be borne in mind when comparisons with former years are sought.

Typhoid Fever.—Deaths from this cause numbered 67 in 1911, against 62 in the previous year, the average for five years being 65.

Measles.—There was an outbreak of this complaint in 1907, causing 101 deaths. In 1910 only one death was recorded, but in 1911 the number was 41.

Scarlet Fever.—The number of deaths from scarlet fever in 1910 was 13, and in 1911,9. The average annual mortality for the five years 1907-11 was 27.

Whooping-cough.—There were only 17 deaths in 1911 as against 148 in 1910, 41 in 1909, 42 in 1908, and 307 in 1907.

Influenza.—This was less prevalent in 1911 than in 1910, 63 deaths being recorded, as against 141.

Tuberculosis.—Deaths from phthisis numbered 536 or 5.28 per 10,000 of the population, against 550 deaths or 5.54 per 10,000' in 1910, and 588 deaths or 6.05 per 10,000 in 1909. The average for the past ten years was 573, or 636 per 10,000.

Year.Deaths from Phthisis.Rate per 10,000.
19026177.73
19035706.95
19045387.08
19054965.70
19065566.21
19076126.66
19086076.42
19095886.05
19105505.54
19115365.28

Reference to the following table will show that 306 persons known to have been born in the Dominion died during 1911 from phthisis, a proportion of 4.33 per 10,000 of the estimated native-born white population, and 145 persons resident for fifteen years or over succumbed to the disease.

DEATHSFROM PHTHISIS, 1911.
Length of Residence in the Dominion.Age at Death.
Under 5 Years.5 and under 10.10 and under 15.15 and under 25.25 and under 35.35 and under 4545 and under 55.55 and under 65.65 and under 7575 and upwardsTotal.
MALES.
Under 1 month........1..........1
1 month and under 6........1..11....3
6 months and under 12......1111......4
1 year and under 2......212........5
2 years and under 3........3212....8
3 years and under 4......1132......7
4 years and under 5......2211......6
5 years and under 10......18511....16
10 years and under 15........771......15
15 years and under 20......124........7
20 years and under 25..........351..19
25 years and upwards........313191616168
Not known......121342..13
Born in Dominion214294535103....129
   Totals2143877774528181291
FEMALES.
Under 1 month......................
1 month and under 6......................
6 months and under 12......................
1 year and under 2....................1
2 years and under 3........3..........3
3 years and under 4......................
4 years and under 5......................
5 years and under 10......16412....1
10 years and under 15......1..1........2
15 years and under 20......31..........4
20 years and under 25........11........2
25 years and upwards........68557233
Not known........22221..9
Born in Dominion31470721881....177
   Totals314759234161082245
   Totals of both sexes5281131691116138263536

Phthisis is now known to be and is treated as an infectious preventable disease caused by the Bacillus tuberculosus, which is communicable in many ways. Certain constitutions are far more predisposed than others to receive this bacillus, especially under conditions of life unfavourable to robust health, when a nidus is formed for the development of the bacillus. The Government has established a sanatorium for consumptives at Cambridge, in the Waikato, and further institutions are contemplated. There are sanatoria for the treatment of this disease in connection with some of the public hospitals.

The mortality from all forms of tuberculosis has decreased from 10.05 per 10,000 of the population in 1902 to 7.27 in 1911, and the percentage of total deaths from all causes has decreased from 9.58 to 7.74.

DEATHS AND DEATH-RATES FROM TUBERCULOSISAND PERCENTAGEOF TOTAL DEATHS, 1902-11.
Year.Mean Population.Number of Deaths from Tubercular Diseases.Rate per 10,000.Percentage of Total Deaths from all Causes.
1902797,79380210.059.58
1903820,2177699.389.02
1904845,0227999.4.69.88
1905870,0006787.798.41
1906895,5947208.048.63
1907919,1058569.318.50
1908945,0638398.879.28
1909971,7848008.238.93
1910992,8027317.367.58
19111,014,8967387.277.74
AGESOF PERSONSWHODIEDFROM TUBERCULAR DISEASES, 1911.
Ages.Male.Female.Total.
Under 5 years292857
5 years and under 1011819
10 years and under 159918
15 years and under 20163955
20 years and under 25375592
25 years and under 304871119
30 years and under 35543488
35 years and under 40522577
40 years and under 45402161
45 years and under 50361349
50 years and under 5518523
55 years and under 6022931
60 years and under 6514317
65 years and under 7012618
70 years and under 756511
75 years and under 80123
80 upwards......
   Total deaths405333738

In comparison with England and Wales and the States of the Australian Commonwealth the rate of deaths from tuberculosis per 1,000 of the population was lower in Queensland than in New Zealand.

DEATH-RATESFROM TUBERCULOSISAND PERCENTAGEOF TOTAL DEATHS, 1910.

 Death-rates (per 1,000) from Tuberculosis.Percentage of Total Deaths.
England and Wales (1909)1.5210.50
New South Wales0.757.62
Victoria0.978.49
Queensland0.596.06
South Australia0.999.72
Western Australia0.868.50
Tasmania0.817.31
New Zealand0.737.58

Cancer.—There were 809 deaths assigned to this cause in 1911, a proportion of 7.97 per 10,000 persons, the average number and rate for the five years 1907-11 being 719 and 7.41 respectively. Deaths of males numbered 448 and of females 361. The death-rate from cancer is greater than that from tubercular diseases, and its increasing tendency is a matter of grave concern.

NUMBEROF PERSONSWHODIEDFROM CANCER, THE PROPORTIONPER 10,000 PERSONSLIVING, ANDTHE PERCENTAGEOFALL DEATHS.
Year.Deaths from Cancer.Total Deaths, all Causes.Deaths from Cancer per 10,000 of Living Persons.Percentage of Total Deaths due to Cancer.
19025368,3756.726.40
19035828,5287.106.82
19045718,0876.767.06
19055668,0616.517.02
19066238,3396.967.47
190767410,0667.336.70
19086579,0436.957.27
19097118,9597.327.94
19107429,6397.477.70
19118099,5347.978.49

The part of the body mostly affected is the stomach, and (among females the generative and mammary organs.

CANCER: SEATOF DISEASE.
Seat of Disease.Males.Females.Total.
Mouth, lip, tongue, throat, neck10220122
Stomach14176217
Intestines, rectum8362145
Liver6640106
Kidneys, bladder, urethra, &c.181331
Female genital organs..6565
Breast..4242
Other organs384381
   Totals448361809

Ninety-five per cent. of the deaths were at the ages 35 years and upwards, and 60 per cent. at the ages 60 years and upwards.

AGESOF PERSONSWHODIEDFROM CANCER, 1911.
Ages.MalesFemales.Total.
Under 5 years221
5 years and under 10..11
10 years and under 15..11
15 years and under 202..2
20 years and under 25......
25 years and under 304711
30 years and under 357815
35 years and under 4092231
40 years and under 45201939
45 years and under 50183048
50 years and under 55483583
55 years and under 60513990
60 years and under 656244106
65 years and under 707852130
70 years and under 757243115
75 years and under 80443074
80 years and upwards312859
   Totals448361809

The proportion of deaths from cancer to the 1,000 persons living in some of the principal countries of the world as shown below leads to the conclusion that there is a general tendency to increase.

CANCER DEATH-RATESPER 1,000 LIVINGINCERTAIN COUNTRIES.
Country.Average 1901-5.Years.
1906.1907.1908.1909.
Switzerland1.101.121.061.11..
The Netherlands0.850.880.890.900.90
England and Wales0.860.920.910.920.95
Scotland0.830.940.940.94..
Austria0.690.730.720.72..
Victoria0.760.770.820.810.82
Ireland0.560.640.620.620.65
New Zealand0.670.700.730.700.78
South Australia0.760.840.800.770.86
Prussia0.640.690.720.730.74
New South Wales0.800.850.870.840.90
Belgium0.490.490.510.54..
Queensland0.790.760.900.710.83
Tasmania0.680.630.770.820.82
Italy0.450.510.500.530.53
Western Australia0.740.980.830.861.09
Spain0.380.410.410.440.44
Hungary0.380.390.410.420.43

Diabetes.—There were 129 deaths in 1911, a rate of 1.27 per 10,000, the average for the last five years being 109 and 1.12 respectively.

Simple Meningitis.—This disease caused 142 deaths in 1910, and 138 in 1911, the average of the past five years being 135.

Convulsions of Children.—It would appear that the mortality from this cause shows a decreasing tendency, although the rate, measured by the total population, was exceptionally high in 1909. The proportion of deaths per 10,000 children living under 5 years of age was 11.52 in 1905, 11.65 in 1909,9.32 in 1910. and 9.17 in 1911.

Apoplexy.—The average number of deaths from this cause during the past five years was 346, and the rate per 10,000, 3.57. Last year the number of deaths was 352, and the rate 3.47 per 10,000.

Pneumonia.—There were 522 deaths in 1911, against 448 in 1910. Excepting occasional fluctuations due to exceptional climatic conditions, the rata per 10,000 remains fairly constant.

Gastritis and Enteritis and Diarrhœal Diseases.—Although shown separately in the table, it may be advisable to consider these causes together. The number of deaths recorded in 1911 was 468, a rate of 4.62 per 10,000, as compared with an average of 612 and 6.39 respectively for the past five years.

Cirrhosis of Liver.—There were 38 deaths in 1910 and 44 in 1911, as compared with an average of 45 for the five years 1907-11.

Appendicitis.—There were 103 deaths ascribed to this cause in 1911, the average number for five years being 87.

Bright's Disease and Nephritis.—Of the 277 deaths last year 209 were certified as Bright's disease and 68 as acute nephritis. The rate per 10,000 living for 1911 was 2.73, against an average of 2.74 for the last five years.

Puerperal Diseases.—In 1911 the deaths certified to these causes numbered 114. Included in the number were: Accidents of pregnancy, 43; puerperal septicœmia, 27; other accidents of childbirth, 44. The number of deaths to every 1,000 confinements for each of ten years is shown.

Year.Deaths of Mothers to every 1,000 Confinements.
19025.33
19035.86
19044.66
19054.22
19063.91
19074.62
19084.64
19095.14
19104.55
19114.38

Violence.—The deaths from external violence, apart from suicide, numbered 590 in 1911—males 470, females 120. The rate per 10,000 living was 6.65 in 1907, 6.03 in 1908, 6.79 in 1909, 5.71 in 1910, and 5.81 in 1911. The various forms of accidental deaths in 1911 are shown in the following table: —

ACCIDENTAL DEATHS, 1911.
Cause of Death.Males.FemalesTotal.
Poisoning12517
Burns and scalds294069
Suffocation, gas, &c.538
Drowning14121162
Shooting18..18
Gutting or piercing instruments213
Falls19322
In mines and quarries25..25
By machinery14..14
By vehicles, railways, &c.831699
Injuries by animals24226
Starvation or exposure3..3
Sunstroke..22
Electrocution3..3
Homicide437
Fractures301141
Asphyxia by chloroform or other anæthetic12719
Other external injuries45550
Murder or manslaughter112
   Total deaths470120590

Suicide.—The suicidal deaths in 1911 were 124—males 102 and females 22. The rate per 10,000 living was 1.22 in 1911, against an average of 1.13 for the past five years. The means most frequently resorted to by males was shooting, and by females, poison. The following table shows the means of self-destruction employed:—

SUICIDES, 1911.
Mode of Death.Males.Females.Total.
Poison211132
Asphyxia123
Hanging or strangulation19120
Drowning11617
Firearms30..30
Cutting or piercing instruments14115
Jumping from high places..11
Other modes6..6
   Total suicides10222124

Chapter 7. SECTION III.—PUBLIC HEALTH, HOSPITALS, ETC

The Public Health Act, 1900, repealed eight amending and allied Acts dating from 1876 to 1900. The Public Health Act, 1900, with amendments in 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1907, in the general consolidation of the New Zealand Statutes, now forms the Public Health Act, 1908. This consists of four parts.

Part I provides for the constitution of a Department of Public Health under the control of a Minister of the Crown, to be called the Minister of Public Health, and also enables the Dominion to be divided up into health districts, each health district to be placed under a District Health Officer, who shall possess special knowledge of sanitary and bacteriological science. These officers, and such inspectors and other officers who may be appointed by the Governor, are under the control of and responsible to the Chief Health Officer.

Part II deals with sanitation and the prevention of infectious diseases. The initial clauses under this part are more particularly designed to be made use of in the case of the outbreak of any dangerous infectious disease. These diseases have been declared to be plague, smallpox, leprosy, and cholera. The subsequent sections of this part deal with the notification and prevention of the spread of infectious diseases. By the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Amendment Act, 1910, the thirty-seven Hospital Boards throughout the Dominion are made the local authorities under this Act for all matters relating to infectious diseases. Notification of the latter is required to be made to the Hospital Board and the District Health Officer.

Under “Sanitation” the abatement of nuisances, the prevention of pollution of watercourses, the control of offensive trades, and the removal or repairing of insanitary buildings and other matters are dealt with; and the functions of the District Health Officer and the Inspectors in regard thereto are laid down. Generally speaking, in addition to his duties under the Public Health Act, the District Health Officer acts in the advisory capacity of a medical officer of health to the several municipalities and other local governing bodies in his district.

Part III deals with quarantine. Port Health Officers are appointed by the Department of Public Health at the more important ports. These officers also act as medical advisers to the Customs Officers at such ports, under the provisions of the Immigration Restriction Act.

Part IV deals with vaccination, to which reference is made in the vital-statistics section of the Year-book.

SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS.

In order to make better provision for the sale of food and drugs in a pure state, the Sale of Food and Drugs Act was passed by the Legislature, and came into operation on the 1st January, 1908. This Act forms part of and is to be read together with the Public Health Act, 1908.

The Act is administered by the officers of the Public Health Department, and provides for the analysis, by public analysts, of any article of food or drink, or of any drug, which may be sold, offered for sale, or exposed for sale, and for the inspection of any place where there is any food or drug intended for sale. If any such article be proved to be unfit for human consumption, or likely to cause injury to health if consumed, heavy penalties may be inflicted on the person or persons responsible.

Stringent measures are provided for the prevention of adulteration of food, drink, or drugs, and for the inspection of places where such things are manufactured or packed. The selling of light-weight bread is an offence under the Act, as is also the taking-back of bread after it has been in the possession of the purchaser for more than an hour.

Any person may, on payment of the prescribed fee, together with the cost of the sample, require any authorized officer to purchase a sample of any food or drug and submit the same for analysis.

Regulations under the Act were published in the New Zealand Gazettes of the 20th February, 1908, 17th September, 1908, 13th January, 1910, 17th February, 1910, and 6th October, 1910. Standards for the control of the purity of food stuffs and of drugs, on the lines recommended by the Australian Inter-State Conference, are in course of preparation.

HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

Prior to the abolition of provinces the hospitals of the Dominion were supported mainly out of provincial revenues. After that event the expenditure for hospitals was for the most part charged against the revenue of counties and municipal corporations, until October, 1885, when the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1885 (re-enacted in 1908), came into force.

Under this Act that portion of New Zealand included within the three principal islands—the North, South, and Stewart Islands—was divided into thirty-six hospital districts, each consisting of one or more counties with the interior boroughs and certain town districts having a population of five hundred or more, presided over by thirteen Hospital Boards, twenty-three combined Hospital and Charitable-aid Boards, and six Charitable-aid Boards.

The Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909, is described in the preamble as “An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to public hospitals and charitable institutions, the distribution

of charitable aid, and the establishment of private hospitals.” All previous enactments relating to these matters are repealed.

The main provisions of the Act are thus briefly described: The distinction between Hospital Boards and Charitable-aid Boards has been abolished, and every Board now possesses the double function of maintaining hospitals and administering charitable relief. The Board consists of representatives of the various contributory local districts, counties, boroughs, town districts, and in some instances road districts, as the case may be, lying within the hospital district.

Representation on the Board is proportionate to the population and the value of the rateable property in the contributory district, the total number of members of any Board not to be less than eight nor more than twenty. The representatives are elected by the electors of the local authority of the contributory district, casual vacancies being filled by nomination by the local authority itself. Small contributory districts may be combined, and return a representative in common. The representatives of each contributory district retire at every general election of the local authority of that district, and their places are filled by an election held at the same time as that general election. This arrangement preserves the continuity of the Boards by securing the retirement of groups of members at different times, and also avoids the expense of a separate and special election. All property in connection with the purposes of the Act, including hospitals for infectious diseases, is vested in the Boards, excepting that belonging to certain hospitals, four in number, and six charitable institutions, which are specifically exempted on the ground that they are self-supporting so far as the local authorities are concerned.

The revenues of the Boards accrue from the following sources:—

  1. Rents and profits of laud and endowments.

  2. Voluntary contributions and bequests.

  3. Contributions from local authorities.

  4. Subsidies from the Consolidated Fund as follows: —

    1. Ten shillings in the pound on all devises or bequests, provided the subsidy shall not exceed £500 in respect of the estate of any single testator.

    2. Twenty-four shillings in the pound on voluntary contributions other than bequests.

    3. Pound for pound on contributions by local authorities in respect of capital expenditure, and in respect of other expenditure on a sliding scale, the amounts ranging from 12s. 3d. in the pound when the capital rateable value of property in the district exceeds £450 per head of the population, and the rate of levy per head is not under 4s., to 24s. 3d. when the value per head is less then £100 and the levy per head less than 2s.

The amount to be contributed by the local authorities is determined by estimating the expenditure for the ensuing year, including ' any deficiency brought forward, and deducting from the amount so ascertained the probable revenue from all sources excepting contributions from local authorities; the balance must be provided by the contributory bodies either out of their ordinary revenues or by special rates. Should any body fail to pay the required contribution, the amount due may be deducted from any subsidy or grant payable by the Government to the said local authority. The revenues of the Boards are thus secured absolutely.

When funds are required for the purpose of acquiring land as a site for any building, or for erecting, adding to, or altering any building, the contributory authority may raise the amount required by way of loan from the Government Advances Board, repaying the loan by instalments.

Provision is made by which the contributory authorities may demand an inquiry if they consider the proposed expenditure is unnecessary or extravagant, and if such contention is upheld an amended estimate and fresh apportionment must be made.

The Inspector-General of Hospitals has the general administration of the Act under the direction of the Minister of Public Health, and is intrusted with authority to inspect institutions within the meaning of the Act at any time he may think fit. If a Board fails or refuses to perform any duty imposed by the Act, the Inspector-General may by direction of the Minister take the matter in hand and remedy it, charging the Board with any expense incurred in so doing.

The Dominion is divided into thirty-seven hospital and charitable-aid districts, each of which is under the control of a Board elected as mentioned above. The following is a list of such districts: —

Bay of Islands.Taranaki.Buller.
Marsden, Kaipara.Stratford.Inangahua.
Auckland.Hawera.Grey.
Waikato.Patea.North Canterbury.
Thames.Wanganui.Ashburton.
Waihi.Palmerston North.South Canterbury.
Coromandel.Wellington.Waitaki.
Bay of Plenty.Wairarapa.Otago.
Cook.Wairau.Vincent.
Waiapu.Picton.Maniototo.
Wairoa.Nelson.Southland.
Hawke's Bay.Westland.Wallace and Fiord.
Waipawa.  

Besides the administration of hospitals and charitable aid, these Boards are the responsible authorities as regards certain public health matters, being especially responsible for the control of infectious diseases. This duty was placed upon the Boards by the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Amendment Act, 1910.

Information relating to the public general hospitals in the Dominion for the year ended 31st March, 1912, compared with the previous corresponding period is given in the following table:—

 1910-11.1911-12.Increase.
Number of institutions57603
Stipendiary medical staff83841
Nursing staff—
   Trained nurses23424612
   Probationers50347924 decrease.
Domestic staff43753295
Number of beds2,8633,057194

The following shows the receipts and expenditure upon hospitals and charitable aid for the years ended the 31st March, 1911 and 1912:—

Receipts.Year ended 1911. £31st March, 1912. £
From Government167,941189,011
From local authorities131,525149,203
Voluntary contributions35,43331,650
Payments on account of persons relieved61,98364,138
From other sources22,93945,283
 £419,821£479,291
Expenditure.Year ended 1911. £31st March, 1912. £
Hospital maintenance200,691225,796
Charitable aid—
   Indoor relief62,84864,651
   Outdoor relief33.05134,171
Administration20,44621,129
New buildings and additions81,473112,846
Other expenses17,87524,051
 £416,384£482,644

“Other expenses” includes repayments of loans, amounts paid to other Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards, rents, rates, and taxes, and contractors deposits returned.

General Hospitals.Year ended 31st March, 1912.
Average number of patients per diem1,900
Number of patients under treatment24,681
Deaths1,872
Individual average day's stay28
Average number of occupied beds to each of nursing staff2.0
Average annual cost of maintenance per occupied bed£106 3s. Od.
Average annual payment by patient par occupied bed£21 6s. Od.
Number of out-patients attended during year18,622

It is provided by the Act that, except in case of emergency, the hours of employment of nurses, probationers, and dressers in any hospital shall not exceed fifty-six in any one week.

Charitable Institutions.

As previously remarked, State charitable institutions are administered by combined Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards, who also distribute outdoor relief. Most of the aged needy are provided with old-age pensions of £26per annum, but many of these old people prefer to enter a public home, where they are better cared for and at less cost than could be possible with individuals. In these cases the pension is received by the officers of the Board, as payment for the maintenance of the pensioner, but a proportion is handed over to the latter to be expended as he or she may choose.

Where public and private charitable organizations operate side by side independently of each other there is sure to be an overlapping in the collection of funds and the distribution of relief. The Inspector-General of Charitable Institutions has taken steps to endeavour to secure co-operation between public and private charities, in order to avoid any duplication in future. The average cost of maintenance per occupied bed of the old peoples' homes under the control of Hospital Boards for the year 1911-12 was £30 5s.; the average number of inmates daily 1,176; the number of beds available being 1,561.

COMPARISON OF HOSPITAL AND CHARITABLE-AID EXPENDITURE SINCE 1894-95, AND THE COST PER HEAD OF THE POPULATION.
Year.Mean Population.Hospital ExpenditureProportion of Expenditure per Head of the Population.Charitable-aid and other* Expenditure.Proportion of Expenditure per Head of the Population.Hospital and Charitable-aid and other* Expenditure.Proportion of Cost per Head of the Population.

*Other expenditure includes District Medical Assistance and Public Health Expenditure, which items have become appreciable only since the 1st April, 1910, the date of coming into force of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909.

  £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
1894-95683,11191,169286,5552177,7245
1895-96696,33192,9272106,5363199,4635
1896-97710,41896,379289,6682180,0475
1897-98724,68195,700286,0732181,77350
1898-99739,193105,752210½93,07126198,8235
1899-1900752,644108,257210½77,6032185,860411¼
1900-1765,668117,5353179,8732197,4085
1901-2781,356123,366388,8492212,21555
1902-3802,419138,027393,1582231,18559
1903-4826,902153,768389,23222243,000510½
1904-5851,964166,277310¾93,3392259,61661
1905-6877,469167,437310103,27324270,71062
1906-7901,920185,9424102,8662288,8086
1907-8925,727210,7804104,4172315,197610
1908-9945,063247,12358112,8182359,9417
1909-10977,906262,2415112,8342375,07578
1910-11997,974287,8035128,58127416,3848
1911-121,019,984329,5126153,13330482,6459

Capital expenditure is included, and this being variable would cause some slight fluctuation in the rate per head of the population.

Private Hospitals.

The Private Hospitals Act, which came into force on the 1st January, 1907, is now superseded by the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909, which provides for the licensing, management, and inspection of private hospitals. All such institutions must be licensed, and every application for a license must be accompanied by a statement giving full description of the house proposed to be used, number of patients, and class of cases proposed to be received. The licensee shall state whether it is in respect of a lying-in private hospital or a surgical and medical private hospital, or if for both classes of cases, and no private hospital shall be used for any purpose other than that in respect of which the license is granted and purposes reasonably incidental thereto.

For every private hospital there must be a resident manager, either the licensee or some person appointed by the licensee, and in every case the manager must be a legally qualified medical practitioner or a registered nurse in the case of a surgical and medical hospital, or a registered midwife in the case of a lying-in hospital, or a registered nurse and midwife, or a registered nurse having as resident assistant a registered midwife in the case of a hospital licensed for both purposes. No license shall be granted in respect of a house not previously licensed until such house and annexed buildings have been approved by the Inspector-General of Hospitals, and no addition shall be made to any private hospital until it has been so approved. No license shall be granted until the character and fitness of the applicant have been proved satisfactory, and the license must be renewed on the 1st January of each year.

In every private hospital there must be kept a register of patients showing particulars as to name, age, abode, and date of reception of each patient, date when such patient left, or in the event of death the date thereof, name of medical practitioner attending, and such other details as may be prescribed. Inquiry may be made at any time as to the management and conduct of any such private hospital, and if such inquiry prove unsatisfactory the license may be revoked, and no new license shall be granted to the person whose license is so revoked, for a period of five years.

Provision is made for the visitation and inspection of private hospitals in the same manner as for public institutions of the like nature.

The Governor may from time to time make such regulations as are necessary for carrying the Act into effect, and substantial penalties are provided for breaches of its provisions.

Maternity Homes.

There are four maternity homes now open for the use of the public, one at each of the principal centres. The St. Helens Hospital at Wellington was opened in June, 1905; that at Dunedin

in October, 1905; that at Auckland in June, 1906; and that at Christchurch, in April, 1907. During the year ended 31st March, 1912, a total of 886 confinements had taken place in the four hospitals, and 460 confinements had been attended by the institution nurses outside the hospitals, as compared with 825 and 355 confinements respectively during the previous twelve months. These institutions are a development of the policy begun by legislation in 1901, when the Nurses Registration Act was passed, followed in 1904 by the Midwives Act, the latter providing that after a certain date only those midwives who were duly registered would be qualified to practise on their own account.

The maternity hospitals are not intended in any sense to be charitable institutions, and it is expected that they will be self-supporting.

Last year the net cost to the country of each baby born under the supervision of the St. Helens Hospitals staff was £1 7s. approximately.

There is a maternity hospital attached to the Medical School at Dunedin, which also serves as a training-school for medical students. During the year ended 31st March, 1912, there were 155 births in this institution.

Charitable Maternity Homes are established at Auckland, Otahuhu, Napier, Wellington, Christchurch, and Invercargill for the reception of unfortunate girls. The Salvation Army have similar institutions at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin.

The expenditure of the four St. Helens Maternity Hospitals and of the Dunedin Medical School Hospital for the years ended 31st March, 1911 and 1912, was as follows:—

Expenditure.
 1910-11.1911-12.
 ££
Maintenance5,8415,957
Buildings6611,702
Administration343347
Other expenses494276
 6,74418,282

The managers or trustees of the private maternity hospitals are not obliged to publish accounts, nor do they generally make public their financial operations.

Registration of Nurses and Midwives.

The Nurses Registration Act provides that every person who has attained the age of twenty-three years and is certified as having had three years' training as a nurse in a recognized general hospital, together with systematic instruction in theoretical and practical nursing from the medical officer and the matron of that hospital, and who passes the prescribed examination, is entitled to registration. During the year ended 31st March, 1912, there were 124 candidates

for the final examination in medical and surgical nursing, and 111 passed. At the end of the year there were 1,170 names on the register.

On 31st March, 1912, the number of registered midwives was 1,098. Of these 415 are trained and certificated, the remainder having satisfied the Registrar chat at the date of the passing of the Act they had been for at least three years in bona fide practice as midwives, and that they bear a good character.

Orphanages and other Children's Homes.

Exclusive of industrial schools there are as far as is known some thirty-five institutions that may be described as orphanages or children's homes. The majority of these are under official inspection, as they receive for payment children who are under six years of age. By an amendment of the Education Act passed in 1910 provision is made for the inspection of all orphanages and cognate institutions by Inspectors of the Education Department, with a view to securing that as regards education of the children and general management these organizations are acting consistently with the laws governing the education, care, and upbringing of children who are maintained in kindred institutions.

Under the control of the Education Department come also the various institutions for deaf and dumb, blind, or mentally defective children. These are dealt with in the section of this book dealing with Education.

Mental Hospitals.

There are six public mental hospitals in the Dominion, maintained wholly or in part out of the public revenue. There is also one private hospital, licensed by the Governor for the reception of the mentally afflicted.

The number of patients under treatment at the end of 1911 was 3,756, consisting of 2,220 males and 1,536 females. These numbers include Maoris, of whom there were 27 males and 11 female patients. Excluding the Native race the number of first admissions and rate per 10,000 of population for each of the past five years was as follows:—

FIRST ADMISSIONSAND BATEPER 10,000 OF MEAN POPULATION, 1907-11.
Year.Number of First Admissions.Proportion per 10,000 of Population.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
19072851844695.854.265.10
19083542455997.065.526.34
19093432235666.664.805.82
19103972426397.565.176.44
19113622496116.775.196.02
Means of five years3482295776.784.995.94

The number of patients remaining at the close of each of the past live years, and the proportion per 10,000 of the population, excluding Maoris, is shown in the following table:—

NUMBERREMAINING, 1907-11.
Year.Number remaining at Close of Year.Proportion per 10,000 of Population.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
19071,8851,3193,20438.2630.1934.47
19081,9691,4063,37538.5831.2235.13
19092,0591,4523,51139.5631.3935.72
19102,1321,4963,62840.6031.9936.54
19112,1931,5253,71840.6131.4036.26
Means of five years2,0471,4403,48739.4031.2435.62

The number of Maoris admitted as patients to the mental hospitals is small. These and the number remaining at the close of each of the past five years are shown below: —

MAORISADMITTEDANDREMAINING, 1907-11.
Year.Admitted.Remaining at Close of Year.
Males.Females.Males.Females.
1907422412
1908742811
1909942414
19101332814
19111242711

The Maori population can be ascertained only once in five years, when a census is taken. Applying the number at the last census to the means of the above five years, it is found that the ratio of admissions is 249 per 10,000 of the Maori population, and of those remaining 7.74 per 10,000.

Dealing with patients of all races, the next table gives the average number resident, those who were discharged as recovered, and those who died, during the period 1907-11:—

YearAverage Number Resident.Discharged as recovered.Died.
Number.Per Cent. of Average Number Resident.Number.Per Cent. of Average Number Resident.
19073,1362999.542327.39
19083,24032610.062226.85
19093,37434910.342046.05
19103,4733279.422838.15
19113,6013319.193038.41
Means of five years3,3653269.702497.40

With regard to the deaths in 1911, 71 were due to senile decay, representing 23.76 per cent. of the total deaths for the year, as against 21.91 per cent. for 1910. It is also noted that in a considerable number of the deaths from other causes advancing years was a factor, 42.9 per cent. of the patients who died in 1911 being over sixty years of age. Deaths from general paralysis numbered 31, while various forms of tuberculosis accounted for 29 of the total deaths.

Causes of Insanity.

In the Inspector-General's report for 1911 the following table appears giving the causes of insanity for the past three years. In commenting thereon the Inspector-General remarks that these causes are “as set forth in the admission certificates, which are often filled up by doctors who have never before seen the patient and have to rely on the statement of friends. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that heredity does not rank as highly as one knows it must.”

Causes.1911.1910.1909.
Males.Females.Total.Total.Total.
Heredity13.3017.8115.1710.1514.46
Congenital mental deficiency5.7612.508.568.638.75
Previous attacks6.875.316.228.129.11
Critical periods21.2925.3122.9620.1814.22
Alcohol15.744.3811.0311.6811.66
Toxic (syphilis, tuberculosis, &c.)4.661.563.374.954.49
Mental stress7.9910.008.828.259.60
Diseases of nervous system7.326.256.875.085.47
Other diseases..2.445.623.765.462.31
Puerperal state, &c...7.503.113.173.16
Physiological defect or error1.55..0.912.283.16
Traumatic3.990.312.471.521.58
Unknown9.093.450.7510.5312.03
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

The total expenditure on maintenance of mental hospitals (not including the cost of new buildings and additions), receipts from patients and for sale of produce, &c., and the average net cost per annum for each patient during the past five years, was as follows:—

Year.Total Expenditure.Receipts from Patients, Sale of Produce, &c.Net Expenditure.Average Net Expenditure per Patient.
 ££££s.d.
1907109,59030,34979,241251110
1908116,47431,66684,80826108
1909118,37735,08983,2882504
1910118,26832,13386,1352521
1911125,22740,84084,38723144

The total net expenditure out of the Public Works Fund for buildings and equipment from 1st July, 1877, to 31st March, 1912, was £606,443.

Farms are conducted in connection with the various mental hospitals, the inmates themselves doing most of the labour. During 1911, sales of produce brought in £5,444. while the value of produce grown on the farms and consumed in the institutions was estimated at £12,202. Expenses amounted to £9,997, so that the years working shows a credit balance of £7,649.

A license may be granted to enable a private mental hospital to receive patients for treatment. Stringent conditions are attached to the issue of such licenses, which may be revoked at any time. The Inspector-General has wide powers in the regulation and control of private institutions, which are placed practically on the same footing as public mental hospitals in regard to inspection and other matters. There is only one licensed private institution in the Dominion, that at Wakari, near Dunedin, established in 1882. Particulars of admissions, discharges, deaths, and patients remaining, for the last five years, are as follows. These figures are included in the tables given above:—

PRIVATE MENTAL HOSPITAL (included in previous figures)
Year.Admissions.Discharges.Deaths.Patients remaining at End of Year.
19071914344
1908129..47
19091821..44
19101112142
19111513143

The amount of sleeping-accommodation provided in each of the public mental hospitals is shown in tabular form, giving separately the number and cubic contents of the sleeping-rooms intended for one person only, and of the dormitories occupied by several inmates conjointly, together with the number of patients actually in the hospitals on the 31st December. 1911: —

Sleeping-rooms for One Person only.Dormitories for more than One Person.
Number.Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet.Inmates (Patients) on 31st December, 1911.Number.Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet.Inmates (Patients) on 31st December, 1911.
Auckland117115,53711737362,831731
Porirua124124,82712429439,424804
Nelson3025,3413016105,081152
Hokitika3728,5593711112,199139
Christchurch8169,6518138266,200608
Seacliff235175,93123561312,157655
   Totals624539,8466211921,627,8923,089

At Ashburn Hall, Wakari, there are seventy-seven rooms, each for one person only, with an aggregate cubic content of 77,461ft.

The Mental Defectives Act, 1911.

In 1911 an Act was passed intituled the Mental Defectives Act, 1911. This Act which came into operation on 1st March, 1912, marks an important legislative advance with respect to the care, treatment, and classification of mentally defective persons.

The following matters are worthy of special reference:—

  1. The definition of “mentally defective person,” in section 2, classifies those persons into six divisions, dependent upon the nature and severity of the complaint to which the patient is subject. These divisions are: Class I, persons of unsound mind; Class II, persons mentally infirm; Class III, idiots; Class IV, imbeciles; Class V, feeble-minded; Class VI, epileptics. This classification is that recommended by the recent Imperial Royal Commission on the care and control of the feeble-minded. Persons coming within any of the above classes are not necessarily to be confined in institutions under the Act, but only in cases where their detention is required for their own welfare and in the public interest.

  2. Much more efficient provision is made in the machinery provisions of the Act for the committal of mentally defective persons to institutions, and special provisions are made for the ready admission of such persons in cases of sudden attack or other cases demanding speedy attention.

  3. Part II deals with “single patients”—that is to say, persons who are, on the authority of a Magistrate and after examination, permitted to remain in the custody and under the control of a private person.

  4. Part III relates exclusively to the special procedure to be adopted in the case of the committal to an institution of minors. Such persons may be received on the declaration of a parent or guardian, supported by medical certificates, to the effect that detention is necessary, and may be discharged on a similar application, unless further detention is deemed necessary.

  5. Part V relates to “voluntary boarders,” and is an important departure from the earlier law. It permits of the detention of a person in an institution on his personal application to be placed under control and treatment. Such a patient may be again discharged on his own application in that behalf, the only restriction being that he may be detained for seven days after the receipt of such an application. This provision is extremely valuable in cases where a person is aware of an impending attack of insanity and wishes to effectively place himself beyond the risk of inflicting harm on himself or others.

  6. The remaining provisions of the Act deal principally with the effective administration of public and licensed institutions for mentally defective persons, and for the treatment and control of the persons detained therein.

Chapter 8. SECTION IV.—EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE.

OF every 100 persons in New Zealand 83.78 could read and write, 0.86 could read only, and 15.36 could neither read nor write at the time of the census of 1911. The proportion able to read and write has increased, and that of persons who cannot read has decreased, steadily since 1874. The figures are given for five censuses:—

 Read and write.Head only.Cannot read.
Census 187468.158.0923.76
Census 188674.014.8021.19
Census 189680.602.8916.51
Census 190683.501.6014.90
Census 191183.780.8615.36

To ascertain, however, how completely education is carried out, accepting as a test the knowledge of reading and writing, it is necessary to show the position at present in respect of age periods, which is accordingly given.

At the period under five years only 0.01 in every hundred were able to read and write, and 0.02 to read; 99.97 being unable to do either on account of extreme youth. At five to ten years 68.05 could read and write, and 4.31 read only, leaving 27.64 who could not read. But this last includes only three years of the compulsory school-going period.

With the subsequent periods up to forty years figures under “Read only” and “Cannot” are reduced to small fractions as under:—

 Head and write.Read only.Cannot read.
10 to 15 years99.510.150.34
15 to 20 years99.690.050.26
20 to 25 years99.680.070.25
25 to 30 years99.670.060.27
30 to 35 years99.530.120.35
35 to 40 years99.330.170.50
40 to 45 years99.110.230.66

At forty-five to fifty years those who “cannot read” are over 1 per cent., and the proportion goes on increasing regularly, thus: —

 Read and write.Head only.Cannot read.
50 to 55 years97.480.881.64
60 to 6594.922.192.89
70 to 7591.034.074.90
80 and upwards85.226.658.13

The improved conditions of the young people are clearly shown above. At the last two periods given, which belong to advanced life, 4.73 per cent. and 5.74 per cent. are found to be either “reading only” or quite illiterate.

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION.

In the following tables an attempt has been made to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education. The first table shows the total amount expended both from the public account and out of income from endowments during the years ended 31st March, 1911 and 1912. The figures are given to the nearest £1,000.

ANALYSISOF EXPENDITUREOK EDUCATIONIN NEW ZEALANDFORTHE YEARS 1910-11 AND 1911-12.

(Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000)

Branch of Education.1910-11.1911-12.
Out of Public Funds.Out of Income from Reserves.Total for all Items from all Public Sources.Out of Public Funds.Out of Income from Reserves.Total for all Items from all Public Sources.
 ££££££
Primary (including Native schools and training colleges)844,00075,000919.000892,00088,000980,000
Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools)88,00040,000128,00091,00039,000130,000
Continuation and technical52,0006,00058,00058,0007,00065,000
Higher (including university and higher technical)31,00020,00057,00030,00025,00055,000
 1,015,000117,0001,162,0001,071,000159,0001,230,000
Industrial schools42,0001,00043,00040,0001,00041,000
Special schools (deaf and blind, and home for backward children)11,0001,00012,0008,0001,0009,000
Superannuation and miscellaneous15,000..15,00014,000..14,000
   Totals1,083,000149,0001,232,0001,133,000161,0001,294,000

In 1910-11 teachers' salaries and allowances amounted to £633,000; repairs and re-building, £80,000; new buildings, £54,000; all other expenses, £102,000. In 1911-12 the corresponding expenditure was £666,000, £86,000, £58,000, and £170,000 respectively. The amount expended per head of population, including Maoris, but not residents in the Cook and other Pacific Islands, was as follows: —

Branch of Education.1910-11.1011-12.
Out of Public Funds.Out of Income from Endowments.Total.Out of Public Funds.Out of Income from Endowments.Total.
s.d.s.d.s.d.sd.s.d.s.d.
Primary (including Native schools and training colleges)16115176161018186
Secondary (including secondary departments of district high schools)180925190926
Continuation and technical100111110213
Higher (including university and higher technical)070611070510
 1942922120330233
Industrial schools010....01009....09
Special schools (deaf, blind, &c.)03....0302...02
Superannuation and miscellaneous03....0303....03
   Totals2082023521530215

It may be of interest to give the expenditure per head of population in some other places and countries: For primary education, public funds (general and local) contribute per head of the population in England, 11s. 11d.; Wales, 14s. 10d.; Scotland, 14s. 2d. In the State of New York, the cost to the public purse (excluding the cost of new buildings) is 19s. per head of the population, and in the whole of the United States, 18s. 7d. The cost in New Zealand (excluding new buildings) was 17s. 5d.

The following table shows the total amount expended on education out of the public funds only, and the amount per head of population for 1898-99 and 1903-4, and for the last six years.

Year.Amount expended out of Public Funds.Expenditure per Head of Population out of Public Funds. 
 £s.d. 
1898-99519,000134 
1903-4679,000156 
1906-7926,000194 
1907-8947,000195 
1908-9987,000196 
1909-10998,000195 
1910-111,083,000208 
1911-121,133,000215 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.

Education at the public schools is free (except that, at such as are also district high schools, fees are charged for the teaching of the higher branches) and purely secular. The attendance of all children between the ages of 7 and. 14 is compulsory, except when special exemptions are granted; or a child is being otherwise sufficiently educated.

The subjects taught at the primary schools are required by the Education Act to be the following: Reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and composition, geography, history, (including civic instruction), elementary science and drawing, object-lessons, vocal music, physical instruction, moral instruction, nature-study, health, and (in the case of girls) sewing and needlework, the principles of domestic economy, also handwork for both sexes. Provision must also be made for the instruction in military drill of all boys in these schools.

The Dominion is divided into thirteen education districts, over each of which an Education Board presides, and into smaller districts, in each of which a School Committee elected by the householders has authority, subject to the general control of the Board, which is elected by the Committees of the district. The Board of an education district receives and disburses the money voted by the General Assembly for purposes of instruction, and, subject to the condition of consultation with the Committee of the school district, appoints the teachers. The Boards also appoint the Inspectors. The Governor in Council makes general regulations for the inspection and examination of the schools, and also makes the regulations under which certificates are granted to teachers after examination and adequate experience.

Since the year 1895 children out of the reach of a primary school, but living near to a convenient line of railway, have been granted free passes to the nearest public school or private school; in 1902 this privilege was extended to holders of scholarships and free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools; and at the beginning of the year 1909, the same concession was granted to other secondary pupils who were compelled to travel by rail in order to attend school. The amount paid in railway fares on this account in 1911 was £12,846.

Where conveyance by rail is not possible, grants are made to Education Boards to enable children in outlying localities to attend central public schools. The allowance for this purpose is at the rate of 6d. per child for each day of attendance at school, and the total expenditure in 1911 amounted to £4,297.

When a child, through the impracticability of conveyance, has to live away from home in order to attend a public school, a sum of 2s. 6d. per week is allowed in each case in aid of board and lodging. The total expenditure under this head in 1911 was £354.

Free text-books are now provided for the pupils of the preparatory classes and the classes of Standards I, II, III, IV, V, and VI in the public schools.

An illustrated paper, called the School Journal, is published monthly by the Education Department, for free circulation among pupils attending public primary schools, and for sale to private schools. The, Journal is issued in three parts, each part being adapted to the educational attainments of pupils in two of school Standards I to VI. It is claimed that although the Journal aims primarily at being

instructive rather than recreative there is ample evidence that its appearance each month is welcomed by the children, and that its influence tends to the very desirable end of fostering the habit and the love of reading. It differs from most of the miscellaneous Readers in that, being composed largely of articles belonging to well-defined series of courses, it preserves a continuity absent from ordinary Readers. These courses deal with the history and geography of New Zealand, of the rest of the British Empire, and foreign countries, from the point of view of the human interests involved, so far as these appeal to a child's mind; with nature-knowledge of various kinds—the object being to extend what the pupils have learnt by their own observation, not to give information as a substitute for actual observation; with practical matters of hygiene; with civics and moral instruction; and with current topics, such as Antarctic exploration, Empire Day, Arbor Day and so forth.

SCHOOL STATISTICS TO 31ST DECEMBER, 1911.

The number of schools, teachers, and scholars, as in December, 1911, is shown in the following summary:—

Description of Schools.Number of Schools.Number of Instructors.Number of Scholars at the End of the Year 1911.
M.F.Total.Boys.Girls.Total.

* Exclusive of 81 visiting teachers

† and 3 sewing mistresses.

EUROPEAN.
Public (Government) schools, exclusive of Maoris and half-caste scholars2,1661,6722,8784,55181,99474,969156,963
Secondary schools (aided or endowed)321481112593,2222,2435,465
Secondary pupils, day technical schools........5987431,341
Private schools3261288659938,31011,55819,868
Industrial schools........398203601
Native village schools, European children attending........286232518
School for Deaf Mutes1......544397
Jubilee Institute for Blind1......271946
   Totals—Europeans....94,88990,010184,899  
NATIVE.
Native village schools supported by Government (excluding European children stated above)104841412252,2181,8214,039
Private Native boarding-schools (maintenance of scholars paid by Government)91218304880128
Private Native boarding-schools (maintenance of scholars paid from endowments)........129130259
Private Native day-schools6781512492216
Public (Government) schools, half-castes and Maoris attending........2,5682,1174,685
Private schools for Europeans, Maoris attending........405999
   Totals—Natives........5,1274,2999,426

Thus at the end of 1911 there were (excluding industrial schools 2,645 schools of all classes at which members of the European and Maori races were being educated. This was an increase of

83 on the number in 1910. The public primary schools numbered 2,166 in 1911, against 2,096 in 1910. The number of aided or endowed colleges, grammar, and high schools was 32, 1 more than in the previous year. The number of private schools from which returns were received by the Registrar-General's Department was 326, an increase of 8. There were also 12 industrial schools, Government and private, at which education was given, as well as a school for the deaf, also a school for the blind, subsidized by Government.

The number of schools established for the education of the Native or Maori race was 119.

Public (Government) Schools.

Compared with 1910, there was in 1911 an increase of 5,324 in the number of pupils belonging to the public schools at the end of the year, and the average attendance shows an increase of 6,448 for the whole year.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCEAND YEARLY INCREASE FROM 1877 TO 1911.
Year.School Attendance.Yearly Increase on
Number belonging at Beginning of Year.Number belonging at End of Year.Average Attendance.*Average Attendance expressed as Percentage of Roll-number.Number belonging at Beginning of Year.Number belonging at End of Year.Average Attendance,

* From 1877 to 1893 (inclusive) the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent year the “working” average.

† From 1877 to 1894 (inclusive) the increase on the “strict “ average is given, and for subsequent years that on the “working” average.

Whole Year.Whole Year.      
1877 55,688..........
187850,84965,04045,521 ..9,352..
167959,70775,56653,06773.88,85810,5267,546
188068,12482,40160,62574.68,4176,8357,558
188174,35983,56061,82274.26,2351,1591,197
188276,30967,17963,70973.01,9503,6191,887
188379,41692,47667,37374.03,1075,2973,664
188484,88397,23872,65775.15,4674,7625,284
188590,670102,40778,32776.65,7875,1695,670
188695,377106,32880,73776.14,7073,9212,410
188799,206110,91985,63777.03,8294,5914,900
1888103,534112,68590,10879.34,3281,7664,471
1889104,919115,45693,37480.31,3852,7713,266
1890108,158117,91294,63279.93,2392,4561,256
1891110,665119,52397,05880.32,5071,6112,426
1892112,279122,62099,07080.61,6143,0972,012
1893114,305124,68698,61578.52,0262,066[-455]
1894116,819127,300104,99681.82,5142,6144,875
1895119,900129,856108,39482.83,0812,5563,398
1896122,425131,037110,51783.32,5251,1812,123
1697123,533132,197112,32883.91,1081,1601,811
1898123,892131,621111,63683.4359[-576][-692]
1899123,207131,315110,31682.6[-685][-306][-1,320]
1900123,416130,724111,74784.1209[-591]1,431
1901122,725131,351111,79784.1[-691]62750
1902123,456132,262113,71184.97319111,914
1903124,095133,568113,04783.96391,306[-664]
1904125,150135,475116,50685.51,0551,9073,459
1905126,653137,623120,26586.91,5032,1483,759
1906128,328139,302121,95886.91,6751,6791,693
1907129,535141,071120,02684.61,2081,769[-1,932
1908130,866147,428127,16087.11,3306,3577,134
1909134,943152,416132,77387.84,0774,9885,613
1910136,692156,321135,73887.73,7493,9082,965
1911141,103161,648142,18689.32,4115,3246,448

For each quarter of the year 1911 the average of the weekly roll-numbers showed an increase over that for the corresponding quarter of 1910. The mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters was 159,299 for 1911, as against 154,756 for 1910, an increase of 4,543, making the total roll greater than in 'any previous year. Although the additions to the roll were most marked in the North Island, every district, with the exception of Marlborough and Grey, showed at least some increase. The increase was most marked in the December quarter of the year The number on the roll at the end of the year was 161,648, as against 156,324 for the previous year, an increase of 5,324.

AGE AND SEX OF PUPILS.

The following table shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1911, and the percentage of the roll for each age.

AGEAND SEXOF PUPILS, DECEMBER, 1911.
Ages.Boys.Girls.Total.Percentages for Five Years.
1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
5-6 years7,1316,40813,5398.08.28.78.48.4
6-7 years9,3078,55617,86310.510.610.811.211.1
7-8 years10,0949,24619,34011.611.711.611.512.0
8-9 years9,5878,97718,56411.111.311.411.411.5
9-10 years9,3008,63817,93811.411.011.211.311.1
10-11 years9,1148,57517,68911.311.210.710.910.9
11-12 years8,7998,10116,90011.010.910.010.210.5
12-13 years8,3467,41715,76310.510.410.210.09.6
13-14 years7,1326,42013,5528.78.48.58.58.4
14-15 years3,9973,2707,2674.04.24.34.54.5
 82,80775,608158,41598.197.998.097.998.0
15 and over1,7551,4783,2331.92.12.02.12.0
   Totals84,56277,086161,648100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

Of the children in the public schools, 53.8 per cent. are under ten, and 46.2 are over that age; these proportions have remained constant for the past three years.

The proportion of boys to girls remains about the same as for the previous six years—that is, 91 girls to every 100 boys on the roll. According to the census of 1911 there were in New Zealand, between the ages of five and fifteen, 97 girls for every 100 boys. The difference in the proportion on the school rolls is partly accounted for by reference to the number enrolled between the ages of five and six—for every 100 boys between these limits there are on the rolls of the public schools only 90 girls; in other words, speaking generally, girls are not sent to school at so early an age as boys. The second important source of leakage is found between the ages of thirteen and over, where the ratio of girls to boys on the school rolls is 87 to 100; this

seems to mean that more girls than boys are taken away from the primary schools at the age-period named. The number of girls to every 100 boys in attendance at the secondary schools of the Dominion is only 70; so that the leakage is not accounted for in this direction. Apparently there are a certain number of parents who think that it is sufficient for a girl to have little more than half the amount of schooling that a boy receives. Attention has been called to this fact in several successive reports of the Inspector-General of Schools. Home reasons no doubt account for some cases, but probably the chief cause is the thoughtlessness of parents who consider education less important for girls than for boys. There would be less excuse for parents who withdraw their girls too soon from school attendance if it were an established practice in all schools to give practical domestic instruction to the elder girls.

PUBLIC-SCHOOL TEACHERS.

The number of teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those employed in the secondary departments of district high schools in December, 1910, and December, 1911, respectively, was as follows:.—

Adults.Pupil-teachers.All Teachers.
1910.1911.1910.1911.1910.1911.

* Exclusive of 32 male and 151 female probationers.

† Exclusive of 41 male and 178 female probationers.

Males1,4561,4931741791,6301,672
Females2,2522,3515265282,7782,879
   Total3,7083,844700*707*4,1084,551

For the schools above Grade I having only one teacher—that is, schools with 16 to 35 children in average attendance—the average number of children per teacher—was 23.77. Taking all schools with two or more teachers, we find that the average number of pupils per adult teacher, if we reckon two pupil-teachers as equivalent to one adult, was 40.22; and with the same assumption the average for all schools of Grade II and upwards was 36.61.

Omitting teachers of schools below Grade II, the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers in 1910 was 100 to 141; and in 1911, 100 to 142. The proportion of men to women in charge of schools of Grade I and Grade 0 was 100 to 362 in 1911. If we include all public schools and all adult teachers, we find that the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers was 100 to 155 in 1910, and 100 to 157 in 1911.

The ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers was 1 to 3.02 in 1910, and 1 to 2.95 in 1911.

It may be interesting to note the corresponding proportions for primary-school teachers, secondary teachers in district high schools, and secondary schools (exclusive of visiting teachers), and for students in training colleges, respectively:—

NUMBER OF WOMEN TEACHERS OR STUDENTS PER HUNDRED MEN TEACHERS OR STUDENTS (OMITTING TEACHERS OF SCHOOLS WITH FIFTEEN OR LESS IN AVERAGE ATTENDANCE).
 1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Adult primary teachers124126140141142
Pupil-teachers277296319302295
Secondary teachers7776828584
Training-college students315285280219197
All teachers and students142144158156155

In other words, out of a total of 4,814 persons engaged in the above-named branches of the teaching profession there were in 1911 1,889 men and 2.925 women.

Remembering that a much larger number of women than of men leave the profession after a few years of service, we may form some idea of the extent to which New Zealand has been affected by the general tendency all over the world towards the increase of women in the teaching profession.

So far as can be gathered from the reports received from England, Scotland, and the United States, the following statement shows the number of women teachers per hundred men teachers:—

 England.Scotland.United States.New Zealand.
Adult primary teachers314245368142
Pupil-teachers313449 295
Secondary teachers95 12184
Training-college students211389365197

The above figures refer in the cases of England and Scotland to the year 1909-10, of the United States to 1909. The number of secondary-school teachers in Scotland and of pupil-teachers in the United States is not available.

TRAINING OF TEACHERS.

Four training colleges for teachers have now for some time been in active operation, and all have approximately the full complement for which the colleges were intended to provide. At the close of the year the students in attendance numbered 389, of whom 131 were men and 258 were women. The corresponding total for the close of 1910 was 380, of whom 119 were male students. Among those attending during the year have also to be reckoned a few students who left before the close of the period either to go into active service under the Boards or for some other reason. The total provision in contemplation is for 100 students in each of the centres. Towards this number, out of the total reported, Wellington contributes 96; Dunedin 97; Christchurch 95; and Auckland 101.

The management of the training colleges is entrusted to the local Education Boards, subject to general regulations which include certain reservations for the approval of the Minister of Education. The standard of admission generally is that of the University Matriculation Examination, and the course pursued is brought into as intimate a relation as possible with the courses of

lectures in the University college adjoining. All students are required to attend lectures in the University college, to which the principal of the training college is in each case also attached as the University college lecturer on education. Of the number in attendance at the training colleges about three-fourths had already completed their course as pupil-teachers or probationers before entering the college, the remaining one-fourth being made up mainly of students who had qualified for admission by passing the Matriculation or a higher University examination, but were without previous teaching experience.

For students in training allowances are provided. A student who has completed a pupil-teacher course receives an allowance of £30 a year, with a further allowance of £30 if he or she is obliged to live away from home to attend a training college. Those who have not been pupil-teachers receive an allowance of £10 a year, together with a boarding-allowance of £30 where necessary. In all cases free instruction at the University college classes approved by the principal is also given.

A revision of the Training College Regulations made at the beginning of the year 1911 makes provision for the granting of training-college certificates without further examination on the production of evidence of a satisfactory completion of the training-college course, and sets out in a more definite form the essential requirements of that course. Provision is also made for some increase to the staff, for the addition of a second “model school” of one or other of a variety of types with a view to improve the students' opportunities of observation and teaching, and for the admission on special terms of a certain number of graduate students who are prepared during one year of attendance to devote their whole attention to subjects of professional study and practice.

The amount paid during 1911 for the training of teachers was £34,652, made up as follows:—

Training college—£
   Salaries of staff6,723
   Students' allowances18,495
   University fees of students2,903
   Libraries26
   Apparatus13
   Buildings900
      Total£29,060
Other training—
   Grants for special instruction in handwork, including agriculture, of teachers other than    training-college students2,115
   Railway fares of teachers and instructors3,477
      Total£5,592

It must be remembered, however, that this total provides not only for the efficient training of 389 teachers, but the instruction of almost eighteen hundred children in attendance at the practising schools.

TEACHERS' SUPERANNUATION.

An Act passed in 1905 established a State-guaranteed superannuation fund, to which teachers and other persons in the service of educational bodies might elect to become contributors, and teachers appointed subsequently were bound to become contributors, the contributions ranging from 5 per cent. to 10 per cent. of the contributor's salary, according to his age at the time of beginning to contribute. The fund was designed to yield a contributor on superannuation an annuity of one-sixtieth of the total salary paid to him during all the years of his contribution to the fund, and in addition, in the case of original members' (i.e., those who were in the Education service on the 1st January, 1906), one one-hundred-and-twentieth of the salary during the years of service between the 1st January, 1878, and the 1st January, 1906, with a further proviso that in no case should an original member receive a retiring-allowance of less than £52 per annum.

In 1908 the Act of 1905 was repealed, except that those contributors who elected to remain subject to its provisions were allowed to do so. The range of contributions remains the same, but the fund is designed under the new Act to yield an annuity of one-sixtieth of the average rate of salary received during the three years next preceding retirement of each year of service, provided that in no case may the allowance exceed two-thirds of that salary. In 1909 a maximum retiring-allowance was fixed of £300 per annum.

The number of contributors to the fund on 31st December, 1911, was 3,409, the number of persons receiving allowances on that date was 324, of whom 50 were widows and 50 children, representing a total annual payment of £18,787. The balance to the credit of the fund was £183,117.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF EDUCATION BOARDS.

The total income of the various Education Boards for the year 1911 was £987,880, including £18,284 of refunds, fines, fees, donations, interest, &c. The grants by Government amounted to £922,707, and receipts from education reserves to £46,888. These grants include payments to the Board of every district of a sum sufficient to pay the salaries of teachers and pupil-teachers in the district, and further payments of a sum of £250 per annum, together with a sum of 12s. per annum for each child in daily average attendance at a public school.

There is also a varying sum for the establishment and maintenance of normal or training-schools, and for the support of such schools already established; also grants for school buildings and for technical education, &c.

The receipts and expenditure of the Education Boards, numbering thirteen altogether, are tabulated below, with further particulars:—

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF EDUCATION BOARDS, 1911.
Receipts.£s.d.
Salaries of teachers (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total cost of the training-college staff,—
Revenue from reserves46,776167
Revenue from other sources5718
Balance paid from Consolidated Fund543,915194
 590,749177
Teachers' house allowances14,998211
Salaries of relieving-teachers3,526610
Conveyance of school-children4,258111
Board of school-children372100
Free school-books2,913153
General administration88,826100
   (a) Incidental expenses of schools (cleaning, fuel, &c., in terms of the Board's regulations, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance of school buildings and included below under that heading)111310
   (b.) Office contingencies280
   (c.) Refunds and sundries399159
   (d.) Unclassified items (grouped)474139
 888114
Training colleges,—
   Salaries of staff (half of the total cost)6,6841611
   Allowances for students20,465111
   Incidental expenses1,043151
 28,19431
Secondary education,—
   Scholarships—
      Board£9,792135
      National2,980910
      Special24500
 13,01833
District high schools—
   Salaries of staffs of secondary departments16,911167
   Other receipts—
      (a.) Voluntary contributions and subsidies3,570107
      (b.) Fees from pupils174140
      (c.) High School Boards' grants279100
 4,024147
 33,954145
Manual and technical,—
   School classes—
      Capitation20,929166
      Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies1,472182
 22,402148
   Special and associated classes—
      Capitation21,58365
      Material1,83259
      Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies4,21071
      Fees from pupils at special classes3,65696
      Free-place holders7,798156
      Training of teachers2,606190
 41,68833
   Direction and administration (schools and special classes)69184
   Unclassified items7310
 64,233173
Buildings: Maintenance, rebuilding, rent,—
   Maintenance and small additions and ordinary rebuilding74,03953
   Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire8,15226
   Rents of buildings and sites for school purposes2,9301910
 85,12277
New buildings, furniture, additions, sites,—
   Public schools51,13692
   Manual instruction6,09209
   Technical instruction7,26719
   Rent of buildings for manual instruction purposes4000
   Rent of buildings for technical instruction purposes74604
 65,281120
Sites sales1,53539
Other separate accounts,—
   Contractors' deposits2,23233
   Wanganui School site6321011
   Rees Bequest Fund132141
Other separate accounts26135
 3,02418
   Totals987,879157
Expenditure.
Salaries of teachers (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total cost of the training-college staff608,957177
Teachers' house allowances15,106155
Salaries of relieving-teachers3,4121211
Conveyance of school-children3,9671811
Board of school-children34750
Free school-books4,95610
General administration,—
   (a.) Incidental expenses of schools (cleaning, fuel, &c., in terms of Board's regulations, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance of school buildings and included below under that heading)42,8301610
   (b.) Office staff (including Secretary, Inspectors, &c.), salaries, and clerical assistance28,913910
   (c.) Office contingencies14,290157
   (d.) Refunds and sundries31711
   (e.) Unclassified items (grouped)46932
 86,82166
Training colleges,—
   Salaries of staff (half of the total cost)6,75434
   Allowances for students20,471134
   Incidental expenses1,766116
 28,99282
Secondary education,—
   Scholarships—
   Board£9,243165
   National3,18496
   Special23630
 12,664811
District high schools—
   Salaries of staffs of secondary departments16,92327
   Special Instructors5000
   Other Expenses2,98257
 19,95582
 32,619171
Manual and technical,—
   School classes20,999136
   Special and associated classes (including training of teachers)37,634910
   Direction and administration (school and special classes)6,45633
   Unclassified items104106
 65,194171
Buildings: Maintenance, rebuilding, rent,—
   Maintenance (a), (a) 47,803 106
   and small additions and ordinary rebuilding (b)(b)6,773140
   Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire7,505411
   Rents of buildings and sites for school purposes2,674157
 64,75750
New buildings, furniture, additions, sites,—
   Public schools54,711144
   Manual instruction9,2441210
   Technical instruction18,2691510
   Rent of buildings for manual instruction purposes140142
   Rent of buildings for technical instruction purposes814104
 83,18176
Purchase of sites2,508113
Other separate accounts,—
   Contractors' deposits2,134113
   Wanganui School site9,84777
   Rees Bequest Fund249160
   Other separate accounts770
 12,239110
   Totals1,013,06353
   Net bank balance at beginning of year 191166,711115
   Net bank balance at the end of year 191141,52819

Excluding the expenditure on buildings and on scholarships and secondary education, the chief items of expenditure in 1910 and 1911 were as follows:—

 1910. £1911. £
Boards' administration41,39643,697
Incidental expenses of schools37,39442,831
Teachers' salaries582,288608,958
Training colleges27,46728,992
Manual and technical instruction56,04965,195

The increase in teachers' salaries is due partly to the increase in the number of schools, but chiefly to the yearly increment of £5 provided by section 7 (3) of the Education Amendment Act of 1908. The increase in the cost of the administration by Boards and Committees is probably due mainly to the increase in the number of schools. The increase in the manual and technical expenditure must be attributed to the increased number of students, the establishment of day technical schools to replace the day classes previously conducted at the schools, and the rural courses given in many of the district high schools.

The proportion of the expenditure by Boards for administration to their whole expenditure and the corresponding proportion of the incidental expenses of schools (through School Committees) for the last five years have been as follows:—

 Boards. Per Cent.Committees. Per Cent.Total. Per Cent.
19074.74.89.3
19084.74.59.2
19094.64.49.0
19104.54.08.5
19114.34.28.5

On the whole, there is a slight tendency for the proportion of expenditure upon administration by the Education Boards and School Committees to decrease, and this is as it should be, for the cost of administration should not increase proportionately with the number of schools.

PRIVATE AND DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS.

There were 326 private schools at the end of 1911, an increase of 8 on the number in 1910: 35 were for boys, 42 for girls, and 249 for children of both sexes. The number of pupils attending them was 19,868—namely, 8,310 boys and 11,558 girls, not counting 99 Maoris, 40 boys and 59 girls. The number of European pupils at these schools was greater than in 1910 by 887. Of the private schools, 158 were Roman Catholic, with an attendance of 13,941 pupils, an increase over 1910 of 2 schools and 780 pupils.

The following gives, for the past ten years, the number of private schools and of Europeans attending them, the number of Roman Catholic schools and pupils being also shown separately:—

Year.Number of Private Schools.Pupils.Included in Previous Numbers.
Boys.Girls.Totals.Roman Catholic Schools.Pupils at Roman Catholic Schools.
19022976,4519,17315,62413910,802
19032886,4059,20415,60913910,812
19042956,7859,59316,37814911,373
19052916,8379,80216,63914611,738
19063087,02610,10517,13115411,948
19073027,51010,57818,08815212,650
19083077,65310,71418,36714912,538
19093067,59710,33317,93015012,611
19103188,03610,94518,98115613,161
19113268,31011,55819,86815813,941

The distribution of the private schools in the various provincial districts is shown on the next page.

PRIVATE SCHOOLS, 1911.—SUMMARY BY PROVINCIAL DISTRITS.
Provincial Districts.Number of Schools.Number of Teachers.Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris).Daily Average Attendance.
Boys.Girls.Mixed.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.

* Excluding 99 Maoris (40 boys, 59 girls).

Auckland966176392122512,2673,0465,3131,9902,7634,753
Taranaki12141713940454533987430491921
Hawke's Bay321722657635236921,2154746331,107
Wellington7125776331912241,6682,3464,0141,4732,1033,576
Marlborough115711415135174309123162285
Nelson359171044545246041,1284835481,031
Westland1191132730338390728310359669
Canterbury694055171521691,2881,9773,2651,1071,7382,845
Otago443745181291471,1131,7962,9091,0051,6172,622
   Totals35422493261288659938,31011,55819,868*7,39510,41417,809

NOTE.—Denomination schools, such as Roman Catholic and Anglican, are included in the above as private schools. Particulars for the Roman Catholic schools in December, 1911, are as under:—.

SUMMARY OF ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS.
Provincial Districts.Number of Schools.Number of Teachers.Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris).Daily Average Attendance.
Boys.Girls.Mixed.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.
Auckland333036121151271,5322,0853,6171,3611,9103,271
Taranaki 1910 2828375439814354408762
Hawke's Bay1 101133235417464881374419793
Wellington34233018931111,0881,5372,6259971,4162,413
Marlborough1 4511213129165294118154272
Nelson1348 2626280391671251355606
Westland1181032528332377709305348653
Canterbury3319251073839581,2702,2288491,1371,986
Otago3218231466808851,2172,1028071,1131,920
   Totals1617125158614705315,9967,94513,9415,4167,26012,676

SCHOOLS FOR NATIVES.

The number of Native village schools in operation at the end of 1911 was 104. In addition, there were nine boarding-schools for Native children, the cost of whose maintenance was partly paid either by the Government or from endowments, and five mission schools.

As required by law, instruction in all Native schools is given through the medium of the English language only. The subjects of the school course are English, arithmetic, handwork, nature study, morals, singing, and physical drill.

Instruction in woodwork is given in sixteen schools, and in several schools the girls are taught practical dressmaking and plain cookery with simple appliances. A scheme of cottage gardening as a branch of handwork is in operation. In the majority of schools some form or other of elementary handwork is taken with success.

At one or other of the nine boarding-schools, St. Stephen's, Te Aute, Waerenga-a-hika, and Hikurangi for boys, and Hukarere, St. Joseph's, Queen Victoria, Turakina, and Te Waipounamu Schools for girls, the Government provides a number of free places, tenable for two years, for children of predominantly Maori race who pass the higher standards at the Maori village schools. At the end of the year the number of pupils on the rolls of these schools was — boys, 177; girls, 210: total, 387.

The number of scholarships or free places open to Maori children was 150, of which 128 were current at the end of 1911, 122 being held by pupils from Native village schools and 6 by scholars from public schools. Senior free places in Native schools take the form of industrial scholarships by which a boy may receive a sum not exceeding £40 in the course of the first three years, during which he is learning a suitable trade. As a result of the prominence now given to industrial training in the schools, there has been a material increase in the number of industrial scholarships. Thirteen boys are now apprenticed to various trades—saddlery, blacksmithing, engineering, building, and farming—and the scheme appears to be giving every satisfaction.

Four Maori girls were attached to various hospitals during the year as probationers, and all appear to be making very satisfactory progress. One nurse qualified for registration during the year, and is now working amongst the Maoris under the direction of the Health Department. The frequent recurrence of typhoid fever and other epidemic diseases among the Maoris during the past year has shown the need for increasing the number of Maori nurses as soon as possible.

On the rolls of the 104 schools at the 31st December, 1911, there were 4,557 children, as against 4,280 at the end of 1910. The average attendance for the year was 3,990, the percentage of regularity being 86.3, an increase of 0.5 per cent. on that of

the previous year. The average weekly roll number shows an increase of 296, being 4,621, as against 4,325. The number of pupils on the rolls of the six Native mission schools was 230, and on those of the secondary Native schools 387. At the end of the year, therefore, the total roll number of all the Native schools inspected by officers of the Department was 5,174, the average weekly roll being 5,245, and the gross average attendance 4,563.

The total net expenditure on Native schools during the year, including £2,680 paid from reserves funds, was £35,881. Included in this is the sum of £5,504 expended on new buildings and additions, and £2,961 on secondary education, including boarding-school fees for holders of scholarships from village schools, industrial scholarships, and nursing scholarships.

The staffs of the village schools included eighty-one masters, twenty-two mistresses in charge, 122 assistants, and three sewing-teachers. The total amount paid in salaries for 1911 was £24,439, the average salary of the head teachers being £170 8s. 8d.

Besides the children of Maori race who are receiving instruction in the Native schools at the end of 1911, there are a still larger number who are attending public schools; so that the total number of primary pupils of Maori race (including those in the Mission schools), is 8,954, made up as follows:—

Attending Native schools4,269
Attending public schools4,685
 8,954

The number of Maori children in the public schools continues to show an increase, owing principally to the fact that the policy has been steadily followed of handing over Native schools to the Education Boards as soon as the pupils have become, educationally at least, so far European in character that they can be conveniently taught with European children. This point is reached when the Maori can use English fluently in his ordinary conversation. It is part of the same policy to assimilate the programme of work in Native schools as nearly as possible to that in public schools, and to make no distinction in point of salary between teachers in the two classes of schools.

Of the children on the rolls of the schools in December, 1911, 86.4 per cent. were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 2.2 per cent. were Maoris speaking English, and 11.4 per cent. were Europeans. In connection with this classification, it is to be noted that the term “Maori” as now defined applies only to children who are by birth full Maori, three-quarter Maori, or half-caste, and excludes children who are three-quarter European.

In various public schools in the Dominion there were at the end of 1911 4,685 children of Maori or mixed race. Twenty-nine certificates

of proficiency and five of competency were gained by Maori children in public schools.

So far as can be ascertained from the statistics obtainable the number of children of Maori or mixed race on the rolls of primary and secondary schools at the end of 1911 (omitting Maoris attending public secondary schools and Maoris at schools not under Government inspection, of whom no separate return is made) was as follows:—

Actual Number.Number per 10,000 of Maori Population at Census of 1911 (49,844).
I. Primary schools—
   (a.) Government Native schools4,039810.5
   (b.) Mission schools23046.2
   (c.) Public schools4,685940.2
II. Secondary schools38777.7
   Special technical training173.4
      Totals9,3581,878.0

SPECIAL SCHOOLS.

The special schools of the Dominion provide for the instruction of children who are deaf, blind, feeble-minded, epileptic, delinquent, neglected, or indigent. The function of such schools in the educational system of a country is to endeavour to overcome as far as practicable the disabilities under which these young people suffer, and ultimately to give them an equipment for their work in life that will enable them to maintain themselves without assistance from the public funds or from their friends.

On the average the total number belonging to these schools during 1911, was 2,819, an increase of 233 over the number for the previous year, and the net charge on the public funds for the yea was £47,272. The figures for each class of school were as follows:—

 Number under Government Control.Net Cost.
 £
School for the Deaf983,651
Jubilee Institute for the Blind35405
Special School for Boys of Feeble Mind546,375
Under control of Industrial Schools2,63236,841

Of the total cost, £6,762 represents the amount expended in the purchase of land, erection of buildings, and equipment of institutions. The total amount collected from parents and guardians by way of payment towards the cost of education and maintenance was £8,416.

The establishment of a special school for the training of boys of feeble mind has now been accomplished, and, though still in its infancy, there is good ground for anticipating that its effect in training boys of this class to make a living for themselves will fully justify its existence. It is, however, at least equally important that there should be a similar school for girls, and this matter is now under the consideration of the Government.

In 1909 important amendments were made by the Legislature in the Industrial Schools Act. Attention may be drawn to two of these, especially that which gives power to a Magistrate to extend from time to time the period of control over a young man or woman who is adjudged by him to be morally degenerate or otherwise not (in the public interest) a fit person to be free from control. The other far-reaching provision is that giving power to the police to bring before a Magistrate on warrant, with a view to admission to an industrial school, any boy or girl under sixteen years of age who “is not under proper control.”

In December, 1911, the total number on the books of industrial schools was 2,617, or 163 more than at the close of 1910; on the books of the Government schools there were 2,240, an increase of 175 over the corresponding number for 1910; on the books of the private schools there were 377, or 12 less than at the end of the previous year. The number in residence at Government schools was 622 and at private schools 246, so that 868 was the total number of inmates actually in residence. The number boarded out was 856.

The numbers of children on the books at the end of the years 1910 and 1911 respectively whose maintenance was a charge against the public funds were as follows:—

 1910.1911.
Boarded out from Government schools792855
Boarded out from private schools21
Number resident at schools805868
At other institutions3037
      Totals1,6291,761
 1910.1911.
£s.d.£s.d.
The amount of parental contributions was5,575866,96966
Rate per head for children maintained3853197
INMATES, 1910 AND 1911.
Boarded out.In Residence.At Service, &c.Totals.
Dec., 1910.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1911.Dec., 1910.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1911.Dec., 1910.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1911.Dec., 1910.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1911.
Government Schools—
   Auckland (Mount Albert)84 1173352 37636 69182 3179
   Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa4 4 180  18014226 16832622 348
   Receiving Home, Wellington32322 345124 168026 10641552 467
   Boys' Industrial School, Stoke    8542 12774 116315931 190
   TeOranga Home, Christchurch    653 68281 29934 97
   Receiving Home, Christchurch20846 25412 2101004 10432048 368
   Burnham2 2 12921 150122 20102253 1252
   Caversham17112 1832410 34122  12231722 339
Private Schools—
   St. Mary's, Auckland    127 211065215 67179 6173
   St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt    342 3629 128631 64
   St. Mary's, Nelson    52 15123 41975 570
   St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin2 11503 5320 41672 270
      Totals7948018856805872486885578408932,454180172,617

There were eight Government schools in existence in 1911, and the numbers of inmates on their books at the end of the year were as follows: Auckland (Mount Albert), 179; Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa, 348; Receiving Home, Wellington, 467; Boys' Industrial School, Stoke, 190; Receiving Home, Christchurch, 368; Burnham, Boys' Reformatory, 252; Te Oranga Home, Girls' Reformatory, 97; Caversham, 339: total, 2,240. Those belonging to private schools were distributed as follows: St. Mary's, Auckland, 173; St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt, 64; St. Mary's, Nelson,. 70; St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin, 70: total, 377.

The cost of the Government schools and the amount recovered (from Charitable Aid Boards, from parents, from sale of farm-produce, &c.) are shown:—

COST OF GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, 1911.
Government Schools.Number of Inmates belonging at 31st December, 1911.Cost of School, including Buildings and other Works.Boarding out. (Included in first column.)Salaries. (Included in first column.)New Buildings and other Works. (Included in first column.)Recoveries from Parents and others, and Sales from Farms, &c.Net Cost.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.

* Exclusive of cost of administration, inspection, &c.

† Including £1,660 paid from National Endowment revenue.

Auckland1793,5251081,3931110664984111391,197552,32853
Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa34810,78599401292,2511341,7551102,26118118,5231010
Receiving Home, Wellington4678,576436,065196801140 5,268973,307148
Boys' Industrial School, Stoke1905,875110 1,30248134609305114,9441511
Te Oranga Home972,683174   1,047576171693141422,36932
Receiving Home, Christchurch3686,44610104,237141171496 3,47515102,970150
Burnham2528,7691710101102,81171163458881307,881410
Caversham3395,361763,09652873153   3,47319111,88777
   Totals 52,02400*14,84415210,4661913,0822917,81129 
Salaries, travelling-allowances and expenses of certain departmental officers (Inspectors, visiting officers, &c.)1,39633
Grant to Postal Department in connection with payments for children boarded out10000
Refund of inmates' earnings8142
      Total net cost35,717148

The next table shows payments made by the Government on account of inmates in private special schools, the recoveries, and the net expenditure by the Government. The contributions from Charitable Aid Boards to these schools, being made directly to the managers, are not included in the recoveries shown.

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON PRIVATE SPECIAL SCHOOLS (R.C.), 1911.
Name of School.Gross Cost.Recoveries.Net Cost.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
St. Mary's, Auckland1,2864349719378850
St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt197133758712248
St. Mary's, Nelson228861874114137
St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin109170253684136
      Totals1,822307851631,03669

Jubilee Institute for the Blind.

This institution is governed by a Board of Trustees, four of whom are appointed by the Government, and the remaining five elected by the subscribers to the funds of the institute. As the institute comes within the scope of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, subsidy at the rate of 24s. in the pound is payable by

the Government on voluntary subscriptions received by the Board, and 10s. in the pound on the value of bequests. The amount of such subsidy payable to the Board during its last financial year was £2,173.

The Government contributed towards the cost of training 33 pupils, the expenditure being £405, as against £721 for the previous year on account of 35 pupils. The amount of contributions by parents and guardians was £238 8s.; for 1910 it was £272 7s. 6d.

School for the Deaf.

By the Education Amendment Act which became law in 1910, extended provision is made for the education and training of young persons who are deaf, blind, feeble-minded, or epileptic. They must now come under efficient and suitable instruction at the age of six years, and remain so until they reach twenty-one years, unless previous to that time the Education Department is satisfied that their educational attainments or their proficiency in some art or handicraft or other calling enable them to provide for their future needs without further instruction.

If the near relative of a child so affected does not provide the education required, the Minister of Education may direct that the child be sent to a school where he will have the special instruction suited to his needs, the cost of maintenance and training to be borne by the relatives according to their means and as agreed upon between them and the Minister. In the event of the Minister's direction not being complied with, a Magistrate may order the child's admission to a special school and fix the rate of the maintenance payment. The question whether or not a child is sufficiently affected to warrant his being regarded as coming under these provisions of the Act is determined by his ability to receive proper benefit from ordinary school instruction. If maintenance payments are not duly observed they may be recovered as a debt, or the defaulter may be dealt with under the provisions of the Destitute Persons Act for disobedience of the Court order. Charitable Aid Boards are made responsible in necessitous cases for payment to a limited extent for the maintenance of children in these schools.

Parents, school-teachers (either public or private), constables, or officers of charitable or kindred institutions who are aware of the place of residence of blind, deaf, epileptic, or feeble-minded children, and the occupier of the house in which such a child lives, must, under a penalty, send notification to the Education Department.

The Education Department maintains a school for deaf-mutes at Sumner, the numbers belonging to the Institution at the end of 1910 and 1911 being 90 and 97 respectively.

The method of instruction used is the oral method, in favour of which there is a vast predominance of expert opinion. As regards the adoption of this system, the Minister of Education remarks, “It cannot be too often repeated that in this institution the deaf, who would otherwise be speechless, are taught both to speak

and to understand (from the motion of the lips) the speech of others, and that they are thereby admitted not only to the benefits of communication with their fellow-men, but even very largely to the conceptions involved in human intercourse. These facts are not always understood or appreciated. Every year deaf children are found who, to a greater or less extent, have passed the age at which their special instruction should have begun, and who consequently fail to attain expertness in oral communication, or more than partial mental development. Through want of knowledge of the institution, through mistaken advice, through misguided affection, or through fear of expense, the parents of these children are responsible for a loss of time that can never be made good.”

The following classes of deaf children are admitted to the institution, mental soundness being in all cases a necessity:—

  1. Children born deaf, or who have lost their hearing before learning to speak.

  2. Children who can hear a little, but are too deaf to be taught in an ordinary school.

  3. Children who have lost their hearing after having learned to speak.

The cost of the school for the years 1910 and 1911 respectively was as follows:—

 1910.1911.
£s.d.£s.d.
Salaries2,9581263,38067
Maintenance of pupils and sundries1,967351,44671
Maintenance of buildings and water charges3671652761910
Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions893112887133
Sundry other recoveries7113170
Net expenditure on the institution4,0870113,65148

There was a slight decrease in parental contributions in 1911 as compared with those for the previous year—£888 as against £894.

Special School for Boys of Feeble Mind.

This school is situated at Otekaike, in North Otago, near the Oamaru-Hakataramea Railway. It is not yet fully organized; but additional buildings that are now contemplated will provide accommodation for a considerably increased number of boys. It is to be borne in mind that Otekaike deals with only those who are capable of being trained in some degree; those more severely afflicted are dealt with by the Mental Hospitals Department. Although no definite estimate of the number of cases to be dealt with has yet been obtained, there is evidence that, if the matter of protecting the community from the consequences of failure to train children of these characteristics is vigorously taken in hand, a substantial outlay will be necessary. As many of the epileptic and feeble-minded will never be able to successfully face the stress of life, it is necessary that they be provided for in institutions where, under expert

supervision, they can by manual employment earn or partly earn the cost of their maintenance.

By order of a Magistrate a young person who is epileptic or feeble-minded may be kept under the guidance and control of a special school beyond the age of twenty-one years if it is considered that he is not fit to guide his own life, or that it is otherwise in the public interest that he should be under institutional oversight. In connection with proceedings of this kind the Magistrate appoints council to represent the inmate at the hearing. The period of extended guidance is not to exceed four years in the first instance, but on its expiry it may be renewed from time to time by similar procedure, and thus, where necessary, lifelong control is retained. In such cases orders for maintenance against the near relatives may be made.

At present there are 57 boys in residence at the Otekaike School.

The cost of the school for 1910 was £7,834, and for 1911 £6,374, made up as follows:—

 1910.1911.
£s.d.£s.d.
Salaries1,5641081,985311
Maintenance of pupils1,115761,75032
Maintenance of buildings239180418133
Farm and stock3188922655
Additional buildings, fencing, &c.4,984082,983156
Sundries178196 
Less—Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions3710155951
Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards57162294171
Sundry other recoveries13812613590
Net expenditure on the institution7,8331646,374101

MANUAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

The Education Act provides for public instruction in such subjects of manual training and of art, science, and technology as are set forth in regulations. The Act provides also for manual instruction in primary and secondary schools. Classes recognized under the Act are eligible for grants in aid of necessary buildings, equipment, and material, for capitation, and for subsidies of £1 for £1 on voluntary contributions.

Special annual grants are made to Education Boards for the maintenance of training-classes for teachers in subjects of manual instruction prescribed for school classes.

The Act also provides for free technical education. Persons complying with the conditions prescribed by the regulations are entitled to hold junior free places at technical schools or classes. These free places are tenable for two years, and may be continued under certain conditions for three years more as senior free places. In order that the substratum on which technical education is based may be sound, it is made a condition of the tenure of junior free places that the holders shall receive instruction in one or more subjects of general instruction, such as English

and arithmetic or some other branch of mathematics, in addition to instruction in technical subjects. Holders of senior free places are required to take up definite courses of technical instruction. The Act also empowers a school committee to request an Education Board to frame, with the concurrence of the Minister, regulations requiring the attendance at continuation or technical classes of boys or girls within the school district between the ages of 14 and 17 who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education or who are not specially exempted by the regulations.

The controlling authorities of classes for manual and technical instruction are Education Boards, governing bodies of secondary schools and university colleges, and, in the case of certain classes in existence prior to 1904, the managers of those classes. School classes, or classes held in connection with primary or secondary schools, are under the control of the Education Boards or of the governing bodies respectively. “Special classes”—that is, continuation classes, and classes for manual or technical instruction—are established and controlled by the same bodies. “College classes” are classes for higher technical instruction established and controlled by the governing body of a university college. Continuation classes and classes for manual and technical instruction may also be established by Borough Councils, County Councils, and other local authorities acting jointly with an Education Board or the governing body of a university college or secondary school; these are called “associated classes,” and all bodies contributing thereto may have a voice, according to the share of the cost of maintenance borne by them, in the election of managers for the classes.

In connection with the annual grants made by the Government to university colleges for specialization, the Auckland University College and the Otago University have each established a School of Mines, providing for courses for the university degree of B.Sc. or for the associateship in mining and metallurgy. The Otago University is also establishing a Veterinary School. The Canterbury College has an endowed School of Engineering and Technical Science, providing for courses for the university degree of B.Sc. in mechanical, electrical, or civil engineering, or for the associateship in engineering.

There also are several Schools of Mines located in districts in which mining is actively carried on, and particulars relating to these will be found in the Mining Section of this book.

The Canterbury Agricultural College has an endowment of 62,000 acres of land, of the rental value of £1,500 per annum, and possesses extensive buildings, and an experimental farm of a very complete character. The institution offers an opportunity to acquire a thorough knowledge of the science and practice of agriculture. Two years' residence at the college is accepted by the University of New Zealand as part of the curriculum qualifying for the degree of B.Sc. in agriculture. The college accommodates fifty students.

With the view of encouraging attendance, arrangements have been made with the Railway Department by which students attending classes registered with the Minister of Education may obtain railway tickets at special rates. Free railway tickets are issued to holders of free places at technical schools, to public-school teachers attending approved training-classes, and to public-school pupils attending manual training centres.

Manual Instruction in Public and Secondary Schools.

During the year 1911 manual instruction, in accordance with the regulations, was given in 66 per cent. of the public schools, an increase of 2.5 per cent. as compared with 1910

SUBJECTS OF AND NUMBER OF CLASSES FOR MANUAL INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
Subjects of Instruction.Number of Classes.
1910.1911.
Elementary handwork3,4893,530
Woodwork273315
Ironwork86
Agriculture and dairy-work666832
Elementary science10976
Physical measurements118122
Cookery308342
Laundry-work6369
Dressmaking9091
Swimming and life-saving165200
Physiology and first aid7875
      Totals5,3675,658

The number of public schools in which manual instruction was given was 1,436.

The number of pupils receiving instruction in cookery was 6,110.

The number of pupils receiving instruction in woodwork was 6,742.

The number of pupils receiving instruction in agriculture was about 15,000.

The number of pupils receiving instruction in other branches of manual instruction was 118,026.

The payments by way of capitation and subsidies on voluntary contributions were £20,892 10s.

The average rate of payment per class was £3.7.

Special grants for buildings and equipment totalled £4,745.

It is gratifying to note an increasing tendency on the part of teachers to regard handwork as a method rather than as an isolated subject of instruction, and to provide for training in handwork under the headings of other school subjects.

Subjects such as woodwork and cookery continue to be taught on the central system, and by special instructors. There are now over sixty well-equipped manual-training schools in operation. In the larger towns special buildings separate from the technical college or school have been provided. In the smaller towns the

manual-training centre is usually attached to the district high school, the secondary school, or the technical school, as the case may be.

Instruction in elementary agriculture is, in the case of ten of the thirteen Education districts, supervised by special itinerant instructors. Experimental and observational work—the results of which, in some cases, have proved of no little value locally—is a feature of the course of instruction in most districts. Considerable attention is also being given to instruction, of an elementary character, in dairying, especially in the North Island. Local interest in the school-gardens and experimental plots continues to be well maintained, valuable assistance being forthcoming from agricultural and pastoral associations, School Committees, and members of the farming community generally. In addition to prizes, which, as in previous years, have been freely offered, contributions in money and kind to the value of over £300 have been received by Education Boards during the year. These contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1.

During 1911 regular courses of instruction having a direct bearing on rural pursuits were carried out in connection with the secondary departments of district high schools in five education districts, as follows:—

District.Number of Schools.Number of Pupils.
Taranaki153
Wanganui5128
Wellington6206
Hawke's Bay355
South Canterbury257
      Totals17499

Capitation payments on account of rural courses carried out during the year at these schools amounted to £3,349 2s. 8d., equivalent to a rate of £6.7 per pupil.

More than half of the district high schools of the Dominion (fifty-nine in number) are now provided with laboratories equipped for individual practical work in elementary physics or chemistry. Where special science-rooms are not available, as in the case of most public schools, a course in elementary physical measurements is being taken up in a small but increasing number of schools. The number of recognized classes for this subject last year was 122, as against 118 for the previous year.

Though there has been an increase from 165 to 200 in the number of classes for swimming and life-saving recognized under the regulations for manual and technical instruction, the provision made for instruction in this useful branch of knowledge still leaves something to be desired. Recognized public-school classes were held in ten of the thirteen education districts.

Recognized classes for manual instruction were also carried on during the year in connection with twenty-eight of the secondary

schools (thirty in number) in receipt of Government grants. The chief branches taken up and the total average attendance at classes were as follows:—

Subjects of Instruction.Average Attendance.
1910.1911.
Physics and chemistry9401,463
Natural science1,3251,335
Woodwork361460
Cookery512638
Dressmaking278338

Some further particulars relating to the classes are as follows:—

 1910.1911.
The number of recognized classes was227274
The capitation payments on attendance amounted to£929£1,147
The average rate of payment per class was£4.1£4.2
Special grants for buildings and equipment totalled£912£2,073

It is gratifying to note that in the case of most of the rural secondary schools steps are being taken to bring the curricula into closer touch with the pupils' environment. Many of them now provide opportunities for instruction in subjects bearing on rural pursuits. Improved facilities for instruction on subjects relating to the home are also being provided in several secondary schools.

Technical Instruction.

Satisfactory progress continues to be made by controlling authorities and managers throughout the Dominion in the matter of providing, improving, and extending facilities for technical instruction. The schools and classes, with few exceptions, continue to receive satisfactory support at the hands of those for whose direct benefit they exist. The interest taken by local bodies and various industrial and trade organizations in the schools has not only strengthened the hands of those responsible for the conduct of the classes, but has also assisted very materially the finances of the controlling bodies. During the year nearly £5,000 in the way of voluntary contributions was received by these bodies. These contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1. The Government has, as in previous years, favourably considered applications for new buildings or additions, and for necessary equipment for technical instruction. During the year grants, totalling £11,495, were distributed to controlling authorities in aid of buildings and equipment for technical classes.

There are now about fifty well-equipped buildings available for the accommodation and instruction of technical classes. As in previous years, classes in the smaller and more remote centres where buildings specially adapted for the purpose have not yet been provided have been carried on in the local schools or in suitable rented buildings. These classes are for the most part conducted by itinerant instructors.

Following are some particulars regarding technical classes (including day technical schools) in operation during the year:—

 1910.1911.
The number of places at which recognized classes were held was115130
The number of day technical schools was88
The number of other classes was1,8281,467
The number of individual students at day technical schools was1,2161,341
The number of individual students attending other classes was13,25213,632

NOTE.—Prior to 1911 what are now known as “day technical schools” were treated as aggregations of classes, whereas they are now regarded as organized schools. This will explain the apparent decrease in the number of classes in operation in 1911.

Day technical schools, providing courses of instruction occupying not less than twenty hours a week, were in operation during the year in connection with the technical schools at Auckland (317 pupils), Wanganui (90 pupils), Wellington (268 pupils), Napier (83 pupils), Nelson (10 pupils), Westport (14 pupils), Christchurch (349 pupils), and Dunedin (210 pupils). These schools, which provide fairly full courses in science and technology, domestic economy, agriculture, and commercial instruction, continue to be well attended, and appear to attract a number of young people who probably would not for one reason or another proceed in the absence of such schools to secondary schools. The number of pupils on the rolls of day technical schools was 1,341, of whom 598 were males. Free places were held by 1,260 pupils, including 552 males.

The following table gives the school age and sex of pupils at day technical schools:—

School Age.1910.1911.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total
Junior free pupils First year355381736328422750
Junior free pupils Second year112175287176203379
Senior free pupils First year2664903670106
Senior free pupils Second year12152791221
Senior free pupils Third year246314
   Totals5076391,1465527081,260

The number of pupils holding Junior Free Places tenable for two years was 1,129, the number holding Senior Free Places tenable for three years being 131. Fifty-one per cent. of the pupils who entered on Junior Free Places in 1910 continued to attend during 1911, while about 30 per cent. of the pupils who completed the second year of their Junior Free Places at the end of 1910 qualified for and were awarded Senior Free Places in 1911.

The courses of instruction taken up by students at day technical schools were as follows:—

 Males.Females.Totals.
Industrial362 362
Commercial193499692
Domestic..237237
Agricultural41..41
Art279
      Totals5987431,341

Over 50 per cent. of the pupils on the roll of day technical schools attended commercial courses, industrial courses being taken by 27 per cent. and domestic courses by 17 per cent. of the pupils. Courses of agricultural instruction were provided at two of the schools, and were attended by forty-one pupils, or about 9 per cent. of the total roll.

The capitation payments made during the year on account of day technical schools amounted to £9,477.

The following remarks relate to technical classes other than classes at day technical schools:—

The number of individual students in attendance during 1911 was 13,632, representing an increase of about 3 per cent. Some particulars as to the age and sex of students are as follows:—

Under Twenty-one Years of Age.Twenty-one Years of Age and over.Totals.
Males4,1562,8166,972
Females3,6443,0166,660
   Totals7,8005,83213,632

The occupations of students may be summarized as follows:—

 Number of Students.Percentage of Totals.
Clerical pursuits1,67812.3
Professional pursuits2,30816.9
Students1,0627.8
Domestic pursuits3,13623.0
Agricultural pursuits1,1308.3
Various trades3,96629.1
Other occupations not included in above3522.6
 13,632100.0

These figures appear to indicate that the instruction provided by the technical schools as a whole is meeting in a satisfactory way the needs of the districts in which they are located.

NUMBER OF CLASSES FOR CERTAIN SUBJECTS OF TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. 1911.
Subjects of Instruction.Number of Classes.
Commercial subjects229
Mathematics and science86
Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries430
Domestic science275
Art and art-crafts289
Continuation classes158
      Total1,467

Classes for subjects relating to the various branches of engineering—civil, mechanical, and electrical—continue to be well attended. Most of the larger schools are provided with facilities for practical work, enabling students to take up fairly full courses in engineering. Instruction in art and art-crafts is also well provided for, and well arranged courses—both elementary and advanced—have been carried out in the schools, six in number, in which special attention is given to these branches of technical education.

Instruction in one or more branches of domestic science was given at eighty-two centres as compared with seventy-three in 1910. Now that the special courses in home-science and domestic arts arranged for by the Council of the Otago University are in operation, it is hoped that increased attention will in the near future be given to instruction bearing directly on the home.

The demand for commercial instruction continues to be maintained. Classes were held at forty-three centres.

A considerable increase has again to be recorded in the number of centres in which instruction in subjects relating to rural pursuits was provided. Classes were held at sixty-one centres in 1910 and at sixty-seven in 1911. The subjects of instruction included wool sorting and classing, sheep-shearing, dairying, veterinary science, agriculture, horticulture, bee-keeping, and poultry-keeping. Though the number of what are known as “continuation” classes in operation during the year appears to be small, it must not be thought that adequate provision is not made by the schools as a whole for instruction on subjects of general education. Where, as in an increasing number of schools, the subject taken in a continuation class forms part of a grouped course of instruction, the class is regarded as ranking with technical classes, and capitation is paid thereon at the rate for the course to which it belongs. The continuation classes, 158 in number, included in the above table were classes attended mainly by students not taking grouped courses.

NUMBER OF STUDENTS TAKING GROUPED COURSES OF INSTRUCTION OCCUPYING NOT LESS THAN FOUR HOURS A WEEK AND EIGHTY HOURS A YEAR.
Course of Instruction.Number of Students.
Elementary commercial1,033
Higher commercial208
Practical mathematics and science117
Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries1,037
Domestic science268
Art and art-crafts541
      Total3,204

The total number of students taking grouped courses was 3,204, representing 25 per cent. of the total roll. This must be regarded as satisfactory in view of the comparatively short time the regulations governing grouped courses in technical schools have been in operation. It is probable that the current year will see a considerable increase both in the number of schools offering grouped courses and in the number of students taking such courses.

The number of students who voluntarily attend evening classes, particularly in the larger centres, is distinctly encouraging, as also is the increase in the proportion of those who find it worth while to attend on several evenings a week. Following are the roll numbers for 1911 of some of the larger schools (exclusive of the day technical schools that are carried on in connection with some of them):—

School.Roll Number.
1910.1911.
Auckland Technical College1,060941
“Elam” School of Art360446
Wanganui Technical College636487
Palmerston North Technical School498530
Wellington Technical School1,1101,131
Napier Technical College225231
Christchurch Technical College910984
Canterbury College—School of Art357365
Timaru Technical School256359
Dunedin Technical School896857
Dunedin School of Art180289
Southland Technical College344369

There is a movement in certain education districts in the direction of the establishment of compulsory continuation and technical classes under section 18 of the Education Amendment Act, 1910. Regulations requiring the attendance of young persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education, or who are not specially exempted from attendance have now been approved for certain school districts in Taranaki, Wanganui, and Hawke's Bay. The operation of these regulations, which it is expected will shortly be put into force, will be watched with much interest in view of the attention now being given to the question of the further education of adolescents in other parts of the world.

Free places at classes other than classes at day technical schools were held by 2,308 students. The following table gives the school age and sex of free pupils attending such classes:—

School Age.1910.1911.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
Junior free pupils First year6884061,0946703411,011
Junior free pupils Second year257184441356200556
Senior free pupils First year189116305223140363
Senior free pupils Second year1047317713099229
Senior free pupils Third year5724818168149
   Totals1,2958032,0981,4608482,308

In 1911 the number of pupils holding Junior Free Places tenable for two years was 1,567, the number holding Senior Free Places tenable for three years being 741. About 51 per cent. of the pupils who entered on Junior Free Places in 1910 continued to attend in 1911. Of the total number of senior free pupils in their first year about 45 per cent. had previously been in attendance

as junior free pupils. The remainder were either admitted on transfer from day technical schools, district high schools, or secondary schools, or had qualified by examination for Senior Free Places. Of the total number (2,308) of students admitted to free places 2,016, or 87 per cent., qualified for capitation. Capitation payments on account of free places amounted for 1911 to £5,900 15s. 10d., being at the rate of £2.9 per free place.

The Science and Art Examinations of the Board of Education, London, and the Technological Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute were held as usual, the former at twelve and the latter at sixteen centres. The number of entries for the Science and Art Examinations was 918, the number of passes being 609; while for the Technological Examinations the number of entries was 484, and the number of passes 291. The proportion of entries to passes was 66 and 60 per cent. respectively.

SECONDARY EDUCATION.

There were 32 subsidized or endowed schools of higher education in December, 1911. The names of these secondary schools, with the numbers of pupils on the rolls in the last term or quarter of the year, and the fees charged, are stated further on. These schools must not be confused with the district high schools, although they nearly all admit to free places holders of Education Board Scholarships and of National Scholarships, besides all who gain certificates of proficiency within prescribed limits of age, &c.

The total number of pupils attending the thirty-two secondary schools in the last terms of 1910 and 1911 respectively were as follows:—

 1910.1911.
Boys.Girls.Total.Boys.Girls.Total.
Roll (exclusive of lower departments)2,8442,0624,9063,0582,1515,209
Number in lower departments1789227016492256
Total3,0222,1545,1763,2222,2435,465
Number of boarders (included above)614141755680152832

In the same years these schools were staffed as follows:—

 1910.1911.
M.F.Total.M.F.Total.
Regular staff140107247148111259
Part-time teachers483179483381

The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers) is thus seen to have been 20 9 in 1910, and 21.1 in 1911.

The average number of pupils on the roll of the secondary departments of district high schools in the year 1911 was 2,090. In 1910 it was 2,189.

If, instead of taking the average roll throughout the year, we take, as for the secondary schools, the roll at the end of the year, the numbers in the secondary departments of district high schools are: 1910, 1,916: 1911, 1.777.

ROLL AND FEES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS AS IN DECEMBER, 1911.
Schools.Total Roll for Last Term of 1911.Lower Departments included in Total Roll.Boarders included in Total Roll.Annual Rates of Fees.Average Attendance (Lower Departments excluded).
Boys.Girls.
Under 12 Years.12 to 15.15 to 18.Over 18.Total.Under 12 Years.12 to 15.15 to 18.Over 18.TotalBoys.Girls.Boys.Girls.For Tuition.For Board, exclusive of Tuition.

* Approximate.

† Minus.

NOTE.—The classification of secondary schools, as shown in the above tables, may be interpreted thus:—

A. Schools established under special Acts of the Legislature, with endowments derived from grants of money from the public revenue, or from grants of land. It is optional with these schools to admit free pupils or offer scholarships equal in value to one-fifth of the net annual income derived from endowments.

B. High schools established in places where there are no secondary or district high schools. These schools must admit free pupils, for which they receive grants according to scale.

C. Schools which, though endowed, do not admit, nor are empowered to admit, free pupils.

A. Endowed Schools included in the Eighth Schedule to the Education Act, 1908.
 £s.d.£s.d.£
Whangarei High School..1030141..1626547........880..83
Auckland Boys' Grammar School..16233014506..................10100..511
Auckland Girls' Grammar School............9722120338........10100..340
Thames High School..1742..59..920..29........880..85
New Plymouth High School..1844163..1537..52....7..6603520115
Wanganui Girls' College..........134212015190..17..9011504000176
Wellington Boys' College..11225015377..............67..121204200384
Wellington Girls' College..........107912711227..10....11179..208
10120
Napier Boys' High School1056573126..........44..27..1040400089
Napier Girls' High School..........1042591112..40..181040400067
Gisborne High School52548..78..133114510..17..9004500118
Marlborough High School..1830250..2035358........8110......108
Nelson Boys' College37210114190..........16..94..121204200183
880
Nelson Girls' College..........940909148..14..44121204200130
880
Christchurch Boys' High School26911613200..........13......10100..180
7100
Christchurch Girls' High School..........21011258236..11....12120..228
990
Rangiora High School..1425140..1227140....10..990300077
2000
Ashburton High School..1532148..1532350........660..100
Timaru Boys' High School..2046470..............4..900400068
Timaru Girls' High School............1336655........900..54
Waitaki Boys' High School66412714211..........25..148..71004610195
Waitaki Girls' High School............1650167........7100..65
Otago Boys' High School..10917512296..............23 100043100314
Otago Girls' High School..........5513217204........ 1000..194
Southland Boys' High School..62656133..................1000..146
Southland Girls' High School............57831141........1000..142
Total268431,5181012,4884464212511022,03910892397152....4,360
B. Secondary Schools established under Section 94 of the Education Act.
Hamilton High School..2018..38..1424139........1000..71
Palmerston North High School..46635114..2443269....21..10004000180
Dannevirke High School..1719137..1029..39........1000..81
Gore High School..2534261..2034357........1000..123
Total..1081348250..681306204....21......455
C. Endowed Secondary Schools not coming within the Definition of Section 89 of the Education Act.
Wanganui Collegiate School..1049323220..............166..12007500215
Christ's College Grammar School58109898264..........56..96..14364500*208
1106
71764200
Total5821318231484..........56..262......423
Grand total for 19118411641,8341403,2224471013811082,24316492680152....5,238
Grand total for 19108810181,7491673,0223976412401112,15417892614141....5,012
Difference4146852720055414138914..6611....226
STAFF AND SALARIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS AS IN DECEMBER, 1911.*
Schools.Staff.Salaries at Rate paid at End of Year.Notes.
Regular.Part-time.Regular Staff.Part-time Teachers.
Men.Women.Men.Women.Men.Women.Men.Women.

* In four cases no secondary school has been maintained by the governing body: these are the Greymouth High School, Hokitika High School, Akaroa High School, Waimate High School; but in all cases the funds are applied, in whole or in part, to the establishment of scholarships or in aid of local district high schools or other secondary schools.

A. Endowed Schools included in the Eighth Schedule to the Education Act.
 ££££ 
Whangarei High School23115004001515..
Auckland Boys' Grammar School15..2..4,355..127....
Auckland Girls' Grammar School..1513..2,69572248..
Thames High School221..575220......
New Plymouth High School431..1,09056035..Principal has residence.
Wanganni Girls' College..1147..2,415236201Principal has residence.
Wellington Boys' College18..2..4,535..100....
Wellington Girls' College..1132..1,93010540..
Napier Boys' High School8......1,732......Principal has residence, second master has house allowance, two others board allowance.
Napier Girls' High School..7..1..1,185..35Teacher has residence.
Gisborne High School52111,2802404545Three teachers receive allowances.
Marlborough High School32..1900325..18Principal has residence.
Nelson Boys' College9..2..2,190..88..Principal has board and residence, five assistants have board, and one assistant has residence.
Nelson Girls' College..8..2..1,200..85Principal and five assistants have board and residence.
Christchurch Boys' High School11..713,269..4451..
Christchurch Girls' High School..1114..2,12145210..
Rangiora High School22216252201010Principal has residence.
Ashburton High School32....850330......
Timaru Boys' High School4..1..1,260..15....
Timaru Girls' High School..4..1..845..15..
Waitaki Boys' High School7..111,950..3236Principal has residence and three assistants have board.
Waitaki Girls' High School..4..1..700..50..
Otago Boys' High School11..2..3,218..160..Principal has residence and one assistant has board.
Otago Girls' High School..921..1,82512560..
Southland Boys' High School6..3..1,680..96..Principal has residence.
Southland Girls' High School..721..1,230789..
Total110103392930,05918,4411,8291,078..
B. Secondary Schools established under Section 94 of the Education Act.
Hamilton High School2112590160....Paid on capitation basis.
Palmerston North High School53211,3503806515Including £100 house allowance for Principal.
Dannevirke High School22115703601520..
Gore High School32....850300......
Total128443,3601,2008032..
C. Endowed Secondary Schools not coming within the Definition of Section 89 of the Education Act.
Wanganui Collegiate School14..2..4,702..169..Principal has residence.
Christ's College Grammar School12..3..3,320..292..Principal and five assistants have residences.
Total26..5..8,022..461....
Grand total148111483341,44119,6412,3701,110..

Both in the secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there is a falling-off in the roll towards the end of the year; but the decrease is less marked in the secondary schools than in the secondary departments of the district high schools: in the latter the total roll at the end of the year was 1,916 in 1910 and 1,777 in 1911. The falling-off in the course of the year is more marked in the case of the boys than of the girls: this is due, no doubt, to the fact that more boys leave school to enter employment.

Besides the head teachers, who generally take some part in the secondary instruction, there were employed in 1910 in the secondary departments of district high schools 95 special assistants—45 men and 50 women; in 1911, there were 87—40 men and 47 women. The average number of pupils per teacher was 23 in 1910, and 21.7 in 1911.

In addition to those in secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there should properly be included in the number of pupils under secondary instruction in the Dominion (a) the pupils attending certain day classes in connection with technical schools, which in this regard may be called technical high schools; (b) the pupils in various institutions for the secondary education of Maori boys and girls; and (c) pupils attending private secondary schools.

The total numbers on the roll of technical day schools at any time during the years 1910 and 1911 were as follows:—

 1910.1911.
Boys545598
Girls708743
      Totals1,2531,341

The following was the average roll of pupils in secondary schools for Maoris (all of whom were boarders) for the respective years:—

 1910.1911.
Boys182177
Girls196210
      Totals378387

Summarizing all these figures, substituting in the case of the secondary schools the average roll for the roll at the end of the year, and excluding pupils in the lower departments of such schools, we obtain the following statement of the numbers receiving some form or other of secondary instruction during the years 1910 and 1911 (as nearly as can be estimated):—

 1910.1911.

* No information for 1910 available.

Secondary schools5,1685,209
District high schools2,1892,090
Technical day-schools1,2531,341
Maori secondary schools378387
Private secondary schools*831
      Total8,9889,858

The decrease in the number of secondary pupils at district high schools has therefore been more than balanced by the increases in the three other groups of schools giving secondary instruction. The population of the Dominion (exclusive of the Cook Islands) according to the 1911 census, was 1,058,312, so that the proportion of persons receiving some form of secondary instruction in publicly recognized institutions during 1911 was thus 93.1 per 10,000 of the population. In 1906 the corresponding proportion was 72.7 per 10,000, so that even after allowing for private secondary schools, of which no return was available in 1906, there has been a considerable development of secondary education in the Dominion during the last five years. Although, from an examination of the figures set out in blue-books received from England and Scotland, it would appear that the proportion in this Dominion is well ahead of that in those two countries, it is still behind the United States, which claims 122 secondary pupils per 10,000 of population.

FREE SECONDARY EDUCATION.

Under the regulations for free places at secondary schools and district high schools, free places in such schools are divided into two series, junior and senior, the former being tenable for two years with a possible extension to a third year, without further examination, or, in the case of district high schools, to the age of seventeen, the latter to the age of nineteen. No junior free place at a secondary school or district high school is tenable beyond the age of seventeen. Boys and girls who qualify for Junior Scholarships, whether they obtain scholarships or not, are entitled to junior free places, and all who pass the special examination for free places are also participants in the privilege. Junior free places may again be obtained on the qualification of a certificate of proficiency—that is, essentially pupils who pass with credit the Sixth Standard of the public-school syllabus; but on this qualification the age of a candidate seeking admission as a free pupil for secondary instruction must not exceed fifteen years.

A senior free place is tenable by any pupil who has passed the Civil Service Junior Examination or the Intermediate Examination, the latter of which is regarded as the special examination for senior free places.

Both examinations are conducted together, and differ mainly in the fact that in the latter case different papers are set in certain subjects to suit the requirements of non-competitive candidates.

Those who have passed the matriculation examination of the University are also treated as holders of senior free places. In a largely increasing number of cases, however, senior free places are now obtainable without the intervention of any external examination. By a recent amendment in the regulations, the Minister of Education is empowered to award senior free places to eligible pupils who have satisfactorily completed a secondary course of two years' work in accordance with the specified conditions, and are recommended therefor by the Principal of the

school attended, or in the case of district high schools by an Inspector of the district, in either case concurrence by the Inspector-General of Schools in the recommendation being necessary.

On free places granted in secondary schools to duly qualified pupils statutory grants are payable on a sliding scale, in which the capitation amounts vary according to the income of the school from public endowments, and are calculated in such a way as to secure to the school for each free pupil under instruction an annual income from public sources sufficient to cover the necessary expenditure.

At the end of 1911 the secondary schools giving free tuition to duly qualified pupils, and receiving grants therefor under the Act, were twenty-nine, as against twenty-eight for the preceding year. The total number of pupils on the roll of these twenty-nine schools, exclusive of pupils in the lower departments of the schools, was 4,608, and out of this total, 4,021, or 87 per cent., were given free places under the regulations. The total annual payment at the rate paid for the last term of the year would be approximately £43,630: the approximate average cost to the Treasury was therefore £10 17s. per pupil.

In addition, free tuition was given to 156 others who were holders of scholarships or of exhibitions granted by these schools, or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, making the total number of free places held at secondary schools 4,177, or 80 per cent. of the roll of all these schools. At the same time the pupils in attendance at the secondary classes of district high schools were 1,777 in number, all but a very few of whom were free pupils, receiving free tuition at an average cost to the Government of £9 19s. 2d. per pupil. Further, in reckoning the amount of free secondary education in the Dominion, there have to be added those receiving free education in Maori secondary schools, 128 in number, and the holders of certain free places in technical schools, numbering 1,260. There is thus an approximate total of 7,342 pupils receiving free secondary education, exclusive of those holders of free places in technical schools who were art students or were evening students, or were taking courses which may be more approximately described as technical rather than as secondary.

The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places at the end of the year for which payment was made by Government:—

FREE PLACES IN DECEMBER, 1910 AND 1911.
 19101911
Boys.Girls.Total.Boys.Girls.Total.
(i.) Secondary schools—
   (a.) Junior free pupils1,4681,1932,2611,6101,3222,932
   (b.) Senior free pupils5784461,0245994901,089
      Total2,0461,6393,6852,2091,8124,021
(ii.) District high schools9559631,9188679101,777
(iii.) Maori secondary schools51831344880128
(iv.) Technical day-schools5056391,1445527081,260
      Grand total3,5573,3246,8813,6763,5107,186

In the above table (in the case of the secondary schools and district high schools) the roll at the end of the year has been taken; a fairer estimate of the number of persons receiving free secondary education in public institutions would be obtained by taking the average roll throughout the year and including in the total the holders of foundation and private scholarships or exhibitions who received free tuition not paid for by Government. We obtain thus the following approximate figures:—

NUMBER RECEIVING FREE SECONDARY EDUCATION IN 1911.
Secondary schools4,221
District high schools2,090
Technical day-schools1,260
Maori secondary schools128
      Total7,699

The corresponding number for 1910 may be estimated at 7,540, showing an increase for the year 1911 of about 120 in the number in the Dominion who are receiving free secondary education.

FINANCES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources:—

  1. Rents from the special land reserves allocated to them by statute;

  2. Statutory grants, given in lieu of special land reserves;

  3. Income from the secondary-school land reserves controlled by the School Commissioners, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils, exclusive of lower departments;

  4. Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves, and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act;

  5. Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act;

  6. Capitation on pupils in classes recognized under the Manual and Technical Instruction Regulations;

  7. Special grants from Government for buildings and apparatus;

  8. Statutory subsidies on voluntary contributions;

  9. Tuition fees of pupils;

  10. Boarding fees of pupils;

  11. Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys other than those obtained by the sale of reserves, donations, and special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c.), rent of premises, &c.

The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the “net annual income derived from endowments” is the average for the three preceding years of this revenue, less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments and upon buildings, and less mortgage and other charges.

The following table gives a summary of the receipts under the several heads named above, and of the various items of expenditure for the year:—

SUMMARY OF THE ACCOUNTS OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FOR 1911 FURNISHED BY THE GOVERNING BODIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
 £s.d.
Receipts.
Credit balances on 1st January, 191122,14316
Endowment reserves sold and mortgage moneys repaid and insurance1,310410
Rents, &c., of reserves32,86382
Interest on moneys invested1,402184
Reserves revenue5,70918
Government payments—
   For manual instruction, capitation, and subsidies1,30917
   For free places, capitation and subsidy on voluntary contributions46,3451810
   Grants for buildings, sites, furniture, &c.11,58867
   Statutory grant (Marlborough High School)40000
School fees (tuition)17,768164
Boarding-school fees, &c.22,45633
Sundries not classified28,839511
Debit balances, 31st December, 19119,0251611
 £201,162311
Expenditure.
Debit balances on 1st January, 19117,59750
Expenses of management4,015169
School salaries64,4911711
Boarding-school accounts17,31076
Scholarships and prizes2,22816
Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c.5,388611
Buildings, furniture, insurance, rent, and rates55,74933
On endowments6,343146
On manual instruction, exclusive of buildings1,206139
Interest3,04824
Sundries not classified5,918170
Credit balances, 31st December, 191127,863176
 £201,162311

It may be as well to compare the chief items of income and expenditure in 1910 and 1911:—

 1910.1911.
 ££
Income from reserves and endowments38,98039,975
Grants from Government (exclusive of building grants)42,49248,055
Building grants11,79411,588
Tuition fees17,82817,769
Salaries of staff60,02464,492
Expenses of management4,3344,016
Buildings, &c.53,55455,749

As the free-place system is extended, the amount received in tuition fees will naturally diminish, and the capitation grants from Government will increase.

The Education Amendment Act of 1908, by the introduction of a higher scale of capitation on free pupils, benefits not only those secondary schools which have few if any endowments, but also the more numerous class of schools whose income from endowments is small in proportion to the number of pupils; further, it will relieve from anxiety those schools where a necessity arises for a large building expenditure in any year, as the effect of the new sliding scale is that in any year the total of the net annual income from endowments and the capitation—that is, of the moneys available for the payment of staff salaries and working-expenses—cannot, with due safeguards, fall below £12 10s. per pupil—a sum which past experience shows to be just sufficient. Generally speaking, the finances of the secondary schools are in a sound condition, notwithstanding the large expenditure under the head of buildings. The total payments for salaries have increased by over £4,400, while the average salary of male assistant teachers has increased during the year from £232 to £243, and that of female assistants from £145 to £155.

For the whole Dominion, if there are taken into account only the secondary schools that admit free pupils under the Act, we find the following position:—

Total number of pupils, excluding lower departments5,144
Total net income from endowments (average of three years ending 31st December, 1911)£11,066
Net income from endowments per head£2.15
Approximate annual rate of capitation£10.80
Total available net income per free pupil for salaries and management£12.95
Total expenditure on salaries of staff£52,978
Total expenditure on management£3,100
Total expenditure on staff salaries, and management£56,078
Expenditure per head on staff salaries£10.37
Expenditure on management£0.67
Total expenditure per head on staff salaries, and management£11.04

The last figure given shows as nearly as may be the actual cost per annum for each pupil, exclusive of those in the lower departments.

DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOLS.

The number of district high schools in operation at the end of 1911 was 59, In the secondary departments of these schools the teachers employed, apart from the principals, who may or may not have taken part in the secondary instruction, but whose added responsibility is in all cases recognized by some increment of salary, numbered 87, and the number of pupils in attendance in December was 1777—a decrease of 8 teachers and of 113 pupils as compared with 1910. In 1905 a very substantial rise in the attendance had to be noted; the present movement in the opposite direction may be attributed to various causes, among which increased facilities for higher education in other directions and somewhat stricter tests of admission have doubtless much to do.

The course of instruction usually followed in the secondary departments of the district high schools of the Dominion has, hitherto, been drawn up largely with a view to prepare pupils for the Civil Service Junior, Matriculation, and Education Board Scholarship Examinations. In too many cases the curriculum itself and the methods of teaching have been dominated by examination results. It is, however, gratifying to note that in several education districts an earnest endeavour is being made to bring the course of instruction more into harmony with local conditions by providing suitable rural courses, based generally on a suggestive programme some time ago issued by the Department. Such courses admittedly tentative in character, are now in active operation in many districts. The movement is instinct with vigorous life, and there is every reason to believe that similar courses will be provided in other districts as soon as ways and means permit. The course for boys is not intended to fit them for carrying on agricultural and pastoral pursuits, but is intended to give them a knowledge of the scientific principles upon which the successful practice of these pursuits depends. Similarly, the course for girls is intended to fit them

for the work which they, as members of families engaged in such pursuits, may have to perform or superintend. It is worthy of remark that in most instances it has been found possible, not only to provide reasonably full courses with a distinct bias towards rural and domestic pursuits, but also to secure adequate opportunities for pupils preparing for the various public examinations. The special payment of £5 10s. per annum provided by the Government for each pupil in the secondary department of a district high school taking an approved rural course has enabled Education Boards to augment the available teaching-staff by the addition thereto of specially qualified itinerant instructors to teach the significant subjects included in the course.

While it is too early yet to judge of the effect of this departure from old-fashioned methods of secondary education, it will be a matter for surprise if it is not found to be altogether beneficial from the point of view both of the schools and of the pupils. It should at least have the effect of prolonging the period of secondary education in rural districts.

A table is given showing the number of qualified pupils attending the district high schools on the 31st December, 1911.

DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOLS.—ATTENDANCE, STAFF, SALARIES, ETC., IN SECONDARY DEPARTMENTS, 1911.
Education District.Number of Schools.Average Attendance, 1911.Mean of Average Weekly Roll of Four Quarters.Number of Teachers (excluding Head Teachers).Statutory Annual Rates of Salaries at End of Year (excluding Head Teachers).
M.F.Total.
 £s.d.
Auckland1029433349132,30300
Taranaki19610921352500
Wanganui822625883111,82000
Wellington931133459142,60500
Hawke's Bay3879332589000
Nelson48710414591500
Grey1414511235500
Westland1373811235500
North Canterbury831133475122,385194
South Canterbury312213632589134
Otago924626958132,26500
Southland23137 2230000
   Totals for 1911591,8892,09040478715,61028

SCHOLARSHIPS.

Education Board Scholarships.

Under the Education Board scholarship scheme the Education Boards, under local regulations approved by the Minister of Education, award annually a large number of scholarships of varying value

out of an allowance of old standing, amounting to 1s. 6d. per head of the average attendance. The regulations adopted in the different districts commonly provide for two classes of scholarships, junior and senior—the former limited to children under fourteen or in some cases under thirteen years of age resident in the district, and tenable usually for two years; the latter, more restricted in number, continuing the secondary education of the holders for two or three years longer.

During the year 1911 Education Board scholarships—junior and senior—were current to the number of 582, as against a total of 563 for 1910. The actual monetary value of these scholarships in most instances is small, the object in view being generally to spread the benefits as widely as possible rather than to provide attractive prizes for a few. Each scholarship, however, through the operation of the provisions for free places, which give a preference to scholarship-holders, carries with it in all but certain exceptional circumstances the substantial benefit of free tuition, and a lodging or travelling allowance is added where necessary. The total expenditure of Education Boards on scholarships of this class during the year 1911 was £9,244. The following table shows the number and value of Education Board scholarships current at the end of 1911:—

Education Districts.Number held in Dec., 1911.Period of Tenure.Boards' Expenditure on Scholarships in 1911.Annual Value, &c.
Boys.Girls.Total.
 Years.£s.d. 
Auckland62319332,50101149 at £40, 44 at £10.
Taranaki17153223851197 at £35, 1 a £9, 24 at £5.
Wanganui1921402 or 39328412 at £40, 3 at £23 10s., 2 at £23 2s. 6d., 9 at £21, 14 at £10.
Wellington48267421,13318021 at £40, 1 at £6 11s. 3d., 5 at £6 5s., 47 at £5.
Hawke's Bay46216726572612 at £30, 1 at £20, 1 at £12 10s., 13 at £10, 4 at £8 10s., 3 at £7 10s, 33 at £2 10s.
Marlborough89172150003 at £25, 1 at £15, 4 at £10, 9 at £2.
Nelson13193222541347 at £40, 2 at £10, 23 at £2.
Grey54921051002 at £26, 7 at £8.
Westland516274002 at £24, 1 at £10, 1 at £8, 2 at 4
North Canterbury3816542 or 3840191111 at £30, 43 at £10.
South Canterbury19163523511324 at £27,3 at £12,3 at £10, 25 at £7.
Otago5823812 or 31,2183624 at £40, 57 at £10.
Southland2517422 or 363815017 at £30, 25 at £5.
   Totals, 1911363219582 9,243105..
   Totals, 1910349214563 9,232 5..

In extension of the provisions for scholarships, the arrangements now in force, by which pupils of fair promise are admitted to free tuition in secondary and other schools, are very comprehensive and far-reaching in their effects. For all who deserve it there is now a free course

from the initiatory stages of the primary school to the doors of the University, and by means of further scholarships and bursaries, making classes at the colleges free to all duly qualified students, a further step of progress to the distinction of a University degree is also possible in terms of similar advantage.

Beyond the limits of the secondary school the opportunities given to promising students are considerable. University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and are as follows: Junior University, Senior National and Taranaki Scholarships, in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. In addition to the above, all those who gained “credit” at the same examinations are entitled to hold bursaries which meet the cost of college fees up to £20 per annum, and a recent Order in Council has extended the system of bursaries still further. With these provisions there can be few indeed entitled to special consideration who are deterred from a University course by the question of the cost of classes.

National Scholarships.

An Act to encourage higher education in New Zealand by the granting of National Scholarships was passed in 1903, and has since been incorporated in the Education Act, 1908. Provision is made for the establishment of Junior and Senior Scholarships, the necessary funds being furnished by the Minister of Finance.

A Junior Scholarship is offered in each education district for every four thousand or part of four thousand children in average yearly attendance, tenable for three years, with the possibility of extension for one or more years up to the age of eighteen years. Candidates must not exceed the age of fourteen years. The value of a Junior Scholarship is £10 per annum, in addition to tuition fees.

Senior National Scholarships, not exceeding twenty in number, are awarded annually to persons of either sex under nineteen years of age on the result of the Junior Scholarship Examination of the University. The value of a Senior Scholarship is £20 per annum in addition to tuition fees, and it is tenable for three years.

Where the holder of a Junior or Senior National Scholarship is obliged to live away from home in order to prosecute his or her studies an additional sum of £30 per annum is paid, or actual travelling-expenses, not exceeding £10 per annum are allowed if the holder of a scholarship is obliged to travel more than four miles daily in order to prosecute his or her studies.

At the end of 1911 the number of Junior National Scholarships current was 126, 103 of which were held at secondary schools and 23 at district high schools. Apart from fees otherwise accounted for under the heading of free-place expenditure, the cost of Junior National Scholarships for the year was £3,185. The number of

Senior National Scholarships current was fifty-nine, for which the New Zealand University received a grant from the Treasury of £3,679 12s. 2d.

NEW ZEALAND UNIVERSITY.

The introduction of university education into New Zealand was effected by the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Otago, who in 1869 passed an Ordinance under which the University of Otago was established. Following closely on the founding of this institution was the establishment of the University of New Zealand under an Act of the General Assembly, the New Zealand University Act, 1870. This University subsequently received a Royal charter, whereby certain specified degrees are declared entitled to “rank, precedence, and consideration” throughout the British Empire “as fully as if the said degrees had been conferred by any university of the United Kingdom.” It was apparently contemplated by Parliament (vide section 19 of the Act last quoted) that the New Zealand University and the Otago University should be amalgamated; but the negotiations for this purpose having failed, the two institutions remained for some time distinct bodies. In the year 1874, however, the University of Otago surrendered or put in abeyance its power of conferring degrees, and became affiliated to the University of New Zealand, and at the same time it was stipulated that the University of New Zealand should not directly exercise functions of teaching.

The New Zealand University Act, 1874, which repealed the statute of 1870, gave power to the Senate to confer, after examination, the several degrees of Bachelor and Master in Arts, Bachelor and Doctor in Law, Science, Medicine, Music, and also in such other departments of knowledge, except theology, as might be determined by the said Senate in the future.

By statute passed in 1904 further powers were given to confer the degrees of Doctor of Literature; Master of Laws; Master of Surgery; Master of Science; and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of (a) Veterinary Science, (b) Dental Surgery, (c) Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, Metallurgical, Naval Architecture); (d) Agriculture, (e) Public Health, (f) Commerce. For these latter no further charter has been given.

Powers are granted to confer also ad eundem degrees.

In 1902 an Amendment Act was passed reconstituting the Senate, which now consists of twenty-four members or Fellows, five to be elected by each of the four University College districts—that is to say, two by each governing body, two by each District Court of Convocation, and one by each Professorial Board. The remaining four members are nominated by the Governor in Council.

The statutes relating to the New Zealand University have been consolidated under the New Zealand University Act, 1908.

In the year 1873 the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Canterbury passed an Ordinance for founding “The Canterbury

College,” and the college was accordingly established with the same standard of university education as that of the University of Otago, but without the power of conferring degrees. It was affiliated to the University of New Zealand.

In December, 1878, a Royal Commission on University and Secondary Education was appointed by the Governor, which met in July, 1879, and reported that two colleges, with an income of £4,000 each, ought to be established in Auckland and Wellington, and that suitable buildings, at a cost of £12,500 each, should be erected in those cities. In the following year the Royal Commission repeated these recommendations.

The Auckland University College Act, 1882, which became law on the 13th September of that year, definitely established the college, and endowed it with a statutory grant of £4,000 per annum. By the Auckland University College Reserves Act, 1885, three blocks of land, containing about 10,000 acres each, and a block containing about 354 acres, which had been devoted to the purpose of promoting higher education in the Province of Auckland, became vested in the Council of the University College.

The Auckland University College was affiliated to the University of New Zealand by the Senate of the University on the 6th March, 1883, and on the 21st May in the same year the college was opened by the Governor.

Nothing was done for Wellington until the year 1894, when an Act was passed entitled the Middle District of New Zealand University College Act, 1894, which said, “There shall be established in the City of Wellington a college to be connected with the University of New Zealand,” and provision was made for a governing body to be called the Council, but no provision was made for any pecuniary grant nor any endowment, and, though certain members of the Council were appointed, nothing could be done for want of funds.

Not until 1897 were the needs of Wellington actually attended to. In the session of Parliament of that year the late Right Hon. Mr. Seddon, P.C., then Premier, introduced the Victoria College Act: an Act, as stated in the preamble, “to promote higher education by the establishment of a college at Wellington in commemoration of the sixtieth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria,” the college being intended to embrace in its work the Provincial Districts of Wellington, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, and Westland. The Act was passed on the 22nd December, 1897, and the Council was formed as provided in

the Act, and the work of organization was begun. The Act provides for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a grant of £4,000 a year, and also requires the Council to give six scholarships each year, called “Queen's Scholarships,” to persons of either sex under the age of fourteen years, upon the results of an examination under such conditions as the Council may provide. The Act further sets apart a parcel of land 4,000 acres in extent in the Nukumaru Survey District (Wellington Provincial District) as an endowment for the College. The Queen's Scholarships have since been done away with, and the term of the last has now expired.

The New Zealand University is not a teaching body, as above explained, undergraduates hitherto for the most part keeping their terms at one or other of the affiliated institutions—the Auckland University College, the Victoria College, the Canterbury College, and the University of Otago—each of which has now a staff of professors and lecturers. The total number of graduates who have so far obtained direct degrees is 1,524.

There were, in 1911, 1,776 students actually in attendance at the four University Colleges, an increase of 57 on the number for the previous year. Of these, 74 were graduates, 1,245 were undergraduates, and 457 were unmatriculated students. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above, there were 124 students attached to the various University Colleges, but exempt from lectures—that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the College, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination. The numbers of students at the affiliated institutions during 1911 were as follows: At the Auckland University College, 287 matriculated, 205 non-matriculated, and 18 exempt; at Victoria College, 369 matriculated, 105 non-matriculated, and 69 exempt; at Canterbury College, 295 matriculated, 71 non-matriculated, and 7 exempt; at Otago University, 368 matriculated, 76 non-matriculated and 30 exempt.

The names of the officers forming the controlling body of the New Zealand University on 1st May, 1912, are:—

VISITOR.

His Excellency the Governor.

UNIVERSITY OFFICERS.

Chancellor, Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D.

Vice-Chancellor, Sir Charles Christopher Bowen, Kt. Registrar, Barclay Hector. Assistant-Registrar, Edwin Thomas Norris, M.A., N.Z.

Office: Wellington.

THE SENATE.

Allen, James, M.A., Cantab.

Benham, William Blaxland, D.Sc., M.A., Oxon., F.R.S.

Bowen, Sir Charles Christopher, Kt.

Brown, Frederick Douglas, M.A., B.Sc., Oxon.

Brown, John Macmillan, M.A., LL.D., Glasg.

Brown, John Rankine, M.A., St. And. and Oxon.

Cameron, Reverend Andrew, B.A., N.Z.

Chilton, Charles, M.A., D.Sc., N.Z.; M.B., C.M., Edin.; F.L.S.

Collins. William Edward, M.B., Lond.; M.R.C.S., Eng.

Evans, Reverend William Albert.

Fitchett, Frederick, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D., N.Z.

Gordon, Henry Andrew, F.G.S., A.M.I.C.E.

Hight, James, M.A., Litt. D., N.Z.; F.R.E.S.

Hogben, George, M.A., Cantab., F.R.G.S.

Hunter, Thomas Alexander, M.A., M.Sc., N.Z.

Marshall, Patrick, M.A., D.Sc., N.Z.; F.G S., F.R.G.S.

McDowell, William Chisholm Wilson, B.A., N.Z.; M.B., C.M., Edin.

O'Rorke, Sir George Maurice, Kt., M.A., LL.D., Dublin.

Scott, Robert Julian, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E., A.A.I.E.E.

Shand, John, M.A., LL.D., Aberd.

Stout, Sir Robert, K.C.M.G., LL.D.

Tibbs, James William, M.A., Oxford.

Tole, Joseph Augustus, B.A., LL.B., Sydney.

von Haast, Heinrich Ferdinand, M.A., LL.B., N.Z.

SUBSIDIES TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES.

With a view to subsidising libraries, especially small and struggling institutions in sparsely populated districts, Parliament has frequently voted sums of money for distribution on a fixed basis. In 1911 Parliament voted the sum of £4,000 for payment of subsidies to public libraries. The method of distribution of the vote was the same as that adopted in previous years—viz., a nominal addition of £25 was made to the amount of the income of each library derived from subscriptions, donations, and rates, provided that the receipts for the year were not less than £2, and the vote was distributed according to the amount thus augmented; but no library received credit for a larger income than £75—that is, in no case did the augmented amount on which distribution was based exceed £100. In accordance with the Gazette notice, the day appointed for the distribution of the subsidy was the 3rd February, 1912, and the amount of the vote was divided among the 391 libraries from which applications, each accompanied by a statutory declaration on the proper form, had been received at that date. The vote, as thus dealt with, afforded a subsidy of 4s. 9.68d. in the pound on the nominal income, and the subsidies ranged from £6 9s. 9d. to £24 0s. 8d. The number of libraries participating in the vote shows a decrease of fourteen as compared with the number aided in February, 1911.

In order that the purpose intended to be served by the vote may be attained, it is made a condition for participation that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library in the previous year shall have been expended in the purchase of books.

Chapter 9. SECTION V.—THE MILITARY FORCES OF THE DOMINION OF NEW ZEALAND.

THE New Zealand Defence Forces consist of the following:—

INTRODUCTORY

Permanent Forces.

  1. The New Zealand Staff Corps (officers).

  2. The Permanent Staff (warrant and non-commissioned officers).

  3. The Royal New Zealand Artillery (Field and Garrison).

Territorial Forces.

  1. The regiments of Mounted Rifles (twelve).

  2. The New Zealand Field Artillery (nine batteries).

  3. The New Zealand Garrison Artillery (nine companies).

  4. The New Zealand Engineers (four companies).

  5. The New Zealand Railway Corps (two battalions).

  6. The Infantry Regiments (seventeen battalions).

  7. The New Zealand Signal Corps (eight companies).

  8. The New Zealand Army Service Corps.

  9. The New Zealand Post and Telegraph Corps (two battalions).

  10. The New Zealand Medical Corps (eight field ambulances).

  11. The New Zealand Veterinary Corps.

  12. The Rifle Clubs.

  13. The Senior Cadets.

ORGANIZATION.

Officers and soldiers of the New Zealand Staff Corps, Permanent Staff, and R.N.Z.A. are at all times liable for foreign service; the remainder of the Military Forces are liable for service within the Dominion only. The Senior Cadets, as such, are not liable for active service.

The organization and establishment of the New Zealand Staff Corps, Permanent Force, and the Senior Cadets, and the organization for peace and war of the Territorial Force, including the establishments of units, are laid down in “Appendix I (Establishments)” to “Regulations for the Military Forces of New Zealand.”

For the purpose of decentralization the Dominion is divided into four military districts—viz., the Auckland District, the Canterbury District, the Otago District, the Wellington District. The military districts are further divided into “area-groups” and “areas.”

STAFF.

The Staff of the New Zealand Military Forces consists of—The Staff at Headquarters; the Staff in districts. The Staff is divided into—(1) the General Staff, (2) the Administrative Staff.

The Commandant in his capacity of General Officer Commanding and Inspector-General of the Forces is responsible for the organization, discipline, and efficiency of the Forces. In his capacity as Chief of the Dominion Section of the Imperial General Staff he is responsible for advice on local military policy to be pursued, organization of the local Forces in accordance with State policy, plans for local defence, supervision of training of troops, education of officers, and selection of officers of local Forces for study at Imperial Staff Colleges.

LIABILITY FOR SERVICE UNDER THE DEFENCE ACT.

The liability of all male inhabitants of the Dominion for service in the Military Forces is laid down in the Defence Act and Regulations as under:—

The Act provides for the gradual military training of every male New-Zealander from the age of twelve to the age of twenty-five, after which he will serve in the Reserve up to the age of thirty. There are no distinctions and no exceptions. Every one, unless physically unfit, will have to take his share in the defence of the Dominion. Those who, in consequence of the doctrines of their religion, have a conscientious objection to bearing arms in the service of their country will be trained as far as possible in the non-combatant branches, of which ambulance work will be made a special feature. Subject to the full establishment of Territorials required being maintained, the regulations admit of a man of good character, who has proved himself to be thoroughly efficient, being transferred to the Reserve after four years' service—viz., at the age of twenty-two.

NATURE OF SERVICE.

From the age of twelve to the age of fourteen the boy is a Junior Cadet, and performs as such a certain amount of elementary military training, chiefly physical, under the direction of the Education Department.

On reaching the age of fourteen, or on leaving a primary school, the boy is transferred to the Senior Cadets, and then becomes a member of the Military Forces, though not liable to be called out to fight.

He remains a Senior Cadet till he is eighteen. On reaching the age of eighteen, he is, if found, on again being medically examined, to be physically fit, drafted into the Territorial Force. As a Territorial soldier he is liable to be called out at any time for service within the Dominion.

On reaching the age of twenty-five, if still serving, he is transferred to the Reserve. He remains in the Reserve till he reaches

the age of thirty, when he will be discharged. As a Reservist he will be liable to be called back to his regiment in case of war or other national emergency.

If he belongs to a Rifle Club he will, as long as he remains a member, be liable up to the age of fifty-five to be called up as part of a secondary Reserve to fill the ranks of the Territorial Force after its own Reserve has been used up.

Every youth who attained the age of fourteen on the 31st March, 1911, but had not attained the age of twenty-one on that date, was by Proclamation under the authority of the Defence Act called upon to register. A later notification in the New Zealand Gazette of the 4th April, 1912, called upon all male persons not yet registered who attained the age of fourteen and upwards, but have not yet attained the age of twenty-two on the 31st May, to register. Notice was at the same time given that the following instructions were to be observed regarding registration and service:—

All male persons temporarily absent from the Dominion not previously registered must register within two months of their return. All male immigrants between the ages of fourteen and twenty-two must register within six months after arrival in the Dominion. All persons liable to register in terms of Defence Act and who fail to take the necessary steps to secure registration become liable to a fine of £5 and declared ineligible for employment in any branch of the Government service or to be enrolled as an elector on reaching the age of twenty-one.

As far as possible arrangements are being made to post the incoming recruits to the branch of the service and the drill centre they desire to be trained in, and care is taken not to post to the same unit more persons out of the same business concern than the employer can spare at the same time.

All exemptions and temporary exemptions on medical grounds are to be granted and issued, and all transfers and discharges from the Territorial Force of those qualified will be made, in June each year.

The number of Territorials and Senior Cadets registered up to the 25th March, 1912, for military training and not yet posted to units, together with those already serving, are shown in the following table according to military districts:—

District.Territorials now serving (under Twenty-one Years).Registered for Enrolment.Senior Cadets (including those serving).Totals.Those over Age in Territorial Force desirous of continuing Service (approximately).
 1.2.3.4.5.
Auckland1,6435,9727,05614,671720
Canterbury1,5365,0997,38614,021950
Otago1,6694,4106,24212,321696
Wellington1,4616,7339,87618,070496
   Totals6,30922,21430,56059,0832,862

The total of columns 1, 2, and 5 is 31,385, which is about the strength required by new Army Establishments. The total number of the Territorial Force available for service in each district, which would be distributed according to the requirements of establishments and the exigencies of the service generally, are: Auckland, 8,335; Canterbury, 7,585; Otago, 6,775; Wellington, 8,690.

THE TRAINING.

The training of the Cadet and soldier throughout his service is strictly territorial—that is to say, it will, except for the one week a year spent by the Territorial soldier in camp, be carried out within reach of his own home, and at convenient times. The whole of the training is arranged with every possible consideration for the interests both of the employer and of those who are being trained.

The minimum amount of training which must be performed each year by every member of the Territorial Force, Reserve, Senior Cadets, and Rifle Clubs is as follows:—

Territorial Force.

  1. Thirty drills, twenty of which will be out-of-door parades.

  2. Twelve half-day or six whole-day parades, all of which will be exercises in the field, except in the case of Garrison Artillery units, which will be exercised at the works of defence, to which they are allotted on mobilization.

  3. Seven days annual training in camp (exclusive of the days of arrival and departure).

  4. Prescribed course of musketry.

Reserve.

Two half-day parades or their equivalent with a Territorial unit or company.

Senior Cadets.

  1. Fifty drills.

  2. Six half-day parades.

  3. Prescribed course of musketry.

Rifle Clubs.

Prescribed course of musketry and eighteen afternoon or evening drills.

A drill in the Territorial Force is one hour and a half continuous instruction. A drill in the Senior Cadets is one hour continuous instruction. A half-day parade is three hours continuous instruction. A whole-day parade is six hours continuous instruction.

An out-of-door parade may be carried out in the evening, and will not be devoted entirely to drill, but will include route marching, outposts by day and by night, entrenching, signalling, driving, &c., and such work as cannot conveniently be carried out indoors. In the case of Artillery and Technical Corps the proportion of outdoor parades may be reduced at the discretion of the Commanding Officer. The principle is that the drill-shed should be avoided as far as possible.

THE TERRITORIAL FORCE.

The New Zealand Territorial Force (including the Territorial Reserve) is the first line of defence of the Dominion after the Imperial Navy. Its position cannot be fairly compared with that of the Territorial Force in the United Kingdom, which has the Regular Army and Special Reserve in front of it. The New Zealand Territorial Force must be able to take the field at once on the outbreak of war. It is the New Zealand Army; and the permanent officers of the Staff Corps, the Permanent Regiment of the Royal New Zealand Artillery, and the warrant and non-commissioned officers of the Permanent Staff are its auxiliaries to control, guide, and instruct it.

The Territorial Force will be about thirty thousand strong, and is organized in field and coast-defence units with practically the same establishment for peace as for war. In each of the four military districts into which the Dominion is divided there is a brigade of Infantry, a brigade of Mounted Rifles, and a brigade of Field Artillery, as well as the necessary number of Garrison Artillery for coast-defence (three companies each in Wellington and Auckland, and one company each at Dunedin, Lyttelton, and Westport), a field company of Engineers, and Medical units, and other departmental troops. An Infantry brigade includes four battalions and a Signal company; a Mounted Brigade, three regiments of Mounted Rifles and a Signal Company; and a brigade of Artillery, two four-gun batteries.

The force is fully armed and equipped according to the most modern standard; the men are uniformed by the State, and are paid and rationed during the annual camp.

The units of the force are commanded and trained by their own officers, assisted by the Staff Corps, the Permanent Force, and the Permanent Staff. Each Regimental Commander has a certain number of professional soldiers to help him and to relieve him of administrative duties, but no one to interfere between him and his regiment. The officers will be drawn from the ranks on the recommendation of the Commanding Officers, and are appointed, promoted, and retired in accordance with definite regulations calculated to ensure their efficiency and their status.

THE SENIOR CADETS.

The unit of organization and training in the Senior Cadets is the company of Infantry. Companies composed of Cadets belonging to any school or other recognized organization (such as the Boy Scouts) form part of that school or organization, and are subject to its discipline, supplemented by the regulations. In dealing with such companies and in the appointment of their officers the military authorities co-operate with headmasters and with the heads of such other recognized organizations. The Senior Cadets are officered by officers holding Territorial commissions on the Unattached List, with the same qualifications and liabilities as other Territorial officers.

In order to simplify the control of Cadets, it was decided by the Ministers of Education and Defence that for training purposes (not registration—all over fourteen must register) all pupils attending primary schools will be considered Junior Cadets, and all pupils attending secondary schools will be considered Senior Cadets, irrespective of their ages.

THE RESERVE.

Men of the Territorial Force Reserve will be borne on the reserve lists of their late unit of corps, and perform their annual parades with some part of that unit or corps.

THE RIFLE CLUBS.

The Rifle Clubs, being part of the New Zealand Military Forces in virtue of the liability of their members to serve as a second line of defence, will be governed by the Military Regulations, and will carry out each year a prescribed course of musketry. Members of Rifle Clubs within the age liable to undergo military training are required to attend at least eighteen afternoon or evening drills at convenient drill centres. The drill centres are as far as possible arranged so as not to entail more than one hour's walk or one hour's ride from the men's homes, as in the case of Territorials and Senior Cadets.

Judging by the result of medical examination last year, it is expected that this year only 5 per cent. of those liable for service will be found totally unfit; about 60 per cent. will be posted to the Territorial Force and about 35 per cent. to the Rifle Clubs.

The Defence Forces of New Zealand, in view of this accession of strength to Rifle Clubs, are placed in two categories in their relation to training and defence:—

First line—The Territorial Force and the Territorial Reserve.

Second line—The Rifle Clubs and the training sections affiliated to Rifle Clubs.

The strength of a Rifle Club will vary according to population and situation, the strength of an Infantry company (100) being taken as a guide, and sections of 25 formed when necessary

in different parts of the area. The number of Rifle Clubs in an area depends on the personnel available, as in the case of Senior Cadets.

MILITARY CADETS.

Under arrangement with the Commonwealth Government, provision has been made for the nomination of a certain number of New Zealand Cadets annually for a course of training at the Royal Australian Military College, in order to prepare them to fill positions in the New Zealand Staff Corps. The course will be of four years' duration, and the expense is to be borne by the New Zealand Government. There are at present fifteen New Zealand Cadets attending the College.

INTERCHANGE OF OFFICERS.

Arrangements exist between the Army Council and the Government of New Zealand for the selection (on interchange) of officers required to fill vacancies in the Headquaters Staff, and in the General and Administrative Staffs of the several military districts.

Nine officers of the New Zealand Staff Corps are undergoing instruction in England, two being students at the Staff College, Camberley. One officer of the New Zealand Staff Corps is undergoing instruction in India. One officer of the Royal New Zealand Artillery is a student at the Staff College, Camberley, and two are undergoing instruction in India. The number of officers interchanged and on loan from the Imperial Army, at present serving with the New Zealand Forces, is fifteen.

Chapter 10. SECTION VI.—LAW AND CRIME.

CIVIL CASES.

THE ordinary civil jurisdiction of Magistrates' Courts is limited generally to claims not exceeding £100, but extended jurisdiction is exercised by some Magistrates, the limit being £200. Justices of the Peace may hear and decide civil cases when the sum in dispute does not exceed £20. The number of plaints issued, cases tried, amount sued for, and amount for which judgment was recorded in those Courts during the ten years 1902-11 is shown in the following table:—

Year.Plaints entered.Cases tried.Amounts sued forAmounts for which Judgment entered.
 ££
190228,14017,027320,719159,133
190328,74416,571285,793157,766
190434,23019,569335,147179,829
190537,15720,161379,941202,923
190640,54023,381419,198236,643
190742,56124,435429,379232,306
190842,87727,578529,271282,932
190952,45629,782597,831326,040
191055,22529,698562,115293,326
191153,39434,627557,158296,629

These figures show a marked increase in recent years in both the number of litigants and the amount sued for. It would appear that the practice of using the Courts as media for the collection of small debts is growing. In 1910 the civil cases brought before County Courts and Courts of Petty Sessions in Victoria numbered 30,528, the total amount sued for being £331,088. The limit of jurisdiction is £500 in the former and £50 in the latter Courts.

The number of actions commenced, cases tried, judgments entered, together with the amount for which judgments were recorded in the Supreme and District Courts of New Zealand during the ten years 1902-11 was as follows:—

SUPREME AND DISTRICT COURTS: CIVIL JURISDICTION.
Year.Number of Actions commenced.Cases tried.Judgments recorded.
With Jury.Without Jury.Number.Amount.

* Supreme Courts only, District Courts abolished.

 £
19025796013918424,845
19035954918713832,146
19046346318514948,771
19056546222115550,031
19065997324018944,955
19077035719717747,872
19088497024322573,687
19098706722226791,638
1910*5695221119383,427
1911*7297617021184,822

It would appear that the greater number of cases are settled out of Court, the actions tried representing only 33.74 per cent. of those commenced.

COURT OF APPEAL

The Court of Appeal is composed of any two or more Judges of the Supreme Court, with the Chief Justice or, in his absence, the senior Judge presiding. The decision of the Court must be in accordance with the opinion of a majority of the Judges present. Certain proceedings may by order of the Supreme Court be removed to the Court of Appeal. The decision of the Court of Appeal is final as regards the tribunals of New Zealand, but the Court may, in civil proceedings, give leave to either party to appeal to the Privy Council. In criminal cases any party aggrieved by the judgment of the Supreme Court or any conviction or order removed into such Court, or on appeal against any such order, may appeal to the Court of Appeal. The number of cases brought before this Court and the judgments thereon for the past ten years will be seen in the following table:—

Year.Crown Criminal Cases.Civil.
Number.Convictions affirmed.Appeals.Cases removed.
Number.Allowed.Number.Judgments for Plaintiffs.Judgments for Defendants.
1902331971055
190373214532
19045532932..
1905521331072
1906422610651
190766167752
1908951561384
1909741671596
19108817101165
191111524817115

BANKRUPTCY.

Under the Bankruptcy Act, 1908—a consolidation of the then existing laws—a person may seek the protection of the Bankruptcy Court by filing a petition with a declaration of insolvency, or one or more creditors may petition the Court to have a debtor declared insolvent. The Dominion is divided into four districts for administrative purposes each district being in charge of a Govern-

ment officer styled the Official Assignee, who is assisted by deputies stationed at the principal business centres. The number of transactions in bankruptcy during the past ten years was as follows:—

Year.Adjudications.Cases in which Composition accepted.Orders of Immediate Discharge granted.Cases in which Orders of Discharge were suspended.
Petitions by Debtors.Petitions by Creditors.
190218124 12837
19031644057316
19042174037712
19052673756824
190630542 10320
190730248110731
190835452410534
190941259112224
191032964413514
191128163112314

Private assignments and compositions are not registered, and particulars respecting this class of insolvency are not procurable.

The following table shows the total number of petitions, the amount of the unsecured assets, the amount of debts proved, and the amount paid in dividends and preferential claims for the years 1902-11:—

Year.Number of Petitions in Bankruptcy.Debtors' Statements of Assets, excluding Amounts secured to Creditors.Amounts realized by Official Assignees.Amount of Debts proved.Amounts paid in Dividends and Preferential Claims.
  ££££
190220561,60439,386110,99529,406
190320446,76723,76188,01917,618
190425786,09443,514125,39228,103
1905304100,81347,798146,33228,150
1906347106,37650,761192,92735,448
190735077,69859,849158,66342,459
1908406200,44767,018199,06947,800
1909471204,18771,351259,01744,110
1910393127,63479,100176,00147,796
191134488,59240,009133,51728,757

Of the bankruptcies in 1911: in 12 cases the liabilities were under £50; in 61, from £50 to £100; in 118, from £100 to £250; in 71, from £250 to £500; in 55, from £500 to £1,000; in 8, from £1,000 to £2,000; in 9, from £2,000 to £5,000; in 6, £5,000 and upwards. In four cases no statements were filed.

DIVORCE.

In 1898 the Legislature of New Zealand passed a Divorce Act, and the signification of the Royal assent thereto was duly notified by His Excellency the Governor in a Proclamation dated the 1st April, 1899, bringing the Act into operation from the 1st June of that year.

This Act placed persons of either sex practically on an equality as regards petitions for dissolution of marriage; the same grounds, in substance, for a decree of divorce applying to man or woman.

Besides this important alteration of the law, the grounds for divorce are extended as under:—

  1. Adultery, on either side.

  2. Wilful desertion continuously during five years or more.

  3. Habitual drunkenness during four years and upwards on the part of husband, along with failing to support wife, or habitual cruelty; or habitual drunkenness for a like period and neglect, with unfitness to discharge her household duties on the part of the wife.

  4. Conviction, with sentence of imprisonment or penal servitude for seven years or upwards, for attempting to take life of petitioner.

Every decree for dissolution of marriage is in the first instance to be a decree nisi, not to be made absolute till after the expiration of such time, being not less than three months from the pronouncing thereof, as the Court shall by order from time to time direct.

The petitioner need not necessarily move to make absolute any decree nisi that may be pronounced

An amendment to the Act of 1904 was passed by the Legislature in 1907, and after having been reserved for the Royal assent became law on the 9th May, 1908.

By this Act failure to comply with a decree for restitution of conjugal rights ceases to be a ground for divorce proceedings. On the other hand the following grounds have been added, viz.:—

“That the respondent has been convicted of the murder of a child of the petitioner or respondent.

“That the respondent is a lunatic or person of unsound mind, and has been confined as such in any asylum or other institution or house in accordance with the provisions of the Lunatics Act for a period or periods not less in the aggregate than ten years within twelve years immediately preceding the filing of the petition, and that the respondent is unlikely to recover from such lunacy or unsoundness of mind.”

It is provided that where the ground of the petition is lunacy or unsoundness of mind, the Solicitor-General shall take such steps as he may consider necessary in the interests of the respondent.

A decree for a judicial separation may be obtained either by the husband or wife on the ground of adultery, or of cruelty, or of desertion without cause for a period of two years.

All enactments of the General Assembly of New Zealand relating to divorce, judicial separation, restitution of conjugal rights, and summary separation, prior to 1908, were consolidated in that year, and re-enacted under the title of the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, 1908.

The petitions for divorce in 1911 under the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, were 226 in number, being 26 more than those for 1910: 161 decrees for dissolution of marriage were granted. The proceedings under the Act for the years 1902-11 were as follows:—

Year.Divorces.Judicial Separation granted.Nullity of Marriage.Restitution of Conjugal Rights.
PetitionsDecrees.Petitions.Decrees.PetitionsDecrees.
190212990..314..
190313412433498
190413499242189
1905163114..211711
19061711251663020
19071921471323021
1908207171321119
1909219163..3221
1910200154276....
1911226161..21....

In the year 1897 there was one application for restitution of conjugal rights, but it was not till some years later that this means of establishing a ground for divorce was resorted to with frequency. As before stated, disobedience of an order for restitution is no longer a ground of petition for dissolution of marriage.

The Act of 1898 has evidently operated in the direction of increasing largely the number of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage or judicial separation.

The proportion of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage to the number of marriages was up till 1898 higher in New Zealand than in England and Wales, but lower than in New South Wales or Victoria. The full effect of the operation of the new law in New Zealand is now, however, being experienced.

As early as 1889 an Act was passed in Victoria to allow of divorces being granted for wilful desertion, habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect, imprisonment under certain circumstances of either party, and adultery on the part of the husband. This multiplication of the causes for divorce has largely increased the proportion of decrees in that State.

An Act of a similar tenor was passed in New South Wales in 1892, and brought into working in August of that year, under which, and an amending Act of 1893, in addition to adultery since marriage on the part of the wife, and adultery and cruelty on the part of the husband, petitions for divorce can now be granted in that State on any of the following grounds:—

Husband v. wife: Desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness for a similar period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned under a sentence of three years or upwards; attempt to murder or inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults on him within one year previously.

Wife v. husband: Adultery, provided that at the time of the institution of the suit the husband is domiciled in New South Wales; desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect to support for the same period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned for three years or upwards, or having within five years undergone various sentences amounting in all to not less than three years; attempt to murder, or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults within one year previously.

To entitle either party to seek relief on these grounds, he or she must have been domiciled in the State at the time of instituting the suit for three years of upwards, and should not have resorted to the State for the purpose of the suit. When a wife seeks for a decree on the ground of three years' desertion, if she was domiciled in New South Wales when the desertion commenced, she shall not be deemed to have lost her domicile by reason of her husband having thereafter acquired a foreign domicile.

The divorces in New South Wales and Victoria since the divorce law has been altered in the direction of increasing the grounds for decrees are as under. With these are given the figures for New Zealand under the old law up to 1898, and according to the Act of 1898 up to 1910. The figures for New South Wales tend to show that on altering the law there was a large accumulation of cases to get rid of, which increased the number of decrees to a degree which was not subsequently maintained.

Year.New South Wales. Divorces.Victoria. Divorces.New Zealand. Divorces

* Aft of 1898 in force in New Zealand.

18933068525
18943138120
18953018518
189623410636
189724611733
18982478731
1899*23210546
1900*2199385
1901*25283101
1902*24510990
1903*206101124
1904*21614099
1905*176136114
1906*175123125
1907*223134147
1908*195151171
1909*275138163
1910*254141154

POLICE.

On the 31st March last the strength of the Police Force in New Zealand was 835 of all ranks, being an increase of 47 during the year. The total is made up as follows: 9 inspectors, 6 sub- inspectors, 20 senior sergeants, 69 sergeants, 676 constables, 5 chief detectives, 7 detective sergeants, 27 detectives, 16 acting- detectives. There were also 4 Police surgeons, 4 matrons, 16 district constables, and 8 Native constables.

The following table shows the number of stations and number of police in each Police District:—

Police District.Stations.No. of Police.
Auckland65182
Thames2136
Napier2851
Wanganui3880
Wellington40153
Greymouth2444
Christchurch45137
Dunedin39110
Invercargill2138

The proportion of police to population is 1 to every 1,287 persons, and the expenditure (exclusive of the cost of buildings) on the whole Police Force for the year ended the 31st March, 1912, was 3s. 5d. per head of population.

The following table shows the growth of the Police Force since 1877, prior to which each province had its own Police Force, and reliable data are not available:—

Year.Officers.Non-commissioned.Detectives.Constables.Total.Police to Population (including Maoris).Cost per Inhabitant.
18782590143294581 to 944..
18852065173724741 to 1,2938/0¾
18901266134034941 to 1,3462/10¾
1895751134164871 to 1,4952/6¾
19001156204995861 to 1,3592/10¾
19051265255536551 to 1,3752/10¼
19061471255576671 to 1,3872/10½
19071478305776991 to 1,3753/0
19081583326047341 to 1,3313/2¼
19091687356337711 to 1,3083/4¼
19101686346397751 to 1,3303/3½
19111587386487881 to l,3333/4½
19121589396928351 to 1,2873/5

CRIMINAL CASES.

Charges before Magistrates.

The total number of charges brought before Magistrates in 1911. and number of convictions obtained, are shown in the following table:—

How brought before Magistrate.Arrested or Summoned.Convicted.
Total Offences, including Multiple Charges.District Arrests or Summonses, excluding Multiple Charges.Total Summary Convictions, including Multiple Charges.District Summary Convictions, excluding Multiple Charges.
By Arrest18,49914,97416,79314,005
By Summons20,78318,23916,23614,498
   Total39,28233,21333,02928,503

If the Maoris be excluded, the number of charges (exclusive of lunacy) in 1911 is found to have been 38,095, a decrease of 112 upon the number for 1910; and the proportion per 1,000 of population 37.54 as against 37.97.

Persons charged with lunacy and committed to mental hospitals have been excluded from the calculations for this and previous years shown.

The figures, both numerical and proportional, covering a period of twenty-six years are subjoined:—

CHARGESBEFORE MAGISTRATES.
Year.Number.Proportion per 1,000 of Mean Population.
188522,29738.89
188818,37030.35
189116,71426.54
189416,82024.76
189719,39026.87
189922,11329.48
190024,08431.54
190125,82533.20
190228,07635.19
190330,75337.50
190430,93436.60
190530,74135.33
190632,86636.70
190736,85240.09
190836,28638.40
190936,90237.97
191038,20738.48
191138,09537.54

Summary Convictions.

The summary convictions in 1911 numbered 33,029, including 990 Maoris. In addition 433 persons, 30 of whom were Maoris, were committed for sentence, and 546, 23 of whom were Maoris, were committed for trial at the Supreme Courts, a decrease of 156 on the number committed in 1910.

Dealing with the summary convictions for all offences, the figures for 1902 and onward (excluding the Maoris) are:—

SUMMARY CONVICTIONS.
Year.Offences against the Person.Offences against Property.Other Offences.Totals.
Total Number.Per 1,000 Mean Population.Total Number.Per 1,000 Mean Population.Total Number.Per 1,000 Mean Population.Number.Per l,000 Mean Population.
19025400.681,7592.2019,82624.8522,12527.73
19036440.791,7672.1522,35427.2524,76530.19
19046660.781,8012.1322,77026.9525,23729.86
19056480.741,8992.1822,44725.8024,99428.72
19066400.712,0502.2924,43827.2927,12830.29
19077520.822,1742.3727,53029.9530,45633.14
19087330.782,5252.6727,04228.6130,30032.06
19097720.792,2232.2927,70228.5130,69731.59
19106550.662,0782.0929,24729.4631,98032.21
19116540.642,1442.1129,24128.8132,03931.56

In dealing with the summary convictions in the Magistrate's Courts in the above table each offence is reckoned as a distinct person. The total number is from time to time swelled by the inclusion of breaches of statutes, the provisions of which give rise to fresh offences against the public welfare not strictly criminal, so that comparisons with past years are adversely affected.

The total of summary convictions for offences against the person (excluding Maoris) was 654 for the year 1911, which is one less than that for 1910 (655). Of these 651 summary convictions in 1911, the greater number (589) were on account of common and aggravated assaults, and there were 45 for attempt to commit suicide.

Of offences against property, theft not otherwise described is the most common, showing for 1911 1,401 summary convictions. There were besides 110 for specific kinds of theft, and 54 for housebreaking. Obtaining money and goods under false pretences caused 128 summary convictions, and wilful damage to property 409. These are the principal items only.

Under the heading “Other Offences” (those relating to good order included), drunkenness comes first with 11,400 summary convictions, of which 841 were in respect of females. Prohibition

orders numbered 2,441, including 199 made against women. The subject of drunkenness is specially dealt with under a separate heading.

Further offences against good order include 4,523 summary convictions simply defined as “breach of by-laws,” and 1,822 for insulting behaviour, language, &c., and indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct. Also, 279 for assaulting or resisting police. Under “Vagrancy,” idle and disorderly persons show 460 summary convictions, rogues and vagabonds 389. The chief items only are referred to above.

Convictions of Persons arrested.

For 1911 information in connection with charges brought before magistrates were obtained on cards, and it is now possible to give particulars in regard to the ages and birthplaces of persons arrested. Ages and birthplaces in summons cases are not obtainable. Full details will be found in the section dealing with law and crime in the statistical volume “Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand for the year 1911.”

From the following table it will be seen that of the total convictions of persons arrested (16,793) the distinct arrests amounted to 13,680, the difference being accounted for by multiple charges against the same person. If distinct persons only are taken this total is further reduced to 9,916, representing 9.77 for every 1,000 of the mean population.

ARRESTSONLY.
Offences againstTotal Convictions, including Multiple Charges.Distinct Convictions, excluding. Multiple Charges.Distinct Persons Convicted, most Serious Offence recorded.Proportion of Distinct Persons convicted, per 1000 of Mean Population.
The person3062712630.26
Property1,6159169060.89
Good order13,65512,0418,5148.39
Other offences1,2174522330.23
   Total16,70313,6809,9169.77

Of the 9,916 distinct persons arrested and convicted during 1911 no fewer than 8,514 were for offences against good order, and of these 7,772 were for drunkenness (including 44 habituals and 11 prohibition orders), 355 for “indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct,

or for using obscene, threatening, or abusive language, 281 for vagrancy, 51 for assaulting or resisting the police, 28 for soliciting prostitution, and 27 for other offences against good order .

Of the 263 distinct persons arrested and convicting 1911 of offences against the person 214 were for commonalty, and of the 906 distinct persons arrested and convicted of offences against property 759 were for theft.

Offences and Ages.

The next three tables give the offences and ages, offences and birthplaces, and ages of the distinct persons arrested and convicted during 1911.

OFFENCESAND AGES (ARRESTSONLY).
Offences againstUnder 20.20-24.25-29.30-39.40 and over.
The person1358647058
Property214158164224136
Good order546011,1492,5354,167
Other offences1340517155
   Total2948571,4282,9004,416
OFFENCESAND BIRTHPLACES (ARRESTSONLY).
Offences againstNew Zealand.England and Wales.Scotland.Ireland.Australia.Elsewhere.
The person1195615222625
Property52715645467557
Good order2,9842,0291,0431,295563600
Other offences556018131453
   Total3,6852,3211,1211,376678735
BIRTHPLACESAND AGES (ARRESTSONLY).
Birthplace.Under 20.20-24.25-29.30-39.40 and over.
New Zealand2565317351,263896
England and Wales151272636161,300
Scotland354112309643
Ireland22569..386
Australia1481137219227
Elsewhere439112198365
   Total2948571,4282,9004,416

The offences and ages of the distinct New-Zealand-born arrested and convicted during 1911 are shown in the following table:—

OFFENCESAND AGES.—NEW-ZEALAND-CORN (ARRESTSONLY).
Offences againstUnder 20.20-24.25-29.30-39.40 and over.
The Person1028363114
Property1921049211025
Good order483875991,099851
Other offences6128236
   Total2565317351,263896

The offences and sentences for convictions in distinct arrest and summons cases (excluding multiple charges) counting the most serious offence on each occasion are shown below.

Offences againstConvicted and discharged or ordered to come up for Sentence.Fined.Imprisoned.Other.

* Including 30 released under the First Offenders Probation Act, 334 committed to industrial schools, 51 whipped, 36 bound over, and 3,727 against whom an order was made.

The Person8233810941
Property383359432216
Good order4.05910,7122,4382,616
Other offences2243,6896301,305
   Total4,74815,0983,6094,178*

Convictions in Superior Courts.

Of 69 persons (excluding Maoris) convicted in the superior Courts during the year 1911 for offences against the person there were 5 females. Assault, with or without robbery, caused 24 convictions. There were also 18 convictions for indecent assault, and 13 for rape and carnal knowledge of young girls (including attempt). For murder, attempted murder, and manslaughter 5 persons were convicted.

The convictions for offences against property were far more numerous than those against the person, amounting to 131, of which 8 were of females. Theft was the principal cause, showing 66 convictions, exclusive of burglary with robbery, for which 25 convictions were recorded.

Besides the above, there were 10 convictions for forgery and uttering, 22 for obtaining goods on false pretences and for receiving stolen goods, 2 for arson, and 6 others.

Outside of convictions for offences against person and property, 18 of a miscellaneous nature remain, making a total of 218 convictions in the higher Courts, excluding 185 persons, other than Maoris, sent for sentence by Magistrates.

During the ten years 1902-11 the number of persons convicted and sentenced in the Supreme and District Courts, and those who, on pleading guilty in the lower Courts, were committed to the Supreme Court for sentence was as follows:—

SUPERIOR COURTS—CONVICTIONS, &C., 1902-11.
Year.Offences against the Person.Offences against Property.Other Offences.Total Convictions.Number committed for Sentence included in previous Columns.

* Supreme Courts only, District Courts abolished.

1902822232933422
1903772592836456
19049836153512248
19058930237428156
190610427033407167
190710431234450148
190812133842501232
190911735245514256
1910*8935534478243
1911*8827936403185

Where a Magistrate, after the preliminary hearing of an information, proposes to commit any accused person for trial for an indictable offence not punishable by death, the accused may plead guilty and be then sent to the Supreme Court for sentence without further trial. The offences committed by the 185 persons who elected to be so dealt with during the year 1911 were of the following nature: Offences against the person numbered 19, including assault, 4; abortion, 1; bigamy, 1; carnally knowing girl under sixteen, 3; attempted rape, 1; robbery with violence, 2; unnatural offences, 2; indecent assault, 5. Of 148 charges for offences against property the most numerous were: For theft, 56; breaking and entering and theft, 41; forgery and uttering, 24; false pretences, 16.

Punishments.

Including 24 Maoris, the convictions in the superior Courts, together with 185 sent from Magistrates' Courts for sentence, numbered 427 (persons). Particulars of sentences for these higher Courts, and of the punishments consequent on summary convictions in the lower Courts, are appended.

TABLESHOWINGTHE SENTENCESOF CRIMINALSTRIEDANDCONVICTEDIN SUPERIOR COURTSDURING FIVE YEARS.
Sentences.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.

*Including 31 Maoris (each year).

† Including 30 Maoris.

‡ Including 16 Maoris.

§ Including 24 Maoris.

Death1..1..2
Imprisonment with or without hard labour369399454362270
Imprisoned for Reformative Treatment........56
Fined..16101011
Imprisonment with whipping2211..
Released on probation6576458359
Held to bail, or awaiting pleasure of Court3237323526
Sent to industrial school12133
   Total*481*532544494§427

DRUNKENNESS.

The Licensing Act, 1908, is a consolidation of the laws regulating the sale of intoxicating liquor previously in force. For administrative purposes the Dominion is divided into districts, for each of which a committee, elected by the popular vote, is charged with the duty of granting or refusing the issue of licenses for the sale of drink, and the inspection through the police of licensed houses. The sale of drink is prohibited absolutely on Sundays, and also upon the day of a parliamentary election between the hours of noon and 7 p.m. Application for renewal of licenses must be made annually, and the committee may refuse such renewal on the grounds of misconduct of the licensee or that the premises occupied are unfit for the purpose. For certain breaches of the law a license may be cancelled or a licensee may be disqualified from again holding a license in the Dominion.

The number of convictions for breaches of the licensing laws by publicans and for selling liquor without a license during the past five years was as follows:—

Year.Convictions for
Breaches of Licensing Laws by Publicans.Selling Liquor without a License
190720758
190815898
1909179156
1910177135
1911130162

The charges against publicans include selling liquor after hours or on Sundays, failing to admit the police promptly, allowing drunkenness on premises, supplying prohibited or intoxicated persons, failing to keep light burning in front of premises, &c.

The number of convictions (exclusive of Maoris, 322 of whom were convicted of drunkenness during the year—310 males and 12 females) for drunkenness and drunkenness with disorderly conduct

recorded during 1911 was 10,559 against males and 841 against females. The following table shows the number of convictions for drunkenness recorded and the proportion per 1,000 of the mean population of each sex, excluding Maoris, during the past ten years:—

CONVICTIONSFOR DRUNKENNESS (EXCLUSIVEOF MAORIS), 1902-11.
Year.Convictions recorded against.Per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
19027,3319138,24417.452.4210.34
19037,9378458,78218.322.1810.70
19048,6489279,57519.342.3311.32
19057,8758508,72517.092.0810.03
19068,5618599,42018.042.0410.52
19079,37481210,18619.241.8811.08
19089,89271710,60919.731.6211.23
19099,94275510,69719.291.6811.01
191010,80880511,61320.581.7211.70
191110,55984111,40019.741.7511.23

If the Maoris are included, the total convictions for drunkenness during 1911 will amount to 11,722 (10,869 males and 853 females). Of these, 11,223 (10,393 males and 830 females) were arrested, while 499 (476 males and 23 females) were brought before the Magistrate by summons. The following table shows the birthplaces and ages of all persons (including Maoris) arrested and convicted for drunkenness during the year. Birthplaces and ages in summons cases are not obtainable:—

BIRTHPLACESAND AGESOF PERSONSCONVICTEDFOR DRUNKENNESS (ARRESTSONLY), 1911.
Birthplaces.Under 30.20-24.25-29.30-39.40-59.60 and over, and unspecified.Totals.
New Zealand (excluding Maoris)243256821,367899523,349
Maoris130275610923246
Australia..5211525025129697
England and Wales31311907571,2814442,806
Scotland..401204446662421,518
Ireland..18833531,0343721,860
Other European..206514521561506
Asia....31112329
Africa....2520229
America..110367327147
Other..23519736
   Totals286251,3003,4294,5791,26211,223

Among the New-Zealand-born population of European descent there is evidence of less drunkenness than among persons who have come from abroad. At the census of 1911, out of the total population of New Zealand of 20 years of age or over, 53.96 per cent. were found to have been born here; while the proportion of the convictions for drunkenness of New-Zealand-born Europeans to the total convictions in the year 1911 was only 30.56 per cent.

Taking each age-group according to census the proportions per 1,000, of New-Zealand-born arrested and convicted of drunkenness appear to be as follows:—

NUMBERSAND PROPORTIONSPER 1,000 OF CONVICTIONSFOR DRUNKENNESSDURING 1911 ATEACHAGEGROUPOFNEWZEALANDBORNANDOTHERSACCORDINGTOPOPULATIONATCENSUSOF 1911 (EXCLUDINGMAORIS— ARRESTSONLY).
20-24.25-29.30-39.40-59.60 and over.Total.
New-Zealand- born—
Population at census 191178,54375,519106,68260,1763,862324,782
Number of convictions3256821,367899523,349
Proportion per 1,000 of New- Zealand - born population4.149.0312.8114.9413.4610.31
Born elsewhere—
Population at census 191117,27326,69558,337109,34966,879278,533
Number of convictions2705912,0063,5711,1877,628
Proportion per 1,000 of population born outside New Zealand15.6322.1434.3932.6617.7527.39

Repeated charges against the same person are included in the totals shown above, and dealing with arrests only (males, 10,155; females, 822: total, 10,977), but excluding Maoris, it was found that the number of distinct persons convicted of this offence was 7,939 (7,408 males and 531 females), or 72-32 per cent. of the total arrests (excluding Maoris) for drunkenness. About twenty-eight per cent. of those charged in 1911 had more than one conviction recorded against them for drunkenness during the same year, while about thirty-nine per cent. had convictions previously recorded against them for drunkenness in either 1911 or previous years.

The total convictions for all offences (arrests only) in 1911 were 16,793, but the district convictions amounted to only 13,680, the former total including 3,113 offences for multiple charges against the same person. Of the latter 2,033 were in conjunction with

arrests for drunkenness, and details of the offences are given in the following table:—

TABLESHOWING OFFENCESFORWHICH CONVICTIONSWEREENTEREDAGAINST PERSONSARRESTED (ANDCONVICTED) ATTHESAME TIMEFOR DRUNKENNESS.
Convicted of Drunkenness andNumber of Maoris.Number, excluding Maoris.Total.
M.F.M.F.
I. Offences against the person—
Assault1..68..69
Attempt to commit suicide....2..2
II. Offences against property —
Theft....35237
Wilful damage1..1267134
III. Offences against good order—
Assaulting, resisting, or obstructing police1..149..150
Indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct5..1312138
Insulting behaviour, obscene language, &c.4..30927340
Vagrancy....7955134
Other offences against good order3..31539
IV. Offences not included above—
Breach of Licensing Act3..593103699
Other offences....14..14
Total convictions for other offences against persons arrested (and convicted) at the same time for drunkenness18..1,5372011,756
Number of Prohibition Orders against persons convicted at the same time of drunkenness6..23734277
Total24..1,7742352,033
Number of convictions of persons arrested for drunkenness238810,15582211,223
Total convictions entered against persons arrested for drunkenness262811,9291,05713,256
Number of distinct persons arrested (and convicted) for drunkenness21777,4085318,163
Number of summons cases for drunkenness not included above72440419499

Any person who has been three times convicted for drunkenness within the nine months immediately preceding any conviction for drunkenness may be declared an habitual drunkard. A Magistrate may, in addition to or in lieu of a penalty, commit an habitual drunkard to any institution authorized by the Governor to receive and detain such persons for any period not being less than twelve months. The law provides for the discharge of inmates, their good conduct, discipline, and punishment for offences during their detention, and for the proper inspection of such institutions.

A calculation of the amount of alcoholic liquor consumed per head of the total population during the past five years is given below.

CONSUMPTIONOF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITSPER HEADOF POPULATION. (INCLUDINGANDEXCLUDING MAORIS).
 Including Maoris.Excluding Maoris.
Beer. Gal.Wine. Gal.Spirits. Gal.Beer. Gal.Wine. Gal.Spirits Gal.
19079.6490.1510.76610.1500.1590.806
19089.68901500.75710.1790.1580.795
19099.2560.1360.7059.7100.1430.740
19109.2940.1470.7379.7410.1540.773
19119.2050.1340.7459.6570.1410.781

The quantity of each kind of alcoholic liquor used in the Dominion during the same period was as follows:—

 Beer for Consumption. Gals.Wine for Consumption. Gals.Spirits for Consumption. Gals.
19079,328,710146,179740,936
19039,019,380149,115751,602
19099,436,240138,704719,137
19109,671,030153,430767,620
19119,800,610143,138792,794

The annual consumption per head of population for the years 1906-10 is given in the following table for New Zealand (excluding Maoris) and certain other countries. The figures for the other countries are from returns prepared by the British Board of Trade.

TABLESHOWING CONSUMPIONOF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITSINCERTAIN COUNTRIES, 1906-10. (GALLONSPER HEADOF POPULATION.)
Country.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.
Beer.
New Zealand9.610.110.29.79.7
Australia10.611.111.211.011.7
United Kingdom28.227.926.926.226.4
Canada5.66.35.95.96.2
United States16.317.116.915.916.5
Germany24.524.423.121.721.7
Prance8.17.98.17.98.6
Wine.
New Zealand0.140.160.160.140.15
Australia1.221.220.911.080.83
United Kingdom0.280.280.260.260.28
Canada0.100.110.100.110.12
United States0.440.540.480.560.54
Germany0.921.171.410.970.68
Prance31.2038.7036.5032.8019.10
Spirits.
New Zealand0.770.810.800.740.77
Australia0.760.880.700.780.79
United Kingdom0.910.910.860.700.65
Canada0.910.970.890.911.01
United States1.071.151.010.961.04
Germany1.471.541.471.611.08
Prance1.371.281.331.331.38.

CRIME AMONGST MAORIS.

The number of convictions of Maoris brought before Magistrates' Courts for the past 10 years is shown in the following table:—

SUMMARY CONVICTIONSOF MAORIS (MAGISTRATES' COURTS), 1902-11.
Year.Offences.
Against the Person.Against Property.Against Good Order.Other Offences.Total.Convictions for Drunkenness, included previously.
1902215821140330102
1903385429039421137
1904275325699435137
1905224624861377134
19062658358100542181
1907218027173445167
19082810234775552200
1909348125881454140
1910286730357455167
191142123636189990322

These numbers apply only to the Maoris residing in the main Islands of the Dominion. Previous to 1911 these statistics were made up from returns of criminal business brought before Magistrates furnished by Clerks of Courts, on which the numbers of offences by Maoris included in the return were to be marked, but in 1911 a card for each offence was obtained. The figures for 1911 can be relied on as correct, and from the number of convictions in that year it would appear that the figures for previous years are understated. Clerks of Courts would probably have omitted to mark on the returns the Maori cases in some instances. There has also been an increase in the police stationed in Maori districts.

The number of convictions in the higher Courts exhibits the extent of serious crime amongst the Native race. Persons who pleaded guilty in the lower Court and were remanded to the Supreme Court for sentence have been included.

Year.Maoris convicted or sentenced in Supreme Court forTotal.
Offences against the Person.Offences against Property.Miscellaneous Offences.
1907526..31
1908620531
1909621330
1910410216
1911221124

Of the Maoris convicted or sentenced in 1911, 1 was charged with murder, 1 with incest, 20 with housebreaking, theft, and receiving, 1 with forgery, and 1 with perjury. No females are included in the number.

PRISONS AND PRISONERS.

The following table gives for the year 1911 the accommodation, the number received, the number in prison at end of year, and the daily average in confinement:—

Name of Prison.Number for whom there is Accommodation.Number received during Year.Number in Prison at End of Year.Daily Average in Confinement.
Auckland3621,657278250.40
Dunedin723143242.72
Hanmer37342821.29
Invercargill581046158.20
Lyttelton181639138136.51
Napier742622533.55
New Plymouth581156355.74
Waiotapu58312934.82
Waipa Valley33372422.71
Wellington2431,213170186.12
Minor Prisons2011,0842521.20
   Total1,3805,490873863.26

The total number of prisoners received in the different gaols during the year 1911 was 5,490 (males 5,015, females 475) as compared with 5,444 (males 4,922, females 522) in 1910, counting each admission as a distinct person.

Omitting those received by transfer from another prison, 386 (males 374, females 12), the debtors and lunatics received, 106 (males 105, females 1), and the duplicate receptions of the same prisoner on the same charge, 165 (males 152, females 13), it is found that the total receptions for criminal offences during 1911 was 4,833 (males 4,384, females 449). The following table shows how these were disposed of, classified according to ages; the number of distinct convicted prisoners being 2,939, including 62 Maoris:—

Age in Years.Total Receptions (excluding Duplicates) for Criminal Offences.Acquitted or discharged.On Remand, awaiting Trial or Sentence at End of Year.Number of Prisoners convicted and sentenced for Criminal Offences.Number of Distinct Convicted Prisoners received during the Year 1911.
Summary.Indictments.Europeans.Maoris.
20 and under213646905311913
21 to 243856942347825714
25 to 29683111184757943610
30 to 34842123156545047910
35 to 3969710113537464223
40 to 44527695434192958
45 to 4948370239219287..
50 to 5437040231810228..
55 to 592383221986139..
GO to 6418329314651041
65 and over21225..13521113
   Total4,833733703,6633672,87762

The number of persons in gaol (including Maoris) at the end of each of the past ten years and the proportion per 10,000 of population as at 31st December is given in the next table:—

PRISONERSIN GAOL (31ST DECEMBER).
Year.Number of PrisonersProportion per 10,000 of Population.
Undergoing Sentence.On Remand and awaiting Trial.Total.Undergoing Sentence.Total in Confinement.
1902602516537.077.67
1903688517397.868.44
1904701497507.788.33
1905760508108.218.75
1906833588918.719.32
1907791568478.098.67
1908815648798.088.72
1909877729498.519.21
1910843388818.018.38
1911802718736.827.43

Besides the returns from the Prisons Department, a separate card for each admission is furnished for every gaol. Such cards as show convictions are arranged alphabetically according to name of prisoner, and where several are found referring to the same person, all are thrown out but one; then the number of cards retained equals the actual number of distinct convicted prisoners received in the various gaols during the year. In 1911 this number (excluding Maoris) was 2,877, a decrease of 365 on the number in 1910. These figures do not include children committed to the industrial schools simply on the ground that they are neglected or destitute.

In classifying the offences a prisoner convicted of more than one offence during the year is reckoned once only, under the heading of the principal' offence—e.g., a prisoner convicted three times of drunkenness, twice of vagrancy, and once of theft is counted only once, under the heading “Offences against Property.” Debtors and lunatics received into gaol are omitted. The figures under the heading “Drunkenness” do not represent the full number of persons punished for that offence, the punishment usually being by fine.

The following tables show the number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) received into prison after conviction during 1911, classified according to birthplaces and offences, ages and offences., and ages and previous convictions:—

BIRTHPLACESAND OFFENCESOF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVEDINTO GAOLDURING 1911.
Birthplace.Nature of Offence.Total.
Against the Person.Against Property.Drunkenness.Other Offences.
New Zealand642912494191,023
Australian States12636696237
England and Wales34128277320759
Scotland732145107291
Ireland1536159142352
Other British possessions18131032
China......88
Other countries19296562175
   Total1525879741,1642,877
AGESAND OFFENCESOF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVEDINTO PRISONDURING 1911.
Age in Years.Offences against the Person.Theft and other Offences against Property.Offences not included previously.Totals.
Sexual Offences.Assaults.Other.Vagrancy.Drunkenness.Other.
20 and under102..731231119
21 to 24915291172796257
25 to 2932751303692143436
30 to 3451939757155143479
35 to 3941018347150127422
40 to 443101412712786295
45 to 49651323112587287
50 to 5424..172511169228
55 to 592....10187534139
60 to 641....7184731104
65 and over11..6216319111
   Total4693135872989748662,877
TABLESHOWING AGESAND PREVIOUS CONVICTIONSOK DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVEDINTO PRISONDURING 1911.
Ages in Years.Not previously convicted.Previous Convictions.Total Distinct Convicted Prisoners.
Once.ice.Three Times.Four Times.Over Four Times.Total.
20 and under96135..3223119
21 to 24159391012102798257
25 to 292375840212258199436
30 to 3419262413427123287479
35 to 3915748403228117265422
40 to 441073524221097188295
45 to 49974618251883190287
50 to 5476301813883152228
55 to 5933132015652106139
60 to 643877773866104
65 and over25179744986111
   Total1,2173682321881437291,6602,877

The next table gives the offences and gravest previous offence of the distinct persons received into prison after conviction during 1911:—

OFFENCESAND GRAVEST PREVIOUS OFFENCEOF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS, 1911.
Offences.Gravest Previous Offences
Against the Person.Theft and other Offences against Property.Offences not included previously.Total.
Sexual Offences.Assaults.Other.Vagrancy.Drunkenness.Other.
Against the person—
Sexual Offences22..613115
Assaults..16..1617343
Other..1..1......2
Against Property—
Theft and Deceit18124261828304
Other..3..924321
Offences not included above—
Vagrancy371711153321251
Drunkenness21627237316128573
Other231210832100176451
   Total108465251944813601,660

The number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) imprisoned after conviction, in the past twenty years, counting one offence

only when the same person was imprisoned more than once, with the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is added:—

DISTINCT PERSONSIMPRISONEDAFTER CONVICTION.
Year.Prisoners.Proportion per 10,000 of Mean Population.
18922,16433.69
18932,11131.92
18941,95528.78
18951,93027.87
18961,93627.11
18971,88425.84
18981,98226.92
18992,12528.33
19002,11627.71
19012,34530.14
19022,39630.03
19032,84234.65
19042,89634.27
19052,79632.14
19062,96633.12
19073,09133.63
19033,00931.84
19093,15932.51
19103,24232.66
19112,87728.35

It must be understood that the actual number of imprisonments was much in excess of the figures given, as many persons were several times imprisoned, either for offences differing in kind or for repetitions of the same offence. Thus, persons returned as imprisoned for larceny underwent other imprisonments for drunkenness, &c. Some returned as convicted of drunkenness were several times in gaol during the year for the same offence, or for another, such as assault, riotous or indecent conduct, &c. Often there were several charges preferred against the same person at the one time, of which the most serious followed by conviction has been selected.

NEW-ZEALAND-BORN PRISONERS.

While the New-Zealand-born formed at the last census 70 percent. of the whole population, excluding Maoris, they contributed in 1911 only 36 per cent. of the prisoners received in gaol. Of the New-Zealand-born population, however, a large number are under fifteen years of age, a period of life at which there are very few prisoners; and therefore another comparison is necessary. It is found that the New-Zealand-born over fifteen years formed 47 per cent. of the total population above that age; but, as before stated, New-Zealanders constituted only 36 per cent. of the total number received in gaols.

The number of New-Zealand-born distinct prisoners (excluding Maoris) received for the year 1911—1,023 persons—is 141 less than the number for 1910. Of the number received in 1911, 66 were under twenty years of age. As before stated, the plan adopted in preparing the foregoing tables is to count each prisoner only once, and to exclude all who are not convicted prisoners, besides dealing only with the number received during the year, instead of with the full number in gaol, which would, of course, include those brought forward from the previous year. The comparative results for a series of years given by this method are held to be more valuable than those brought out by one which includes prisoners

merely awaiting trial, and continual repetitions of the same individuals.

The ages of New-Zealand-born distinct convicted prisoners (excluding Maoris) are given in the following table for the past ten years:—

TABLESHOWING AGESOF DISTINCT NEW-ZEALAND-BORN CONVICTED PRISONERSRECEIVEDINTOPRISON, 1902-11
Year.Under 15.15 and under 20.20 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 40.40 and over.Totals.
190228220116416369681
190378820720821381804
190469219723822190844
1905184197223233116854
1906291209245288138973
1907384204246300132969
1908675207227330140985
19092701892643512201,096
19102782082843822101,164
19114621712063772031,023

FIRST OFFENDERS' PROBATION ACT.

Ninety-four persons were placed on probation in the year 1911, as against 108 in 1910. Of these 28 were discharged after satisfactorily carrying out the conditions of their licenses, 7 were rearrested, 1 absconded, 2 were permitted to leave the Dominion, and 56 remained under the supervision of Probation Officers.

The following table gives the ages and terms of probation of offenders placed under the Act during the year 1911:—

Ages.Term of Probation.Total.
Under One Year.One Year and under Two Years.Two Years and under Three Years.Three Years and over.
Under 15......11
15 to 19895..22
20 to 2441010731
25 to 29642618
30 to 39245213
40 to 4911215
50 to 5921....3
60 and over1......1
   Total2429241794

The amounts ordered to be paid by the various Courts towards the cost of prosecution during the year 1911 was £343 4s. 8d., of which £196 9s. 4d. has been actually paid.

HABITUAL CRIMINALS AND REFORMATIVE DETENTION.

In 1906 provision was made by law for the detention and control of habitual criminals and offenders. Habitual criminals comprise those persons previously convicted on indictment of the following offences: (Class I) sexual offences, abortion; (Class II) wounding, robbery, burglary and housebreaking, theft, false pretences, extortion, forgery, and mischief. On two previous convictions for any offence in Class I or four previous convictions in Classes I and II, the Court may order as part of the sentence that the person is an habitual criminal, whether such previous convictions took place within or out of New Zealand, and either before or after the coming into operation of the Act. Habitual offenders comprise all persons previously convicted on at least six occasions as idle and disorderly persons, rogues and vagabonds, or incorrigible rogues, and persons previously convicted as above under Classes I and II and convicted summarily of any offence punishable by not less than three months' imprisonment, provided such persons have been previously summarily convicted at least six times of any offence punishable by not less than three months' imprisonment.

Reformative Detention.

By the Crimes Amendment Act, 1910, which came into force in 1911, every person who before the coming into force of that Act had been declared, in pursuance of the Crimes Act, 1908, or the Habitual Criminals and Offenders Act, 1906, to be an habitual criminal or habitual offender shall remain subject to the provisions of section thirty-two of the Crimes Act of 1908 in the same manner as if that section had not been repealed, save that after the commencement of the amending Act of 1910 no habitual criminal or habitual offender shall be discharged under the provisions of that section, and save also that every prison shall be deemed to be a reformatory prison within the meaning and purposes of that section.

A Judge before whom any person is convicted or committed for sentence may, if he thinks fit, “having regard to the conduct, character, associations, or mental condition of such person, the nature of the offence, or any special circumstances of the case,” in addition to or in lieu of an ordinary term of imprisonment, sentence him to prison for reformatory purposes for a period not exceeding ten years. In like manner and after a like weighing of the circumstances a Magistrate may impose a similar sentence upon any person brought before him and summarily convicted of an offence punishable by imprisonment for more than three months, save that the maximum of reformative detention in that case is limited to three years.

The jurisdiction conferred upon a Magistrate is not exercised by any Justice of the Peace other than a Magistrate.

Every person sentenced by a Magistrate to a term of reformative detention may, within fourteen days, apply to a Judge of the Supreme Court to review that sentence on the ground that the same is excessive,

or ought not to have been passed, and such Judge may uphold or reverse the sentence or reduce the term.

The length of the reformative part of the sentence actually served in prison in any particular case (including habitual criminals or offenders) is determined by His Excellency the Governor upon recommendation as to probation, &c., made by the Prisons Board set up under the Act.

Persons undergoing any sentence, whether of imprisonment or reformative detention shall be employed in such labour as is prescribed by regulations or directed by the Minister of Justice. Wages according to scale for the class of labour in which any such person is employed may be credited to him, and the amount from time to time standing to his credit shall be applied wholly or in part towards maintaining the wife and children (if any) of the prisoner, and the balance (if any) standing to his credit on his release shall thereupon be paid to him, either in a lump sum or in such instalments as the Minister directs.

In regard to the operation of the Act the following paragraph is taken from the report of the Inspector of Prisons for 1911 (Parliamentary paper, H. 20).

The sentence under this Act is an approach to the indeterminate, the moral force of which is undeniable. Many prisoners serving ordinary sentences, knowing the remission that can be obtained by marks, with the date of discharge in front of them, tend to settle into a negative state, in which they keep from actually offending, and labour just sufficiently to gain the allotted marks with a minimum of mental and physical exertion. (It may be stated, parenthetically, that, recognizing this, where the conditions of the prison and prisoner have made it possible, we have held out the hope of recommendation for special remission for the profitable employment by prisoners of time outside the ordinary working-hours, a reward to be obtained only when the prisoner's conduct and ordinary industry have also been good.) In the absence of an absolutely indeterminate sentence, the Act effects a good working compromise by placing the maximum period at ten years. The average reformative sentence imposed was about three years. One can only speculate in any particular case, but, speaking generally, we may safely assert that this average, especially if the original sentence be included, makes a higher average than would have been the case under ordinary sentences. It is a fact already noticed that those detained under this form of sentence realize that the period of their incarceration depends upon their conduct and industry, and the efforts that the majority are evidently making to gain their release upon probation justifies the hopes expressed when the Act was passed. One has observed that a number of these prisoners (especially the younger ones) are of lower mental capacity than the average, and that a fair proportion are advanced in years and crime, which makes the above statement the more significant.

The following table shows the distinct convicted prisoners (excluding Maoris) received in prison during 1911 and sentenced to

reformative treatment or declared habitual criminals, classified according to sentences:—

Original Sentence.Sentenced to Reformative Treatment for a Period of.Declared Habitual Criminals.Totals.
Under 2 Years.2 and under 5 Years.5 Years and over.
Reformative treatment only21398..68
Under 1 year3243535
1 year and under 2..253533
2 years and under 3..74819
3 years and under 4..2....2
4 years and under 5..........
5 years and under 7..11..2
7 years and under 10....1..1
10 years and under 12..........
12 years and under 15..1....1
15 years and under 20......11
   Total24992019162

TREE-PLANTING BY PRISONERS.

There are now three tree-planting prison-camps established—viz., Waiotapu and Waipa Valley in the North Island, and Hanmer Springs in the South Island. There were 81 prisoners at these camps at the end of 1911, and a considerable amount of planting, clearing, fencing, and other work was carried out during the year.

PRISONS BOARD.

For the purposes of the Crimes Amendment Act of 1910 there is constituted a Prisons Board (for Board see Official List) of not less than three nor more than seven members, one of whom must be a Judge of the Supreme Court, who is ex officio President; the members of the Board are appointed by the Governor in Council for a period of three years, but may be reappointed. The Board meets at such times as the President determines, and subject to the provisions of the Act and regulations may determine its own procedure.

It is the duty of the Board to make inquiry from time to time whether there is reasonable cause for belief that any habitual criminal undergoing sentence or reformative detention is sufficiently reformed to be released on probation or discharged, or for granting discharge to any person who has been released on probation; and to make recommendations to the Governor as to the release or discharge of any habitual criminal, habitual offender, or person under sentence of reformative detention, and as to the conditions which may be imposed on any such release or probation. The Board is required to take into consideration the case of every habitual

criminal. &c., at least once a year, and to make a report to the Minister of Justice annually as to the operations of the Board, members dealt with, and the operation and effect of the Act.

EXPENDITURE ON PRISONS AND PRISONERS.

The gross expenditure on the prisons (exclusive of the cost of buildings) for the year ended the 31st December, 1911, was £44,494 11s. 10d., made up of the following items:—

 £s.d.
Salaries and allowances25,20375
Uniforms84377
Bedding and clothing, furniture, &c.2,061140
Fuel, light, water, sanitary, &c.2,87825
Gratuities522911
Medicines and medical comforts59936
Rations and tobacco8,493106
Incidental expenses1,81307
Travelling-expenses and conveyance of prisoners2,0791511
   Total44,4941110

INQUESTS.

It is the duty of a Coroner or Deputy Coroner, or, in their absence, a Justice of the Peace, to inquire into the manner of death of any person who is killed or drowned, or dies suddenly, or in prison, or while detained in a mental hospital, and an inquest must be held on the body of every person executed to certify that the sentence was duly carried out.

The jurisdiction of a Coroner extends throughout the Dominion, but he is not compelled to hold any inquest at a greater distance than twenty miles from his residence; but the duties of a Deputy Coroner or Justice of the Peace are in each case strictly limited to the above radius. A Coroner may, if he thinks fit, take an inquest either by himself or by a jury of not less than four nor more than six, unless specially directed by the Attorney-General to summon a jury. A post-mortem examination of a body may be ordered by a Coroner, and, if considered advisable, an analysis. Jurors need not view the body, but the Coroner is exempt from this duty only when it is certified by a medical man that the deceased died of an infectious disease.

Any person interested may, by permission of the Coroner, attend an inquest personally or by counsel, and may examine and cross- examine witnesses. When a verdict of murder or manslaughter is returned against a particular person the Coroner may issue a warrant to apprehend and take the accused before a Justice. It shall also be the duty of the Coroner, in case of such a verdict, whether charging any person or not, to send a copy of the verdict and all depositions to the Attorney-General, who may take such steps as he deems desirable.

Jurors are entitled to payment at the rate of 8s. per day of more than four hours, or 4s. for less than four hours. Witnesses are allowed 6s. for each day and 4s. for each night of absence from home.

The number of bodies on which inquests were held in 1911 was 1,310, including 44 Maoris. In 1,014 cases the bodies were of males, and in 326 of females.

The inquests on suicidal deaths in 1911 show an increase on the number for the previous years. The figures for each of the last ten years were:—

Year.Inquests on Suicides.
Males.Females.Total.
190269574
19039115106
19048916105
1905732396
19068515100
1907947101
19088715102
19099422116
19109016106
191110925134

The verdicts given at the inquests held in 1911 may be classified as under:—

Nature of Verdict.Inquests on Persons.
Males.Females.Total.
Accident44797544
Disease and natural causes153201654
Homicide437
Suicide10925134
Execution1..1
 1,0148261,340

Of the accidental deaths, drowning is the most fatal form. The verdicts show that 165 bodies were found drowned, giving a percentage of 30.33 on the accidental deaths from all causes.

FIRE INQUESTS.

In case of fire, causing the destruction of any building, ship, or merchandise, or any stack of grain, pulse, or hay, or any growing crop, a Coroner may hold an inquiry into the cause of such fire, the procedure being similar to that of inquests into cause of death.

The inquests on fires held during 1911 numbered 19. In 8 cases the verdict was incendiarism; in 1 case accidental; in 2 there was insufficient evidence; and in 8 no evidence was forthcoming.

GAMING AND LOTTERIES.

The Gaming Act is designed to suppress gambling by confining all betting to totalizators on racecourses. It contains provisions for the closing of “tote” shops and for the declaration by the Supreme Court of “common gaming-houses” on the affidavit of a Superintendent or Inspector of Police showing reasonable grounds for suspecting that any premises are used as a common gaming-house or as a means of access thereto or exit therefrom. Notice of such declaration is advertised and gazetted, served on the owner or occupier, and posted up on the premises.

There are also provisions for determining any such declaration on proof that the premises are not used as a common gaming-house or in conjunction therewith. The Act provides penalties for carrying on business in, the continued use of, and being found on the premises during the currency of the declaration, and includes a club, in certain cases, in the term “common gaming-house.”

Constables have power of entry over the premises, and may use such force as may be necessary. To obstruct or give warning of the approach of a constable in the performance of his duty is an offence. Any game of chance is made an unlawful game, and the definition of “occupier” is extended. The Gaming Act is made to apply to lotteries whether promoted in New Zealand or elsewhere.

Street betting is punishable by a fine of not less than £20 or more than £100 for the first offence, and by imprisonment not exceeding three months for a second or any subsequent offence. The terms “betting” and “bet” in the Act of 1910 include the act of any person in betting, wagering, offering, or agreeing to bet or wager, paying, receiving, or settling any bet or wager, whether on his own behalf or on behalf of any other person.

A constable on duty, or person acting under instructions from any Superintendent or Inspector of Police, is not deemed an offender or accomplice in the commission of any offence against the Gaming Act.

The number of charges laid in the Magistrates' Courts for breaches of the gaming laws, and how such charges were disposed of, is shown for five years in the following table:—

Year.Number of Charges.Cases dismissed.Committed for Trial.Convictions recorded.
1907240545181
1908305701234
190927547..228
191033269..263
191119451..143

THE TOTALIZATOR.

The Minister of Internal Affairs may on the application of any racing club grant to such racing club a license to use the totalizator or wagering machine at horse-race meetings held under the control or management of such club, subject to the following conditions:—

The license shall be revocable at any time the Minister thinks fit to determine the same. No more than three totalizators shall be used by the club at any one time, and none outside the race-grounds within the control of the club. The machine must be under the care and management of some competent person appointed by the club, and under the direct supervision of the stewards.

Every license shall be issued in respect of a single race meeting, and shall specify the number of days on which the totalizator may be used at that meeting. The aggregate number of days on which the totalizator may be used throughout the Dominion in any one year shall not exceed 250, and the number of days for any one race meeting shall not exceed four.

A race meeting at which the totalizator is authorized to be used on four days shall not extend over a longer period than eight consecutive

days; meetings at which the totalizator is authorized to be used on three days shall not extend over a period of six consecutive days, and a race meeting at which the totalizator is authorized to be used for two days shall not extend over a longer period than four consecutive days; and on expiry of any such maximum period the license to use the totalizator shall lapse: provided that when at any race meeting a racing club is compelled by inclement weather or any extraordinary circumstances to postpone any racing to a later day, it is lawful for the club to extend that race meeting over such longer period as is rendered necessary.

Racing clubs must not accept any totalizator investment by telegram or telephone, and no investment shall be received otherwise than in money, bank-notes, or cheque before or at the time of investment. No investment shall be received from any person under the age of twenty-one years, and any member, agent, or servant of a racing club who permits or authorizes to be received an investment on the totalizator made by any person under twenty-one years is guilty of an offence and is liable to a tine not exceeding £100; and any person who falsely represents himself as being of the age of twenty-one or upwards is liable to a fine not exceeding £50. The publication of dividends (except on the racecourse) is prohibited, and racing tips and the “double” totalizator are abolished. The totalizator must be closed not later than the time advertised for the starting of a race.

Year.Number of Totalizator Licenses issued for Meetings held during Financial Year.Days.Percentage paid to Treasury.Total Amount invested by the Public.
 ££
1889-90187241....
1890-91219278....
1891-922343007,591506,078
1892-9324030710,800720,029
1893-9124731810,375691,673
1894-9520726810,446696,456
1895-9617025611,156743,763
1896-9715825011,911794,096
1897-9815526813,297886,567
1898-9914425013,695912,969
1899-190015427815,9831,065,580
1900-115327817,5411,168,732
1901-216530919,0401,275,813
1902-314327619,7341,274,102
1903-415128220,4861,357,263
1904-515629421,5711,437,431
1905-615829822,8981,555,638
1906-715930327,6511,837,095
1907-815229229,9961,999,757
1908-915730727,9641,834,333
1909-1016732329,6452,030,426
1910-1114428748,3381,933,534
1911-1214226472,1842,887,371

The years used for purposes of the table are financial years, not the racing years. This accounts for the number of licenses issued in some of the periods being over the legal limit for one year.

The amounts shown as “Percentage paid to Treasury” represent the amounts paid in respect of the race meetings held during the year as shown, but do not in all cases coincide with the amount of totalizator revenue received during the financial year, for the reason that the percentage in respect of race meetings held late in March may not be paid to the Treasury until after the end of the financial year.

On the 1st March, 1910, the Government tax on totalizator investments was increased from 1½ per cent. to 2½ per cent. of the gross amount passed through the machines.

Chapter 11. SECTION VII.—REPRESENTATION, THE ELECTORAL LAW, AND THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1911.

REPRESENTATION.

FOR purposes of the representation of the people in the House of Representatives New Zealand is at present divided into seventy-six districts, with one member for each. The districts are adjusted every five years upon a population basis, each having, as nearly as possible, the same number of inhabitants.

In computing the population for electoral purposes an addition of 28 per cent. is made to the country population—i.e., all persons living outside towns of 2,000 inhabitants and over. The total population (other than Maoris), with the addition aforesaid having been ascertained, is then divided by the number of members and the quotient thus obtained forms the quota. Inasmuch as it would be difficult to divide the country into a given number of districts all having exactly the precise quota of population, the law permits the Commissioners to make an allowance of 550 persons by way of addition to or deduction from the population of rural districts, and of 100 in case of city electorates, and a proportionate number for districts where the population is partly city and partly rural, so that more consideration can be given to community of interest, facilities of communication, and topographical features in constructing the districts.

The boundaries of the proposed districts are then gazetted, and objections to such proposals may be lodged with the Commissioners, who consider and decide any objections before coming to a final determination.

The census is the only means of ascertaining correctly the distribution of the people, and for this reason is essential to the work of dividing the Dominion anew into electorates of even population. The internal movement of the people cannot be ascertained correctly except by a census, though, when a country is insular, the natural increase (excess of births over deaths) added to the excess of arrivals over departures gives a fairly correct estimate of increase of population for the whole area.

An instance of the effect of the census in adjusting the representation of the people for Parliament is afforded by the figures relating to the North and South Islands for successive census years,—

 North Island.South Island.
At the census of 189130 members40 members.
At the census of 189631 members39 members.
At the census of 190134 members36 members.
At the census of 190638 members38 members.
At the census of 191141 members35 members.

The districts have been again defined on the basis of the population as shown by the census taken in April, 1911, with the result that the

South island now returns only 34 members as against 42 for the North Island.

These districts are, as before stated, for purposes of European representation. But the Dominion is again divided into four districts for purposes of Maori representation, under the electoral law, each district having one Native member elected by the Maoris; making the House of Representatives consist of SO members altogether—76 Europeans and 4 Maoris.

THE ELECTORAL LAWS.

General Provisions.

Every male, registered as an elector, is qualified to be a member of Parliament for any electoral district, provided he is not an undischarged bankrupt, a Civil servant, or has not entered into, or is directly interested in, any contract with the Government exceeding the value of £50. Except in case of a dissolution in the meantime a general election of members of the House of Representatives is held every three years.

All male or female adults who are British subjects either by birth or naturalization in New Zealand, and who are not debarred by law, may be registered as electors, provided they have resided twelve months in New Zealand, and three months immediately preceding registration in the district wherein they desire to be enrolled, and no person may be registered for more than one district. The electoral rolls are compiled annually up to a fixed date, and, if necessary, supplementary rolls, containing additions to and amendments of the general rolls, are prepared immediately before an election. Rights or permits to vote may be issued to seamen or other persons who may be absent, at the time of an election, from the district wherein they are enrolled, to enable them to record their votes for such district. A voting permit shall not remain in force for any period exceeding twelve months. The Minister may from time to time direct that an electoral census be taken of every or any electoral district for the purpose of enrolling all persons qualified to be enrolled and who are not already enrolled.

Every master or mistress of any licensed publichouse, lodging- house, or private dwellinghouse shall, on enrolment officer's application, give all information as to names, occupations, and qualifications for enrolment of all persons residing in that house.

Persons failing to give faithful information on request are liable to a fine of £5.

Elections are conducted by Returning Officers, one for each district, on the authority of a writ issued by direction of the Governor, and which specifies the day upon which the election shall be held. The Returning Officer appoints a deputy, and each candidate may appoint a scrutineer for every polling-place within his district. Every precaution is taken to guard against undue influence being used or interference with electors on the polling-day. Within

seventy days after the declaration of the poll each candidate must render a true account to the Returning Officer of all expenses incurred in connection with his candidature, and such expenses must not exceed a total of £200. Petitions against the return of candidates are tried before two Judges of the Supreme Court, and their decision is final. Persons found guilty of corrupt or illegal practices are liable to heavy penalties.

For Maori representation every adult Maori is entitled to vote in the district where he or she resides, without registration, and every male elector is qualified to become a member of Parliament for any Maori electoral district. Writs are issued fixing the date of the elections; Returning Officers, Deputy Returning Officers, and polling-places are appointed as in the case of European elections. Candidates are nominated by not less than two electors of that district; the candidate's assent thereto must be signified to the Returning Officer. No elector may nominate more than one candidate. Candidate must deposit £10 at the time of sending to the Returning Officer his consent to be nominated; and, if the total number of votes received by any unsuccessful candidate is less than one-fourth of the total number of votes recorded by the successful candidate, the deposit shall be forfeited and paid into the Consolidated Fund. Candidate may withdraw not later than noon on the day of nomination, and his deposit shall be returned. If more than one candidate is nominated, the Returning Officer shall announce the day on which the poll will be taken, being the day fixed by writ, and on that day the poll is taken between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Arrangements are made for the effective taking of the poll by appointing such clerks as are necessary, and the Deputy Returning Officer has associated with him a Maori or a half-caste. Candidates may appoint scrutineers. The Returning Officer, as soon as he ascertains the result of the poll, shall declare the person who has the greatest number of votes to be elected. If two or more candidates receive an equal number of votes the Returning Officer shall give a casting-vote. Provision is made to secure the secrecy of the ballot and the maintenance of law and order. Every person who commits the offence of personation is liable to two years' imprisonment with hard labour,

Second Ballot.

In October of the year 1908 the Second Ballot Act was passed, under which the principle of an absolute majority of votes is adopted, and applied to the election of any candidate for a seat in the House of Representatives.

By this system a candidate must secure more than half of the valid votes recorded. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of votes as the result of the first ballot, the second ballot becomes necessary, and is taken between the two candidates who have received the highest number of votes, all others being excluded. The date for taking the second ballot is fixed as the seventh day after the close of the poll on the first ballot, excepting in ten

electorates, where the difficulties of communication necessitate an interval of fourteen days being allowed.

The candidate who at the second ballot receives the higher number of votes is declared to be elected. There are provisions for deciding procedure when an equal number of votes is polled by both candidates, the Returning Officer giving a casting-vote; also as to recounts and election petitions.

The Act does not at present apply to the election of representatives of the Maori race, but the, Governor is empowered to at any time, by Order in Council, bring the second ballot into operation as regards Maoris.

At the general election held on 7th December, 1911, in thirty electoral districts the candidate who polled the greatest number of votes failed to secure an absolute majority of all the votes polled. As the result of a second ballot twenty-five of these candidates were elected and five defeated. The total number of votes recorded in these districts at the first ballot, including 2,327 informal, was 202,712, or 82 per cent. of the number on the rolls, and at the second ballot 193,641 valid votes and 561 informal were recorded, being 78 per cent. of the total roll number. Thus there was a decrease of 8,510 votes, and if to these be added 7,866 votes of electors who voted upon the second occasion only it is found that 16,376 persons who recorded their votes at the first failed to do so at the second ballot.

THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1911.

For European Representatives.

[Polling-day, 7th December, 1911; number of polling-places, 2,648.]

Dealing with the population of both sexes, it is found that the total number of persons on the rolls was 090,042. The number of persons who voted, or who went to the poll, was 486,100, or 83.67 per cent. of the number on the rolls, a larger proportion than obtained in 1908—viz., 79.82 per cent.

Date of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Persons.Number on Polls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Persons registered as Electors.Number of Persons who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Persons on Rolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there was no contest.

† Including 4,974 informal votes.

‡ Including 5.468 informal votes.

§ Including 4,596 informal votes.

¶ Including 4.143 informal votes, and excluding 6,812 votes recorded at licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest.

1893319,010302,99794.98220,08275.25*
1896350,658339,23095.11258,25476.13
1899386,146373,74496.79279,33077.59*
1902429,385415,78996.83318,85976.69
1905500,108476,47394.28396,65783.25
1908538,950537.00399.64428,648§79.82
1911594,532590,04299.24486,10083.67

Dealing with men only, the number on the rolls was 321,033. The males who voted in 1911 were 266,986, or 84.58 per cent. of chose on the rolls, against 81.11 per cent. in 1908.

Date of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Males.Number of Males on Rolls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Males registered as ElectorsNumber who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Males on Rolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there were no contests.

† The number on the rolls was in excess of the estimated adult male population at the date of the election.

‡ Including informal.

§ Does not include 4,068 votes recorded a licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest.

1893179,539193,536129,79269.61*
1896197,002190,92599.90149,47175.90
1899214,773210,52998.02159,78079.06*
1902233,602229,84598.39180,29478.44
1905273,175263,59790.49221,61184.07
1908295,446294,07399.54238,53481.11
1911321,324321,03399.91266,986§84.58

The number of women who voted, 219,114, is 82.57 per cent. of the females on the rolls, while in 1908 there were 190,114 who voted, giving the smaller proportion of 78.26 per cent.; so that there is evidence of a greater willingness on the part of the females to go to the poll.

Date of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Females.Number of Females on Rolls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Females registered as Electors.Number who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Females on Bolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there were no contests.

† Including informal.

‡ Does not include 2,744 votes recorded at licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest.

1893139,471109,46178.4890,29085.18*
1896159,656142,30589.13108,78376.44
1899171,373163,21595.24119,55075.70
1902195,783185,94494.97138,56574.52
1905226,933212,87693.80175,04682.23
1908243,504242,93099.76190,11478.26
1911273,208269,00998.46219,11482.57
RESULTOF GENERAL ELECTION, 1011.
Electoral District and Name of CandidateNumber of Votes recorded.Number of Electors on Roll.Population at Census, 1911.
First Ballot.Second Ballot.
Bay of Islands,—
   Reed, V. H.2,671   
   Wilkinson, G.2,488   
      Total5,109 6,52212,080
Marsden,—
   Mander, F.3,120   
   Purdie, E. C.2,576   
      Total5,096 7,06412,555
Kaipara,—
   Coates, J. G.1,8432,744  
   Field, E. T.848   
   Stallworthy, J.2,3012,172  
      Total4,9924,9166,30011,588
Waitemata,—
   Alison, E. W., jun.1,375   
   Harris, A.2,7873,823  
   Napier, W. J.3,0643,416  
      Total7,2207,2398,80914,687
Auckland East,—
   Myers, A. M.4,485   
   Withy, A.2,490   
      Total6,975 9,04615,195
Auckland Central,—
   Gleeson, F. C.1,171   
   Glover, A. E.4,001   
   Richardson, W.601   
   Savage, M. G.1,800   
      Total7,033 10,71215,153
Auckland West,—
   Bradney, J. H.4,273   
   Poole, C. H.3,146   
      Total7,419 8,78715,214
Grey Lynn,—
   Fowlds, G.3,1173,432  
   Murray, W. H.1,568   
   Payne, J.2,1913,470  
      Total6,8700,9028,53615,182
Eden,—
   Bollard, J.3,629   
   Speight, W. J.2,966   
      Total6,595 8,15014,220
Parnell,—
   Dickson, J. S.3,5854,264  
   Findlay, Sir J. G.2,9713,820  
   Mack, M. J.1,557   
      Total18,1138,09010,01115,103
Manukau,—
   Lang, F. W.3,965   
   Morton, J. B.1,435   
   Stewart, R. D.1,058   
      Total7,058 8,92414,668
Franklin,—
   McLarin, J. W.1,816   
   Massey, W. F.3,779   
      Total5,595 7,01012,277
Thames,—
   Rhodes, T. W.2,783   
   Taylor, E. H.2,717   
      Total5,500 6,70212,528
Raglan,—
   Bell, A.8941,863  
   Bollard, R. F.2,4352,782  
   Dromgool, J. C.750   
   Duncan, W.742   
   Hewett, R. B. D.170   
      Total5,2914,6450,57211,813
Ohinemuri,—
   Fletcher, C. A. G.48   
   Hickey, P. H.1,6742,134  
   McRobie, W.1,547   
   Poland, H.2,7913,341  
      Total6,0605,4757,41313,319
Waikato,—
   Greenslade, H. G.2,718   
   Young, J. A.3,846   
      Total6,564 7,82113,013
Tauranga,—
   Herries, W. H.3,790   
   King, B.1,849   
      Total5,039 7,23612,234
Bay of Plenty,—
   De Lautour, H. D.2,042   
   MacDonald, W. D. S.3,177   
      Total5,819 7,82212,249
Gisborne,—
   Carroll, Sir J.   14,023
   Taumarunui,—
   Jennings, W. T.2,021   
   Wilson, C. K.2,740   
      Total5,367 6,78812,246
Hawke's Bay,—
   Campbell, H. M.2,7693,980  
   Clapham, G. S.940   
   Fraser, A. L. D.925   
   Lane, E.401   
   Simson, H. I.1,8072,873  
      Total6,8426,8538,81813,387
Napier,—
   Brown, J. V.3,920   
   Hill, H. T.2,856   
      Total6,770 8,41614,556
Waipawa,—
   Hunter, G.3,389   
   Jull, A. E.2,820   
      Total6,209 7,72512,967
Pahiatua,—
   Escott, J. H.2,2812,882  
   Hawkins, W. J.862   
   Ross, R. B.2,0932,309  
      Total5,2365,1916,32312,168
Masterton,—
   Herbert, A. H.1,327   
   Hogg, A. W.2,3662,664  
   Sykes, G. R.2,2933,245  
      Total5,9865,9097,29212,904
Wairarana,—
   Buchanan, W. C.2,950   
   Hornsby, J. T. M.2,825   
   Tanner, C. W.88   
      Total5,863 6,83111,563
Egmont,—
   Dive, B.2,682   
   Mackenzie, T.3,009   
      Total5,691 6,67211,718
Stratford,—
   Hine, J. B.3,006   
   McCluggage, J.2,576   
      Total5,582 6,55712,334
Taranaki,—
   Bellringer, C. E.2,561   
   Forbes, W.343   
   Okey, H. J. H.3,315   
      Total6,219 7,16313,090
Patea,—
   O'Dea, P.2,280   
   Pearce, G. V.3,240   
   Train, F.536   
      Total6,068 7,48312,724
Wanganui,—
   Hogan, J. T.2,2202,959  
   Hutchison, G,1,690   
   Mackay, C. E.1,117   
   Veitch, W. A.2,2954,115  
      Total7,3227,0748,87114,185
Waimarino,—
   Hockley, F. F.2,4402,591  
   Ivess, J.449   
   Smith, E. W.2,8053,071  
      Total5,6945,0028,10412,255
Oroua,—
   Guthrie, D. H.3,170   
   Hornblow, R. E.2,084   
      Total5,260 7,00612,929
Rangitikei,—
   Collins, C. B.295   
   Meldrum, W.2,037   
   Newman, E.3,065   
      Total5,397 6,97711,524
Palmerston,—
   Buick, D.3,374   
   McNab, R.2,542   
   Milverton, W.68   
   Thomson, W.748   
      Total6,732 7,95114,194
Otaki,—
   Brown, B. P.1,028   
   Field, W. H.1,7432,496  
   Moncton, C. A. W.1,155   
   Robertson, J.1,2802,517  
      Total5,2005,0136,48512,157
Hutt,—
   McEwan, J. W.911   
   Reardon, M. T.1,540   
   Short, R. W.881   
   Wilford, T. M.3,471   
      Total6,803 8,24814,502
Wellington North,—
   Carey, E. G.1,185   
   Herdman, A. L.4,193   
   Izard, A. W.2,386   
      Total7,704 10,65415,268
Wellington Central,—
   Fisher, F. M. B.2,9873,813  
   Fletcher, R.2,9833,682  
   Freeman, F.180   
   Young, W. T.1,372   
      Total75,227,49510,78115,248
Wellington East,—
   Bolton, F. G.1,242   
   Brodic, J.132   
   McLaren, D.2, 9693,715  
   Newman, A. K.3,3713, 780  
      Total7,7147,49510,21915,275
Wellington South,—
   Barber, W. H. P.1,264   
   Couzens, A. E.185   
   Hindmarsh, A. H.2,6703,593  
   Wright, R. A.2,9743,344  
      Total7,0936.9429,06715,238
Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts,—
   Bell, W. H. D.2,4313,060  
   Fitzgerald, J. E.1,214   
   Luke, J. P.1,032   
   Moore, F. T.1,2732,661  
      Total5,9505,7217,43214,136
Nelson,—
   Atmore, H.2,8653,655  
   Bishop, G.379   
   Hampson, W. S.570   
   MacMahon, G.800   
   Moffatt, W. G.1,3712,139  
      Total5,9855,7947,43613,287
Wairau,—
   Duncan, J.2,7253,086  
   McCallum, R.2,4673,228  
   Wiffen, A.1,069   
      Total6,2616,3147,50912,926
Motueka,—
   McKenzie, R.2,710   
   Smith, F. W. O.1,606   
      Total4,316 5,91711,503
Duller,—
   Colvin, J.3,143   
   Munro, F. F.2,993   
      Total6,136 7,40912,618
Grey,—
   Guinness, Sir A. R.3,677   
   Webb, P. C.2,539   
      Total6,216 7,62312,658
Westland,—
   Michel, H. L.3,172   
   Seddon, T. E. Y.3,443   
      Total6,615 7,21312,166
Hurunui,—
   Forbes, G. W.2,940   
   Macfarlane, D. D.2,001   
      Total4,941 6,30611,441
Kaiapoi,—
   Blackwell, J. H.11,453   
   Buddo, D.2,2193,000  
   Moore, R.2,3142,791  
      Total5,9865,7916,91511,927
Christchurch North,—
   Hall, J. D.3,6123,878  
   Isitt, L. M.4,1344,627  
   Petherick, J. E.727   
      Total8,4738,5059,90715,225
Christchurch East,—
   Cooke, F. R.418   
   Davey, T. H.2,3604,042  
   Hunter, H.2,356   
   Thacker, H. T. J.2,4922,861  
      Total7,6266,9039,15515,189
Christchurch South,—
   Ell, H. G.3,690   
   Howard, E. T.540   
   Whiting, G. R.3,059   
      Total7,289 8,70115,172
Lyttelton,—
   Cook, C.2,081   
   Laurenson, G.4,160   
      Total6,241 7,53714,189
Riccarton,—
   Drummond, T. L.162   
   Ensor, C. H.2,0592,603  
   Sullivan, D. G.1,518   
   Witty, G.3,0623,976  
      Total6,8016,5798,09514,126
Avon,—
   Jameson, J. O.1,062   
   McCombs, J.2,8173,583  
   Russell, G. W.3,0403,854  
   Smith, W. R.798   
      Total7,7177,4378,78415,155
Ellesmere,—
   Armstrong, G.1,519   
   Rhodes, R. H.3,100   
   Rowell, F.691   
      Total5,310 6,55611,822
Selwyn,—
   Dickie, W. J.2,734   
   Hardy, C. A. C.2,463   
      Total5,197 6,28311,474
Ashburton,—
   Kennedy, J.1,5342,319  
   Maslin, W. S.1,153   
   McLachlan, J.418   
   Nosworthy, W.2,8643,232  
      Total5,9695,5517,08412,025
Temuka,—
   Armitage G. W.910   
   Buxton, T.2,902   
   Jeffries, W.1,530   
      Total5,342 6,48211,575
Timaru,—
   Angland, W.497   
   Craigie, J.3,1523,906  
   Moore, J.1,9232,680  
   Reader, J.1,636   
      Total7,2086,5868,59214,298
Waitaki,—
   Macpherson, J. A.1,7362,525  
   Paul, W. G.1,572   
   Smith. F. H.2,0472,609  
      Total5,3555,1346,19811,573
Oamaru,—
   Duncan, T. Y.1,805   
   Lee, E. P.3,169   
   Milligan, R.1,318   
      Total6,292 7,19413,392
Otago Central,—
   Bennetts, J.790   
   Mason, W. D.1,544   
   Scott, R.3,354   
      Total5,688 6,88112,137
Dunedin North,—
   Douglas, R. R.2,4203,423  
   Loudon, J.1,751   
   Thomson, G. M.3,7974,182  
      Total7,9687,0059,23315,141
Dunedin West,—
   Bedford, H. D.3,6353,822  
   Millar, J. A.3,9584,461  
   Munro, J. W.778   
      Total8,3718,28310,82915,106
Dunedin Central,—
   Arnold, J. F.2,498   
   Macpherson, D.1,452   
   Statham, C. E.4,042   
      Total7,992 9,15615,092
Dunedin South,—
   McManus, J. E.3,426   
   Sidey, T. K.4,171   
      Total7,597 8,85315,110
Chalmers,—
   Clark, E. H.2,8503,029  
   Dickson, J. M.1,376   
   Johnson, J. T.1,4702,703  
   McCarthy, A. P.578   
      Total6,2805,7327,37213,226
Bruce,—
   Allen, J.3,138   
   McKinlay, P.2,463   
      Total5,601 6,63311,433
Clutha,—
   Livingstone, G.2,246   
   Malcolm, A. S.2,021   
      Total4,867 6,23611,712
Wakatipu,—
   Fraser, W.2,753   
   Horn, J.2,482   
      Total5,235 6,03611,647
Mataura,—
   Anderson, G. J.3,096   
   MacGibbon, J.2,239   
      Total5,335 6,62712,304
Wallace,—
   Carmichael, A.1,190   
   King, J.682   
   Thomson, J. C.3,152   
      Total5,024 6,03711,468
Invercargill,—
   Farrant, H.2,043   
   Fleming, T.2,1043,069  
   Hanan, J. A.3,1153,736  
      Total7,2020,8058,64514,645
Awarua,—
   Hamilton, J. R.2,265   
   Morris, W. A.152   
   Ward, Right Hon.2,893   
   Sir J. G.    
      Total5,310 6,21811,715

OCCUPATIONS OF MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The occupations of European members show that farmers or run- holders furnish more members than any other class. There were twenty-seven of these returned in 1911. There were eleven barristers or solicitors, and four journalists. The number; of members returned in 1902, 1905, 1908, and 1911 was seventy-six, against seventy in 1896 and 1899:—

Occupations.1896.1899.1902.1905.1908.1911.
Professional—
   Scientist11
   Minister of religion1
   Law student11
   Secretary, Y.M.C.A.11
   Barrister, solicitor59109811
   Journalist985564
   Mining advocate, interpreter, lecturer, teacher34131
   Chemist111
   Dentist1
   Doctor of medicine1
   Master mariner1
   Instructor technical school1
Domestic—
   Hotelkeeper1
Commercial—
   Insurance manager11
   Land-broker, estate agent2321
   Auctioneer112
   Director of financial company1111
   Native agent111
   Stationer, bookseller, draper, grocer, butcher365323
   Merchant, iron-merchant, timber- merchant324356
   Storekeeper12221
   Commission agent, clerk, accountant, commercial traveller323323
Transport and Communication—
   Coach-proprietor1
Industrial—
   Tailor, shoemaker, dyer22331
   Millowner, ship-rigger, builder, metallurgical engineer, mine-manager422212
   Railway employee11
   Blacksmith11
   Mechanical engineer, engine-driver11
   Painter, sign-writer12
   Builder and contractor1
   Secretary, Workers' Union11
   Printer, newspaper-proprietor2121
   Farmer111312161621
   Sheep-farmer, runholder, grazier, stock- owner1479596
   Brewer1
   Contractor333311
Others—
   Settler, gentleman, &c.875876

A summary of the population, number of electors on the rolls, and the total number of votes recorded at each of the last seven general elections is next given:—

Year.Total Population at Last Census.Total Number of Electors on Rolls.Number of Votes recorded.Total Number of Electors who recorded their Votes.
For Members elected.For Candidates defeated.Total.

* The difference between these totals is owing to the fact that 23,201 persons who voted at the first ballot refrained from doing so on the second occasion, and 4,143 votes were rejected as informal.

1893626,359302,997153,663149,413303,076220,082
1896703,119339,230184,929174,475359,404258,254
1899703,119373,744202,324185,305387,629279,339
1902772,504415,789235,083181,879416,962318,859
1905772,504476,473216,378173,811390,189396,657
1908888,376537,003233,328177,178410,506428,648
19111,008,206590,042257,349208,219465,568*492,912*

Previous to the general election of 1905 the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin each formed a single electorate returning three members, consequently every elector on the rolls of these places could exercise one vote for each of three candidates. The total of votes recorded was therefore greatly in excess of the number of persons who voted. In 1903 these cities were divided into single electorates, each returning one member, so that now in no case may any elector vote for more than one candidate.

In the succeeding table will be found a statement giving the results of each general election since the year 1853 for purposes o European representation.

GENERAL ELECTIONS FOR EUROPEAN REPRESENTATIVES HELD FROM THE YEAR 1853.

Parliament.Date of General Election.Number of Names on Roll of Electors.Number of Members returned.Number of Members returned unopposed.Numbers of Votes recorded (or of Voters recording Votes).Population at End of Year.Average Number of
Persons to each Member.Persons to each Elector.Electors to each Member

* Information not obtainable.

1 Including 100, the estimated number in Akaroa district, for which there is no return.

2 Including 800, the estimated number in the electorates of Town of New Plymouth, Grey and Bell, and Omata, for which districts there are no returns.

3 Electors for the Electoral District of “The Otago Goldfields” not included.

4 Men and women.

5 Voters recording votes.

First185315,93437**30,0008115.1160
Second1855210,32437**37,1921,0053.6279
Third186113,46653**79,7111,5045.9254
Fourth1866333,33872**190,6072,6475.7463
Fifth187147,27574**248,4003,3575.3639
Sixth187561,75584**375,8564,4746.1735
Seventh187982,271841443,770463,7295,5215.6979
Eighth1881120,972911169,985500,9105,5054.11,329
Ninth1884137,686911174,672564,3046,2014.11,513
Tenth1887175,410915111,911603,3616,6303.41,928
Eleventh1890183,171706136,337625,5088,9363.42,617
Twelfth18934302,99770345220,082672,2659,6042.24,328
Thirteenth18964339,23070..45258,254714,16210,2022.14,853
Fourteenth18994373,74470345279,330756,50510,8072.05,339
Fifteenth19024415,78976..45318,859807,92910,6311.95,471
Sixteenth19054476,47376..45396,657882,46311,6111.96,269
Seventeenth190S4537,00376..458428,648960,64212,6401.87,066
Eighteenth19114590,04276145492,9121,025,40613,4921.77,764

MAORI REPRESENTATIVES.

(Polling-day, 19th December, 1911; number of polling-places, 377.)

Of a Maori population amounting to 49,844 persons at the census of 1911, 11,768 voted at the general election held in December, 1911, a decrease of 4,708 on the number who voted at the election of 1908. This large decrease is due to the fact that contests were only held in three of the four electorates. In 1893 the voters numbered 11,269, or 1,739 persons fewer than in 1896, when 13,008 Maoris recorded their votes, while at the general election held in December, 1899, the number of Maoris who voted was 13,628; in 1902 it was 14,271; in 1905, 16,045; in 1908, 16,365; while in 1911 the number decreased to 11,768.

The number of votes recorded in the several districts for each candidate was:—

Electoral Districts and Names of Candidates.Number of Votes recorded for each Candidate.
Northern Maori:
   Te Rangihiroa1,032
   Riapo Timoti Puhipi627
   Jehu Moetara500
   Wiri Nehua455
   Hemi te Paa414
   Herepete Rapihana295
   Eru Ihaka287
   Kaka Porowini261
   Wiremu Tuauru Kowhai43
   Rehana Netana26
   Hiurua Tito25
      Total3,965
Eastern Maori:
Apirana Turupa Ngata (unopposed) 
      Total 
Western Maori:
   Maui Pomare2,464
   Henare Kaihau1,899
   Pepene Eketone1,470
   Tarapipipi Taingakawa581
   Ngarangi Katitia560
   Pomare Heteraka19
      Total6,993
Southern Maori:
   Taare Parata264
   John Hopere Wharewiti Uru233
   Tahuaroa Karira Watson131
   Teone Matapura Eribana84
   James Apes80
   Haimona Patete18
      Total810
   Total number of votes recorded in all Maori Electorates11,768

Chapter 12. SECTION VIII.—LICENSES AND LOCAL OPTION.

CENSUS RETURNS.

THE total number of persons engaged in or connected with the sale or manufacture of wine, spirits, beer, cordials, &c., was returned at the census of 1911 as under:—

Occupation.Males.Females.Persons.
Hotelkeeper1,2071661,373
   Relative assisting641,1311,195
   Manager, clerk12450174
Hotel servant2,0362,6434,679
Manager, secretary, steward, servant of clubhouse25931293
Barman, barmaid5005431,043
Wine, spirits, ale, merchant64165
   Assistant23..23
   Clerk, book-keeper, accountant, traveller, storeman, carter137..137
   Cordial, &c, merchant, salesman2..2
Brewer, bottler119..120
   Manager, clerk, traveller1357142
   Relative assisting, apprentice1..1
   Cellarman, assistant, carter, &c.581..581
Maltster and assistant121..121
Winemaker, bottler8..8
Cordial, &c., maker2604264
   Clerk, book-keeper, traveller, assistant37210382
   Relative assisting12113
      Totals6,0254,59110,616

LICENSES AND LICENSED HOUSES.

During the year ended the 31st March, 1911, 1,885 licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors were granted. Of these, 1,248 were publicans' and accommodation licenses, 5 New Zealand wine, 60 packet, 25 bottle, 159 wholesale, and 388 conditional licenses. The fees paid amounted to £43,843, and formed part of the revenue of the local governing bodies of the districts in which the licenses were issued. Particulars are given in the following table:—

NUMBEROF LICENSESGRANTEDDURINGTHE YEAR 1910-11, ANDTHE AMOUNTOF FEESPAIDTO LOCAL BODIESTHEREFOR.
Licenses.In Counties.In Boroughs.In Town Districts.Total.
Publicans' licenses433582341,049
Accommodation licenses197..2199
   Total licensed houses630582361,248
New Zealand wine licenses..5..5
Bottle licenses..25..25
Packet licenses951..60
Wholesale licenses121452159
Conditional licenses305803388
   Total licenses granted956888411,885
Amount of license fees paid to local bodies£14,130£28,603£1,110£43,843

The average number of persons to each licensed house in counties and boroughs respectively for 1910-11 is next shown:—

 Number of Licensed Houses.*Population.Number of Persons to each Licensed House.

* I.e., houses holding publicans' or accommodation licenses.

† Including only such districts as do not now form part of counties.

Counties630472,460750
Boroughs582505,598869
Town districts3624,343676
   Totals1,2481,002,401803

In 1909-10 the number of licensed houses in counties was 643, those in boroughs 580, and those in town districts 34, giving a total of 1,257 houses, 9 more than in 1910-11. The average- number of persons to a licensed house increased from 732 in 1909-10 to 803 in 1910-11.

The annual fees paid for licenses are—

(1.) For a publican's license—£

* Between the hours of six in the morning and ten at night. For an eleven-o'clock license an additional £5 must be paid.

   (a.) Within the limits of a borough or town district40*
   (b.) Outside the aforesaid limits25
(2.) For a Now Zealand wine license1
(3.) For an accommodation license, a sum to be determined by the Licensing Committee, not exceeding20
(4.) For a packet license—
   (a.) For a vessel exceeding 50 tons register10
   (b.) For a vessel not exceeding 50 tons register5
(5.) For a wholesale license20
(6.) For a conditional license, according to duration of license, a sum not exceeding30

The approximate capital value of the licensed houses in the counties was stated at £678,436, for certain of the boroughs at £1,149,132, and for the town districts at £91,517. There was, besides, an annual value of £132,109 for other licensed houses in the boroughs, which, capitalized at 6 per cent., would represent £2,201,816. The capital value of all licensed houses would therefore be about £4,120,901.

BREACHES OF LICENSING LAWS.

During 1911 there were 130 convictions (108 males and 22 females) against publicans and 2,755 convictions (2,517 males and 238 females) against others for breaches of the licensing laws.

SLY-GROG SELLING.

There were 278 charges for selling liquor without a license (including storing liquor for sale) investigated in 1911 in the Magistrate's Courts with the following results: 47 were discharged for want of prosecution or want of evidence, 68 dismissed on the merits, 1 committed for trial, and 162 convicted. The fines imposed during 1911 amounted to £2,670 as against £1,862 in 1910.

LOCAL OPTION.

Each electoral district constituted in New Zealand for the election of a member of the House of Representatives is a licensing district, and electors for the House of Representatives are also electors under the licensing laws. The three electorates of the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin in each case form one electorate for the purpose of taking a local-option poll.

The local no-license and national prohibition polls are taken on the same day as the general election of members of the House of Representatives.

At every licensing poll there shall be submitted for the determination of the electors of every licensing district (other than a no-license district) the question whether licenses shall continue in that district.

The method of determining the result of the poll in each district by the Returning Officer is as follows:—

  1. If the number of votes recorded in favour of the continuance of existing licenses is an absolute majority of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is deemed to be carried, and the licenses continue until the next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.

  2. If the number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal that no license shall be granted is not less than three-fifths of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is declared to be carried.

  3. If neither of the proposals respecting licenses is carried by the prescribed majority, the licenses continue as they are until next pull, subject to certain provisions in special cases.

If, as the result of a previous decision, there be no licenses existing in a district, the questions submitted to the electors of such district shall be whether licenses be restored or not restored, but a three-fifths majority in favour of restoration is needed in order to carry that issue.

When the population of any riding or county in which the Counties Act, 1908, is in force, or any road district outside of any such county, has suddenly increased in a large degree, and a petition signed by not less than 100 residents thereof, has been presented to the Governor praying that power be granted to the Licensing Committee to issue publicans' licenses, the Governor may, unless the determination of the electors has been previously made that no licenses shall be granted, by Order in Council grant such authority, and thereupon publicans' licenses may be granted in the said riding or road district, at the ratio of one licensed house to every 700 persons residing within a radius of two miles from such licensed house.

NATIONAL PROHIBITION.

At every licensing poll there shall be submitted to the determination of the electors of each licensing district the question whether national prohibition shall come into force throughout New Zealand. If the total number of votes recorded in favour of national prohibition is not less than three-fifths of the total number of the votes so recorded throughout New Zealand, the determination of the electors shall be deemed to be in favour of national prohibition; and this determination shall, when it comes into force, supersede the determination of the electors of any licensing district. Any such determination in favour of national prohibition shall come into force on the expiration of four years after the date of the general election on which the licensing polls were taken, and shall remain in force until superseded by a determination of the electors in favour of restoration.

NATIONAL RESTORATION.

At the first general election of members of Parliament which is held after the expiration of three years from the day of the coining into force of the determination of the electors in favour of national prohibition, and at every general election thereafter so long as that determination remains in force, a licensing poll shall be taken, and at that poll there shall be submitted to the electors of each licensing district the question whether licenses shall be restored in the Dominion. If the result of the polls is that the total number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal that licenses be restored is not less than three-fifths of all the votes recorded, then that proposal shall be deemed to be carried. Any determination in favour

of restoration shall come into force on the expiration of three months.

BOTTLE LICENSES.

No bottle licenses are to be granted or renewed.

EMPLOYMENT OF BARMAIDS.

Under the Licensing Amendment Act of 1910 employment of barmaids is prohibited. No female is permitted to serve in any capacity in the bar of any licensed premises while the bar is open for sale of liquor with the exception of (a) the wife, sister, or daughter of the licensee; (b) the licensee being a woman; (c) any person registered as a barmaid.

RESULT OF LOCAL OPTION POLL.

The local option poll taken on 7th December, 1911, did not result in any alteration of the position in licensing districts. No- license was not carried in any license district, nor was restoration carried in any no-license district. The details of the voting were as follows:—

District.Number of Electors on Roll.Number of Voters who recorded Votes (including Informal).For Continuance.For No-license.Number of Valid Votes recorded.
Men.Women.Total.
License Districts.
Bay of Islands6,5223,7901,4265,2162,4382,6185,056
Marsden7,0643,4192,3455,7642,4603,1565,616
Kaipara6,3003,3561,9575,3132,3042,6184,922
Watemata8,8093,8463,7437,5893,2663,8567,122
Auckland28,54512,12710,26922,39611,40910,48121,890
Parnell10,0114,1144,4828,5963,9614,0377,998
Manukau8,9243,5973,5617,1583,0383,8996,937
Franklin7,0103,1652,4765,6412,4593,0475,506
Raglan6,5723,3382,2275,5652,1923,0655,257
Thames6,7023,2922,3425,6342,7672,7175,484
Tauranga7,2363,4262,3325,7582,7692,3105,579
Waikato7,8213,7062,9856,6912,9393,5716,510
Bay of Plenty7,8224,1431,7415,8843,0682,6225,690
Taumarunui6,7883,6871,7095,3962,9722,2475,219
Gisborne9,0504,0682,7446,8123,4223,2606,682
Hawke's Bay8,8184,7642,5787,3423,7382,8746,612
Napier8,4163,7483,1676,9153,7352,9586,693
Waipawa7,7253,5522,7516,3033,0433,0676,110
Pahiatua6,3233,2262,3165,5422,5422,5725,114
Wairarapa6,8313,5332,4215,9543,3212,5115,832
Stratford6,5573,4122,2165,6282,5782,8255,403
Taranaki7,1633,2383,0566,2942,8493,1616,010
Egmont6,6723,3572,3975,7542,5102,9595,469
Patea7,4833,4962,6546,1502,7543,1635,917
Wanganui8,8713,9623,7567,7183,5743,6257,199
Waimarino8,1044,0182,0496,0673,5202,0555,575
Oroua7,0062,9982,3515,3492,5412,6745,215
Rangitikei6,9773,1702,2925,4622,8192,4175,236
Palmerston7,9513,4833,3326,8153,4793,1136,592
Otaki6,4853,3352,1915,5262,6522,4475,099
Hutt8,2483,6433,2536,8963,6163,1466,762
Wellington31,65412,28311,72024,00312,56510,11122,676
Nelson7,4363,1423,1746,3163,0992,7425,841
Motueka5,9172,7361,6054,3412,4571,7944,251
Buller7,4093,8242,3476,1712,8843,1426,026
Grey7,6233,6502,6376,2873,5462,5476,093
Westland7,2134,1102,5646,6564,0662,2916,357
Wairau7,5093,7272,9266,6533,4802,6256,105
Hurunui6,3063,0771,9154,9922,9401,9114,851
Kaiapoi6,9153,3202,9506,2702,8213,0265,847
Christchurch27,76311,54312,79424,33712,07311,07323,146
Riccarton8,0953,5883,4717,0593,5093,1406,649
Avon8,7843,8134,2028,0153,8413,7367,577
Lyttelton7,5373,3502,9706,3203,2162,9616,177
Ellesmere6,5563,0012,3935,3942,7302,4615,191
Selwyn6,2833,1012,1345,2352,8592,2665,125
Timaru8,5923,7693,6707,4393,4023,7557,157
Temuka6,4823,0672,3215,3882,6832,5485,231
Waitaki6,1983,2242,3705,5942,6592,6165,275
Otago Central6,8813,4042,3245,7282,8582,7255,583
Dunedin29,25811,64713,33224,97911,75012,36624,116
Dunedin South8,8534,0033,7707,7733,8093,8337,642
Chalmers7,3723,3363,1866,5222,7433,4576,200
Wakatipu6,0363,2592,0005,2593,0602,0255,085
Wallace6,0373,1791,9165,0952,6502,2834,933
Awarua6,2183,1472,2455,3922,5882,6335,221
   Totals500,733230,309186,037416,346205,023193,638398,661
No-license Districts.
 License to be restoredLicense be not restored. 
Eden8,1503,4093,2776,6862,0124,5116,523
Grey Lynn8,5363,6183,8007,4182,0314,7686,799
Ohinemuri7,4133,6572,6156,2723,0732,9586,031
Masterton7,2923,2973,0876,3843,044l2,8755,919
Wellington South9,0673,6563,8017,4573,0353,9797,014
Wellington Suburbs and Country District7,4323,2443,0296,2732,5483,3055,853
Ashburton7,0843,4432,7486,1913,1752,7095,884
Oamaru7,1943,2233,1256,3482,8903,2956,185
Bruce6,6333,0802,5855,6652,3813,1795,560
Clutha6,2362,9371,9514,8882,0672,7234,790
Mataura6,6273,3042,0675,3712,4022,8285,230
Invercargill8,6453,8773,7367,6133,3443,8887,232
   Totals89,30940,74535,82176,56632,00241,01873,020
   Grand totals590,042271,054221,858492,912237,025234,656471,681

From the foregoing table it will be seen that 205,023 votes were recorded in favour of continuing existing licenses—not including twelve districts, Eden, Grey Lynn, Ohinemuri, Masterton, Wellington South, Wellington Suburbs and Country District, Ashburton, Oamaru, Bruce, Clutha, Mataura, and Invercargill, where the vote (32,002) was for the restoration of the licenses cancelled at the polls taken in previous years. 234,656 votes were cast for no-license (including 41,018 votes cast for non-restoration in no-license districts).

In fifty-six of the sixty-eight licensing districts no-license was not carried, and in the twelve districts where no-license is in force non-restoration was carried. In twenty-four (38 in 1908) of the districts—Bay of Islands, Marsden, Kaipara, Waitemata, Parnell, Manukau, Franklin, Raglan, Tauranga, Waipawa, Pahiatua, Stratford, Taranaki, Egmont, Patea, Wanganui, Oroua, Buller, Kaiapoi, Timaru, Dunedin, Dunedin South, Chalmers, and Awarua—a majority of the votes polled was for no-license, but not in sufficient numbers to make up the three-fifths required to carry that issue. Of the total number who voted (492,912, including those whose votes were informal), 271,054, or 54.99 per cent. were men and 221,858, or 45.01 per cent., were women. Compared with the polling in the year 1908, this shows a numerical increase of 35,500, or 15.07 per cent., on the part of the men, and 35,459, or 19.02 per cent., on the part of the women.

A comparison with 1896, 1899, 1902, 1905, and 1908 of the votes recorded and the number of persons who went to the poll is shown in the next table:—

Year.Number of Person on Rolls.Number of Persons who recorded Votes (including informal).Votes recorded for
Males.Females.Totals.ContinuanceReductionNo License.

* NOTE.—Reduction issue was not submitted to electors in 1911.

1896339,230151,235108,663259,898139,58094,55598,312
1899373,744163,000122,419285,425143,961109,450120,542
1902415,789180,294138,565318,859148,449132,240151,524
1905476,473221,674174,743396,417182,884151,057198,768
1908537,003235,554186,399421,953188,140162,562221,471
1911590,042271,054221,858492,912237,025*234,656

The increases in the number of votes recorded for no-license or reduction up to the year 1908 are prominent features in the above table, while the figures for the 1911 poll shows a majority for continuance of 2,369.

The table following shows the districts in which no-license has been carried and the dates since which it has been in force, with particulars of votes for and against (no-license and continuance, omitting votes for reduction), and of votes for and against the restoration of license at subsequent polls.

District.No-license carried.Voting on Restoration Issue at subsequent Po.
Date.Votes for.Votes against.1905.1908.1911.
For.Against.For.Against.For.Against.

NOTE.—The voting for restoration in Clutha in 1896 was 1,618 for and 1,989 against; in 1899, 1,893 for and 2,170 against; in 1902, 1,368 for and 2,245 against.

Clutha18931,6424871,4952,5369811,8392,0672,723
Ashburton19022,8701,7342,6632,4583,0852,6363,1752,709
Mataura19022,9391,8772,0482,9952,0132,5442,4022,828
Grey Lynn19053,4261,941....2,0505,0762,0314,768
Oamaru19053,1421,818....1,9462,8492,8903,295
Invercargill19053,4092,573....2,3943,0463,3443,888
Eden19084,0572,249........2,0124,511
Ohinemuri19083,3332,035........3,0732,958
Masterton19083,2872,111........3,0442,875
Wellington South19084,0542,241........3,0353,979
Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts19084,3342,448........2,5483,305
Bruce19082,9881,872........2,3813,179

In addition to the above districts which declared for no-license at the periods stated, the following districts carried the no-license issue in 1902, but the polls were subsequently declared void: Newtown (Wellington South)—For continuance, 1,869; for no-license, 2,995. Chalmers—For continuance, 1,676; for no-license, 2,773. Bruce—For continuance, 1,520; for no-license, 2,372.

RESULT OF NATIONAL PROHIBITION POLL.

In addition to “local no-license,” a question was submitted to the determination of the electors whether “national prohibition” should come into force throughout the Dominion, and the following table shows the detailed result:—

District.Number of Electors on Roll.Number of Voters who recorded Votes (including Informal).Against National Prohibition.For National Prohibition.Number of Valid Votes recorded.
Men.Women.Total.
License Districts.
Bay of Islands6,5223,7901,4265,2162,0742,9675,041
Marsden7,0643,4192,3455,7642,1583,4385,596
Kaipara6,3003,3561,9575,3131,9952,8594,854
Waitemata8,8093,8463,7437,5892,9704,0657,035
Auckland28,54512,12710,26922.39610,29711,28321,580
Parnell10,0114,1144,4828,5963,7014,1627,863
Manukau8,9243,5973,5617,1582,8454,0026,847
Franklin7,0103,1652,4765,6412,3363,0955,431
Raglan6,5723,3382,2275,5651,9183,2725,190
Thames6,7023,2922,3425,6342,3533,070;5,423
Tauranga7,2363,4262,3325,7582,3023,2015,503
Waikato7,8213,7062,9856,6912,4883,9776,465
Bay of Plenty7,8224,1431,7415,8842,3533,2595,612
Taumarunui6,788,3,6871,7095,3962,5962,6235,219
Gisborne9,0504,0682,7446,8122,8503,7536,603
Hawke's Bay8,8184,7642,5787,3422,9083,6426,550
Napier8,4163,7483,1676,9153,0233,6186,641
Waipawa7,7253,5522,7516,3032,4573,5956,052
Pahiatua6,3233,2262,3165,5422,0762,9695,045
Wairarapa6,8313,5332,4215,9542,9022,7945,696
Stratford6,5573,4122,2165,6282,1143,2825,396
Taranaki7,1633,2383,0566,2942,3473,6395,986
Egmont6,6723,3572,3975,7541,9373,5135,450
Patea7,4833,4962,6546,1502,2093,6595,868
Wanganui8,8713,9623,7567,7182,9454,2087,153
Waimarino8,1044,0182,0496,0672,7772,6845,461
Oroua7,0062,99S2,3515,3492,0423,1155,157
Rangitikei6,9773,1702,2925,4622,3242,8505,174
Palmerston7,9513,4833,3326,8152,8483,7166,564
Otaki6,4853,3352,1915,5262,1972,8125,009
Hutt8,2483,6433,2536,8963,0143,6616,675
Wellington31,65412,28311,72024,00311,08611,24322,329
Nelson7,4363,1423,1746,3162,7762,8775,653
Motueka5,9172,7361,6054,3412,1042,0404,144
Buller7,4093,8242,3476,1712,2963,6095,905
Grey7,6233,6502,6376,2872,8013,2376,038
Westland7,2134,1102,5466,6563,1863,0376,223
Wairau7,5093,7272,9266,6533,0272,9395,966
Hurunui6,3063,0771,9154,9922,5062,2114,717
Kaiapoi6,9153,3202,9506,2702,5123,2435,755
Christchurch27,76311,51312,79424,33710,66812,26822,936
Riccarton8,0953,5883,4717,0593,0613,4776,538
Avon8,7843,8134,2028,0153,2884,2147,502
Lyttelton7,5373,3502,9706,3202,8863,2036,089
Ellesmere6,5563,0012,3935,3942,4802,5975,077
Selwyn6,2833,1012,1345,2352,5402,5035,043
Timaru8,5923,7693,6707,4392,8674,1477,014
Temuka6,4823,0672,3215,3882,2512,8475,098
Waitaki6,1983,2242,3705,5942,3212,8935,214
Otago Central6,8813,4042,3245,7282,4533,0385,491
Dunedin29,25811,64713,33224,97910,17013,62123,791
Dunedin South8,8534,0033,7707,7733,3144,2207,534
Chalmers7,3723,3363,1866,5222,3453,7676,112
Wakatipu6,0363,2592,0005,2592,5692,4495,018
Wallace6,0373,1791,9165,0952,1682,6734,841
Awarua6,2183,1472,2455,3922,1672,9505,117
   Totals199,733230,309185,764416,346175,198218,086393,284
District.Number of Electors on Roll.Number of Voters who recorded Votes (including Informal).Against National Prohibition.For National Prohibition.Number of Valid Votes recorded.
Men.Women.Total.
No-license Districts.
Eden8,1503,4093,2776,6862,0744,3846,458
Grey Lynn8,5363,6183,8007,4181,9784,7826,760
Ohinemuri7,4133,6572,6156,2722,6873,2665,953
Masterton7,2923,2973,0876,3842,7043,0625,826
Wellington South9,0673,6563,8017,4572,7744,1896,963
Wellington Suburbs and Country District7,4323,2443,0296,2732,4603,3745,834
Ashburton7,0843,4432,7486,1912,9862,7955,781
Oamaru7,1943,2233,1256,3482,7003,3656,125
Bruce6,6333,0802,8585,6652,4213,0695,490
Clutha6,2362,9371,9514,8882,0192,7424,761
Mataura6,6273,3042,0675,3712,3202,8885,208
Invercargill8,6453,8773,7367,6133,2203,9417,161
   Totals90,30940,74536,09476,56630,46341,85772,320
   Grand totals590,042271,054221,858492,912205,661259,943465,604

Of the 465,604 valid votes recorded, 259,943, or 55.83 per cent., were cast for, and 205,661, or 44.17 per cent., against national prohibition.

A comparison with the local option poll shows that 31,364 more votes were cast for continuance than against national prohibition, and 25,287 more votes were recorded for national prohibition than for local no-license.

Chapter 13. SECTION IX.—LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.

COUNTIES, BOROUGHS, ETC.

FOR purposes of local government New Zealand is divided into counties and boroughs, the counties being, for administrative purposes in some cases, subdivided into road and town districts, and certain of the latter, those having a population of over five hundred, possess powers independent of county control.

Counties are constituted by special Act, but two or more existing counties may, by Proclamation, be united to form one county. Boroughs are constituted by Proclamation, and must possess a population of not less than one thousand, but must not exceed in area more than nine square miles, nor must any point be distant farther than six miles from another. Any locality not exceeding two square miles in area, outside a borough, and wherein there are not less than fifty householders, may be proclaimed a town district. A road district may comprise any portion of the area of the county within which it lies, and may be created by special order of the council of such county. Harbour Boards are formed by special Act, and in some cases possess rating-powers over areas already included within counties and boroughs, Special districts, with limited powers, may be constituted for specific purposes such as river protection, drainage, water-supply, &c, within the areas wherein such services are required.

Although the boroughs, of which there were 110 in March, 1911, lie geographically within the counties, yet by the law they are not considered as part of them. On the 31st March, 1911, the counties numbered 117. The number is increased from time to time as need is found by the subdivision of existing districts. In the year 1878 there were only 63 counties. There were, however, 159 road districts (two without Boards) in existence in March, 1911, and 57 town districts. One of these latter is the special Town District of Rotorua, the affairs of which are administered by officers of the

General Government. Besides the above there were 38 river protective districts (excluding Inch-Clutha, in Bruce County, which is also a road district), 3 drainage districts (Christchurch, Dunedin, and Auckland Suburban), 7 water-supply districts (four without Boards), and 43 land drainage districts under the Land Drainage Act (two without Boards). The Harbour Boards numbered 32, excluding Coromandel, Kawhia, Port Robinson, Kaikoura, Fortrose, and Half-moon Bay, for which the County Councils of Corornandel, Kawhia, Cheviot, Kaikoura, Southland, and Stewart Island act as the Harbour Boards, also New River and Port Molyneux, for which the Invercargill Borough Council and the Clutha River Board act as Harbour Boards.

These bodies levied rates in the financial year 1910-11 to the amount of £1,592,601, of which £1,118,112 consisted of general rates, and £474,489 special and separate rates. The sum of £81,008 was raised by licenses, and £27,226 by other taxes, making £1,700,835 altogether, which sum is equivalent to £1 14s. 1d. per head of the mean European population. In the year 1909-10 the local taxation was £1 13s. Sd. per head, or 5d. less than in 1910-11.

It will be seen from the table following that revenue derived from rates increased from £463,581 in 1890-91 to £1,592,601 in 1910-11. Revenue from Government has increased in the same period (twenty-one years) from £144,008 to £230,070. Receipts which cannot be classed as “revenue” were £236,902 in 1890-91, against £1,776,958 in 1910-11; but these figures vary from year to year according to circumstances, such as large operations by way of construction of works, for which money has to be specially raised.

The receipts (distinguishing revenue from other sources of income) and expenditure of the various local bodies, with the amount of rates collected, and the amount of indebtedness on account of loans for each of the past twenty years, are shown in the table following.

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RATES, RECEIPTS EXPENDITURE, AND LOANS, 1891-2 TO 1910-11.

Year ended 31st March.Receipts of Local Bodies.Expenditure of Local Bodies.Outstanding Loans of Local Bodies (excluding Government Loans, for which see the following Columns).Government Loans to Local Bodies.
Revenue fromReceipts not Revenue.Total Receipts.Outstanding Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act.Loans from New Zealand State-guaranteed Advance Office outstanding on 31st March, 1911.Net Indebtedness in February of each Year under Local Bodies' Loans Acts (including Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, converted).
Rates.Licenses, Fees, Rents, and other Sources.Government.Total Revenue.

*The figures for the Harbour Boards (excepting Wellington, the period being for the year ending 30th September, 1910, and the Coromandel, Kaikoura, Kawhia, Fortrose, Half-moon Bay, and Horse-shoe Bay, New River, Port Molyneux, and Riverton Harbour Boards, the figures for which are for the year ended 31st March, 1911) included are for the calendar years ended three months previous to the financial years.

† Not including balances, deposits, or amounts paid to sinking funds and for redemption of debentures.

 £££££££££££
1892438,824584,274109,0221,182,120214,1241,396,2441,400,4676,081,9344,245..449,532
1893508,157573,161136,5151,217,833340,5381,558,3711,482,5486,203,8693,465..525,173
1894551,412547,560134,2711,233,243623,0381,856,2811,589,1246,614,8242,685..547,679
1895581,868545,629133,2281,265,725328,7981,594,5231,584,5186,685,5102,015..621,903
1896592,903581,966156,1801,331,049269,1451,600,1941,627,0796,737,5781,442..667,451
1897598,526586,599178,4481,363,573246,9191,610,4921,636,7166,793,3981,077..709,282
1898644,552608,436182,1661,435,154304,6451,739,7991,733,0166,834,361712..742,530
1899685,769642,289178,4381,506,496385,3681,891,8641,778,5746,963,254347..789,618
1900714,151695,988152,0441,562,183372,0281,934,2111,960,0737,057,350....810,192
1901734,023751,046168,7851,653,854825,0392,478,8932,250,5727,563,069....902,769
1902800,471848,983170,0411,819,495775,4322,594,9272,528,0927,839,695....1,046,645
1903846,716897,328156,2541,900,298966,0872,866,3852,867,5068,217,196....1,266,002
1904950,1501,029,550176,5192,156,2191,142,5953,298,8143,230,7128,898,910....1,401,752
19051,019,4311,088,587166,6352,274,6531,350,6313,625,2843,497,32110,018,242....1,526,353
19061,151,2191,223,138169,0102,543,3671,326,5973,869,9643,601,50610,718,051....1,580,494
19071,233,0491,386,459192,9322,812,4401,227,4734,039,9133,897,51511,616,048....1,647,273
19081,356,2571,548,479202,1863,106,9221,410,9944,517,9164,491,11312,532,334....1,691,083
19091,390,6981,710,712223,4103,324,8201,440,7464,765,5664,800,71113,303,622....1,839,017
19101,526,3171,738,410195,6243,460,3512,362,1715,822,5224,898,48214,937,685....1,925,606
19111,592,6011,941,655230,0703,764,3261,776,9585,541,2845,360,26115,727,613..404,1631,025,663

The indebtedness of local governing bodies on account of outstanding loans has increased in twenty years from £6,042,693 to £15,727,613, exclusive of moneys borrowed from Government, which represented a further indebtedness of £1,429,826 at the end of March, 1911 (Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Act, £1,025,663, and loans from the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office, £404,163).

TAXATION BY LOCAL BODIES.

TABLE showing the Revenue of Local Governing Bodies derived from Rates Licenses, and other Taxes during the Year 1910-11.
Local Bodies.Rates.Licenses.Other Taxes.Total.
General.Special and Separate.

* For year ended 31st March, 1911.

† Wellington Harbour Board, for year ended 30th September, 1910.

‡ Wharfage dues, charges, fees, tolls, &c., £698,014 14s. 4d., and rents and other sources, £75,654 17s. 2d., have not been classed as taxation.

§ Equal to £1 14s. 1d. per head of the mean European population of the Dominion for the financial year 1910-11.

 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Counties*505,0237375,39111316,8784914,65163611,94496
Boroughs*404,3161411369,70615158,3751689,342136841,74202
Town Boards*18,589373,041343,4068101,08410326,12160
Road Boards*85,60519110,873392,3321882,123173100,935189
River Boards*7,0441962,78230..21359,8291511
Land Drainage Boards*8,632274,2681210....12,900155
Harbour Boards34,803186......34,803186
City and Suburban Drainage Boards*50,495413,90325....54,39866
Tramway Boards*71430......71430
Water - supply Boards*2,8861424,52281014120201977,444147
   Totals1,118,11268474,4890681,00801127,226031,700,83584§

Of the total taxation by rates, amounting to £1,592,601, 33 per cent. was levied on the unimproved value, and 67 per cent. on the capital or annual value of rateable properties.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE, 1910-11.

A summary of all the transactions for the year 1910-11 is given on pages 314 to 318. The total revenue of the local bodies for the financial year was £3,764,325, and they further received a sum of £1,776,958 which could not properly be termed “revenue,” making altogether a grand total of receipts amounting to £5,541,284. The rates formed 42 per cent. of the revenue proper. Licenses, rents, and other sources yielded 52 per cent., and 6 per cent. was granted by the General Government.

While the revenue proper of the counties amounted to £798,020, of which those bodies raised £580,415 by way of rates, the Road Boards' revenue was only £136,975, out of which £96,479 represented the result of their rating. The boroughs had the far larger revenue of £1,766,952, including £774,023 of rates, and their receipts under the heading of licenses, rents, and other sources amounted to the considerable sum of £944,791. In the matter of receipts from Government, of which a table is printed on the next page, the counties received the bulk of the money.

The details of amounts received, representing Government support to the various bodies, are stated in the following table:—

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS FROM GOVERNMENT, 1910-11.
Counties.Boroughs.Town Boards.Road Boards.River Boards (excluding Inch-Clutha, also Road Board).Land Drainage Boards.Harbour Boards.City and Suburban Drainage Boards.Totals.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Rates on Crown and Native lands1231022713..1081........160196
One-third receipts from land sold on deferred payment and from perpetual lease34,35010181412714112,999187........37,4951510
One-fourth of rents from small grazing-runs2,775169....276193........3,052160
Timber and flax royalties10,6981407500..686147........11,46087
Goldfields revenue and gold duty20,32512424,22713401036732........44,620191
Subsidies on rates82,20410121,4949102,8135717,64474........124,1561210
Fees and fines1,02014111,238101030238376..3310....2,375194
Other receipts75015111,043823,30114111,181152204141......6,48283
Total Revenue Account152,24915248,124496,27371122,9501382041413310....229,805195
Loans from Government under Loans to Local Bodies Acts and New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office106,893164205,2786613,66515039,317111..32,96310075000..398,8681811
Grants for special works, &c.123,8321396,182701,234206,362522,250001,16663....141,027142
Total receipts from Government382,97653259,58418321,17341168,6309112,45414134,1330175000..769,702126
LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURE, AND LOANS, 1910-11.
 Financial Year ended 31st March, 1911.
Counties.Boroughs.Town Boards.Road Boards.River Boards (excluding Inch-Clutha, also Road Board).Land Drainage Boards.Water-supply Boards.Tramway Boards.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.

* For amounts under various heads see next table; also for specification of loans under Loans to Local Bodies Acts, and special grants, which are here included with “Receipts not revenue.”

† Including expenses of management.

‡ Not including loans, amounting to £1,025,663, repayable by instalments, under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, the Loans to Local Bodies Acts.

§ For rates of interest see page 320.

NOTE.—The return of receipts and expenditure in this summary represents the net receipts and expenditure of the year, exclusive of credit and debit balances, bank overdrafts, deposits, amounts paid to sinking funds, and for redemption of debentures.

Receipts:—
Revenue from—
      Rates580,414186774,02310021,63061196,4792109,8272612,9001557,4093071430
      Licenses, rents, and other sources65,355115944,7910114,3919412,3901668,537174857136553125112,498187
      Government*152,24915248,1371716,27371122,9501384541413310....
      County....364345,15460300020800....
Total revenue798,020511,766,9527242,65976136,97419018,849131113,9691297,962155113,21317
      Receipts not revenue288,5541411903,869161033,69019763,3874102,47112036,02634282134......
Total receipts1,086,575002,670,8224076,35071200,36231021,32151149,9951618,24589113,21317
Expenditure:—
      Public works750,8791981,156,00517049,7771610131,2258610,286191022,740244,39821068,702160
      Charitable aid and hospitals64,1045156,19715101,589529,021129........
      Management98,42525120,6303115,86410613,1710102,170982,03241677172..
      Other expenditure130,9501691,121,64031014,3152329,3603710,2701885,2641813,779131121,668114
Total expenditure1,044,3603112,454,4740771,546149182,7785822,7288230,037468,855131190,37174
Liabilities (includes loans, excepting those from Government)287,2001498,636,0083976,723161160,99711331,4981631,7484115,445179533,09996
Loans (excluding loans under Roads and Bridges Construction Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Acts)§99,038008,159,9860057,8190041,1000027,3500013,4700015,20000447,00000
Loans from New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office (amount outstanding on 31st March, 1911)86,59300239,3410016,4460031,67600..29,35700....
Financial Year endedTotals—all Local Bodies.
31st March, 1911. City and Suburban Drainage Boards.||31st December, 1910. Harbour Boards.||
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.

|| Wellington Harbour Board for year ended 30th September, 1910; and City and Suburban Drainage Boards for year ended 31st March, 1911.

For rest of notes see previous page.

Receipts:—
Revenue from—
      Rates54,3986634,8031861,592,60172
      Licenses, rents, and other sources2,851109773,6691161,935,89815
      Government*............230,069119
      County............5,75694
Total revenue57,249173808,4731003,764,32598
      Receipts not revenue102,89879345,7761131,776,958310
Total receipts160,148501,154,250135,541,283136
Expenditure:—
      Public works115,284109734,0901213,043,392510
      Charitable aid and hospitals............130,9121810
Management10,58001179,95102333,50298
      Other expenditure53,839115461,3621771,352,452175
Total expenditure179,704311,275,4049105,360,260119
Liabilities (includes loans, excepting those from Government)617,59019116,381,87714716,672,190140‡
Loans (excluding loans under Roads and Bridges Construction Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Acts)§865,000006,001,6500015,727,61300
Loans from New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office (amount outstanding on 31st March, 1911)......75000404,16300

The expenditure of the local bodies amounted to £5,360,261. In the counties the cost of management, including salaries, travelling-expenses, rent, printing and advertising, collection of rates or tolls, legal expenses, and sundries, was £98,425. The Borough Councils expended in the same way £120,630, and the Road Boards £13,171.

The percentages borne by the cost of management to the total receipts and total expenditure were,—

Cost of Management per Cent. ofTotal Receipts.Total Expenditure.
Counties9.19.4
Boroughs4.54.9
Road Boards6.67.2

HARBOUR BOARDS.

The amount of receipts and expenditure for each of the Harbour Boards for the year ended 31st December, 1910 (excepting Wellington, the accounts for which were made up for the year ending 30th September, 1910, and Coromandel, Fortrose, Half-moon Bay and Horseshoe Bay, Kaikoura, Kawhia, New River, and Riverton, to 31st March, 1911), also the liabilities at date of balancing, including outstanding loans, have been tabulated as follows:—

Harbour Boards.Receipts.Expenditure (excluding Amounts paid to Sinking Fund and for Redemption of Debentures.Liabilities (excluding Loans under the Loans to Local Bodies Acts.
Revenue fromReceipts not Revenue.Total Receipts.Works and Maintenance.Other Expenditure, Interest, &c.Out of Loan.Total Expenditure.
Wharfage Dues, Charges, Fees, Tolls, &c.Rents and other Sources.Total Revenue.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.

(a) Including Admiralty subsidy, £5,750.

(b) Public works.

(c) Coromandel County Council is the Harbour Board.

(d) Southland County Council is the Harbour Board.

(e) Stewart Island County Council is the Harbour Board.

(f) Kaikoura County Council is the Harbour Board.

(g) Kawhia County Council is the Harbour Board.

(h) Interest on loans.

(i) Public works, £25,061 9s. 6d.; other expenditure, £6,233 19s. 8d.

(j) Invercargill Borough Council is the Harbour Board.

(k) Clutha River Board is the Harbour Board.

(l) Cheviot County Council is the Harbour Board.

(a) Public works.

(b) Public works, £41,251 1s. 10d.; other expenditure, £597 15s. 11d.

Auckland92,32018922,0031511114,324148(a)88,600180202,92512872,89719987,306611(b)181,42896339,6321621,095,35400
Bluff22,304933,03112725,3361101,71815927,05417711,7564211,5241411......23,28019179,135811
Coromandel(c)44194......44194......44194......26185......26185......
Fortrose(d)......10001000......1000..................0..........
Foxton350181015915105101481871006984846910381138......42836......
Gisborne22,246081,46316523,70917126,58510650,295775,2882714,23698(b)26,33210645,85729206,327511
Greymouth33,348125733233,9214412710034,0481441,67016123,508172(b)6,5051931,684150430,94206
Half-moon Bay and Horseshoe Bay(e)............................................................
Havelock119874500164875901911755867793374194......85427708167
Hokitika27263702194975574,3451905,321471,38096856115......2,237011102147
Kaikoura(f)1,4811110371001,519110......1,5191106267469030......1,3161048,249125
Kawhia(g)217191651292831110......28311108017222233......303051906
Lyttelton61,0181023,20416764,223693829564,60516247,75671027,523113......75,279191293,21506
Mokau1141045914173118......1731181316912460......1382910100
Motueka9723101171341,089172500001,589172142125833153......976781200
Napier35,75213123,55210159,30532......59,3053218,802181130,347188......49,150177509,02054
Nelson5,033137520905,554272,533688,087933,601803,866148(h)16147,4844060,255211
New Plymouth12,717264,84281017,5591149,38110426,941182,7115314,75874(i)31,2959248,76519277,98370
New River(j)1,660146512202,1721662,07512114,248956391771,452199(b)1,869463,96211017,59755
Oamaru7,19414013,10116020,2961001,26219321,559938,187111011,50572(b)56612520,259115380,97096
Otago73,9594715,03291188,991146117,18928206,18017234,656151193,571178(b)43,759148171,98883925,90320
Patea3,149885361413,686293,257336,94360351861,98765(b)2,7001465,0399532,05882
Port Molyneux(k)............................................................
Port Robinson(l)............................................................
Riverton98163282152381115......38111517163142126......3131891,90000
Thames1,837158343492,18105......2,181051,005631,26176......2,20613910,02284
Timaru26,0513711,9471637,998519,07116847,0701915,053161019,843188(a)15,8269550,724411336,88314
Tokomaru Bay.................................. 59126......5912659126
Tologa Bay........................................................  
Waikokopu2278110120228011......228011......1711611......171161125523
Waimakariri2301603273255719210359661411273138306162......5809102,27381
Wairau49110430012117923314579378772623028......307522111
Wairoa1,0881735041821,593155......1,59315527564737211......1,012935,04000
Waitara2,066911,0961163,1630777013,240081,89316045726......2,3501863,18093
Wanganui11,135861,55417012,6905610,501151123,19215......10,069110(a)17,04815727,117175101,72500
Wellington173,1911984,264184177,45618060,963120238,42010083,621411135,36782(a)18,3431810237,3321111750,97099
Westport105,0661210......105,06612106,31889111,3851738,2676142,370111(b)41,848179122,49559851,23200
Whaingaroa313624714636108......361081242415568......2799093120
Whakatane6151010160007751010......7751010648146216......71021062300
Whangarei1,319103541961,37499......1,37499594141142166......1,01615633199
   Totals698,014144110,458158808,473100345,7761131,154,25013353,396101534,466010387,54119111,275,40410106,381,877147

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES.

In a table on the next page will be found a summary of the amounts raised by loan, classified according to the rates of interest paid, distinguishing loans raised in New Zealand from those raised abroad. It will be noticed that the amount raised abroad (£7,473,300) is now less than that raised in New Zealand (£8,658,476). Figures for twenty consecutive years on page 321 show that the operations have been such as to leave the total outside indebtedness somewhat more in March, 1911, than it was in 1910, while on the other hand the inside indebtedness has increased steadily. The lowest rate of interest paid in 1911 was 3½ per cent., but the large sum of £3,130,130 was raised at 5 per cent., and £1,433,870 at 6 per cent., while only £2,000 bears interest as high as 7 per cent.

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES, MARCH, 1911.—NET INDEBTEDNESS AND ANNUAL CHARGE.
(a) Debentures and Stock in Circulation.(b) Loans from State-guaranteed Advances Office.Total Net Indebtedness, (a) and (b)Total Annual Charge, (a) and (b).
Amount borrowed.Sinking Fund accrued.Net Indebtedness.Annual Charge (excluding Exchange and Commission.)Amount borrowed.Net Indebtedness on 31st March, 1911.Annual Charge replayable in half-yearly Instalments of principal and interest
Interest.Sinking Fund.Total.

* Repayable by annual instalments of £116,155, representing 4½ per cent. per annum on £1,158,466, 4 per cent. per annum on £104 444, and 3½ per cent. per annum on £1,709,885, the amount inscribed to 1st February, 1911. Repayments on the amount inscribed (£2,972,795, including £89,878 debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, exchanged) would be £3,942,778. The actual repayments to date are £1,231,272, leaving £2,711,506 to be paid by way of interest and sinking fund, on a present indebtedness of £1,025,603.

 £££££££££££
Counties99,0381,98497,0544,5351,1525,68786,68586,5934,226183,6479,913
Boroughs8,159,986549,1747,610,812363,44157,194420,635240,155239,34111,7077,850,153432,342
Town Boards37,8191,11656,7032,6053782,98316,49016,44680473,1493,787
Road Boards41,1001,30139,7991,8052542,05931,73531,6761,54771,4753,606
River Boards27,3505,11222,2381,3005641,864......22,2381,864
Land Drainage Boards13,470..13,470683668929,38029,3571,43242,8272,121
City and Suburban Drainage Boards865,00089,024775,97640,7213,63144,352......775,97644,352
Water-supply Board15,2006515,13569565760......15,135760
Tramway Board447,00011,484435,51619,1602,23521,395......435,51621,395
Harbour Boards6,001,650605,5835,396,067280,34444,134324,478750750375,396,817324,515
   Totals15,727,6131,264,84314,462,770715,289109,613824,902405,195404,16319,75314,866,933844,655
Inscribed debt of Local Bodies under the Loans to Local Bodies Acts (including inscribed stock exchanged for debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 18821,025,663*..1,025,663*....116,155......1,025,663116,155*
   Totals16,753,2761,264,84315,488,433....941,057405,195404,16319,75315,892,596960,810

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES RAISED WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE DOMINION.

TABLE showing the Amount of Indebtedness of Counties, Boroughs, Town, Road, River, Land Drainage, City and Suburban Drainage, Water-supply Boards, and Tramway Board, as on the 31st March, 1911, and of Harbour Boards as on the 31st December, 1910, classified according to the Rates of Interest paid, distinguishing Loans raised in New Zealand from those raised elsewhere. (See note.)

Local Bodies.Under 4 per Cent.4 per Cent.4¼ per Cent.4⅜ per Cent.4½ per Cent.4¾ per Cent.5 per Cent.5¼ per Cent.5½ per Cent.6 per Cent.7 per Cent.Total.Loans from New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office.*Totals, all Loans.

* Amount outstanding on 31st March, 1911.

† Not including loans, amounting to £1,025,663, repayable by instalments, under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Acts.

‡ £25,000 on which no interest is paid, £4,000 at 3½ per cent., and £60,000 at 3¾ per cent.

§ Including £3,000 at 5¾ per cent.

Loans raised in the Dominion.
 ££££££££££££££
Counties..1,400....80,460..17,178........99,03886,593185,631
Boroughs29,0001,624,740294,78037,0002,218,236121,350369,38735,95024,973§146,5702,0004,903,986239,3415,143,327
Town Boards..10,000....10,604..26,115....600..47,31916,44663,765
Road Boards..13,9005,000..14,600..7,600........41,10031,67672,776
River Boards..3,200....18,000..650....500..22,350..22,350
Land Drainage Boards............11,750..1,720....13,47029,35742,827
City and Suburban Drainage Boards..125,00032,100..407,900............565,000..565,000
Water supply Board........13,000..2,200........15,200..15,200
Tramway Board....382,000..65,000............447,000..447,000
Harbour Boards60,0001,030,800351,000..408,100..221,950..28,000....2,099,8507502,100,600
Total raised in Dominion89,0002,809,0401,064,88037,0003,235,900121,350656,83035,95054,693§147,6702,0008,254,313404,1638,658,476
Loans raised outside the Dominion.
Boroughs..1,543,500238,700..415,100..488,300..35,000535,400..3,256,000..3,256,000
Town Boards........8,000..2,500........10,500..10,500
River Boards..................5,000..5,000..5,000
City and Suburban Drainage Boards..100,000..............200,000..300,000..300,000
Harbour Boards..250,000595,500..528,000..1,982,500....545,800..3,901,800..3,901,800
Total raised outside Dominion..1,893,500834,200..951,100..2,473,300..35,0001,286,200..7,473,300..7,473,300
Total Loans raised.
Counties..1,400....80,460..17,178........99,03886,593185,631
Boroughs29,0003,168,240533,48037,0002,633,336121,350857,68735,95059,973§681,9702,0008,159,986239,3418,399,327
Town Boards..10,000....18,604..28,615....600..57,81916,44674,265
Road Boards..13,9005,000..14,600..7,600........41,10031,67672,776
River Boards..3,200....18,000..650....5,500..27,350..27,350
Land Drainage Boards............11,750..1,720....13,47029,35742,827
City and Suburban Drainage Boards..225,00032,100..407,900........200,000..865,000..865,000
Water-supply Board........13,000..2,200........15,200..15,200
Tramway Board....382,000..65,000............447,000..447,000
Harbour Boards60,0001,280,800946,500..936,100..2,204,450..28,000545,800..6,001,6507506,002,400
Total loans raised89,0004,702,5401,899,08037,0004,187,000121,3503,130,13035,95089,693§1,433,8702,00015,727,613404,16316,131,776

INDEBTEDNESS AND INTEREST CHARGE OF LOCAL BODIES, EXCLUDING LOANS UNDER THE ROADS AND BRIDGES CONSTRUCTION ACT AND THE LOANS TO LOCAL BODIES ACTS, £1,025,663, AND LOANS FROM STATE-GUARANTEED ADVANCES OFFICE, £404,163.

Year ended 31st March.Indebtedness.Interest.Average Rate.
 £££
18936,203,869340,5835.49
18946,614,824357,1355.40
18956,685,510358,2925.36
18966,737,578361,3065.36
18976,793,398363,3525.35
18986,834,361363,5695.32
18996,963,254363,9155.23
19007,057,350367,0195.20
19017,563,069385,9595.10
19027,839,695396,4605.06
19038,217,196409,2384.91
19048,898,910439,8794.94
190510,018,242487,1454.86
190610,718,051515,1884.81
190711,616,048548,3874.72
190812,532,334587,5644.69
190913,303,622616,3304.63
191014,937,685684,6304.58
191115,727,613715,2894.55
GROSS LOAN INDEBTEDNESS OF LOCAL BODIES.
Year ended 31st Mar.Raised in New Zealand.Raised Abroad.Borrowed from Government.Total.
 ££££
1890908,6095,069,450338,6576,316,716
1891985,1145,057,579384,7806,427,473
18921,027,4845,054,450468,2496,550,183
18931,129,7195,074,150546,0496,749,918
18941,198,7745,416,050550,3647,165,188
18951,261,9605,423,550623,9187,309,428
18961,276,5035,461,075668,8937,406,471
18971,336,6985,456,700710,3597,503,757
18981,343,1615,491,200743,2427,577,603
18991,478,1545,485,100789,9657,753,219
19001,579,0505,478,300810,1927,867,542
19012,052,2695,510,800902,7698,465,838
19022,287,5955,552,1001,046,6458,886,340
19032,880,5965,336,6001,266,0029,483,198
19043,369,4105,529,5001,401,75210,300,662
19053,479,6425,638,6001,526,35310,644,595
19065,250,5515,467,5001,580,49412,298,545
19076,145,5485,470,5001,647,27313,263,321
19087,246,8345,285,5001,691,08314,223,417
19097,785,9225,517,7001,839,01715,142,639
19107,967,3856,970,3001,925,60616,863,291
19118,254,3137,473,3001,429,82617,157,439

From the above tables it will be seen that the total amount owing was, on the 31st March, 1911, £15,727,613. But, against

this, accrued sinking funds to the value of £1,264,843 were held, leaving a net debt of £14,462,770, exclusive of moneys borrowed from the General Government and repayable by annual instalments.

The total annual charge (excluding exchange and commission) stood at £824,902, of which £715,289 was for interest, and the remainder, £109,613, contributions to sinking fund accounts.

Of the total net indebtedness in 1910-11 the debt of the Borough Councils, £7,610,812, formed the largest item, while the Harbour Boards owed £5,396,067.

On referring to the comparative table on the previous page, a great advance in the outstanding loans of local governing bodies will be noticed. Between 1902 and 1911 the gross indebtedness increased from £8,886,340 to £17,157,439, an addition of £8,271,099 or 93 per cent. during the ten years. During the same period the population advanced at the rate of 30 per cent., and the value of land and improvements (1898-1911) from £138,591,347 to £293,117,065, or at the rate of 111 per cent. in fourteen years.

The aggregate interest-charge for the year under review was £715,289, and £356,755 of this was payable on loans raised outside the Dominion. The average rate of interest payable to bondholders was £4 11s. per cent. These figures do not include interest payable on loans from Government.

While the average rate of interest on the above-mentioned debt is found to be less than 5 per cent., over three millions were raised at 5 per cent., and nearly one million and a half at 6 per cent. or over.

THE LOCAL BODIES' LOANS ACTS.

The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908, empowers local authorities to raise special loans for and in connection with the construction of public works or the establishment or purchase of any business which they may legally undertake. The consent of the ratepayers must first be obtained by means of a poll, and a majority of three-fifths of the total number of valid votes recorded is required to carry the proposal, except in the case of a borough, when a bare majority will suffice.

There are, however, certain loans for which a poll need not be taken, such a loan raised for repayment of overdraft or other liabilities lawfully incurred for any purpose for which a special loan may be raised; for redemption, conversion or consolidation of existing loans; for undertakings authorized by special Acts; or where a majority of the ratepayers in number and in capital value of property of any district containing not more than one hundred ratepayers consent in writing to the proposal. As security for repayment of principal and interest a local authority may pledge all or any of its property, revenues or funds, excepting Government grants, and must levy an annually recurring special rate to provide for interest or interest and sinking fund. In certain cases the annual charge may be paid out of the general fund.

Where a loan is raised for the benefit of any particular portion or legal subdivision of a local district, the special rate may be levied on the rateable property within such portion or subdivision only.

Loans are raised by issue of debentures bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 5 per cent. per annum, the debentures to be in form as set out in a schedule to the Act.

Special provision is made for borrowing by local authorities of mining districts. Loans may be raised for public works within a mining district, and a special rate on all mining privileges not already rateable must be levied as security for the annual charge. Goldfield revenue may be pledged as collateral security. If the work proposed is the supply of water the sum raised in any one year must not exceed £15,000.

The Local Bodies' Loans Amendment Act, 1908, provides that after the passing of this Act, in respect of every loan raised under the principal Act by a local authority, the Public Trustee shall be the Commissioner of the sinking fund, and he shall, at his own discretion, invest the money of the fund in securities issued by the Government of New Zealand, and not in securites of any other kind.

Under the provisions of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act, 1910, a local body may, after taking the necessary steps in compliance with the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908, and the amendments thereto, obtain a loan from the State Advances Department for a period not exceeding fifty years, interest and principal to be paid by half-yearly instalments. The sums so raised shall bear interest at such rate (not exceeding 4½ per cent. per annum) as the Minister prescribes.

Prior to taking the necessary formal steps to raise a loan the local body may make preliminary application to the Board in order to ascertain if the amount would be granted and if the terms proposed are suitable, and the Board may approve or reject such application or propose other terms at its discretion. A provisional approval shall not constitute an agreement on the part of the Board to grant any loan nor affect its right to impose any conditions on the grant. Such provisional approval shall lapse unless an application for the loan so approved is made within six months of the date of approval.

A commission fee of one-half per cent. shall be payable to the Superintendent of the Advances Department by the local authority to whom the loan is granted, to cover administration expenses. Payment of interest and principal must be secured by a special rate calculated to produce an amount ten per cent. greater than the periodical payments as they fall due.

The provisions of the Amendment Act of 1908 in respect of sinking funds do not apply to loans granted to local authorities by the Advances Board.

MUNICIPAL FRANCHISE.

The Municipal Corporations Act, 1908, and the Municipal Corporations Amendment Act, 1910, deals with the franchise in the case of boroughs, and provides that, in addition to the persons who are already entitled to be enrolled, every person shall be so entitled who possesses the freehold or residential qualifications stated in the Act.

The possession of the freehold qualification is defined as being the beneficial and duly registered owner of a freehold estate in land of the capital value of not less than £25, situated in the borough, notwithstanding that any other person is the occupier thereof, or part thereof, under any tenancy.

A rating qualification may be possessed by any person whose name appears for the time being as the occupier of any rateable property within the borough.

Every person is deemed to possess a residential qualification within a borough if he has resided for one year in New Zealand, and has resided in the borough or in the ward of a divided borough during the three months then last past, and is a British subject, either by birth or naturalization in New Zealand, or has been for at least three months last past a residential occupant within such borough as a tenant of a tenement the rental of which is not less than £10 per annum, or as a subtenant or joint tenant of a tenement the rental of which is at the rate of not less than £10 per year for each of the several subtenants or joint tenants.

No person may be entered in the burgess lists in respect of more qualifications than one; but any person who has more than one qualification may select the one in respect of which he wishes to be entered.

In the case of husband and wife, any qualification possessed by one of them is deemed to be possessed by each.

No person enrolled on a burgess roll has more than one vote, and no person enrolled by virtue of the residential qualification can vote on any proposal relating to loans or rates.

LOCAL AUTHORITIES SUPERANNUATION FUNDS.

An Act of the General Assembly, passed in 1908, authorizes any local authority to establish a superannuation fund for the benefit of its employees. Two or more bodies, whether of the same or different descriptions, may unite for this purpose. The Act prescribes the method by which the fund may be established, scale of contributions, and the computation of retiring-allowances. The solvency of every fund must be guaranteed by the local authority or authorities establishing the same, and the funds are to be vested in the Public Trustee. Statements of accounts and membership must be submitted to Parliament annually, and an actuarial examination of the fund made every third year of its existence. Subject to regulations made by Order in Council, every fund shall be administered by the local authority by which it is established.

SUBSIDIES TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

By annual appropriation of Parliament a subsidy is paid out of the Consolidated Fund to the local authority of each county, road district, and town district in respect of the general rates (exclusive of rates payable by Natives) levied for the year ending on the 31st March, and actually collected on or before the 30th June ensuing next after the expiry of that year, according to the following scale:—

Counties.

Wherein there are no road districts—
   Not exceeding £1,00010s. in the pound.
   Exceeding £1,0005s. in the pound.

Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £500 nor greater sum than £2,500 shall be paid in any one year.

Wherein there are road districts—
   Not exceeding £50010s. in the pound.
   Exceeding £5005s. in the pound.

Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £250 nor greater sum than £500 shall be paid in any one year.

If the Counties Act is not in full force within a county, this subsidy is paid to the Board of each road district; if the Act is in full force, then the subsidy is paid to each Road Board and to the County Council in equal parts. If any road district does not collect rates the county, if it collects rates within such district, may claim the subsidy on its behalf.

Subsidy is paid to a County Council on general rates collected on such portions of the county as lie outside of road or town districts—

Not exceeding £50010s. in the pound.
Exceeding £5005s. in the pound.

Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £250 nor greater sum than £500 shall be paid in any one year.

No greater sum in all than £2,500 shall be paid in any year in respect of any county and its road districts.

Town Districts.

When the general rates collected do not exceed £7505s. in the pound.
When the general rates collected exceed £7502s. 6d. in the pound.

Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £187 10s. nor greater sum than £450 shall be paid in any one year.

Boroughs.

By authority of the Municipal Corporations Act subsidies are paid annually to Borough Councils in respect of genera rates, as follows:—

Not exceeding £7505s. in the pound.
Exceeding £7502s. 6d. in the pound.

In the latter case no lesser sum than £187 10s. nor greater sum than £450 shall be payable in any one year.

No subsidy is paid on any part of general rates expended by Borough Councils in contributing to the funds of any other local authority not receiving subsidy.

Upon application, any local authority may be granted an advance of 75 per cent. of the subsidy payable on the amount of rates collectible for the year then current.

Where any local authority has adopted the system of rating on the capital value or the unimproved value, no subsidy shall be paid on any amount collected which exceeds the product of a rate of ¾ d. in the pound on the capital value of rateable property. If the rate is levied on the annual value, no subsidy shall be paid on any amount exceeding that produced by a rate of 1s. in the pound.

RATING-POWERS OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

System of Rating.

The system of rating is upon the basis that 1s. in the pound on the annual value is deemed to be equivalent to ¾d. in the pound on the capital value of any rateable property, or that the annual value of any rateable property is equal to 6 per cent. on the capital value of such property. Rating on the unimproved value must be so adjusted as to equal as nearly as may be, but not to exceed, in producing-capacity, the limit of rating-power on the capital or annual value, as the case may be.

The system of rating on the unimproved value formerly did not apply to water rates, gas rates, electric-light rates, sewage rates, or hospital and charitable-aid rates, which could be levied on the annual or capital value only, but by the Rating Amendment Act, 1911, it is provided that the system shall apply to these rates. This provision is not to be retrospective, but a poll in any district where the system was previously in force is, on petition, to be taken on the proposal that it shall apply to them. Section 29 of the Rating Amendment Act, 1910, provides that when the union of two or more boroughs takes place the rating system in force in the borough having the largest population shall be observed throughout the united borough.

Rateable Value.

The annual value is deemed to be the letting-value less 20 per cent. in case of houses, buildings, and other perishable property, and 10 per cent. of land, but in no case less than 5 per cent. of the value

of the fee-simple. The capital value is deemed to be the selling-value of the land, including improvements, at the time of valuation. The unimproved value is deemed to be the selling-value of the land at the time of valuation, excluding the value of any existing improvements.

MAXIMUM RATING-POWER.

Boroughs.

General Rate.—Two shillings in the pound on the annual or 1½d. in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property, or its equivalent on the unimproved value. In divided boroughs the rate levied may vary in different wards, but must not in any case exceed the above limit.

Separate Rates for Special Works.—Three-farthings in the pound in any one year on the capital, or 1s. in the pound on the annual, or its equivalent on the unimproved, value of the rateable property.

Water-supply.—Ordinary supply 10s. per annum where the annual value does not exceed £12 10s., 7 per cent. on the first £100 in excess of £12 10s., 6 per cent. on the second £100 of such value, 5 per cent. on the third £100, and 4 per cent. on so much of such value as exceeds £300. Half-rates on stores or warehouses, and all and buildings to which water can be but is not supplied, situate within 100 yards from any part of the waterworks. The rate or charge for extraordinary supply may be fixed by the Council.

Lighting Streets and Public Buildings.—Sixpence in the pound on the annual value.

Sanitation.—Sixpence in the pound on the annual value, or a uniform annual fee may be levied in lieu of a rate, provided the total proceeds of such fee shall not exceed the proceeds of such rate.

Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value.

Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the borough may be liable.

Harbour.—Any Council appointed a Harbour Board may, for the purpose of constructing or maintaining harbour-works, levy a rate not to exceed in any one year ⅜d. in the pound on the capital value.

Special rates for the purpose of producing interest, or interest and sinking-fund, upon any special loan are not limited by statute. Such special rate shall be made a continuing rate for a period of years equal to the currency of a loan. With certain exceptions, no special loan may be raised without the consent of a majority of the ratepayers affected.

Counties.

General Rate.—In counties where there are no road or town districts 3d. in the pound, or where there are road or town districts 3d. in the pound in outlying districts, and in all other parts of the county 1½d. in the pound on the capital value of rateable property, or its equivalent on the unimproved or annual value.

Separate Rates within any Riding of the County or within such Portion of the County as is defined in a Special Order.—The total amount of general and separate rates together must not exceed the amount of the maximum general rate.

Special Works Rates.—Three-farthings in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent as aforesaid.

Sanitation.—One halfpenny in the pound on the capital value, or a uniform annual charge the total proceeds of which must not exceed the total product of such rate.

Water-supply.—A County Council undertaking the supply of water for purposes of irrigation or domestic use has power to levy special rates for payment of interest on and repayment of money borrowed for such purpose, and such rates may be levied either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands. A fixed charge may be made for water supplied, and such charge may be estimated to cover interest and sinking fund on loans.

Drainage.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent over the whole or any part of the county, to secure interest and repayment of money borrowed.

Harbour.—A Council exercising the powers of a Harbour Board may levy special rates for the construction and maintenance of harbour-works, such rate not to exceed in any one year ⅜d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.

Bridge Rate, for Reconstruction of Bridges.—One farthing in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property in the whole or any part of the county.

Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent in cases where the library is managed by the Council.

Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the county may be liable.

Special rates to provide interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans are not limited by statute as to amount.

Road Boards.

General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent on the unimproved value, or 2s. in the pound on the annual value, as the case may be. In the event of a receiver being appointed, the power is extended by ⅜d. in the pound if the Counties Act is suspended, or 3/16;d. in the pound if the Act be in force, upon the capital value.

Separate Rates (in Subdivided Road Districts).—May be levied over any or every subdivision of the district, but must not, together with the general rate, exceed the limit of 1½d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.

Special Rates for Particular Works.—Three-farthings in the pound on the capital value over the whole or any portion of the district.

Water-supply for Domestic Use.—According to the scale prescribed by the Municipal Corporations Act for boroughs. This applies only to certain Road Boards specially authorized.

Irrigation.—Where the Counties Act is not in operation or suspended, two or more adjoining road districts may amalgamate for the purpose of forming a water-supply district with the full rating-powers of such districts. Any Road Board which had constructed water - races or irrigation-works prior to 1891 may continue to exercise in this respect the same rating-powers as a County Council.

Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent. Only where the public library is managed by the Road Board.

Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the Board may be liable.

Harbour.—Should a Road Board be declared a Harbour Board it may, by consent of the ratepayers, levy a special rate for the construction or maintenance of harbour-works, such rate not to exceed in any one year ⅜d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.

Special rates to provide interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans are not limited by statute as to amount.

Town Boards.

General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value, or its equivalent on the unimproved value, or 2s. in the pound on the annual value.

Separate Rate.—For special works in any particular portion of the district, not to exceed 1s. in the pound on the annual value, or its equivalent, in any such portion.

Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent. Only where the public library is managed by the Town Board.

Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the Board may be liable.

Special rates for interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans may be levied in the same manner as for boroughs.

Harbour Boards.

For any purpose connected with a harbour, or for interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans, a rate not to exceed ¾d. in the pound on the capital value, or its equivalent on the annual or unimproved value.

Water-supply Boards.

Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—for payment of interest and to provide for the redemption of loans, may be levied either upon a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands. A fixed charge, estimated to cover interest and sinking fund on loans, may be made for water supplied.

Drainage or Irrigation Boards.

General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent, leviable either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands in the district.

Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide a fund for the repayment of loans.

River Boards.

General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent, leviable either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands in the district.

Separate rates shall not, together with the general rates levied, exceed the amount limited in respect to general rates.

Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide a fund for the repayment of loans.

Fire Boards.

Borough Councils, County Councils, Road or Town Boards within a fire district may, in order to raise the amount required to be contributed to the Fire Board, levy a separate rate, on the value of the buildings only, within the fire district.

Rabbit Boards.

General Rate.—Three-sixteenths of a penny in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent of all rateable property within the rabbit district, the proceeds of such rate to be expended in the destruction of rabbits.

Rabbit-proof Fencing Boards.

General Rate.—One farthing in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property in the district under the control of the Board.

Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide for repayment of loans.

Small Birds Nuisance.

Borough Councils, County Councils, Town Boards, and Road Boards in counties where the Counties Act is suspended or not in force, are empowered to raise funds for the destruction of injurious

birds by levying a general rate not exceeding 1/16;d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent on the annual or unimproved value.

Public Health.

A separate rate not exceeding ½d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent may be levied by any local authority over the whole or any portion of the district, for payment of expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of the Public Health Act.

Recurring Rate.

Where the local authority is authorized to make a special rate providing for the annual or half-yearly charges on a loan, such special rate shall be made a continuing rate for a period of years equal to the currency of the loan.

Increase of Rating-power authorized where Revenue lost in consequence of the Reduction or Prohibition of Licenses.

Every local authority which suffers loss of revenue from license fees under the Licensing Act, in consequence of the reduction or prohibition of licenses in the district, may make good such loss by an equivalent sum to be levied and collected by an increase of the general rate in the district.

Rates on Native Lands.

Native land that has become freehold and is held under individual title is liable to full rates, subject to certain exemptions. Lands held by Natives under Native custom are, however, totally exempt from rating.

Rating of Mining Property in the South Island.

All mining property held by an occupier in any borough, town district, or county within a mining district in the South Island is liable to be rated by the local authority in the same manner as other rateable property in the district, but subject to special provisions of the Rating Act, 1908.

RATING ON UNIMPROVED VALUE OF LAND.

The Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896, was passed by the General Assembly to afford local bodies the opportunity of adopting the principle of rating which is expressed in the title of the measure. The Act is now incorporated in the Rating Act, 1908. It is entirely at the option of the bodies to adopt the system, and provision is made for a return to the old system of rating, if desired, after three years' experience of the new one.

The Act provides that a proportion of the ratepayers on the roll, varying from 25 per cent. where the total number does not exceed 100, to 15 per cent. where the number exceeds 300, may by demand in writing, delivered to the chairman of the district, require that a proposal to rate property on the basis of the unimproved value may be submitted to the ratepayers, whose votes shall be taken between twenty-one and twenty-eight days after delivery of the demand. The poll is to be taken in the same manner as in case of a proposal to raise a loan in the district under the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908.

Under the original Act it was necessary for a minimum number of one-third of the ratepayers to vote, and a majority of their votes carried the proposal. Now, the question of adoption or otherwise is decided by a bare majority of the valid votes recorded, irrespective of the number of ratepayers who have voted.

A rescinding proposal can be carried at a poll by the same means as one for adoption, but not until after three years have elapsed; and, vice versa, rejection of a proposal bars its being again brought forward for a similar period.

It may be stated here that in cases where the union of two or more boroughs takes place, the rating system in force in the borough having the largest population shall be observed throughout the united borough.

The valuation roll is supplied to the local authority by the Valuer-General under the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, and the definitions of “capital value,” “improvements,” “unimproved value,” and “value of improvements” found in that Act apply also to rating on unimproved value. Provision is made for adjustment of rating-powers given under previous Acts by fixing equivalents. Thus a rate of 1s. in the pound on the annual value under former Acts is to be considered equal to ¾d. in the pound on the capital value.

The adjustments are to be made so that the rates on the unimproved value shall be such as to produce as much as, but not more than, the rates under the Rating Act, 1908. For instance, supposing a local authority has a rating-power up to ¾d. in the pound on the capital value, then it can levy any rate in the pound on the unimproved value of land in its district so long as the producing-capacity of such rate is not greater than would be the producing-capacity of a ¾d. rate on the capital value of the district. When a fixed rate, under the older system of rating, is security for a loan, the Controller and Auditor-General is given power to interfere and fix the new rate himself if of opinion that the new rate on the unimproved value does not afford equally good security to the one to be given up.

The results, as shown by notifications in the New Zealand Gazette, of proposals to levy rates on the unimproved value of land are given in full.

TABLE SHOWING THE RESULT OF POLLS TAKEN ON THE PROPOSAL TO RATE ON THE UNIMPROVED VALUE, TO 31ST MARCH, 1912.
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
ForAgainst.Informal.

(a) For rescission.

(b) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 6th June, 1904. For rescission, 176; against, 415; informal, 6.

(c) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 3rd May, 1904. For rescission, 116; against, 148.

(d) Proposal to rescind. Poll taken 28th August, 1907. For rescission, 108; against, 161; informal, 5. Proposal rejected.

(e) Proposal to rescind. Poll taken 4th May, 1906. For rescission, 300; against, 462. Proposal rejected.

(f) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 28th June, 1909. For rescission, 219; against, 373 informal 14.

(g) Now part of Christchurch City.

Akitio County16 Feb., 1905Carried112323
Ashburton Borough14 Jan., 1903Rejected1021994
Auckland City7 Aug., 1901Rejected7531,697..
Avenal Borough7 Dec., 1904Carried48102
Avondale Road District27 Jan., 1912Rejected891364
Awatere Road District3 May, 1905Carried1468..
Awhitu Road District25 Jan., 1907Carried23151
Balclutha Borough7 July, 1902Carried6033..
Birkenhead Borough9 Feb., 1910Rejected1932483
Blenheim Borough17 June, 1903Carried22464..
Buller County10 Sept., 1904Carried302845
Campbelltown Borough14 Sept., 1904Carried101866
Castlepoint County8 Nov., 1905Carried5645..
Castlepoint County (a)..Carried4119..
Cheviot County6 Oct., 1898Carried16541..
Christchurch City30 June, 1902Carried596512..
Clyde Town District22 Feb., 1907Carried68121
Dannevirke Borough27 Feb., 1907Carried3089413
Devonport Borough(b)30 Oct., 1900Carried356109..
Eastbourne Borough8 Aug., 1906Carried7824..
Eketahuna Borough16 Sept., 1907Carried889..
Eketahuna County1 Feb., 1900Carried149211
Featherston County15 Sept., 1911Rejected1731815
Featherston Town Board11 May, 1908Carried101141
Feilding Borough16 April, 1901Carried268561
Foxton Borough20 June, 1902Rejected53984
Foxton BoroughDec. 1907Carried104363
Frankton Town District1 Feb., 1911Carried70143
Gisborne Borough2 Feb., 1911Carried474279..
Gore Borough7 July, 1901Carried122675
Grey Lynn Borough20 Mar., 1901Carried140712
Greymouth Borough23 Feb., 1898Carried214481
Hamilton Borough(c)13 Feb., 1901Carried7752..
Hastings Borough14 July, 1902Rejected25026515
Hastings Borough30 Aug., 1905Rejected31437421
Hastings Borough11 Feb, 1909Carried3232466
Hawera Borough(d)8 April, 1903Carried12991
Heathcote Road District14 Mar., 1905Rejected13540314
Hobson County14 Feb., 1905Carried2271968
Hokianga County11 Mar., 1899Carried109256
Hokitika Borough5 May, 1901Carried212531
Hunua Road District5 April, 1899Carried602..
Inangahua County14 May, 1898Carried284112
Invercargill Borough(e)(f)5 June, 1901Carried3861744
Kaiapoi Borough7 Sept., 1905Rejected8325116
Kairanga County14 Jan., 1905Carried142542
Karori Borough4 April, 1898Carried9331
Kawhia County21 Nov., 1905Carried967..
Leamington Town District18 Oct., 1911Rejected36491
Linwood Borough (g)30 May, 1901Carried276382
Lower Hutt Borough12 Oct, 1901Carried94684
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
ForAgainst.Informal.

(a) Road district not now in existence.

(b) Illegal, not in accordance with provisions of Rating Act.

(c) Now part of Wellington City.

(d) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. For proposal, 23; against, 38; informal, 3.

(e) For rescission.

(f) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. For proposal, 85; against, 124; informal, 2.

(g) Including Whangamomoua County, since constituted.

(h) Now part of Christchurch City.

(i) Road district not now in existence.

(*) New poll taken under Act of 1900.

Mackenzie Town District19 Feb., 1910Carried143..
Manawatu Road District(a)6 Jan., 1900Carried10510..
Maori Hill Borough25 Jan., 1904Carried11927..
Maraetai Road District2 June, 1900Carried16....
Mareretu Road District(b)28 June, 1902Carried24....
Masterton Borough29 Aug., 1901Carried2211396
Masterton County1 Sept., 1906Rejected2432453
Matamata County13 Nov., 1909Rejected1562718
Mataura Borough27 Mar., 1907Rejected17581
Mauku Road District2 July, 1904Rejected23391
Melrose Borough(c)3 Mar., 1898Carried236406
Miramar Borough30 Nov., 1905Carried117451
Mosgiel Borough27 Feb., 1902Rejected58371
Mosgiel Borough20 Feb., 1912Carried193103..
New Brighton Borough27 Feb., 1908Carried133762
New Plymouth Borough16 Mar., 1905Rejected1673134
Ngaruawahia Town District27 Feb., 1909Carried1615..
Normanby Town District(d)15 Nov., 1897Carried82563
Northcote Borough1 Nov., 1911Rejected92191..
North-east Valley Borough12 Jan., 1905Carried202172..
North-east Valley Borough(e)30 Mar., 1908Carried354185..
North Invercargill Borough(f)1 April, 1903Carried107242
Ohura County25 Feb., 1911Carried10015..
Onslow Borough20 Mar., 1901Carried1408..
Opotiki County15 April, 1909Carried45371
Pahiatua Borough19 June, 1897Carried136381
Pahiatua County27 June, 1901Carried350313
Palmerston North Borough5 Mar., 1897Carried402123
Papakura Road District10 Mar., 1900Carried301..
Pelorus Road District31 Mar., 1900Carried9841..
Petone Borough6 Nov., 1901Rejected1001344
Petone Borough23 Mar., 1905Carried311112..
Piako County22 Aug., 1908Carried22859..
Picton Borough..Rejected27731
Picton Borough30 July, 1903Carried47389
Raglan County23 Nov., 1901Carried116852
Riverton Borough18 Mar., 1912Carried90221
St. Albans Borough13 Feb., 1902Carried35021815
St. Kilda Borough28 Nov., 1907Rejected1522231
South Invercargill Borough2 Feb., 1902Carried106541
Southland County1 Mar., 1902Carried919574..
Spreydon Road District16 May, 1901Carried141574
Stratford County(g)29 June, 1901Carried399232
Stratford Borough23 July, 1902Carried137641
Sumner Borough21 Nov., 1901Carried9119..
Sydenham Borough(h)14 Mar., 1901Carried353193..
Taihape Borough13 Nov., 1908Rejected30681
Takaka County2 Sept., 1905Carried136405
Taratahi-Carterton Road District(i)26 Aug., 1897Carried26153..
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
ForAgainst.Informal.

(a) Including Woodville, Waipukurau, and Dannevirke Counties, since constituted.

(b) Poll taken prior to coming into operation of section 2 of the Local Government. Voting Reform Act, 1899; less than one-third of ratepayers voted, and proposal consequently rejected. The county has since been subdivided and absorbed in other counties.

(c) New poll taken under Act of 1900. Proposal to rescind rejected; poll taken, 9th March, 1906. For proposal, 213; against, 228.

Tauranga County9 Feb., 1901Carried90132
Temuka Borough17 Jan., 1908Rejected1181765
Timaru Borough10 Oct., 1900Rejected932465
Timaru Borough18 April, 1905Rejected372440..
Waikohu County4 Mar., 1912Carried16773
Waimarino County23 Sept., 1903Carried4313..
Waimate Borough2 Feb., 1901Carried2356114
Waimate County1 Nov., 1900Carried368162..
Waipawa County(a)2 Feb., 1898Carried462283
Wairarapa North County(b)8 Nov., 1899Rejected3316810
Wairarapa South County23 Oct., 1902Carried1878..
Wairoa Borough21 Mar., 1910Carried7921..
Wanganui Borough17 Dec., 1903Rejected3033312
Wanganui East Borough20 May, 1909Rejected162189..
Weber County19 Mar., 1909Carried78101
Wellington City11 Nov., 1901Carried1,261591..
West Harbour Borough18 April, 1904Carried62302
Westport Borough19 April, 1904Carried2801637
Whangarei Borough27 Sept., 1905Rejected1662262
Winton Borough29 Nov., 1901Carried39311
Woodville Borough21 Mar., 1898Carried17571
Woolston Borough24 June, 1902Carried(c)2521907

A county having decided to levy rates on the unimproved value makes it compulsory for all interior Town and Road Boards, excepting certain Town Districts having a population of 500 or over, which under the Town Boards Amendment Act, 1908 (No. 2), do not form part of the county, to adopt the same system of rating. But in counties where the Counties Act is suspended, or where a general rate is not levied, the ratepayers of any Road or Town Board may take a poll on the question. It is also permissible for any Town Board within a county, not rating on the unimproved value to adopt that system for the purpose of levying Town Board rates, the decision to do so having been carried by vote of the ratepayers. The date of the polling did not, in some instances, allow of a rate on the unimproved value being struck for the year ended 31st March, 1911.

RATES COLLECTED IN COUNTIES, BOROUGHS, TOWN AND ROAD DISTRICTS, 1910-11.

The amount of general and special rates collected, the capital value of rateable property, and the system of rating in force by the

various local authorities during the financial year ended 31st March, 1911, is shown in the following tables. The amount shown as capital value of all rateable properties represents the total value, including the various subdivisions. The population shown for each of the minor divisions is already included in the parent district.

RATES COLLECTED IN COUNTIES, 1910-11.

[System of rating: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the Capital value, and A. on the annual value.]

Counties and their Subdivisions.Population, Census 1911.Amount collected during the Year forCapital Value of all Rateable Properties.System of Rating.
General Rates.Separate and Special Rates.
 £££ 
Mangonui3,1051,439..346,970C.
Whangaroa775404..76,498C.
Hokianga3,0411,75068344,427U.
Bay of Islands3,1472,137..403,826C.
Hobson4,0784,2031,340702,528U.
Whangarei7,1612,7073,1951,134,337C.
   Kamo Town District337105....C.
   Hikurangi Road District12565....C.
   Kaurihohore Road District16289....C.
   Maungakaramea Road District318106....C.
   Marua Road District257199....C.
   Otonga Road District288100....C.
   Parua Road District281121....C.
   Ruarangi Road District9450....C.
   Waikiekie Road District173115....C.
   Waipu Road District443144....C.
   Waipu North Road District36896....C.
   Whareora Road District17464....C.
   Waipu River District..157....C.
Otamatea3,5482,502614567,395C.
   Maungawai Road District30369....C.
   Mareretu Road District165141....C.
   Matakohe Road District502139....C.
   Raupo Land Drainage District..506....C.
Rodney4,2491,656799529,099C.
   Albertland North Road District5825....C.
   Albertland South Road District396111....C.
   Warkworth Town District689243....C.
   Komokoriki Road District8436....C.
   Mahurangi East Road District13834....C.
   Matakana East Road District14453....C.
   Matakana West Road District219148....C.
   Puhoi Road District450199....C.
   Warkworth Road District342102....C.
   Wharehine Road District8274....C.
Waitemata7,9787,9521,2221,304,674C.
   Hobsonville Town District373........
   New Lynn Town District592........
   Kaukapakapa Road District515204....C.
   Pukeatua Road District488112....C.
Eden22,311....4,067,984..
   Arch Hill Road District2,120606222..A.
   Avondale Road District2,1031,147134..C.
   Eden Terrace Road District2,5959591,307..C.
   Epsom Road District2,6991,921431..C.
   Mount Roskill Road District1,113584770..C.
   Mount Wellington Road District419474....C.
   One-tree Hill Road District3,3652,12183..C.
   Orakei Road District3445....C.
   Panmure Township Road District25566....C.
   Port Chevalier Road District1,295200....C.
   Remuera Road District5,2843,9362,108..C.
   Tamaki West Road District64551065..C.
   Manukau Water-supply District....4,511..C.
Manukau16,180....3,117,140..
   Papakura Town District45314324..C.
   Pukekohe Town District629409....C.
   Awhitu Road District390223....U.
   Drury Road District488372....C.
   Howick Township Road District3191057..C.
   Hunua Road District293243115..U.
   Karaka Road District396367....C.
   Mangere Road District897698....C.
   Manurewa Road District423321....C.
   Maraetai Road District10254....U.
   Mauku Road District631264103..C.
   Maungatawhiri Road District286115....C.
   Mercer Township Road District27459....C.
   Opaheke Road District33724644..C.
   Otahuhu Road District1,8471,115....C.
   Pakuranga Road District278364....C.
   Papakura Road District60744015..U.
   Paparata Road District4432472..C.
   Paparoa Road District2041275..C.
   Papatoitoi Road District386317....C.
   Pokeno Road District355230....C.
   Pollok Settlement Road District11180....C.
   Pukekohe East Road District1,199609125..C.
   Pukekohe West Road District1,024886185..C.
   Tamaki East Road District580440....C.
   Turanga Road District247180102..C.
   Waipipi Road District1,203615539..C.
   Wairoa Road District84661874..C.
   Waiuku Road District747540189..C.
   Aka Aka Land Drainage District..23630..C.
   Pukekohe Land Drainage District..811..C.
Coromandel2,7321,188140220,205C.
Thames4,3881,937..364,119C.
Ohinemuri6,0442,418326615,227C.
Waikato5,2911,383..1,313,580C.
   Cambridge Road District835871....C.
   Huntly Road District813340232..C.
   Kirikiriroa Road District2,3992,447....C.
   Tamahere Road District44437736..C.
   Whangamarino Road District800669142..C.
   Eureka Land Drainage District..66....C.
   Fencourt Land Drainage District..79....C.
   Hautapu Land Drainage District..16960..C.
   Hillside Land Drainage District..158....C.
   Woodlands Land Drainage District..5042..C.
Waipa5,8584,0441,2771,592,323C.
   Kihikihi Town District2595434..C.
   Leamington Town District37816637..C.
   Ngaruawahia Town District478182....U.
   Te Awamutu Town District645246....C.
   Newcastle Road District763454....C.
   Pukekura Road District1,1345345..C.
   Rangiaohia Road District556487....C.
   Tuhikaramea Road District207234....C.
   Frankton Land Drainage District..30....C.
   Mangahoe Land Drainage District..67....C.
   Ngaroto Land Drainage District..32....C.
   Ohaupo Land Drainage District..7525..C.
   Te Rapa Land Drainage District..130....C.
Raglan2,9074,7751,6751,110,148U.
   Raglan Town District24689....C.
Awakino605....301,164..
Waitomo3,5951,42582649,095C.
   Kawa Land Drainage District..34....C.
Ohura1,4361,174..349,274C.
Kawhia875828..268,143U.
Kawhia Town District15720....U.
Matamata2,9464,162..665,954C.
West Taupo974....211,912..
East Taupo528....392,913..
Rotorua1,154....89,144..
Piako3,2004,703173778,979U.
   Morrinsville Town District56539724..U.
   Hungahunga Land Drainage District..184234..C.
   Waitoa Land Drainage District..471......
Tauranga2,9321,8821,035608,643U.
   Kati Kati Road District383163....U.
   Te Puke Road District930119....U.
   Tumu - Kaituna Land Drainage District....34..U.
Whakatane1,7002,685126472,654C.
Opotiki1,4832,156..550,546C.
Waiapu1,73410,1572581,750,453C.
Cook6,42023,2694,4883,663,283C.
   Aroha Road District48......C.
   Ormond Road District437......C.
   Patutahi Road District648..23..C.
   Pouawa Road District180......C.
   Taruheru Road District671......C.
   Titirangi Road District132......C.
   Waimata Road District284......C.
Waikohu2,96310,5331,2471,673,585C.
Clifton2,1983,9741,162694,643C.
   New Plymouth Harbour District..........
Taranaki7,9296,8472,2261,951,726C.
   Mangorei Road District244157....C.
   Moa Road District2,9152,0451,523..C.
   Oakura Road District38710032..C.
   Okato Road District40612785..C.
   Tataraimaka Road District1505764..C.
   Waitara West Road District833475125..C.
   Waiwakaiho Road District343220175..C.
   Werekino Road District83897..C.
   New Plymouth Harbour District..........
Hawera3,6598,9001,8831,911,326C.
   Normanby Town District441150....U.
   New Plymouth Harbour District..........
Waimate West2,3584,1121,5481,188,174C.
   Manaia Town District537605115..C.
   New Plymouth Harbour District..........
Eltham3,3398,8271941,485,420C.
   Kaponga Town District384412....C.
   Eltham Land Drainage District..95195..C.
Egmont3,2645,487..1,363,321C.
   Parihaka Road District1,8721,758....C.
   Opunake Town District488273....C.
   New Plymouth Harbour District..........
Patea2,9394,4029052,122,907C.
   Kohi Road District184......C.
   Motoroa Road District35......C.
   Okotuku Road District156......C.
   Wairoa Road District12470....C.
   Waitotara-Momohaki Road District476701125..C.
   Whenuakura - Waitotara Road District363......C.
Stratford5,2269,4776,3822,047,958U.
   New Plymouth Harbour District..........
Whangamomona1,6151,500348441,935U.
   New Plymouth Harbour District..........
Waitotara2,2135,1601491,477,710C.
Waimarino3,4082,492119966,727U.
Kaitieke1,966........
Wanganui3,5492381221,604,145C.
   Kaitoke Road District630530....C.
   Kaukatea Road District245270....C.
   Mangamahu Road District250967....C.
   Mataongaonga Road District98181....C.
   Mangawhero Road District5881,321133..C.
   Purua Road District585597....C.
   Wangaehu Upper Road District1,1531,001850..C.
Rangitikei7,89013,0101,7034,221,819C.
   Lethbridge Town District26388....A.
   Bull's Town District519233137..A.
Kiwitea2,7815,5852,0641,579,014C.
Kairanga3,8775,5051,5122,106,654U.
   Mangaone River District....81..U.
   Aorangi Land Drainage District..161367..C.
   Manawatu Land Drainage District..2,662284..U.
   Makerua Land Drainage District..371329..C.
Oroua3,5884,884..1,954,712C.
   Halcombe Town District260112....A.
Pohangina1,7974,4972,237811,225C.
Manawatu4,4616,0161,3401,694,906C.
   Rongotea Town District31327043..C.
   Moutoa Land Drainage District..11149..C.
   Oroua Land Drainage District..977212..C.
Horowhenua6,0647,8762,6712,552,707C.
   Otaki Road District1,57974966..C.
Wairoa1,8768,563872,384,459C.
   Wairoa Harbour District..........
   Napier Harbour District..........
Hawke's Bay9,22018,1401,3386,063,583C.
   Clive River District..1,030....C.
   Meeanee River District..82....C.
   Pukahu River District..603....C.
   Taradale River District..165....C.
   Napier Harbour District..........
Waipawa3,0416,2502,5182,165,573U.
   Napier Harb District..........
Dannevirke4,6836,3428091,973,080U.
   Norsewood Town District210........
   Ormondville Town District36070....U.
Waipukurau5381,46977460,278U.
Woodville1,8802,8376421,062,085U.
Patangata1,9366,0221,2583,324,028C.
   Otane Town District260219....A.
   Oero Road District3121,486....C.
   Mangatarata Road District26480....C.
   Patangata Road District25856....C.
   Porangahau Road District4291,335....C.
   Purimu Road District56144....C.
   Tamumu Road District2822,256....C.
   Wallingford Road District179692....C.
   Wanstead Road District134......C.
   Napier Harbour District..........
Weber5262,886..478,987U.
Pahiatua3,3985,5512,0301,693,690U.
Akitio1,4215,138414735,861U.
Castlepoint6202,239424585,725U.
Eketahuna1,9141,9641,172693,676U.
Mauriceville9501,501370420,055C.
Masterton4,0207,7343,7493,288,248C.
Wairarapa South2,7454,4111,3331,483,369U.
Featherston2,5917,3601,4782,343,689C.
   Wairarapa South River District..192....C.
   Ahikonka River District..65....C.
   Kahutara River District..218....C.
   Waiohine River District..253....C.
Makara2,7032,277124746,718C.
Hutt4,1396,4341191,579,486C.
   Hutt River District..5211,903..C.
   Hutt Valley Tramway Board..714....U.
Sounds1,181....563,864..
Marlborough8,056....3,323,684..
   Awatere Road District1,5353,316....U.
   Omaka Road District1,9431,561....C.
   Pelorus Road District1,642979....U.
   Picton Road District851736....C.
   Spring Creek Road District845602....C.
   Wairau Road District9391,481....C.
   Havelock Town District301160198..C.
   Pukaka River District..90....C.
   Spring Creek River District..301....C.
   Wairau Lower River District..805356..C.
Kaikoura1,9263,469..825,886C.
   Kaikoura River District..193....C.
Collingwood1,2061,103219198,826C.
Takaka1,8201,068565356,276U.
Waimea8,6269,344921,922,295C.
   Dovedale Road District252......C.
   Moutere Upper Road District443......C.
   Riwaka Road District945......C.
   Stoke Road District1,493......C.
   Suburban North Road District586......C.
   Waimea West Road District321..157..C.
Buller6,6823,9961,197523,639U.
Inangahua4,5035,161820267,021U.
Murchison1,0141,124..213,013U.
Grey7,2022,950..434,143C.
Westland4,2742,596..421,404C.
Amuri1,6952,9072621,402,370C.
   Waiau Township River District....57..C.
Cheviot1,3832,255..920,794U.
   MacKenzie Town District191139....U.
Ashley9,417....3,774,072..
   Ashley Road District7101,896....C.
   Cust Road District601465....C.
   Eyreton Road District1,4901,451....C.
   Eyreton West Road District382451....C.
   Kowai Road District1,7341,985....C.
   Oxford Road District1,8671,363385..C.
   Rangiora Road District2,2871,944....C.
   Amberley Town District346105....C.
   Mandeville-Rangiora River District..555....C.
   Sefton - Ashley Land Drainage District..186248..C.
   Waimakariri - Ashley Water - supply District..2,88711..C.
Waipara1,9666,468..2,467,613C.
Waimairi13,58213,149..2,577,020C.
   Christchurch Drainage District..1,997......
Tawera1,241495..334,451C.
Malvern3,4582,795..1,818,089C.
Paparua4,0922,633951,308,881C.
Heathcote4,1544,735..953,706C.
   Christchurch Drainage District..1,635......
Halswell1,8982,281..717,076C.
Springs1,8911,684..721,307C.
Ellesmere3,7733,213..1,558,123C.
Selwyn1,2672,044..1,126,394C.
   Southbridge Town District418163....C.
   Waimakariri South River District..1,031......
   Ellesmere Land Drainage District..892....C.
   Christchurch Drainage District..........
Akaroa2,2512,2361291,569,727C.
   Akaroa and Wainui Road District1,2731,563....C.
   Le Bons Bay Road District23748883..C.
   Okains Bay Road District521554....C.
   Pigeon Bay Road District220628....C.
Wairewa8941,758..792,450C.
Mount Herbert464762..378,215C.
Ashburton10,2893,8133206,647,083C.
   Anama Road District468768....C.
   Ashburton Upper Road District2,2391,032....C.
   Coldstream Road District456189....C.
   Longbeach Road District1,0441,024....C.
   Mount Hutt Road District1,7161,425....C.
   Mount Somers Road District840688....C.
   Rangitata Road District713704....C.
   South Rakaia Road District1,6461,172....C.
   Wakanui Road District1,162960....C.
   Ashburton Forks River District..211....C.
   Wakanui River District..49....C.
Geraldine5,4712,3878992,359,401C.
   Geraldine Road District2,5002,022....C.
   Mount Peel Road District2711,098....C.
   Opuha Road District306......C.
   Temuka Road District2,3941,742....C.
   Orari Upper River District....62..C.
   Timaru Harbour District..1,841......
Levels4,8268,1222182,236,897C.
   Timaru Harbour Board..1,980......
MacKenzie2,3413,327..914,457C.
   Timaru Harbour Board..717......
Waimate6,7309,5146413,642,281U.
   Wainono Land Drainage District..117301..U.
   Oamaru Harbour District..........
   Timaru Harbour District..1,970......
Waitaki9,7339,4092883,755,914C.
   Oamaru Harbour District..........
Waihemo1,6471,878..562,718C.
Waikouaiti4,3182,205..731,609C.
Peninsula1,895....459,668..
   Otago Heads Road District13599....C.
   Peninsula Road District643448....C.
   Portobello Road District998857....C.
   Tomahawk Road District119108....C.
Taieri6,2026,3785911,599,521C.
   Outram Town District4296186..C.
   Dunedin City Drainage Board..........
   Taieri West Land Drainage District....692..C.
   Taieri Land Drainage District..6731,125..C.
Bruce4,8355,2341,7541,280,926C.
   Balmoral Road District763......C.
   Inch-Clutha Road District312......C.
   Mount Stuart Road District421207....C.
Clutha7,2667,0132,1751,564,397C.
   Clinton Town District451129....A.
Tuapeka5,7325,299..1,242,241C.
Maniototo2,8122,041..713,564C.
Vincent3,7342,682144522,642C.
Lake1,9581,916254279,420C.
Southland25,79735,2251,0806,900,623U.
   Invercargill Road District1,737........
   Benmore-Limehills River District..2842..U.
   Dipton River District....34..U.
   Dipton Upper River District..54....U.
   Lochiel River District..121....U.
   Makarewa-He gehope River District....201..U.
   Winton River District..33....U.
   Winton Upper River District..40....U.
   Winton West River District..1045..U.
   Pyramid Block Land Drainage District..5528..U.
   Waimumu Stream Land Drainage District..38....U.
Wallace8,6788,8891,0642,187,369C.
   Otautau River District..238....C.
Fiord42....14,065..
Stewart Island325911332,594C.
Chatham Islands234....92,446..
 ..625,74198,536163,106,016..

The total population of each county is given, including the subdivisions, and the population of subdivisions is shown again separately. For some of the Harbour Boards it was found impossible to allocate the amount of rates collected in each local district, the rating powers of these Boards being exercised independently over an area covering portions of several local rating districts.

Although the capital value of all rateable property is shown, it must be pointed out that some of the North Island counties contain large areas of Native land upon which no rates are collected. Much of this land is rateable, but the difficulty of collecting the amount levied has hitherto been found insuperable. The figures, however, show the potentialities of the local authorities, assuming that this difficulty was removed.

RATES COLLECTED IN BOROUGHS, 1910-11.

[System of rating: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the capital value, and A. on the annual value.]

Borough.Population. Census 1911.Number of Rate-payers.Amount collected during the Year forCapital Value of all Rateable Properties.System of Rating.
General Rates.Separate and Special Rates.
 £££ 
Whangarei2,6646301,8731,766306,023C.
Dargaville1,291250945171117,999U.
Northcote1,422285441887150,238A.
Birkenhead1,703406943472268,213A.
Devonport7,0411,3003,1158,343841,278U.
Auckland40,5366,82328,06560,4919,261,501A.
Gray Lynn7,4542,0562,6584,345832,852U.
Newmarket2,7804712,1803,452393,194A.
Parnell5,4657042,9845,383718,742A.
Mount Eden9,3812,4005,7816,2511,436,021A.
Mount Albert6,7001,7502,7972,338917,727C.
Onehunga4,6518001,6261,792601,385A.
Thames3,5916941,5281,189231,498A.
Te Aroha1,29823368744973,403A.
Waihi6,4361,3908771,260382,627A.
Hamilton3,5427002,1891,868674,948U.
Cambridge1,4633451,3281,035192,772A.
Te Kuiti1,266419455..268,706C.
Taumarunui1,128..25..20,483C.
Tauranga1,34637076419496,405A.
Gisborne8,1961,90011,0943,4611,746,359A.
   Gisborne Harbour District............
Waitara1,4524001,0803186,577C.
   New Plymouth Harbour District............
New Plymouth5,2389562,9984,9771,096,158A.
   New Plymouth Harbour District............
Inglewood1,2733008631,273136,159C.
   New Plymouth Harbour District............
Stratford2,6396701,7231,586327,460U.
   New Plymouth Harbour District............
Hawera2,6855412,5661,703431,180U.
   New Plymouth Harbour District............
Eltham1,7373861,8001,023280,245C.
Patea919300597..56,530A.
Wanganui10,9291,95011,1504,1381,600,658A.
Wanganui East1,7376381,379..284,777A.
Marton1,4383301,461874133,579A.
Taihape1,5772741,121577174,255C.
Feilding3,1618502,9392,733765,519U.
Palmerston North10,9911,5009,7507,5901,990,427U.
Foxton1,637315856544162,138U.
Levin1,6084851,381445239,472C.
Wairoa1,0974501,133117226,132U.
Hastings6,2861,4335,4371,1931,372,561U.
   Napier Harbour District............
Napier10,5371,4829,54510,1711,649,267A.
   Napier Harbour District............
Waipawa1,083240523634202,861U.
   Napier Harbour District............
Dannevirke3,3686502,8902,785662,703U.
Woodville1,165460619618100,297U.
Eketahuna806251596505149,108U.
Pahiatua1,3583801,1401,372209,899U.
Masterton5,1821,9124,9703,8051,079,018U.
Carterton1,5466641,0121,192252,062C.
Greytown1,042257656492138,258A.
Lower Hutt4,2401,1257,8244,4531,443,737U.
Petone6,6401,0866,6323,5331,244,680U.
Onslow1,7896401,6951,178466,269U.
Wellington City64,3728,17987,56064,37417,995,800U.
Karori1,4497003,1253,648525,850U.
Eastbourne560340598359168,926U.
Miramar1,6306403,5763,572815,138U.
Picton1,3613641,124386223,446U.
Blenheim3,7718363,751760630,552U.
Nelson8,0511,5586,62415,3201,074,954A.
Richmond703164398250125,952C.
Motueka1,22923170375161,821C.
Westport4,7291,4002,5961,690569,769U.
Greymouth5,4698933,1192,570541,506U.
Brunner1,00722019928520,032A.
Kumara78328514915324,284C.
Hokitika2,2916207631,347184,597U.
Ross64330014215918,793C.
Rangiora1,834396998..218,767C.
Kaiapoi1,823597852..167,305A.
Christchurch53,11610,83642,74024,1359,941,275U.
   Christchurch Drainage District....27,5103,903....
Woolston3,4128542,4482,430392,066U.
   Christchurch Drainage District....630......
Spreydon3,2869391,25499407,070U.
   Christchurch Drainage Board....147......
Sumner1,7515802,2581,789358,565U.
New Brighton1,6968501,215186192,745U.
   Christchurch Drainage District....154......
Lyttelton4,0586022,442..305,185A.
Akaroa62213529247572,328C.
Ashburton2,6716002,710..411,128A.
Temuka1,741415915576167,808C.
   Timaru Harbour District....130......
Geraldine945350327..101,222C.
   Timaru Harbour District....79......
Timaru11,2802,1506,68212,6711,922,041A.
   Timaru Harbour District....1,272......
Waimate1,7624551,002798227,362U.
   Timaru Harbour District....178......
Oamaru Harbour District............
Oamaru5,1529672,7032,700730,460A.
   Oamaru Harbour District............
Hampden34612052..22,233C.
   Oamaru Harbour District............
Palmerston South7922415009971,217C.
Waikouaiti688210240..77,866C.
Port Chalmers2,1004009682,915279,010A.
North-east Valley..1,473929232537,315A.
   Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District....245......
Maori Hill2,2164991,372234313,472U.
   Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District....32......
West Harbour1,6515311,043330175,242U.
Dunedin41,5296,44028,59233,7477,346,261A.
   Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District....15,822......
Roslyn5,7441,3654,3103,010898,412A.
   Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District....846......
Mornington4,6791,1602,5581,973510,089A.
   Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District....638......
St. Kilda4,1371,0851,2102,214509,141A.
   Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District....546......
Green Island1,872600783..192,703A.
Mosgiel1,5963717061,000193,547A.
Milton1,3472251,037..158,715A.
Kaitangata1,5673276203297,396A.
Balclutha1,261290515279124,153U.
Lawrence911227781315101,253A.
Roxburgh44194183..30,063A.
Tapanui33280191..28,700A.
Naseby3101157212926,983A.
Cromwell58716031239140,131A.
Alexandra77219046444748,468A.
Arrowtown4061231474215,339A.
Queenstown69624223316851,351A.
Gore3,2589002,1072,644420,089U.
Mataura1,199263917123144,061A.
Winton564146225..53,224U.
Invercargill12,7823,6148,92113,3321,890,198U.
South Invercargill1,388574697304215,506U.
Campbelltown1,7804701,272276225,338U.
Riverton936248404..58,639A.
 ....452,839373,61090,147,222..

Rates collected by the Wairoa, Napier, New Plymouth, Wairau, and Oamaru Harbour Boards over the various boroughs situate within the Harbour Districts cannot be allocated to the respective boroughs, as the rates are levied and collected over the Harbour Districts as a whole, and no record is kept of the amounts received rom each borough.

RATES COLLECTED BY TOWN BOARDS WITH INDEPENDENT POWERS OF ADMINISTRATION, 1910-11.

[System of rat ng: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the capital value, and A. on the annual value.]

Town Districts.Population. Census 1911.Number of Rate-payersAmount collected during the Year forCapital Value of all Rateable Properties.System of Rating.
General Rates.Separate and Special Rates.
 £££ 
Hikurangi693952424137,873C.
Helensville670135323..30,743A.
Ellerslie947242697271169,113C.
Huntly1,319166468..113,315C.
Frankton1,113286724..179,753C.
Rotorua2,390463..127277,962C.
Opotiki936..701..129,685C.
Fitzroy710260846..121,903C.
   New Plymouth Harbour District............
St. Aubyn6061922375694,002C.
   New Plymouth Harbour District............
Gonville1,5577391,061..249,638C.
Castlecliffe620328295..71,289C.
Ohakune7432502612137,134U.
Waverley626137398..59,772C.
Hunterville65820429663370,190C.
Mangaweka494130164..43,760C.
Taradale894210854..131,047C.
   Napier Harbour District............
Waipukurau1,043240820..186,613U.
   Napier Harbour District............
Martinborough631283632697100,929C.
Featherston74318043718585,900U.
Upper Hutt1,050448786172209,897C.
Johnsonville929237753..224,773C.
Hampstead1,490375333..131,684C.
Tinwald539162237..77,693C.
Pleasant Point493144187..48,128C.
   Timaru Harbour District....36......
Bay1,042434919..212,296C.
Wyndham663156393..55,707A.
Otautau74417728114069,521C.
 ....13,3812,3433,220,320..

The preceding remarks as to the allocation of rates collected by Harbour Boards apply to this table. The next table shows the total amount of rates collected by various Harbour Boards not included in any of the foregoing tables.

RATES COLLECTED IN CERTAIN HARBOUR DISTRICTS DURING THE YEAR 1910-11 NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING TABLES.
District.Local Authorities.Amount of Rates collected.
General.Separate and Special.
 ££
Wairoa Harbour District..460 
Wairoa County..
Wairoa Borough..
Napier Harbour District..16,095
Wairoa County..
Hawke's Bay County..
Waipawa County..
Patangata County..
Waipawa Borough..
Taradale Town District..
Waipukurau Town District..
Otane Town District..
New Plymouth Harbour District..9
Taranaki County..
Egmont County..
Hawera County..
Stratford County..
Clifton County..
Waimate West County..
Whangamomona County..
Waitara Borough..
New Plymouth Borough..
Inglewood Borough..
Stratford Borough..
Hawera Borough..
Fitzroy Town District..
St. Aubyn Town District..
Wairau Harbour District..290
Oamaru Harbour District..9,747
Waitaki County..
Waimate County..
Waimate Borough..
Oamaru Borough..
Hampden Borough..
..26,601

Chapter 14. SECTION X.—COMMERCE:

SUBSECTION A.—TOTAL TRADE.

THE total trade of New Zealand for each of the years 1886 to 1911 will be seen from the figures given below. The volume grew steadily until 1905, in which year it amounted to £28,484,804. In 1906 there was a rise of nearly five million pounds, and in 1907 a further rise of three million pounds. The following year saw a big decline, but in 1910 the value rose to £39,231,792, the highest yet recorded. The total value of imports in 1911 was more than that for 1910 by £2,494,296, or 14.63 per cent. Exports decreased in total value by £3,151,719, equal to 14.21 per cent. The value of the total trade in 1911 was less than that of the previous year by £657,423, equal to a decrease of 1.68 per cent.

The balance of trade for the year 1911 stands as follows:—

 £
Exports (excluding specie)18,980,185
Imports18,782,608
Excess of exports197,577

The movement of specie during the same period resulted in a considerable balance on the import side.

 £
Specie imported, 1911763,271
Specie exported 191148,305
Balance of imports714,966

The period for which New Zealand trade statistics are compiled embraces part of two season's wool clips, therefore the figures do not exhibit the full effect of fluctuations in prices of this staple for one season as compared with another. Although the year ending 31st March does not cover the whole season's export, it nevertheless includes the greater portion. Excluding specie (£328,119 in 1910-11 and £720,859 in 1911-12) the imports for the year ended 31st March, 1911, amounted to £17,385,066, and for the year ended 31st March, 1912, to £19,774,477, an increase of £2,389,411. Exports for the same periods amounted to £21,437,205 and £19,003,851 respectively, 1911-12 showing a decrease of £2,433,354 as compared with 1910-11. Specie exported in 1910-11 amounted to £46,695, and in 1911-12 to £32,809.

The value of the total trade of New Zealand advanced from £13,431,804 in the year 1886 to £38,574,369 in 1911. But of these amounts some portion was coin. Excluding the specie, the figures for 1886 are £12,853,736, and for 1911 £37,762,793.

Year.Total Trade.Imports.Exports.Imports (excluding Specie).Exports (excluding Specie).Excess of Exports over Imports (excluding Specie).

* Excess of imports.

 ££££££
188613,431,8046,759,0136,672,7916,319,2236,534,513215,290
188713,111,6846,245,5156,866,1696,064,2816,680,772616,491
188813,709,2255,941,9007,767,3255,430,0507,403,2061,972,156
188915,650,7276,308,8639,341,8645,980,5839,183,9543,203,371
189016,072,2456,260,5259,811,7205,928,8959,569,3163,640,421
189116,070,2466,503,8499,566,3976,431,1019,560,8593,129,758
189216,477,9076,943,0569,534,8516,742,5449,490,9202,748,376
189315,896,8796,911,5158,985,3646,494,2798,680,8452,186,566
189416,019,0676,788,0209,231,0475,990,1779,221,5503,231,373
189514,950,3536,400,1298,550,2246,115,9538,518,1192,402,166
189616,458,4257,137,3209,321,1057,035,3799,299,9072,264,528
189718,072,2168,055,22310,016,9937,994,2019,741,2221,747,021
189818,748,5558,230,60010,517,9558,211,40910,449,8382,238,429
189920,677,9688,739,63311,938,3358,613,65611,923,4223,309,766
190023,892,25710,646,09613,246,16110,207,32613,223,2583,015,932
190124,699,33911,817,91512,881,42411,353,41612,869,8101,516,394
190224,971,70011,326,72313,644,97710,958,03813,635,4592,677,421
190327,799,05312,788,67515,010,37812,075,95914,971,9262,895,967
190428,040,04213,291,69414,748,34812,900,03014,738,7501,838,720
190528,484,80412,828,85715,655,94712,481,17815,642,0693,160,891
190633,306,54015,211,40318,095,13714,303,17017,992,4803,689,310
190737,371,81817,302,86120,068,95716,539,70720,061,6413,521,934
190833,788,77817,471,28416,317,49417,247,16216,075,2051,171,957*
190935,336,71515,674,71919,661,99614,817,46219,636,1514,818,689
191039,231,79217,051,58322,180,20916,748,22322,152,4735,404,250
191138,574,36919,545,87919,028,49018,782,60818,980,185197,577

Each year of the above series, except 1908, shows a balance in favour of exports, the aggregate amount to the end of last year being £64,470,840.

In the table given below the external trade is shown for each year per head of population, the calculations being made exclusive as well as inclusive of specie, for the purpose of arriving at exact conclusions as regards trade in goods.

Excluding specie, the trade per head of population increased from £22 1s. 7d. in 1886 to £37 4s. 2d. in 1911: imports from £10 17s. 1d. to £18 10s. 2d., and exports from £11 4s. 6d. to £18 14s.

Year.Including Specie.Excluding Specie.
Total Trade per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Imports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Exports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Total Trade per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Imports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Exports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
188623151112211932217101711146
188721198109511103217510341141.
1888221211916412167214081951247
188925911105615452415991561503
18902513101002151382419491101584
1891251041066153102571010431537
1892251321016314161125561091114157
1893240910901311922181191651326
1894231199191113111022711816513116
189521111094101270212881681260
18962358101111339232291911331
18972501111331317824117111713100
189825931137145825611113114310
18992711511131151842778119815180
19003159131810176113013813741764
19013115015310161123129141111161010
19023160143111721301661314817110
1903331710151110186032196141451851
1904333815147179132142155417810
190532141014141117191132661461117197
190637391619820413612151952019
19074013318166211693916617191121167
19083515118991754355218501702
19093673162720483591154112042
1910391041736226103938161752263
1911380219521815037421810218140

The highest record of trade (excluding specie) was that for 1874, when the rate per head was £41 4s. 5d., the imports amounting at that time to £24 17s. per head.

It has been customary to leave out the Maoris in estimating the sum per head, for their industries and necessities swell the volume of trade in comparatively so slight a measure that the amount per head of European population can be more truly ascertained by omitting them altogether.

The following table shows the value of imports and exports from each of the principal countries for the years 1907 to 1911. The countries mentioned are those from or to which the good were shipped, not necessarily those of origin or final destination:—

TRADE WITH VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1907-11.

Countries.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Imports.
From—£££££
   United Kingdom10,278,01910,441,8379,287,78610,498,77111,787,300
   New South Wales1,776,8961,658,4981,275,0031,463,9861,831,223
   Victoria1,142,693895,2571,295,194699,229873,649
   Other Australian States207,964287,671194,013196,178240,119
   South Africa1,0735,4946,2247,4439,936
   Canada154,766156,500139,151261,402283,410
   India and Ceylon604,219572,037615,050659,352623,647
   Other British possessions776,553762,982742,541670,888848,056
   United States of America1,425,5961,643,9371,166,0631,399,7371,682,129
   Germany351,634389,531327,847391,795480,617
   Belgium113,500104,64776,708100,749129,320
   Other foreign countries469,948552,893549,139702,053756,473
Total17,302,86117,471,28415,674,71917,051,58319,545,879
Exports.
To—£££££
   United Kingdom16,533,49313,143,78016,193,18818,633,11815,134,743
   New South Wales1,341,0731,254,9831,052,3711,067,7941,495,375
   Victoria795,883764,254783,277874,471925,520
   Other Australian States84,30483,92482,46768,48694,273
   South Africa63,72786,491121,96245,66543,771
   Canada17,98911,24877,286160,842199,587
   India and Ceylon117,730107,146138,163132,628100,148
   Other British possessions138,925106,475194,165118,233108,278
   United States of America714,063326,415684,810553,603434,586
   Germany66,48940,19177,969205,931170,493
   Belgium15,24112,22110,95025,39830,876
   Other foreign countries180,040380,366245,388294,040290,840
Total20,068,95716,317,49419,661,91622,180,20919,028,490
TRADE WITH VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1907-11: PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL.
Countries.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Imports.
From—Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
   United Kingdom59.4059.7759.2561.5760.30
   New South Wales10.289.498.148.599.37
   Victoria6.605.128.264.104.47
   Other Australian States1.201.651.241.151.23
   South Africa0.010.030.040.040.05
   Canada0.890.900.891.531.45
   India and Ceylon3.493.273.923.873.19
   Other British possessions4.494.374.743.934.34
   United States of America8.239.417.448.218.61
   Germany2.032.232.092.302.46
   Belgium0.660.600.490.590.66
   Other foreign countries2.723.163.504.123.87
Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00
Exports.
To—Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
   United Kingdom82.3880.5582.3684.0179.54
   New South Wales6.687.695.354.807.86
   Victoria3.964.683.983.944.86
   Other Australian States0.420.510.420.310.49
   South Africa0.320.530.620.210.23
   Canada0.090.070.390.731.05
   India and Ceylon0.590.660.700.600.53
   Other British possessions0.690.650.990.530.57
   United States of America3.562.003.482.502.28
   Germany0.330.250.400.930.90
   Belgium0.080.080.060.110.16
   Other foreign countries0.902.331.251.331.53
Total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

According to statistics published by the British Board of Trade the value of goods received in the United Kingdom from New Zealand during 1910 was £20,943,142, of which goods valued at £3,820,774 were again exported. The f.o.b. value of shipments from the United Kingdom to New Zealand during the same year

was £8,652,716, excluding goods other than the produce of the United Kingdom, valued at £749,836. If to the former amount be added 10 per cent. to cover cost of freight and other charges it would appear that the c.i.f. value of goods the produce or manufacture of the United Kingdom sent to New Zealand was £9,517,988, against which produce of this country was imported and retained for home consumption in the United Kingdom to the value of £17,122,368.

The United Kingdom supplied during the past five years an average of 60.05 per cent. of the value of goods imported into and received 81.76 per cent. of the shipments from this country. Imports and exports from and to the Commonwealth of Australia averaged 16.18 and 11.19 per cent. respectively. The United States of America provide 8.38 per cent. of imports and receive 2.76 per cent. of the exports, while trade with Germany represents 2.22 per cent. and 0.56 per cent. respectively.

TRADE OF AUSTRALASIA.

The external trade of the Commonwealth of Australia amounted in 1910 to £134,505,501, and of New Zealand to £39,231,792, a grand total of £173,737,293. If we eliminate all interstate trade, we find that the external trade of Australasia amounted to £164,820,590, of which exports contributed £92,317,855 and imports £72,502,735, the balance in favour of exports being £19,815,120. Prior to 1891 the balance was in favour of imports, but in that year the scale turned and exports exceeded the imports, a condition which has obtained ever since.

The following table sets forth the amount of the trade of each of the Australian States and New Zealand with the United Kingdom in 1911:—

Country.Imports from the United Kingdom.Exports to the United Kingdom.Total Trade with the United Kingdom.
 £££
New Zealand11,787,30015,134,74326,922,043
Queensland4,198,9754,895,9319,094,906
New South Wales15,740,50912,261,97128,002,480
Victoria (1910)11,648,16010,259,71921,907,879
South Australia3,660,1814,676,9358,337,116
Western Australia2,761,4722,515,3965,276,868
Tasmania (1910)622,282351,466973,748

The statement appended shows the relative importance of Australasia as a market for the productions of the United Kingdom.

EXPORTS OF HOME PRODUCTIONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 1910, TO
 £
British India and Ceylon48,320,300
Germany37,026,341
Australasia36,305,083
United States of America31,446,730
France22,734,696
Canada19,645,155
Argentine Republic19,120,244
Cape of Good Hope, and Natal18,389,815
Brazil16,467,669
Belgium13,846,089
Netherlands12,832,835
Italy12,530,889
Russia12,252,556
Japan10,121,919
China (excluding Hong Kong)9,171,672
Egypt8,717,330
Turkey8,636,666
Sweden6,697,967
Chile5,602,474
Denmark5,580,865
Spain4,892,876
Straits Settlements4,572,457
Java4,075,825
Portuguese East Africa4,046,301
Norway4,033,195
Austria-Hungary4,001,053
Hong Kong3,617,728
West India Islands and British Guiana3,023,250
Uruguay2,947,316
Nigeria2,888,228
Portugal2,776,523
Mexico2,399,608
Cuba and Porto Rico2,008,724

The exports to other countries did not amount to £2,000,000 in any one case.

Australasia as a whole, with a population of about 5,460,000, thus takes the third place in importance for consumption of British produce, the exports thereto being three-fourths the value of similar exports to British India and Ceylon, with their 319,000,000 inhabitants.

RECIPROCAL TRADE.

The following are the reciprocal provisions of the Customs Duties Act, 1908, sections 9 and 10:—

Where any country, being part of the British Dominions, reduces or abolishes, or proposes to do so, the duty on any product or manufacture of New Zealand, the Governor is authorized to enter into an agreement to reduce or abolish the duty on any articles the produce or manufacture of such country to an extent that the estimated revenue so remitted shall equal as nearly as possible the remission by that country. Such agreements, however, require ratification by Parliament.

Similarly, where any country not being part of the British Dominions, reduces or abolishes, or proposes to do so, the duty on any product or manufacture of New Zealand, the Governor is authorized subject to or by virtue of a treaty with His Majesty, to negotiate for an agreement to reduce or abolish the duty on any articles the produce or manufacture of such country to an extent that the estimated revenue so remitted in New Zealand shall equal as nearly as possible what is remitted by that country, subject to Parliamentary ratification.

A treaty is at present in force between New Zealand, the British South African Colonies composing the Union, and Southern Rhodesia, by which certain concessions as to tariff rates are made on both sides. A schedule of the goods affected will be found in Subsection D of this Section.

SUBSECTION B.—EXPORTS.

THE quantities and values of exports used in making up the figures given in this portion of the statistical information are obtained from Customs entries. In estimating the value of goods exported the “free on board in New Zealand” value is given, and, as regards the main items, the Collector of Customs examines carefully the amounts stated, and compares them with current price-lists, to prevent any overestimate. As a further safeguard, the values of wool, frozen meat, oats, wheat, tallow, phormium fibre, butter, and cheese are submitted to the various Chambers of Commerce for their approval prior to the publication of the figures. Goods transhipped are regarded as destined for the country where it is intended to land them.

The value of all the exports in 1911, inclusive of specie (£48,305), was £19,028,490. The value of New Zealand produce exported, £18,781,898, gives an average of £18 10s. 1d. per head of population, against £22 2s. 1d. for 1910.

The average annual value of domestic products exported during each quinquennial period since 1853, and the average value per head of population is shown below together with the values for 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911.

Quinquennial Period.Exports of New Zealand Produce.
Average Total Value.Average Value per Head.
 ££s.d.
1853-57335,57181111
1858-621,040,330111810
1863-673,754,50019155
1868-724,636,3741884
1873-775,530,7151538
1878-825,893,1951257
1883-876,665,48111120
1888-928,898,3721440
1893-978,961,26912160
1898-190212,273,80715178
1903-716,513,39918145
190815,894,53016164
190919,462,9362007
191021,944,9632221
191118,781,89818101

EXPORTS FROM THE NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS.

The exports from the North and South Islands respectively, excluding “Parcels-post,” during the last five years were as under:—

Year.North Island.South Island.Proportion to Total Export.
££North Island.South Island.
190712,204,9017,836,66160.9039.10
19089,958,0256,322,36061.1738.83
190911,943,8107,685,11560.8539.15
191013,651,6598,493,36061.6538.35
191111,352,8657,636,10459.7940.21

EXPORTS FROM DIFFERENT PORTS, ETC.

The following table shows the average yearly value of exports from each port in the Dominion during each quinquennial period from 1893 to 1907, and for the year 1911. The ports are arranged in order of magnitude for the latter year.

Ports.Yearly Average of Quinquennial Periods.Year.
1893-97.1898-1902.1903-7.1911.

* Included in New Plymouth.

 ££££
Wellington1,363,1572,128,1983,176,0523,812,769
Auckland1,275,4131,923,7852,859,8743,280,878
Lyttelton1,773,1312,328,1482,592,1052,751,012
Dunedin1,064,0161,352,5351,501,7501,348,275
Napier937,662903,3771,253,5381,308,032
Invercargill and Bluff662,826813,436931,7761,294,402
Timaru519,388741,5101,033,2171,140,212
Poverty Bay234,793371,745732,1231,008,727
Patea41,86985,349347,886556,498
New Plymouth161,902365,789452,388528,436
Wanganui284,126333,842402,263470,944
Greymouth229,764324,512403,821435,639
Wairau and Picton137,452139,700252,434300,314
Waitara*85,847162,984235,841
Kaipara80,008140,734143,979150,740
Nelson64,78566,98587,065147,397
Oamaru266,259230,497258,530126,235
Westport37,50756,37165,13561,638
Hokitika80,20740,54636,61230,980

The grouping of Invercargill with Bluff, and Wairau with Picton, is unavoidable as the returns furnished by the Customs do not, in those cases, distinguish each port separately.

EXPORTS TO DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

The values of exports for the years 1901 and 1911 to the United Kingdom, the Australian States, with other British possessions, and to foreign countries, show the extent and development of outward trade in regard to its distribution, considered for such period:—

Countries.1901.1911.
 ££
United Kingdom9,295,37515,134,743
New South Wales1,024,0651,495,375
Victoria754,833925,520
Queensland23,41115,830
Western Australia95,31917,262
South Australia42,94344,808
Tasmania53,26016,373
Other British possessions913,581451,784
United States519,079434,586
Germany10,470170,493
Other foreign ports149,088321,716
 £12,881,424£19,028,490

Comparing the first five years with the second half of the period shown below, it is found that there has been an increase of 35.42 per cent. in the value of exports to the United Kingdom, of 15.35 per cent. to foreign countries, and a decrease of 9.58 per cent. to British possessions.

Year.Exports to
United Kingdom.British Colonies and Possessions.Foreign States.
 £££
19029,450,6483,577,815616,514
190311,345,0752,821,608843,695
190411,876,2732,088,691783,384
190512,087,8182,591,802976,327
190614,047,1763,141,327906,634
190716,533,4932,559,631975,833
190813,143,7802,414,521759,193
190916,193,1882,449,6911,019,117
191018,633,1182,468,1191,078,972
191115,134,7432,966,952926,795

The following are the values of exports to different countries or places in 1911 and 1910, arranged in order of magnitude of increase or decrease:—

Country.1911. £1910. £Increase in 1911. £
New South Wales1,495,3751,067,794427,581
Victoria925,520874,47151,049
Canada199,587160,84238,745
Society Islands62,81544,98617,829
South Australia44,80829,06815,740
Natal28,76416,77011,994
Navigators islands55,43848,6066,832
Queensland15,8309,3996,431
Western Australia17,26211,1516,111
Belgium30,87625,3985,478
Fiji93,22688,3314,895
Brazil2,5186001,918
Holland1,9892401,749
New Caledonia4,3872,7721,615
Bismarck Archipelago3,0841,5971,487
Austria3,9852,6801,305
Russia2,8381,998840
Caroline Islands3,4032,723680
Malden Island274119155
Sandwich Islands448301147
British New Guinea144..144
Gilbert Islands107..107
Sweden899799100
Portuguese (East Africa)45337083
Fanning Island69366
Punjab57..57
Antarctica40..40
Malay States35530
Indian Native States29..29
Agra and Oudh21516
Penang23815
North West Provinces (India)14..14
Country.1911.1910.Increase in 1911.
£££
Bombay97195912
Korea12..12
Egypt13310
Eastern Bengal and Assam8..8
Orange River Colony1697
Greece7..7
Siam6..6
Andaman Islands3..3
Cyprus3..3
British Baluchistan2..2
British Borneo2..2
Syria862
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan2..2
Bolivia2..2
Wei-Hai-Wei1..1
Mauritius541
Gold Coast Colony1..1
Newfoundland1..1
British Guiana1..1
Falkland Islands1..1
Portugal1..1
Bosnia-Herzegovina1..1
Luxemburg1..1
Sumatra1..1
German South West Africa1..1
Nicaragua1..1
Paraguay1..1
Country.1911.1910.Decrease in 1911.
£££
United Kingdom15,134,74318,633,1183,498,375
United States of America434,586553,603119,017
Germany170,493205,93135,438
Ceylon97,780129,11931,339
Cape of Good Hope14,58127,76513,184
Uruguay5,41815,4019,983
Hong Kong8,03816,8228,784
France40,20446,5286,324
Switzerland2144,7904,576
Gibraltar5,2879,7804,493
Denmark613,3853,324
Argentine Republic6223,4202,798
China1002,8052,705
Tasmania16,37318,8682,495
New Hebrides9502,8361,886
Friendly Islands97,51099,3341,824
Marshall Islands..1,5501,550
Chile1,0152,1541,139
Bengal1,2152,080865
Malta5799794
Guam19679660
Transvaal3941,011617
Norfolk Island1,1281,592464
Hungary1439438
Italy451879428
Philippine Islands66492426
Madras28342314
Japan377647270
New Guinea..123123
Country.1911.1910.Decrease in 1911.
£££
Burmah22128106
Rhodesia1611094
Singapore6415692
Solomon Islands1,3041,37167
Java25755
Malacca..1717
Mexico11413
Peru165
British West Indies143
British East Africa572
Norway25272
Roumania..11
Persia..11
Foreign West Indies..11

PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED TO BRITISH COUNTRIES.

United Kingdom.—Apparel and slops, £2,942; books, &c., printed, £2,693; butter, £1,471,167; motor-cars, £2,300; cheese, £1,181,237; coals, £143,680; copra, £29,550; infants' and invalids'foods, £3,462; gold, £379,596; beans and peas, £74,454; wheat, £216,706; kauri-gum, £130,767; hair, £5,028; honey, £2,824; hops, £3,030; instruments, surgical and dental, £2,244; lard, £3,562; leather, £24,563; frozen meat, beef, £288,251; kidneys, £13,216; lamb, £1,935,127; mutton (whole carcases), £1,104,421; mutton (joints), £43,927; pork, £25,714; rabbits (in skins), £79,358; other kinds, £7,308; salted beef, £2,364; meats, potted and preserved, £67,443; meat-extract, £2,539; metal, manufactured articles of, £3,545; metal, old, £8,089; milk, preserved, £5,115; phormium, £242,498; phormium tow, £18,295; pictures, paintings, &c., £2,171; plate and platedware, £2,376; rags, £2,102; sausage-skins, £72,181; grass and clover seeds, £21,396; silver, £35,574; rabbit-skins, £75,997; sheep-skins, with wool, £166,538; sheep-skins, without wool, £355,438; tallow, £522,665; mutton stock and oleomargarine, £83,534; timber, £21,242; whalebone, £4,552; wool— greasy, £4,691,378; scoured, £783,590; slipe, £684,489; washed, £12,774.

Victoria.—Animals—horses, £74,121; sheep, £3,230; books, &c., printed, £2,902; coals, £2,704; fish, frozen, £10,264; fish, potted and preserved, £2,464; gold, £537,151; barley, £4,255; oats, £4,142; hides, £57,605; leather, £2,269; linseed, £2,056; dairying machinery, £2,782; meats, potted and preserved, £5,314; oysters, £1,836; phormium, £17,974; phormium tow, £4,108; grass and clover seeds, £10,715; calf-skins, £2,135; specie, £5,000; pumice-stone, £2,109; timber, sawn, £126,207; wool, greasy, £5,298.

New South Wales.—Animals—horses, £91,700; sheep, £11,740: books, &c., printed, £2,571; motor-cars, £2,100; coals, £25,375; drugs, chemicals and druggists' wares, £4,900; fancy goods and toys, £8,737; fish, frozen, £10,505; fish, potted and preserved, £2,280; gold, £898,528; barley, £16,162; hair, £2,089; hides, £31,124; hops, £5,899; linseed, £4,145; dairying machinery, £3,757; manures, £2,635; meats, potted and preserved, £2,437; metal, manufactured articles of, £8,736; phormium, £16,440; phormium tow, £2,389; rugs, £2,548; grass and clover seeds, £3,791; calf-skins, £2,568; sheep-skins, without wool, £7,549; specie, £14,000; pumice-stone, £2,813; timber, sawn, £234,510; wool, greasy, £6,112.

Queensland.—Coals, £2,789; barley, £2,022; timber, £2,270.

South Australia.—Coals, £2,800; meats, potted and preserved, £2,422; timber, £31,669.

Western Australia.—Coals, £3,771; meats, potted and preserved, £3,468; timber, £4,329.

Tasmania.—Coals, £4,508; hides, £2,293; timber, £2,515.

Fiji.—Horses, £4,501; apparel and slops, £2,781; butter, £4,806; coals, £7,149; meats, potted and preserved, £18,142; metal, manufactured articles of, £2,732; specie, £14,600; wooden-ware, £4,233.

Cape of Good Hope.—Butter, £8,601; cheese, £2,460.

Natal.—Butter, £19,699; cheese, £4,742; grass and clover seeds, £2,265.

Canada.—Butter, £52,359; hides, £73,640; calf-skins, £28,815; sheep-skins, with wool, £6,149; sheep-skins, without wool, £6,655: wool—greasy, £7,747; slipe, £17,682.

Hong Kong.—Fungus, £6,171.

Ceylon.—Oats, £2,923.

Gibraltar.—Frozen beef, £3,448; silver, £94,637.

PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

Germany.—Kauri-gum, £34,062; scheelite ore, £10,545; wool, greasy, £124,161.

France.—Kauri-gum, £5,774: wool—greasy, £31,126; slipe, £2,863.

Belgium.—Kauri-gum, £3,990; wool, greasy, £26,497.

Austria.—Kauri-gum, £3,968.

United States.—Butter, £8,658; kauri-gum, £209,216; phormium, £19,242; sheep-skins, without wool, £89,756: wool—greasy, £93,911; slipe, £3,744.

Uruguay.—Sheep, £2,943.

Friendly Islands.—Ships' biscuits, £6,233; cotton piece-goods, £2,181; fish, potted and preserved, £2,723; sheet iron, galvanized and corrugated, £2,128; meats, potted and preserved, £15,461; kerosene oil, £2,147; specie, £12,855; sugar, refined, £4,806; timber, £6,097; wooden-ware, £3,797.

Navigators Islands.—Butter, £2,422; salted beef, £8,401; meats, potted and preserved, £12,641; kerosene oil, £2,894; soap, £2,298; sugar, refined, £2,907; timber, £2,050.

Society Islands.—Butter, £6,943; coals, £1,921; fancy goods and toys, £2,717; meats, potted and preserved, £10,472; kerosene oil, £2,735; soap, £5,494; sugar, refined, £2,290; wooden-ware, £2,238.

Bismarck Archipelago.—Coals, £3,036.

Caroline Islands.—Coals, £3,390.

New Caledonia.—Timber, £2,094.

RE-EXPORTS.

Owing to the geographical position of New Zealand its re-export trade is insignificant, and has varied but slightly in amount year by year with the exception of 1907, when the re-exports of merchandise were valued at £278,503, or less than 1½ per cent. of the total exports, excluding specie.

EXPORTS OF BRITISH, FOREIGN, AND OTHER COLONIAL PRODUCE (EXCLUDING SPECIE).
 £
1895127,966
1896122,571
1897144,955
1898124,850
1899123,682
1900168,009
1901179,350
1902136,860
1903133,734
1904136,963
1905138,539
1906152,134
1907278,503
1908180,675
1909173,215
1910208,310
1911198,287

NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE EXPORTED: VALUE FOR TWENTY YEARS.

The value of the export during twenty years, 1892-1911, is shown in a table giving the principal items of domestic produce exported each year. The most important commodities included under the heading “Other New Zealand Produce” are coal, silver, minerals, fish, oysters, fungus, kauri-gum, timber, bacon and hams, salted and preserved meats, tallow, sheep, rabbit, and other skins, pelts hides, sausage-skins, and live-stock.

EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE.
Calendar Year.Wool.Gold.Frozen Meat.Butter and Cheese.Agricultural Produce.ManufacturesOther N.Z. Produce.Total.
 ££££££££
18924,313,307951,9631,033,377318,2041,035,637367,6771,345,7039,365,868
18933,774,738915,9211,085,167354,271716,546345,6361,365,1648,557,443
18944,827,016887,8651,194,545366,483317,655224,9581,266,6269,085,148
18953,662,1311,162,1811,262,711378,510326,029188,7021,409,8898,390,156
18964,391,8481,041,4281,251,993411,882572,355198,0811,309,7499,177,333
18974,443,144980,2041,566,286553,122495,175197,6011,360,7359,596,267
18984,645,8041,080,6911,698,750539,466410,677253,8051,695,79510,324,988
18994,324,6271,513,1802,088,856713,617913,678378,0661,867,71611,799,740
19004,749,1961,439,6022,123,881969,7311,230,565549,3421,992,93213,055,249
19013,699,1031,753,7842,253,2621,121,0911,532,386425,1421,905,69212,690,460
19023,354,5631,951,4262,718,7631,369,3411,045,986755,2322,302,28813,498,599
19034,041,2742,037,8323,197,0431,513,065744,845823,3582,480,77514,838,192
19044,673,8261,987,5012,793,5991,565,946559,243896,3622,125,31014,601,787
19055,381,3332,093,9362,694,4321,613,728428,280882,9602,408,86115,503,530
19066,765,6552,270,9042,877,0311,901,237270,542988,2642,766,71317,840,346
19077,657,2782,027,4903,420,6642,277,700162,9671,073,7023,163,33719,783,138
19085,332,7812,004,7993,188,5151,954,601265,730572,3272,575,77715,894,530
19096,305,8882,006,9003,601,0932,744,770976,170504,9523,323,16319,462,936
19108,308,4101,896,3183,850,7773,007,348481,522649,8283,749,96021,944,163
19116,491,7071,815,2513,503,4062,768,974412,815537,9953,251,75018,781,898

The preceding table shows that the value of the exports of New Zealand produce increased steadily until 1908, when a slump in prices occurred. The following two years, show a big increase, but another heavy drop is recorded for 1911.

VALUE OF ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1911 AND 1910.

A comparative statement of exports for the last two years is given below, showing the value of principal articles, being the produce or manufacture of the Dominion, classified according to their nature:—

VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1911 AND 1910.
 Year 1911.Year 1910.Increase in 1911.Decrease in 1911.
££££
THE MINE.
Coal204,379259,562..55,183
Gold1,815,2511,896,318..81,067
Silver and minerals145,507188,468..42,961
Total2,165,1372,344,348..179,211
THE FISHERIES.
Fish27,60820,6007,008..
Oysters2,1782,617..439
Whalebone4,5521,0103,542..
Whale-oil2,7321,6091,123..
Other kinds233285..52
   Total37,30326,12111,182..
THE FOREST.
Fungus7,55816,447..8,889
Kauri-gum395,707465,044..69,337
Timber—
Sawn and hewn439,353407,65831,695..
Other692454238..
   Total843,310889,603..46,293
ANIMALS AND PRODUCE.
Bacon and hams7,5048,876..1,372
Beef and pork (salted)14,61915,855..1,236
Butter1,576,9171,811,975..235,058
Cheese1,192,0571,195,373..3,316
Hides165,769230,267..64,498
Live-stock201,045194,6286,417..
Preserved meats141,549146,529..4,980
Frozen meat3,503,4063,850,777..347,371
Sausage-skins76,56077,307..747
Rabbit-skins76,712132,773..56,061
Sheep-skins and pelts633,523741,259..107,736
Tallow607,257756,841..149,584
Wool6,491,7078,308,410..1,816,703
Other55,03544,51910,516..
Total14,743,66017,515,389..2,771,729
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Bran and sharps3,89611,259..7,633
Chaff1,081659422..
Flour1,0191,419..400
Grain—
Barley22,9158,47914,436..
Beans and peas78,80548,85129,954..
Maize3952..13
Malt4642462..
Oats9,21144,299..35,088
Wheat219,196216,6572,539..
Hops11,22120,447..9,226
Oatmeal266289..23
Potatoes6,3743,5092,865..
Seeds (grass and clover)40,317113,568..73,251
Other18,01112,0325,979..
Total412,815481,522..68,707
MANUFACTURES.
Apparel3,6923,488204..
Leather27,26323,7213,542..
Phormium fibre300,209448,414..148,205
Woollen-manufactures10,75410,653101..
Other manufactures196,077163,55232,525..
Total537,995649,828..111,833
Miscellaneous41,67837,3524,326..
Total exports (domestic produce and manufactures)18,781,89821,944,163..3,162,265
Specie48,30527,73620,569..
Re-exports198,287208,310..10,023
Total exports£19,028,490£22,180,209..£3,151,719

QUANTITIES OF ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1911 AND 1910.

The exports of New Zealand produce or manufacture for the last two years have also to be considered in relation to quantity, and the articles are again grouped in the next table according to the same classification as that used for purposes of comparing the values.

QUANTITIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE EXPORTED.
Articles.Year 1911.Year 1910.Increase in 1911.Decrease in 1911.

* At 20 lb. to the bushel

The Mine:—
   Coal Tons223,275277,011..53,736
   Gold Oz.454,837478,286..23,449
   Silver Oz.1,311,0431,711,235..400,192
   Minerals Tons30326340..
The Fisheries:—
   Fish Cwt.14,52210,3064,216..
   Oysters Doz.280,925339,690..58,765
   Whalebone lb.10,7522,5768,176..
   Whale-oil Gals.34,82823,32311,505..
The Forest:—
   Fungus Cwt.3,3596,321..2,962
   Gum (kauri) Tons7,5878,693..1,106
   Timber (sawn and hewn) S.ft.86,309,57081,940,0624,369,508..
Animals and Produce:—
   Bacon and hams Cwt.2,0352,699..664
   Beef and pork (salted) Cwt.10,49311,704..1,211
   Butter Cwt.302,387356,535..54,148
   Cheese Cwt.439,174451,915..12,741
   Hides No.129,841175,347..45,506
   Meats (preserved) Cwt.57,09862,520..5,422
   Meats (frozen) Cwt.2,250,5652,654,196..403,631
   Sausage-skins Cwt.21,91122,375..464
   Skins (rabbit) No.7,455,2889,103,954..1,648,666
   Skins (sheep) and pelts No.7,619,9157,810,586..190,671
   Tallow Cwt.413,120520,180..107,060
   Wool lb.169,424,811204,368,957..34,944,146
Agricultural Products:—
   Bran and sharps Tons9123,420..2,508
   Chaff Tons16114219..
   Flour Tons118127..9
   Grain, barley Bush.103,60242,92860,674..
   Grain beans and peas Bush.332,227198,527133,700..
   Grain maize Bush.197247..50
   Grain malt Bush.2,18142,177..
   Grain oats Bush.72,826444,586..371,760
   Grain wheat Bush.1,254,5571,294,328..39,771
   Hops Cwt.1,8333,851..2,018
   Potatoes Tons1,263505758..
   Seeds (grass and clover) Bush*103,253307,698..204,445
Manufactures:—
   Ale and beer Gal.18,17216,5831,589..
   Cordage Cwt.1,2541,16886..
   Leather Cwt.4,0934,317..224
   Phormium fibre Tons17,36620,645..3,279
   Soap Cwt.7,4526,927525..

WOOLEXPORTEDANDUSEDLOCALLY.

The quantity of wool exported in 1911, as previously shown, was 169,424,811 lb., valued at £6,491,707—a decrease of 34,944,146 lb., on the quantity exported in the previous year, and of £1,816,703 on the value. The annual production of wool for the last twenty years, taking the exports for the twelve months immediately preceding the commencement of shearing, and adding thereto the quantity used in the Dominion for manufacturing purposes is shown in the next table, but no addition has been made for wool on sheep-skins exported, nor for loss in scouring and washing.

Year ending 30th September.Quantity exported.Quantity purchased by Local Mills.Total.
 lb.lb.lb.
1892110,860,0503,388,954114,249,004
1893119,643,8742,629,855122,273,729
1894128,480,4572,476,155130,956,612
1895129,333,7693,299,132132,632,901
1896128,309,6733,989,934132,299,607
1897134,410,9553,298,469137,709,424
1898150,401,3993,763,831154,165,230
1899143,644,2034,258,505147,902,708
1900144,829,5153,223,392148,052,907
1901143,064,7894,629,924147,694,713
1902155,652,5634,203,312159,855,875
1903160,919,6935,294,652166,214,345
1904141,031,6995,191,451146,223,150
1905146,889,7673,651,343150,541,110
1906152,765,2324,372,472157,137,704
1907164,006,5794,116,722168,123,301
1908163,930,7224,779,198168,709,920
1909187,619,1815,202,821192,822,002
1910194,472,9345,642,113200,115,047
1911184,854,1496,048,164190,902,313

From this table it will be seen that the totals for the year ending 30th September, 1911, though much lower than those for the previous year, are 67 per cent. higher than the figures for 1891-92.

The percentages of greasy, scoured, and washed wool to the total quantities exported during the last ten years are :—

Years.Greasy.Scoured and Sliped.Washed.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
190273.8224.261.92
190376.4722.151.38
190479.8718.931.20
190582.0916.821.09
190682.2516.910.84
190783.5915.870.54
190881.6017.351.05
190982.4017.090.51
191083.4816.270.25
191180.6319.160.21

EXPORTOF RABBIT-SKINS.

Prior to 1878 rabbit-skins were a very small item in the exports, but in that year the number sent out of the Dominion amounted to 3,951,209. Ten years after (1888) the export had risen to 11,809,407, from which it increased to 17,041,106 in 1893, the greatest number as yet exported in a year. From 1895 the fall was rapid, and though the number of skins exported in 1910 amounted to 9,103,954, the highest for fifteen years, the total for 1911 was only 7,455,288.

The figures for the years 1893 to 1911 are quoted :—

Year.Number of Rabbit-skins exported.
189317,041,106
189414,267,385
189515,229,314
189610,828,612
18978,099,334
18986,607,934
18997,891,648
19005,690,893
19017,112,008
19026,139,794
19036,101,899
19046,103,930
19058,831,107
19065,454,738
19075,513,900
19087,148,625
19097,533,137
19109,103,954
19117,455,288

From the foregoing it will be seen that the importance of the export hes very much diminished since 1893. The fall, represented in money value, has been :—

Year.Value of Rabbit-skins exported.
 £
1893138,952
189487,993
189585,022
189665,599
189747,472
189851,607
189981,118
190041,689
190157,046
190252,566
190340,727
190440,843
190566,983
190650,686
190753,757
190866,529
190989,533
1910132,773
191176,712

While the amount of money received for this product is less than in some of the earlier years shown, it may be a satisfactory result, as seeming to indicate some abatement of the rabbit pest. The increase for the last few years is probably due to the more vigorous enforcement of the laws relating to the destruction of rabbits. Large quantities of frozen rabbits are now exported, and are alluded to in the remarks on the frozen-meat industry.

EXPORTOF SHEEP-SKINSAND PELTS.

These form a more important article of export at the present time than the rabbit-skins, though in the year 1888 the position was the reverse as regards value in money. In that year the number of sheep-skins and pelts sent away from New Zealand was 1,646,401, against 7,619,915 in 1911. The value increased from £83,574 in the former to £633,523 in the latter year. The numbers exported for the last ten years are quoted.

Year.Export of Sheep-skins and Pelts.
 No.
19026,144,680
19037,142,531
19046,037,460
19054,931,191
19066,551,228
19077,016,744
19086,322,116
19097,515,414
19107,810,586
19117,619,915

EXPORTOF TALLOW.

The tallow exported in 1911 amounted to 413,120 cwt., a decrease of 107,060 cwt. as compared with 1910, in which year 520,180 cwt. were exported. The value of the 1911 export was £607,257, as against £756,841 in 1910. The figures for the last ten years are given.

TALLOWEXPORTED.

Years.Cwt.£
1902424,060550,131
1903396,940517,871
1904322,480357,974
1905318,942347,888
1906378,400455,026
1907414,880560,965
1908372,520481,335
1909484,160648,452
1910520,180756,841
1911413,120607,257

FROZEN MEATEXPORTED.

Frozen meat takes second place among the exports of New Zealand produce. In 1911, 2,250,565 cwt., valued at £3,503,406, were shipped. The total export for each year since the commencement of the trade has been :—

Year.lb.
18821,707,328
18839,853,200
188428,445,228
188533,204,976
188638,758,160
188745,035,984
188861,857,376
188973,564,064
1890100,934,756
1891110,199,082
189297,636,557
1893100,262,453
1894114,827,216
1895127,018,864
1896123,576,544
1897157,687,152
1898173,798,576
1899208,972,624
1900206,621,072
1901208,045,204
1902239,518,384
1903266,408,800
1904214,253,648
1905189,356,608
1906226,856,784
1907263,738,496
1908237,473,936
1909288,131,648
1910297,269,952
1911252,063,280

Included among the frozen meats exported there are considerable quantities of rabbits and hares, the number and value of which, for the last ten years, were as follows :—

Year.Rabbits.Hares.
Number.£Number.£
19024,776,914116,99623,4211,888
19034,452,82999,5958,145493
19043,788,57686,4228,509509
19052,807,24260,2988,173484
19062,517,60054,2104,993253
19073,325,94171,9044,706481
19082,654,06157,1604,231348
19092,973,75663,9833,987218
19103,139,16870,05810,744839
19113,641,67679,36711,418824

To ascertain the total value of the meat export in 1911 it is necessary to take into consideration, with the amount of £3,503,406, value of frozen meat before stated, £20,913 for frozen fish; also the value of potted and preserved meats, £141,549; of salted beef and pork, £14,619; and of bacon and hams, £7,504.

GOLDEXPORTED.

The quantity of gold exported in 1911 was 454,837 oz., a decrease of 23,449 oz. on the quantity exported in 1910.

The total quantity of gold entered for duty to the 31st December, 1911, which may be reckoned as approximately the amount obtained in New Zealand, was 20,164,988 oz., of the value of £79,253,913. For fuller information, see special section on mining.

GRAINAND PULSEEXPORTED.

The value of the grain and pulse exported in 1911 was £330,186. The exports for 1910 and 1911 were made up as under :—

 1911.1910.
Bushels.£Bushels.£
Wheat1,254,557219,1961,294,328216,657
Oats72,8269,211444,58644,299
Barley103,60222,91542,9288,479
Maize1973924752
Peas and beans332,22778,805198,52748,851
Rye and unenumerated100205,000735
Total quantity and value1,763,509£330,1861,985,616£319,073

It will be seen that though the quantity exported in 1911 was less than in 1910 there was a slight increase in the total value.

The figures given below show that there is no regular export of wheat from New Zealand. Unless there is a rise in price, consequent on a general shortage, it is found more profitable to consume any surplus grain on the farm and export other products.

Year.Wheat exported. Bushels.
18922,460,774
1894228,904
1896453,123
189810,090
19002,867,069
19012,301,092
1902194,671
190371,700
1904813,535
1905967,151
190661,199
19071,374
19081,385
19091,419,217
19101,294,328
19111,254,557

The imports of wheat during 1898 exceeded the exports by upwards of 50,000 bushels, but from 1899 to 1906 the imports were practically nil, the small quantity introduced being for seeding purposes only. In 1911 the import was 10,552 bushels, of which 3,688 bushels came from South Australia, and 6,573 bushels from Victoria.

The quantity of oats exported in 1891 and succeeding years was as follows :—

Year.Export of Oats. Bushels.
18914,052,414
18923,830,444
18941,963,288
18962,247,053
1898816,210
19005,818,648
190110,514,924
19025,185,812
19034,956,330
19042,693,417
19051,076,916
1906734,997
190736,693
1908972,896
19095,133,473
1910444,586
191172,826

Of the total exported in 1911, Victoria received 34,230 bushels, Ceylon 22,911 bushels, the Navigators Islands 3,413 bushels, Fiji 2,740 bushels, New South Wales 2,643 bushels, Queensland 2,592 bushels, and Brazil 1,945 bushels.

The export of this cereal, like that of wheat, depends upon the conditions of supply in other countries.

BUTTERAND CHEESEEXPORTED.

The total export of butter and cheese in the past twenty years, and the quantity of each commodity sent to the United Kingdom, is tabulated:—

Year.Total Export of Butter.Butter Exported to the United Kingdom.Total Export of Cheese.Cheese Exported to the United Kingdom.
 Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.
189253,93041,50941,49330,000
189358,14952,36346,20141,567
189460,77158,84555,65554,540
189557,96455,19476,74373,369
189671,35360,09271,37258,692
189799,00279,84977,68367,681
189896,80180,81468,71141,412
1899136,086121,50269,44040,901
1900172,583165,871102,84981,908
1901201,591170,903104,29474,510
1902253,998170,20774,74650,325
1903285,106249,01674,78064,661
1904314,360299,17184,52682,046
1905305,722282,27588,56285,653
1906320,225306,739131,206129,321
1907328,441314,081236,833234,517
1908229,971211,242280,798276,212
1909321,108301,693400,607398,619
1910356,535345,400451,915449,167
1911302,387283,505439,174435,616

Of the butter exported in 1911, 283,505 cwt., value £1,471,167, were shipped to the United Kingdom; 39 cwt., value £216, to

New South Wales; 837 cwt., value £4,806, to Fiji; 5,379 cwt., value £28,435, to British South Africa; 1,643 cwt., value £11,255, to the South Sea Islands; 9,224 cwt., value £52,359, to Canada : and 1,757 cwt., value £8,658, to United States.

Of the cheese exported, 435,616 cwt., value £1,187,237, were sent to the United Kingdom; 505 cwt., value £1,739, to New South Wales; 70 cwt., value £443, to Victoria; 135 cwt., value £430, to Fiji; 78 cwt., value £272, to Bengal; 80 cwt., value £312, to Bombay; 2,572 cwt., value £7,202, to British South Africa; and 49 cwt., value £140, to Portuguese East Africa.

PHORMIUMFIBREEXPORTED.

Phormium fibre, of which 17,366 tons (excluding 3,283 tons of tow), valued at £300,209, were exported in 1911, shows a decrease in quantity and value, on comparing these figures with those for 1910, when the quantity sent away was 20,645 tons, valued at £448,414.

The market price of phormium fibre is influenced by the supply of Manila hemp. The raw material is abundant in this country, but the present cost of treatment must be reduced by the introduction of more economical methods, and royalties demanded by the owners of flax-lands adjusted in proportion to prices, otherwise the industry is likely to give way to its more cheaply produced competitor.

KAURI-GUMEXPORTED.

The export for 1911 (7,587 tons) is less than that of the previous year by 1,106 tons. The value was £395,707, or an average of £52 3s. 1d. per ton. Full information as to the uses of this resin and the kauri-gum industry generally was given in a special article in Part III of the Year-book for 1900. It embraces interesting matter from the report of the Royal Commission which investigated the whole subject in 1898.

EXPORTS, 1911.

Articles exported.Quantities.Value in Sterling.
Produce and Manufactures of the Dominion.British, Foreign, and other Colonial Produce and Manufactures.Produce and Manufactures of the Dominion.British, Foreign, and other Colonial Produce and Manufactures.Total.
 £££
Acid—
   Unenumeratedlb.65021147653
Alkali—
   Soda, carbonate, and bicarbonatecwt.13911617
   Soda, causticcwt...1..22
Animals, living—
   AssesNo.12..60..60
   BirdsNo.124..14..14
   CattleNo.371..4,744..4,744
   CatsNo.2..1..1
   DogsNo.89129010300
   GoatsNo.4..15..15
   HorsesNo.5,471..171,593..171,593
   PigeonsNo.206..13..13
   PigsNo.696..1,813..1,813
   Pigs (Guinea)No.8..2..2
   PoultryNo.2,214..482..482
   SheepNo.7,909..22,018..22,018
Apparel and slops......3,6925,9089,600
Arms, ammunition, and explosives—
   CartridgesNo...146,400..486486
   Detonators for Dynamite, &c.........5050
   Dynamitelb...1,236..7070
   FirearmsNo...76..184184
   Fusecoils..2,681..7474
   Ordnance Stores......712596
   Powder, blastinglb...150..66
   Powder, sportinglb...525..3535
   Shotcwt.1..2..2
   Other explosiveslb...2,520..146146
Bacon and hams—
   Baconcwt.1,013..3,596..3,596
   Hamscwt.1,022..3,908..3,908
Bags and sacks—
   Cornsacksdoz...12,481..2,1562,156
   Unenumerateddoz.2,1475,9194241,1871,611
Basketware and wickerware......2111113
Beergal.18,1722,7342,3386542,992
Belting—
   Other than leathergal.......244244
Beverages, non-alcoholic—
   Aerated and mineral waters......2,159332,192
   Coffee-essence........1717
   Fruit-juices, sweetened......295281
   Fruit-juices, unsweetenedgal.13615081119
   Unenumerated......162642
Bicycles and tricyclesNo.1115279556635
   Materials for........1,2701,270
   Motor bicycles and tricyclesNo...3..115115
Biscuits—
   Fancy and other kindslb.18,709364113414
   Ships', plaincwt.7,99319,01639,019
Blacking...... 276276
Bluelb...4,649..110110
BoatsNo.2663,810873,897
   Fittings for......3811
Bonestons11..69..69
Books, papers and music, n.o.e., printed......5,0424,2419,283
Boots and shoesdoz. prs.933533001,2331,533
Brantons88633,724183,742
Brass, scrapcwt.324..516..516
Bricks—
   BuildingNo.15,000..44..44
   FireNo.11,450..103..103
Brushes, brushware, and brooms ....235299534
   Materials for........2828
Buttercwt.302,387..1,576,917..1,576,917
Candleslb.3164,43410102112
Canes and rattanslb.....56..56
Canvaslb.....3423426
Cards, playingpacks2085,6443136139
Carpeting and druggeting........1,2821,282
Carriages, &c.—
   CarriagesNo.25154730577
   Carts, drays, and wagonNo.13931,711451,756
   Motor-cardNo...10..4,4004,400
   Motor-vehicles, bodies forNo...8..426426
   Motor-vehicles, chassis forNo...7..1,7241,724
      Materials forNo.....131,1551,108
   Perambulators and go-cartsNo.31527
      Materials for......1659721,137
Cementbarrels7,6467652,8584153,273
Chains and chain cablescwt...133..130130
Cheesecwt.439,174..1,192,057..1,192,057
China, porcelain, and parianware ....1598113
ClocksNo...187..101101
Coaltons223,275643204,379629205,008
Cocoa and chocolatelb...2,293..246246
Coffee—
   Rawlb.3233,56821125146
   Roastedlb.2,4752,227132114246
Coketons24..41..41
Combs........1111
Confectionery—
   Chocolate in plain trade packageslb...737..3939
   Chocolate in fancy packageslb.....7471478
   Unenumeratedlb.10,7915,490206233439
Copper—
   Nailscwt...5..2222
   Pig, bar, and sheetcwt...16..9090
   Scrapcwt.57..134..134
Copratons1,23826624,0555,63429,689
Cordagecwt.1,2535232,3281,1573,485
   Iron and steelcwt...941219220
Cork, cut........5454
Cotton piece-goods—
   Leather-cloth........66
   Unenumerated......355,0115,046
Cotton—
   Wastecwt...8..1414
   Wicklb...3,024..130130
Drapery......1103,4673,577
   Lace and laces, n.o.e.......2371373
   Ribbons and crape........428428
   Tailors' trimmings........114114
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
   Anhydrous ammonia........1111
   Baking-powder......35..35
   Carbide of calciumtons..111213
   Chemicals, n.o.e.......10186196
   Cream of tartarlb...5,738..163163
   Disinfectants......402565
   Glycerine, refined......430..430
   Insecticides and tree-washes......24251275
   Medicinal preparations, drugs, druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e.......2091,5291,738
   Medicinal preparations, containing over 50 per cent. of proof spiritslb...163..5151
Sheep-dip......22648274
Sheep and horse drenches and sheep-licks......93598
   Vanilla-beanslb...9,881..2,7502,750
   Washing-powder......345084
   Unenumerated......2,2312,5794,810
Dyes......19091
Earthenware......60615675
Engine-packing........8282
Essences, flavouring, over 33 per cent. proof spiritgal...16..1111
Essential oilslb...746..131131
Fancy goods and toys......55412,85713,411
   Curiosities........1111
Featherslb.10,946..198..198
Felt sheathing........22
Fire-engines and extinguishersNo...3..44
Fireworks........3030
Fish—
   Dried, pickled, or saltedcwt.3317583593
   Frozencwt.13,313..20,913..20,913
   OvaNo.606,840..233..233
   Potted and preservedlb.131,738250,3776,6376,54113,178
Fishing-tacklelb.......104104
Flockcwt.6..13..13
Floorcloth and oilclothcwt.......7373
Flourtons118131,0191271,146
Foods, animal—
   Chafftons161321,0811711,252
Unenumerated......66343706
Foods, farinaceous—
   Arrowrootlb...274..55
   Infants and invalidslb.....3,6501033,753
   Macaroni and vermicellilb...206..77
   Maizena and cornflourlb.2403,84257984
   Sago and tapiocacwt...33..4343
   Unenumerated......7..7
Fruits—
   Bottled and preserveddoz.319403141167308
Fruits, dried—
   Currantslb...4,496..6363
   Raisinslb...887..2121
   Figs, dates, and pruneslb...1,737..3535
   Unenumeratedlb.1007,5832171173
Fruits, fresh—
   Apples and pearslb.239,7971,7892,049202,069
   Other kindslb.5,19928,12552245297
Funguscwt.3,359..7,558..7,558
Furniture, cabinetware, and up-holstery......1,0457371,782
   Kapokcwt...20..5959
Furniture, knife and plate powder and polish......1,2362661,502
Furs........397397
Gelatine and isinglasslb.14933943842
Glass—
   Bottles, empty......2102104
   Brokencwt.12,872..1,279..1,279
   Mirrors and looking-glass........157157
   Plate, bevelled, and silvered......74148
   Windowsup. ft...17,498..172172
Glassware........395395
Glue and sizecwt...22..2121
Glycerine (crude)cwt.1,142..2,307..2,307
Goldoz.454,837441,815,2511731,815,424
Grain and pulse—
   Barleybush.103,602..22,915..22,915
   Beans and peasbush.332,2271278,805978,814
   Maizebush.197..39..39
   Oatsbush.72,826..9,211..9,211
   Wheatbush.1,254,557..219,196..219,196
   Unenumeratedbush.10047202949
   Ground, unenumerated centals 2608719861259
Greasecwt...18..2424
Grindery—
   Unenumerated......4541545
Gum, kauritons7,587..395,707..395,707
Haberdashery........161161
   Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, and needles........55
Sewing cottons, silks, and threads........880880
Haircwt.1,511..7,688..7,688
Hardware, hollow-ware, and iron-mongery......9933,4984,491
Hats and capsdoz.9615059219278
Hatters' materials......165773
Hay and strawtons19..101..101
HidesNo.129,841..165,769..165,769
Honeylb.151,691..2,988..2,988
Hopscwt.1,833..11,221..11,221
Horns and hoofstons205..2,672..2,672
Hose—canvas, indiarubber, and other........8888
Hosiery......8912771,168
Indiarubber and gutta-percha goods........1,0861,086
Indiarubber, oldcwt.1,871..2,730..2,730
Ink, printinglb...63..66
   Writinggal...5..55
Instruments, musical—
   Harmoniums and OrgansNo...4..294294
   PianosNo...37..1,9321,932
   Unenumerated......61150211
   Materials for........7070
Instruments, other kinds—
   Optical........3030
   Scientific........128128
   Surgical and dental......182,5712,589
   Surveying........217217
Iron and steel—
   Angletons..3..3131
   Bar, bolt, and rodtons..491622623
   Bolts and nutscwt.1935306898
   Castings for shipscwt.....36..36
   Galvanized manufactures.... 31688404
   Hooptons..1..1313
   Pigtons..5..2222
   Pipes and fittingstons..102194196
   Railstons..7..2929
   Sheet and platetons161993112
      Galvanized, corrugatedcwt.46,81245,6865,690
      Galvanized, plaincwt...861..868868
   Staples, fencingcwt...43..3636
   TanksNo.48144107363470
   Wire, fencing, barbedtons..25..349349
   Wire, fencing, plaintons..5..7777
   Wire netting........659659
Jams, jellies, and preserveslb.70,08810,5811,1032141,317
Jellies, concentratedlb...1,797..8080
Jewellery......3201,2081,528
Jewellers' sweepings......32310333
Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick ......718718
Lardcwt.2,969..4,172..4,172
Lead—
   Pigs and barscwt...86..7070
   Sheetcwt...23..2222
Leather (including basils)cwt.4,0934227,26384328,106
   Manufactures......13110123
Limebush.1,657..123..123
Linen piece-goods........7171
   Hessians and scrim........4444
Linseedcentals10,033307,682237,705
Machinery and machines—
   Agricultural......5,7121,3787,090
   Ploughs and harrows......2312233
   Cash-registeringNo...7..222222
   Dairying......5,4462,7018,147
   Dredging......2,047482,095
   Electric......532,5052,558
   Engines, gas and oilNo.137451,6361,681
   Flour-milling......40180220
   Knitting and sewingNo...137..766766
   Mining......1,3592641,623
   Paper milling........300300
   Printing........701701
   Woollen-milling........6161
   Unenumerated......1,7144,5796,293
   Materials for, and parts of......71279350
Malebush.2,181..464..464
Manures—
   Bonedusttons52361551
   Unenumeratedtons46822,705132,718
Marble, dressed, polished, and manufactures......253157410
Matches and vestas—
   Waxgross boxes1230268
   Woodengross boxes..8,965 801801
Mats and matting......16637203
Meal, oatencentals402..266..266
Meats-
   Beef, frozencwt.243,435..292,163..292,163
   Beef, saltedcwt.10,481..14,588..14,588
   Kidneys, frozencwt.6,835..13,222..13,222
   Lamb, frozencarcases3,417,382...... 
= cwt.1,020,049..1,935,296..1,935,296
   Mutton (whole carcases), frozencarcases1,742,743..1,106,512..1,106,512
= cwt.837,160    
   Mutton (joints), frozen= cwt.32,034..43,927..43,927
   Pork, frozen= cwt.10,911..25,714..25,714
   Pork, salted= cwt.12..31..31
   Poultry, frozenpairs1,350..411..411
   Veal, frozencwt.379..464..464
   Rabbits, frozen in skins carcases3,641,676 79,367..79,367
=cwt.95,610..   
   Hares, frozen in skins carcases11,418..824..824
=cwt.842..   
   Other kinds, frozen= cwt.3,310..5,917..5,917
   Potted and preserved= cwt.57,0984141,54914141,563
   Meat-extractlb.24,041..2,598..2,598
   Unenumeratedcwt.2..8..8
Metal, manufactured articles of—
   AnchorsNo.157105565
   Meters—water, gas, and electricityNo.......846846
   PumpsNo.......549549
   Rivets and washerscwt...10..1818
   TypewritersNo...44..681681
   Unenumerated......4,53411,77916,313
Metal, oldcwt.23,707..8,726..8,726
Milk, preservedlb.281,527105,2896,8982,0828,980
Millinery—
   Feathers, ornamental....  4646
   Other kindslb.....9345354
Minerals—
   Auriferous oretons138..1,419..1,419
   Antimony and antimonyoretons20..92..92
   Pyritestons2..100..100
   Manganese-ore........44
   Mercury-oretons2..400..400
   Scheelite-oretons138..11,853..11,853
   Unenumeratedtons3..56..56
Mouldings and panels......5282530
Mustardlb...86..77
Nailscwt.9064390628718
Nuts—
   Almonds, shelled and unshelledlb...591..3030
   Walnutslb.3502,44886068
   Unenumeratedlb...128..33
Oakumcwt...3..55
OarsNo...299..8484
Oils—
   Castorgal...73..1212
   Colzagal...55..88
   Coconutgal.150..28..28
   Fish, penguin, and sealgal.1,680..130..130
   Linseedgal...1,950..449449
   Mineral, kerosenegal.50199,67517,8987,899
   Mineral, other kindsgal...53,186..3,1153,115
   Neatsfootgal.9,77351,24011,241
   Olivegal...100..3030
   Whalegal.34,828..2,372..2,372
   Unenumerated, Bulkgal.7,9073,382635329904
   Unenumerated, in vessels under 1 gallon......28890
Oilmen's stores......60105165
Onionscwt.4,7949781,4364051,841
Oystersdoz.280,925..2,178..2,178
Paints and colours—
   Ground in oilcwt.33976496502
   Mixed, ready for usecwt.558101273,1253,252
   Unenumeratedcwt.114655270122
Paper—
   Bagscwt.13631285133
   Hangings......13031
   Printingcwt.45155156
   Wrappingcwt.14277122135257
   Writingcwt.12224547
   Unenumeratedcwt.44448
Peel, candied and drainedlb.56..2..2
Perfumery—
   Perfumed spiritsgal...9..1414
   Toilet preparations......63339
   Unenumerated........44
Phormiumtons17,366..300,209..300,209
   Towtons3,283..24,921..24,921
Photographic goods......9716725
   Cameras and lenses........208208
   Sensitized surfaces........114114
Picklesgal.6763212142
Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs ....1,8061,3373,143
Picture frames and mounts......12627
Plants and shrubs......60315618
Plate and platedware......82,9072,915
Platinumoz...350..2,8002,800
Pollard and sharpstons26..172..172
Portmanteaux and travelling-bags ....312051
Potatoestons1,263..6,37446,378
Printing materials—
   Stereotypes and matrices........1616
   Type and materials, n.o.e.......103646
Provisions—
   Eggsdoz.10,683..651..651
   Unenumerated......2,6718383,509
Puttycwt22235
Ragscwt1,874..2,247 2,247
Ricecwt..2,091..1,4701,470
Rugs......9,0833899,472
Saddlery and harness (including whips)......799132931
Harness Oil, Composition, and Leather Dressings......23133
Salttons1178157165
Saucesgal.25852475280355
Sausage-skinscwt.21,9114176,56047177,031
Seeds—
   Grass and clovercwt.18,43888840,3173,63243,949
   Unenumerated......1,8254232,248
Ship-chandlery, n.o.e.......168223391
Silks........449449
Silveroz.1,311,043..131,587..131,587
Skins—
   Calf and other kindsNo.153,560235,5155035,565
   RabbitNo.7,455,288..76,71276,712 
= lb.1,194,766....  
   Sheep, with woolNo.901,088..173,170 173,170
= lb.6,556,818...... 
   Sheep, without woolNo.6,718,907 460,353 460,353
= lb.17,453,437.. .. 
Soap—
   Commoncwt.7,452..8,961 8,961
   Powder and extract of soap......125264
   Soap, n.o.e.......6473137
Specie—
   Copper........150150
   Gold........32,10032,100
   Silver........16,05516,055
Specimens illustrative of natural science......599..599
Spices—
   Groundlb.2675018220
   Ungroundlb...140..33
Spirits—
   Bitters, cordials, and liqueursgal...29..3833
   Brandygal...842..484484
   Geneva and gin, unsweetenedgal...1,013..368368
   Methylatedgal.199562026
   Rumgal...24..66
   Sweetened, n.o.e.gal...26..88
   Whiskygal...4,008..1,7761,776
Starchlb.2407,5305160165
Stationery......1,2761,4142,690
   Handbills and circularslb.3,7676,130119229348
   Apparatus, appliances, &c., for educational purposes......96473
   Cardboard boxes, materials for ......1515
Stone—
   Buildingtons34..31..31
   Greenstonecwt.39..297..297
   Grind, mill, oil, and whet........1010
   Pumicetons2,596..6,601..6,601
   Sand pumicetons555..1,347..1,347
Sugar—
   Rawcwt...300..246246
   Refinedcwt.12,8585510,2154010,255
   Golden syrupcwt.29..30 30
   Molasses and treaclecwt.8..9..9
Tallowtons18,124..523,648..523,648
   Mutton stock, oleomarga.......etons2,532..83,609..83,609
Tanning materials, crude—
   Barktons130..611..611
   Other kinds........4848
Tar......14923
Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick and wagon covers......26227289
Tealb...63,100..3,8663,866
Textile piece-goods—
   Other than silk, cotton, linen or woollen......1332,0432,176
   Articles made up from other than apparel......13118131
Timber—
   LogsNo.15..56..56
   Logs, hewnsup. ft.37,755..162..162
   PostsNo.230..19..19
   Sawn, undressedsup. ft.85,061,00127,807425,665287425,952
   Sawn, dressedsup. ft.1,210,8142,46313,5263813,564
   Sawn, unenumerated ....6713
Tin—
   Blockcwt...5..3434
   Scrapcwt.3,015..204..204
   Sheetcwt...304..298298
Tinware......7053123
Tobacco—
   Manufacturedlb...43,876..4,5044,504
   Cigarslb...1,217..699699
   Cigaretteslb...1,951..768768
Tobacco pipes and cases, cigar and cigarette holders and cases and cigarette papers........245245
Tools and implements—
   Axes and hatchets........108108
   Engineers', metal-, wood-, and stone-workers' machine and hand tools......243160403
   Spades, shovels, and forks........1818
   Unenumerated.... 75581656
Turpentine and terebenegal...127..3030
Twine—
   Nets and netting......271340
   Bindercwt.22013573360
   Unenumerated......257398
Umbrellas and parasols......85563
   Materials for........1515
Varnish, lacquers, and gold-sizegal.2949211195206
Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved......375386761
Vinegargal.54104142337
WatchesNo...599..541541
Wax, paraffinlb...28..11
Whalebonecwt.96..4,552..4,552
Whiting and chalkcwt...21..77
Wine—
   Australiangal...58..3333
   Sparklinggal...453..935935
   Other kindsgal.1992511568579
Woodenware......10,9361,84712,783
Wool—
   Greasylb.136,601,1343894,986,213174,986,230
   Scouredlb.14,932,802..783,745..783,745
   Slipelb.17,536,923..708,778..708,778
   Washedlb.353,952..12,971..12,971
Woollen piece-goods......8891421,031
Woollen blanketspairs617 781..781
Wool packsdoz...12..1919
Yarns......1..1
Zinc—
   Perforated sheetcwt...4..66
   Plain sheetcwt...37..5656
   Speltercwt.1,36221,23941,243
Miscellaneous—
   Goods, manufactured......326351677
   Goods, unmanufactured......2,1571042,261
Parcels-post......39,521..39,521

A table is appended giving details of goods forwarded in the year 1911 to the Cook and other Pacific Islands annexed to New Zealand. These do not appear as exports from the Dominion, being merely part of the internal trade or transactions between one portion of the country and another.

Articles.Quantities.Value.
 £
Animals, living208 number611
Apparel and slops..2,673
Arms, ammunition, &c.—
   Firearms43 number77
   Cartridges67,850 number189
   Powder, shot, fuse, &c...272
Bacon and hams57 cwt.222
Bags and sacks3,426 doz.1,100
Beer302 gal.59
Beverages, nonalcoholic..121
Bicycles and tricycles, and materials for..436
Biscuits—
   Fancy and other kinds11,589 lb.304
   Ships', plain2,694 cwt.3,258
Boats4 number332
Boots and shoes134 doz. pairs509
Butter207 cwt.1,309
Carriages, &c...411
Cement818 barrels395
Cheese19 cwt.64
China, porcelain, and parianware..155
Clocks80 number24
Coals678 tons708
Cordage147 cwt.280
Cotton piece-goods..1,197
Drapery..1,869
   Lacs and sundries..410
Drugs and druggists' sundries..699
Fancy goods..1,340
Fish, potted or preserved, &c.33,814 lb.923
Flour230 tons2,390
Furniture..470
Hardware..1,065
Hats and caps102 doz.132
Iron and steel..2,324
Leather785 lb.59
Machinery and machines..230
Matches and vestas2,568 gross boxes330
Meats, frozen, salted, and preserved3,033 cwt.6,364
Metal manufactures..300
Milk, preserved..397
Millinery..81
Nails557 cwt.482
Oars306 number108
Oils17,592 gal.885
Paints71 cwt.133
Potatoes18 tons118
Provisions, n.o.e...1,019
Rice427 cwt.317
Rugs..344
Saddlery and harness..144
Silks..146
Soap..1,796
Specie, gold..1,345
Specie, silver..5
Spirits312 gal.174
Stationery..174
Sugar2,611 cwt.2,025
Tea3,512 lb.197
Timber134,651 sup. ft.1,531
Tobacco6,864 lb.905
Woodenware..7,183
Miscellaneous..3,011
Total value of goods shipped to the Islands..£56,131

SUBSECTION C.—IMPORTS.

THE quantities and values of imports used in making up the figures given in this portion of the statistical information are obtained from Customs entries, verified where necessary, as with goods subject to an ad valorem duty, by examination. In estimating the value of ad valorem goods, such value is understood to be the fair market value thereof when sold for home consumption in the principal markets of the country whence and at the time when the same were exported, including the value of the case, cask, or covering of any kind in which such goods are contained, with 10 per cent. added (section 55 of the Customs Law Act, 1908). Value of all other goods includes freight and charges to time of arrival at port of discharge. Goods transhipped at a foreign port are regarded as imported from the country whence they were originally shipped. The countries named, however, may not be those of origin, as no attempt is made to trace the goods beyond the ports disclosed by the documents presented to the Customs. Very little cargo in transitu passes through New Zealand.

The total declared values of the imports in 1911 amounted to £19,545,879, being an increase on the corresponding total in 1910 of £2,494,296. These figures, however, include specie. The value of coin brought into the Dominion in 1911 was £763,271, against £303,360 in the previous year, and if these amounts are excluded the increase on the value of merchandise is £2,034,385.

The value of imports for the year 1890, and for each of the ten latest years was: —

Year.Imports, inclusive of Specie.Imports, exclusive of Specie.
 ££
18906,260,5255,928,895
190211,326,72310,958,038
190312,788,67512,075,959
190413,291,69412,900,030
190512,828,85712,481,178
190615,211,40314,303,170
190717,302,86116,539,707
190817,471,28417,247,162
190915,674,71914,817,462
191017,051,58316,748,223
191119,545,87918,782,608

The value of imports, exclusive of specie, rose from £5,928,895 in 1890 to £6,115,953 in 1895, after which there ensued a steady advance to £17,247,162 in 1908. In 1909 there was a considerable falling off, but the returns for 1910 and 1911 show substantial increases in the value of the imports.

The expansion of imports is still further to be considered in connection with the condition of the manufactures of the Dominion, for

an increase of imports arising from a decline of internal manufactures would scarcely be regarded as a satisfactory position. That there has been great development of the manufactures of New Zealand since 1895, not only in the great primary industries, but throughout, is exhibited in the section giving the results of an inquiry made at the census of 1911 relative to manufactories and works.

It is desirable to consider not only the total value of the import trade for different years by comparing totals, but to ascertain the rates per head of population, to judge whether the imports are relatively greater or less than they have been. The fairest comparisons are from calculations made after deducting specie imported, as the amount of this commodity fluctuates widely. The figures for 1890 and each year from 1902 onwards stand thus:—

Years.Imports per Head of mean Population excluding Maoris.
Including Specie.Excluding Specie.
 £s.d.£s.d.
189010029110
19021431113148
190315111014145
1904151471554
190514141114611
19061619815195
190718166171911
190818991850
1909162715411
1910173616175
1911195218102

Using the figures exclusive of the specie, comparisons for the years since 1902 show that the value of imports per head of population increased annually with almost unbroken regularity until 1905. For the ensuing three years there was considerable increase in the rate; then an appreciable decrease in 1909, an increase in 1910, and a much greater increase in 1911, which year shows the highest rate since 1878.

IMPORTS, NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS.

Separating the value of the imports entered at the ports of the North Island from that of the South Island, it is found that while in 1901 the former received imported goods to the value of £6,590,495 against £5,117,737, for the South Island, in the year 1911 the North Island imports exceeded those of the other to a far greater extent, the values being respectively £12,270,727 and £6,900,858.

IMPORTS , BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

The value of imports recorded for each provincial district is the value of the goods entered at the port or ports situate within the district, but information is not at present available to enable the whole of the imported goods to be traced to their actual destination, so that the figures must not be taken to represent the value of imports consumed within the several districts.

The values of imports in each provincial district during 1901 and 1911 were as under:—

 1901.1911.
 ££
Auckland3,082,3005,844,913
Taranaki89,669174,704
Hawke's Bay218,140471,349
Wellington3,200,3865,779,761
Marlborough15,74244,237
Nelson168,033165,562
Westland96,865140,014
Canterbury2,249,1533,308,292
Otago2,537,9443,242,753

The value of imports by parcel-post (£109,683 in 1901 and £374,294 in 1911) must be added to the above figures in order to make up the totals (including specie) of £11,817,915 and £19,545,879 for the respective years.

IMPORTS , BY PORTS.

The following table gives the value of the imports for each port in New Zealand for years 1911, 1910, 1909, 1900, and 1890, arranged in order of magnitude for 1911:—

 1911.1910.1909.1900.1890.
 £££££
Auckland5,650,7344,741,3264,333,8572,617,3291,385,959
Wellington5,507,7404,625,7114,475,5472,767,0661,233,184
Lyttelton and Christchurch2,997,2032,718,3552,377,3641,770,7091,174,370
Dunedin2,627,0852,465,2732,258,4272,158,1771,662,629
Invercargill & Bluff545,267506,905437,358288,170120,050
Napier471,349384,595350,783209,418162,097
Timaru311,089309,931282,429143,09095,202
Wanganui272,021211,387200,535145,26749,637
Poverty Bay175,385150,330128,31149,27817,731
New Plymouth146,078158,782115,09067,33812,971
Greymouth126,037113,33399,42959,46079,877
Nelson123,122126,774115,713140,514141,980
Oamaru70,40177,86471,13447,55954,075
Wairau and Picton44,23739,66735,49517,53319,547
Westport42,14060,06857,95937,7509,442
Patea28,62628,52923,56615,56111,604
Hokitika13,97714,45623,31112,69313,549
Tauranga13,5321,7296633,6391,493
Kaipara5,2629,2698,0097,8831,294

IMPORTS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

In dealing with the imports from the different countries it must be pointed out that the trade returns of New Zealand do not disclose the countries of origin, goods being credited in every case to the countries of shipment. This, no doubt, is a serious defect in the statistics, especially in the case of shipments from the United Kingdom to New Zealand. Of the goods imported from the United Kingdom in 1910, valued at £10,498,771, 9203 per cent. was the produce or manufacture of Britain and Ireland, the balance being re-exports, the origin of which has not been traced.

The figures given below show for ten years the imports from the United Kingdom, with those from the British colonies and possessions, and from foreign States:—

 Imports from
United KingdomBritish Colonies and Possessions.Foreign States.
 £££
19026,851,4522,583,0051,892,266
19037,512,6683,135,4742,140,533
19047,982,3403,047,3542,262,000
19057,795,2842,914,3582,119,215
19069,003,2293,886,7872,321,387
190710,278,0194,664,1642,360,678
190810,441,8374,338,4392,691,008
19099,287,7864,267,1762,119,757
191010,498,7713,967,0532,585,759
191111,787,3004,710,0403,048,539

The proportions represented by the above figures in every one hundred pounds' value of total imports are:—

 United Kingdom.British Colonies and Possessions.Foreign States.
Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
190260.4922.8016.71
190358.7424.5216.74
190460.0522.9317.02
190560.7622.7216.52
190659.1055.5515.26
190759.4026.9613.64
190859.7724.8315.40
190959.2527.2213.53
191061.5723.2715.16
191160.3024.1015.60

The exports from the United Kingdom to New Zealand, as given in the United Kingdom trade returns, for the period 1901-1910, distinguishing between the value of goods of British and Irish produce and those the produce of other countries re-exported, are

next shown. These values are f.o.b., while those recorded in the New Zealand returns are c.i.f.,—

Year.British and Irish Produce exported from the United Kingdom to New Zealand.Produce of other Countries re-exported to New Zealand.Total Exports from the United Kingdom to New Zealand.
 £££
19015,599,272468,9586,068,230
18025,676,576481,3096,158,885
19036,361,390593,4306,954,820
19046,315,090582,3306,897,420
19056,425,793569,0136,994,806
19067,400,188652,2888,052,476
19078,700,941740,9679,441,908
19088,767,003746,1719,513,174
19097,351,619729,8038,081,422
19108,652,716749,8369,402,552

Imports from the Commonwealth of Australia include considerable quantities of goods, the produce of the United Kingdom and foreign countries transhipped at Australian ports for New Zealand. The values credited to foreign countries would be still further disturbed if Canadian goods shipped at ports in the United States to New Zealand were assigned to the country of origin.

The following is the value of imports from different countries or places in 1911 and 1910, given in the order of the increase or decrease:—

Country.1911.1910.Increase.
 £££
United Kingdom11,787,30010,498,7711,288,529
New South Wales1,831,2231,463,986367,237
United States of America1,682,1291,399,737282,392
Victoria873,649699,229174,420
Fiji728,806580,084148,722
Germany480,617391,79588,822
Western Australia135,20389,70745,496
Belgium129,320100,74928,571
Ceylon275,672248,47627,196
Country.1911.1910.Increase.
 £££
Canada283,410261,40222,008
Switzerland33,58112,17121,410
Japan123,248103,11320,135
Singapore58,55340,90517,648
Norway35,99818,53417,464
Burmah21,61510,88510,730
Christmas Islands20,83010,55710,273
China19,95110,0199,932
France137,157127,2309,927
Sweden50,24042,7287,512
Society Islands17,65311,9645,689
Asia Minor44,93440,2974,637
Tasmania61,38757,1504,237
Austria13,9809,8924,088
Italy36,66033,4783,182
Seychelles5,4832,4783,005
New Caledonia12,3459,5432,802
Philippine Islands15,05412,5392,515
Turkey16,28713,8642,423
Holland60,53758,1892,348
Cape of Good Hope9,2717,0642,207
Persia2,1302831,847
Maiden Island16,46114,6581,803
Spain15,42813,8441,584
Aden78927762
Arabia2,0991,484615
Navigator Islands3,1422,542600
British West Indies1,4841,061423
Bombay546233315
Peru313..313
Queensland3,9513,687264
Natal587328259
Uruguay201..201
Mauritius173..173
Ecuador140..140
Brazil1829686
Canary Islands2178037
Sandwich Islands543024
Transvaal725121
Argentine Republic13112
Orange River Colony6..6
Siberia11101
Country.1911.1910.Decrease.
 £££
Bengal325,008398,30873,300
Java38,10675,96537,859
Friendly Islands31,70045,79714,097
Gilbert and Ocean Islands68,5758,569
South Australia39,57845,6346,056
Hong Kong15,32920,3134,984
Foreign West Indies1,9513,2401,289
Russia1,7923,0691,277
Egypt1,0211,732711
Madras8041,450646
Greece29,46229,945483
Norfolk Island114557443
Denmark7,1497,341192
Portugal3,6393,810171
Hungary43205162
Flores Island93238145
Malta13151138
British East Africa..5757
Sumatra..3434
Cochin China114534
Guatemala345420
Penang213817
Madagascar51712
Tripoli..1212
Chile..1212
Syria..55
Mexico..55
New Hebrides..55
Morocco374
New Guinea143
Solomon Islands253
Pitcairn Island..11
Gibraltar..11

ARTICLES OF IMPORT.

Imports for the five years 1907 to 1911, classified according to the nature of the goods, were as follows:—

IMPORTSFOR FIVE YEARS.
Group of Principal Articles imported.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.

* Includes methylated and perfumed spirits and spirits of wine.

 £££££
Apparel, including hats and caps949,780972,775930,5901,053,0741,201,065
Boots and shoes300,885288,544258,738271,984312,049
Drapery, haberdashery, linens, woollens, and other textiles2,255,5742,354,4402,105,4902,283,6682,489,837
Hosiery189,880191,596155,002163,861171,469
Silks95,24860,13841,70659,43776,059
   Totals3,791,3673,867,4933,491,5263,832,0244,250,479
Iron and steel (pig, wrought, wire, &c., and galvanized)1,266,0551,235,943976,1981,173,7161,401,442
Railway and tramway plant233,298221,976191,057200,653209,222
Machinery767,536698,465583,448640,189725,578
Sewing and knitting machines38,73453,45358,82157,06652,118
Hardware and ironmongery485,150452,606328,745417,402474,822
Tools and implements (including agricultural)293,793381,786265,830299,560342,464
Nails60,16667,96645,62570,23269,931
Other metals and metal manufactures502,506558,943450,648494,747606,841
   Totals3,647,2383,671,1382,900,3723,353,5673,882,418
Sugar569,472592,849613,950623,538676,395
Tea268,556252,345279,900293,955331,461
   Totals838,028845,194893,850917,4931,007,856
Beer54,80454,96546,54453,08651,978
Spirits*304,733316,295291,515332,734327,983
Tobacco372,322361,769353,612447,407434,461
Wine73,93076,23270,49377,82678,220
   Totals805,789809,061762,164911,053892,642
Paper276,632302,437263,044305,584351,717
Printed books184,125207,282187,690213,326235,017
Stationery189,105209,264179,279192,483209,162
   Totals649,862718,983630,013711,395795,896
Miscellaneous (specified articles) —
   Arms, ammunition, and explosives137,069142,297145,837136,982181,156
   Automobiles, motorcars, and motorcycles, and materials for192,110249,929182,257293,015567,452
   Bags and sacks156,976161,278180,705211,763132,519
   Bicycles and tricycles57,72134,08322,88131,13927,170
   Bicycle and tricycle fittings127,790149,931128,681176,899181,432
   Candles41,52836,09244,09037,96034,253
   Canvas66,56565,59959,06759,80664,438
   Carpeting and druggeting77,24370,47561,65373,47387,063
   Carts, carriages, and materials for82,72197,80860,10978,27791,640
   Cement106,36168,46846,95652,49647,816
   China, porcelain, earthenware, and parianware154,665156,633119,097143,168169,700
   Coal213,377274,605253,081230,765186,263
   Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares383,886394,170373,696415,904402,573
   Fancy goods and toys202,321250,426210,259234,118276,265
   Fish (preserved and potted)65,57477,91263,20368,63589,703
   Floorcloth and oilcloth111,371123,66198,607125,255147,057
   Fruits (including fresh, preserved, bottled, and dried)398,259354,732318,477340,281422,059
   Furniture, cabinet-ware, and upholstery96,101118,23562,08674,47198,030
   Glass and glassware192,496220,527162,038184,627188,717
   Leather and leather-manufactures161,025188,090178,348169,141167,114
   Manures234,739254,054269,453273,383320,034
   Musical instruments and materials for136,459132,202106,278133,414148,295
   Seeds201,795145,450124,148100,110160,401
   Oil311,455410,510329,289414,742471,965
   Timber270,770443,938311,472258,076364,092
   Woolpacks and wool pockets76,39455,46848,52257,62871,406
Total miscellaneous (specified articles)4,256,7714,676,5763,960,4904,375,8285,098,613
Other imports (excluding specie)2,550,6122,658,7172,179,0472,646,8632,854,704
   Total imports (excluding specie)16,539,70717,247,16214,817,46216,748,22318,782,608
Specie imported763,154224,122857,257303,360763,271
Total imports7,302,86117,471,28415,674,71917,051,58319,545,879

Adopting the same classification as in the foregoing table the total value for each group is shown for the years 1901 and 1911, distinguishing imports from the United Kingdom, British possessions, United States of America, Germany, and other foreign countries.

Years.Annual Imports from
United Kingdom.British Possessions.Foreign Countries.
United States.Germany.Others.Total Foreign Countries.
 ££££££
Textiles, boots and shoes, drapery and clothing19012,300,470106,66980,01016,12732,535128,672
19113,894,674147,45273,63727,000107,716208,353
Iron and steel, machinery, hardware, tools, and other manufactures of iron and steel19011,633,119239,686609,64222,19043,084674,916
19112,941,262302,932491,94585,17761,102638,224
Sugar and tea1901308,821298,5581,7781,38898,480101,646
1911798998,1885,623..3,2478,870
Beer, wine, spirits, and tobacco1901291,19283,857153,38910,55525,506189,450
1911592,838187,60656,2229,60046,376112,198
Paper, books, and stationery1901303,09150,00674,2568,4294,54487,229
1911551,854166,56126,79020,58924,10277,481
Miscellaneous articles19011,841,4291,678,322496,185139,832200,266836,283
19113,805,7422,144,8621,027,912332,251642,5502,002,713
Specie19017,709456,768....2222
1911132762,439....700700
Total imports19016,885,8312,913,8661,415,260198,521404,4372,018,218
191111,787,3004,710,0401,682,129480,617885,7933,048,539

PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF IMPORT FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

The goods enumerated below, although shipped from ports in the countries indicated, are not necessarily all the produce or manufacture of those countries. As already stated, only 92.03 per cent. of the total imports from the United Kingdom is the produce of that country, the balance being reshipments.

United Kingdom.—Acids, £9,437; alkali, £65,640; alum, £4,572; animals, living, £5,062; apparel and slops, £905,354; apparel made to order for residents in Dominion, £1,508; arms, ammunition, and explosives, £161,384; asphalt, £1,808; basket and wicker ware, £1,782; bee-keepers' tools, £1,670; b er, £49,774; belting, leather, £4,296; belting, other than leather, £27,405; beverages, non-alcoholic, £15,140; bicycles and tricycles, £53,600; materials for, £116,050; biscuits, £4,958; blacking, £7,157; blacklead, £7,238: blue, £7,727; books, papers, and music, printed, £161,596; boots and shoes, £274,258; brass, £5,860; bricks, £2,510; brushes, brushware, and brooms, £43,782; brushes, &c., materials for, £6,401; candles, £20,724; canvas, £60,990; carpeting and gruggeting, £82,761: carriages, &c.—carriages, £4,159; motor vehicles, bodies for, £49,003; motor vehicles, chassis for, £186,101; motor vehicles, materials for, £45,245; perambulators and go-carts, £1,541; carriages, &c., materials for, £42,588: cement, £46,495; chains and cables, £12,176; china, porcelain, and rarianware, £36,904; clocks, 7,065; cocoa and chocolate, £23 915; cocoa-beans, £3,250; cocoa-butter, £13,642; coffee, £1,420; combs, £5,685; confectionery, £78,247; copper—nails, pig, bar and sheet, and sheeting, £21,446; cordage, £15,236; iron and steel hawsers, £34,772; cork, cut, £4,261; cotton piece-goods, £855,731; cotton waste, £9,887; cotton, wick, £6,891; drapery, £567,074; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £221,728; dyes, £5,849; earthenware, £100,954; engine-packing, £11,947; essences, flavouring, £10,086; essential oils, £4,486; fancy goods and toys, £164,063; felt sheathing, £4,707; fire engines and extinguishers, £4,474; fire-hose, &c., £1,1166; fireworks, £1,075; fish, dried, pickled, salted, £3,059; fish, rotted and preserved, £24,806; fishing-tackle, £4,055; floorcloth and oilcloth, £144,925; foods, animal, £2,813,; foods, farinaceous £32,871; fruits, bottled and preserved, and dried, £8,745; furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery, £21,506; furniture, knife and plate powder and polish, £6,956; furs, £9,385; gelatine and isinglass, £6,636; glass bottles, empty, £29,936; glass, mirrors and looking-glasses, £7,255; glass, plate, bevelled, and silvered, £3,676; glass, plate, other kinds, £17,266; glass, window, £20,597; glassware, £19,450; glue and size, £2,253; grain and pulse, ground, £5,894; grease, £1,891; grindery, £26,121, haberdashery, £130,450; hair, £2,098; hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery, £380,109; hats and caps, £90,537; hatters' materials, £24,082; hides, £1,911; hose—canvas, indiarubber, £10,604; hosiery, £168,611; india-rubber and guttapercha goods, £3,559; ink, £7,607: instruments — musical, £78,853; optical, £3,550; scientific, £5,810; surgical and dental, £19,374; surveying, £3,129: iron and steel—angle, £11,834; bar, rod, and bolt, £206,862; bolts and nuts, £29,280; hoop, £16,738; hoop, galvanized, £1,634; pig, £35,880; pipes and fittings, £246,917; rails, £153,957; sheet and plate, £58,689; sheet, galvanized corrugated, £306,337; sheet, galvanized plain, £79,178, staples, fencing, £3,309; tanks, £17,350; barbed fencing wire, £30,973; fencing wire, £73,295; telegraphic wire, £10,958; wire netting, £53,782: jams, jellies, preserves, £12,444; jewellery, £8,150; lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, £32,728; lead, pigs, bars, pipe, and sheet, £7,157; leather, £86,463: linen piece-goods, £96,309; machinery and machines, £557,609; manures, £82,372; marble, £2,438; matches and vestas, £20,354; mats and matting, £6,627: meats, potted, £1,625: metal, manufactured articles of—gas-making plant, £5,122; meters, gas, water, and electricity, £27,336: pumps, £1,642; railway and tramway plant, £42,629; rivets and washers, £10,808; tacks, £2,766; typewriters, £5,133; unenumerated, £215,824; milk, preserved, £4,030; millinery, feathers, £78,037; mouldings and panels, £5,700; mustard, £14,907; nails, £30,068; nuts, £9,079; oils, £124,636; oilmen's stores, £14,385; paints and colours, £37,613: paper—bags, £6,781;

butter-paper, £3,368; paperhangings, £39,441; printing, £119,680; wrapping, £8,371; writing, £54,733: perfumery, £18,644; photographic goods, £25,947; pictures, paintings, &c., £5,512; plate and platedware, £83,541; portmanteaux, &c., £7,818; printing materials, £7,823; provisions, £12,856; putty, £3,113; resin, £4,970; rugs, £19,979; saddlery and harness, £33,841; saddlers' ironmongery and material, £27,640; collar check, £8,431; salt, £42,529; rock-salt, £1,867; saltpetre, £2,194; sauces, catsup, and chutney, £11,076; sausage-skins, £2,487: seeds—grass and clover, £51,103; unenumerated, £47,229: ships' chandlery, £5,166; silks and imitation silks £22,061; slates, roofing, £4,508: soap—powder, extract of, £14,116; n.o.e., £18,362: spices, £2,524: spirits—bitters, cordials, liqueurs, £1,660; brandy, £22,779; Geneva and gin, unsweetened, £10,031; rum, £3,013; sweetened, n.o.e., £1,756; whisky, £224,255; unenumerated, £1,593: starch, £11,038; stationery, £154,452; stone, £7,876; textile piece-goods, £290,479; articles made up from, other than apparel, £21,215; tins, £83,043; tinware, £16,251; tinsmiths' furniture, &c., £3,906: tobacco—manufactured, £94,323; cigars, £5,650; cigarettes, £145,571; tobacco pipes, &c., £25,267: tools, &c., £126,073; turpentine and terrene, £4,586; twine, £33,270; umbrellas and parasols, £7,700; materials for, £10,805; varnish, lacquers, and gold-size, £13,883; vinegar, £7,219; watches, £8,878; wine, £26,879; woodenware, £11,734; woollen piece-goods, £308,731; yarns, £17,665; zinc, £5,771; minor articles required in making up apparel, £7,189; articles and materials to be used solely for fabrication and repair of goods within Dominion, £24,171; goods, miscellaneous, £19,263; miscellaneous goods, unmanufactured, £7,146.

Victoria.—Acids, £1,924; animals, living, £3,529; apparel and slops, £5,694; arms, ammunition, and explosives, £2,962; belting, £2,157; bicycles and tricycles, materials for, £58,287; books, papers, and music, printed, £36,772; boots and shoes, £2,682; brushes, brushware, and brooms, materials for, £1,585; butter, £2,590; carpeting and druggening, £1,113: carriages, &c.—motor vehicles, bodies, £460; chassis, £4,774; materials for, £35,248; carriages, &c., materials for, £3,428: coffee, £4,221; cotton piece goods, £6,276; drapery, £5,032; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £15,952; dyes, £2,362; earthenware, £1,358; essences, flavouring, £905; essential oils, £3,327; fancy goods and toys, £5,478; fish, potted and preserved, £1,270; flour, £11,828; foods, animal, £21,435; foods, farinaceous, £2,935; fruits, bottled and preserved, £1,487; fruits, dried, £7,196; fruits, fresh, £19,548; glass bottles, empty, £1,348; grain and pulse, £31,099; grain and pulse, ground, £2,289; grindery, £6,314; haberdashery, £2,145; hardware, hollow-ware, &c., £2,356; hats and caps, and hatters' materials, £1,041; hides, £3,748; hose, canvas and indiarubber, £3,819; indiarubber and guttapercha goods, £3,350: iron and steel—bar, bolt, and rod, £3,455; pipes and fittings, £6,312; sheet and plate, £1,023: lard, £3,553; leather, £26,258; linen piece-goods, £3,054; machinery and machines, £31,447; manures, £24,717; metal, manufactured articles of, £4,928; onions, £12,598; photographic goods, £2,572; plants, &c., £7,007; portmanteaux, &c., £2,217; provisions, £2,035; rice, £14,926; rice-meal refuse, £2 519: seeds—grass and clover, £1,340; unenumerated, £1,328: silks and imitation silks, £2,876; skins and pelts, £1,007; soap, £3,235; specie-gold, £100,000; spices, £1,769: spirits—brandy, £6,630; whisky, £1,424: stationery, £11,591; stone, £1,169; sugar, £2,105; sulphur, £4,155; tanning materials, crude, £17,527; tea, £23,549; textile piece-goods, £4,138; timber—sawn, undressed, £5,110; tin, £11,651: tobacco—manufactured, £115,482; cigars, £1,585: tools, &c., £5,829; wine, £6,871; wool, £1,704; miscellaneous goods, £3,926.

New South Wales.—Acids, £1,359; alkali, £2,214; animals, living, £16,443; apparel and slops, £10,045; cornsacks, £2,684; belting, £1,496; bicycles and tricycles, materials for, £1,665; books, papers, and music, printed, £27,303; boots and shoes, £1,598; brushes, brushware, and brooms, materials for, £3,016; butter, £4,335; canvas, £1,097: carriages, &c.—motor vehicles, bodies for, £438; chassis for, £2,502; materials for £2,643; carriages, &c., materials for, £11,696: coals, £186,140; coke, £4,523; copper—nails, pig, bar, sheet, and sheeting, £7,627; cordage, iron and steel hawsers, £4,393; cotton piece-goods,

£11,859; drapery, £10,157; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £64,399; dyes, £1,297; earthenware, £2,102; engine packing, £1,620; fancy goods and toys, £28,760; fire engines and extinguishers, £1,256; fish, potted and preserved, £993; flour, £3,802; foods, animal, £2,747; foods, farinaceous, £9,201; fruits, bottled and preserved, £1,108; fruits, dried, £4,739; fruits, fresh, £53,401; furniture, cabinetware and upholstery, £2,506; furniture, knife and plate powder and polish, £1,034; glass bottles, empty, £7,311; grain and pulse, £4,488; grain and pulse, ground, £9,189; grindery, £2,127; haberdashery, £3,765; hardware, hollow-ware and ironmongery, £6,223; hats and caps, and hatters' materials, £3,122; hides, £3,101; hose, canvas and indiarubber, £2,814; india-rubber and guttapercha goods, £1,864: instruments—musical, £1,653; surgical and dental, £10,351: iron and steel—bar, bolt and rod, £3,776; pig, £1,720; pipes and fittings, £7,286; rails, £2,792; sheet and plate, £2,734: lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, £2,978; land, £3,087; leather, £24,394; machinery and machines, £46,428; manures, £63,083; marble, £1,312; metal manufactured, articles of—meters, water, gas, and electricity, £1,335; railway and tramway plant, £1,035: metal, manufactured articles of—typewriters, £2,451; unenumerated, £14,703: perfumery, £4,295; photographic goods, £3,043; plants, &c., £2,902; printing materials, £3,577; provisions, £6,656; rice, £17,347; rice-meal refuse, £2,371; salt, £3,090: seeds—grass and clover, £9,547; unenumerated, £2,339: silks and imitation silks, £7,634; skins and pelts, £1,179; soap, £25,214; specie—gold, £660,000; spices, £1.479: spirits—brandy, £1,272; Geneva and gin, unsweetened, £3,989; whisky, £2,131; spirits of wine, £7,632: stationery, £9,162; stone, £3,728; sugar, £7,132; tanning materials, £1,942; tea, £14,440; textile piece-goods, £9,022: timber—logs, £12,048; logs, hewn, £68,120; sawn, undressed, £19,423: tin, £15,914: tobacco—manufactured, £6,151; cigars, £2,974: tools, &c., £7,765; wine, £7,777; wool, £4,495; miscellaneous goods, manufactured, £5,662.

Tasmania.—Fruits, bottled and preserved, £2,433; fruits, dried, £1,447; fruits, fresh, £16,898; manures, £7,652: timber—palings, £3,764, sawn, undressed, £13,012: tin, £1,385.

Western Australia.—Tanning materials, bark, £8,368: timber — logs, hewn, £39,448; posts, £2,000; sawn, undressed, £92,573.

South Australia.—Flour, £4,702; fruits, bottled, preserved, dried, and fresh, £3,564; grain and pulse, £3,301; manures, £4,435; salt, £5,544; wine, £9,956.

Queensland.—Lard, £1,113.

Canada (including British Columbia).—Apparal and slops, £9,056; bicycles and tricycles, materials for, £1,001; books, papers, and music, printed, £1,029; boots and shoes, £3,647: carriages—motor vehicles, bodies for, £2,141; chassis for, £18,597; materials for, £1,570; carriages, materials for, £3,947: cotton piece goods, £6,970; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £6,688; fish, potted and preserved, £34,399; furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery, £10,722; glass bottles, empty, £1,740; hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery, £3,158; instruments, musical, £2,833: iron and steel—pipes and fittings, £3,734; wire fencing, barbed and plain, £9,464. leather, £7,106; machinery and machines, £47,059; nails, £9,105: paper — paperhangings, £3,911; printing, £72,111: seeds, grass and clover, £8,755; tools, &c., £4,695.

Bengal. — Bags and sacks, £128,348; bagging and sacking, £2,786; kapok, £5,089; batters' materials, £1,736; iron and steel, pig, £4,352; linen piece-goods, £23,213; manures, £19,849; mats and matting, £3,165; oils, £26,790; tea. £29,159; woolpacks, £70,349.

Burmah. — Candles, £13,025; rice, £2,914; wax, £5,133.

Ceylon. — Cocoa-beans, £3,700; cocoa-butter, £5,716; tea, £260,978.

Navigator Islands. — Cocoa-beans, £2,500.

Singapore. — Coffee, £1,116; foods, farinaceous, £19,526; fruits, bottled and preserved, £16,307; kapok, £2,642; rice, £6,125; spices, £9,681.

Seychelles Islands. — Manures, £5,483.

Christmas Island. — Manures, £20,830.

Maiden Island. — Manures, £16,461.

Fiji. — Silver, £2,400; sugar, raw, £655,885; molasses, £2,364.

Cape of Good Hope. — Wine, £6,472.

Hong Kong. — Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery, £1,220; grain and pulse, £1,296; jams, jellies, and preserves, £4,133; rice, £2,460.

United States of America. — Apparel and slops, £30,439; arms, ammunition, and explosives, £11,538; beekeepers' tools, £1,350; belting, other than leather, £3,453; bicycles and tricycles, materials for, £2,465; books, papers, and music, printed, £7,223; brushes, brushware, and brooms, £2,682; canvas, £1,023: carriages, &c.—bodies for motor vehicles, £29,409; chassis for motor vehicles, £90,202; materials for motor vehicles, £17,650; perambulators and go-carts, £3,212; carriage, &c., materials, 11,237: clocks, £10,622; confectionery, £4,558; cotton piece-goods, £22,120; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £30,484; engine-packing, £1,697; fancy goods and toys, £12,301; foods, 'arinaceous, £5,860; fruits, bottled and preserved, £21.236: fruits, dried, £55,852; fruits, fresh, £14,874; furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery, £6,308; furniture, plate, knife powder and polish, £4,020; glass bottles, £2,846; glassware, £9,043; grain and pulse, barley, £13,245; hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery, £62,767: instruments—musical, £3,574; surgical and dental, £9,720: iron and steel—bolts and nuts, £2,278; sheet, galvanized, corrugated, £2,322; sheet, galvanized, plain, £1,583; staples, fencing, £10,975; wire fencing, barbed, £22,704; wire fencing, plan, £40,691: lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, £15,437; leather, £17,878; machinery and machines, £135,571: metal, manufactured articles of—typewriters, £11,367; unenumerated, £42,391: mouldings and panels, £5,173; nails, £26,941; oils, £305,772; paints and colours, £9,923: paper—paperhangings, £3,567; printing, £2,462; writing, £1,662: perfumery, £5,435; resin, £8,076; sausage-skins, £16,391; stationery, £10,778: sugar—refined, £1,102; glucose, £5,538: timber—lathes and shingles, £5,711; sawn, undressed, £72,753: tobacco—manufactured, £43,726; cigars, £5,015; cigarettes, £3,744: tools, &c., £82,292; turpentine and terebene, £25,677; varnishes, &c., £4,268; watches, £1,984; wax, £17,488; woodenware, £18,509.; goods, miscellaneous, manufactured, £8,842.

Germany.—Acids, £1,398; apparel and slops, £3,746; arms, ammunition, and explosives, £1,722; beer, £1,203; bicycles and tricycles, materials for, £19,959; brushes, brushware, and brooms, £2,935; carpeting and druggeting, £86,948: carriages, &c.—materials for motor vehicles, £17,795; clocks, £3,586; cocoa-butter, £2,460; confectionery, £1,398; cotton piece-goods, £7,149; drapery, £5,302; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £8,301; dyes, £3,943; earthenware, £6,127; fancy goods and toys, £37,053; furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery, £2,385; gelatine and isinglass, £1,123; glass bottles, empty, £12,330; glassware, £13,100; hosiery, £1,164; instruments, musical, £60,093: iron and steel—hoop, £9,760; wire fencing, barbed, £2,858; wire fencing, plain, £8,285: lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, £11,477; leather, £5,423; machinery and machines, £25,568; manures, £26,001; matches and vestas, £1,007; mouldings and panels, £2,895; nails, £1,496: paper—butter-paper, £4,145; paper-hangings, £2,177; wrapping, £4,159; writing, £1,832: salt, £3,852: seeds—grass and clover, £28,939; unenumerated, £2,133: silks and imitation silks, £1,245; stationery, £11,836; tobacco-pipes, &c., £1,280.

France.—Acids, £3,352: carriages, &c.—motor vehicles, bodies for, £2,141; chassis for, £9,208; materials for, £3,155: cocoa-butter, £2,043; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £40,142; earthenware, £8,868; fancy goods and toys. £7,424; gelatine and isinglass, £3,067; silks and imitation silks, £3,667; stearine, £5,581; tobacco-pipes, &c., £4,576; wine, £11,881.

Belgium. — Apparel and slops, £9,759; arms, ammunition, and explosives, £1,310: carriages, &c.—motor vehicles, bodies for, £1,001; chassis for, £4,391: cotton piece-goods, £2,704; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £902; dyes, £640; glass, plate, bevelled and silvered, £1,506; glass, plate, other kinds, £10,564; glass, window, £16,015; glassware, £2,396: iron and steel—hoop, £1,791; fencing wire, barbed and plain, £2,284: machinery and machines, £6,892: manures, £10,994; nails, £1,068: paper—butter-paper, £4,482; paper-hangings, £1,622; writing, £2,044: stearine, £1,932; zinc, £9,254.

Japan. — Apparel and slops, £9,731; basket and wickerware, £3,192; brushes, brushware, and brooms, £1,644; cotton piece-goods, £3,132; drapery,

£12,104; drills, chemical, and druggists' wares, £1,272; fancy goods and toys, £6,756; furniture, cabinetware, and upholster, £2,100; haberdashery, £1,364; hats, caps, and hatters' materials, £2,327; manures, £24,796; mats and matting, £1,924; rice, £2,432; silks and imitation silks, £23,910; timber—logs, hewn, £1,045.

Holland. — Cocoa and chocolate, £30,308; cocoa-butter, £1,375; confectionery, £3,134; cotton piece-goods, £1,623; glassware, £1,485: seeds — grass and clover, £2,663; unenumerated, £1,321: Spirits—Geneva and gin, unsweetened, £10,989; stationery, £3,520.

Denmark. — Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' waros, £425 machinery and machines, £3,756.

Norway. — Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £9,948; fish, potted and preserved, £18,095.

Sweden. — Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £9,948; furniture, cabinet-ware and upholstery, £1,507; machinery and machines, £2,999; matches and vestas, £4,384; paper, wrapping, £5,528; timber—sawn, undressed, £8,537; sawn, dressed, £2,316.

Italy. — Confectionery, £1,027; fruits, bottled and preserved, £3,099; hats and caps, £5,239; hides, £1,204; marble, £4,927; nuts, almonds, £11,555; sulphur, £2,591.

Friendly Islands. — Copra, £18,393.

Society Islands. — Copra, £6,434; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £2,806; fancy goods, £1,450.

Spain. — Cork, cut, £8,911; fruits, dried. £2,759; nuts, almonds, £2,062.

Turkey. — Foods, animal, £1,466; fruits, dried, £14,663.

New Caledonia. — Manures, £12,335.

Greece. — Fruits, dried. £29,222.

Arabia. — Fruits, dried, £1,593.

Persia. — Fruits, dried, £2,130.

Asia Minor. — Fruits, dried, £33,153; tanning materials, bark, £1,454.

Java. — Kapok, £36,086; sugar, £1,084.

Austria. — Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery, £5,064; gelatine and isinglass. £2,004.

Philippine Islands.—Hemp, £11,038; tobacco, cigars, £2,487.

China. — Silks and imitation silks, £7,398; tea, £1,514; textile piece-goods, £1,607.

SUGAR.

The value of sugar (including raw sugar, £655,885; refined sugar, £11,250; glucose, £5,850; molasses and treacle, £3,410) imported in 1911 was £676,395, an increase of £52,857 on the amount for 1910 (£623,538).

The quantity imported in 1911 amounted to 1,151,637 cwt., which, after deducting 30 lb. per head for Maoris, represents an average consumption of 125.62 lb. per head of mean population. Figures for five years are given:—

Year.Value.Quantity.Average Consumption per Head of Population.
 £Cwt.lb.
1907569,472947,382113.89
1908592,8491,072,571125.60
1909613,9501,066,494121.44
1910623,5381,055,822117.67
1911676,3951,151,637125.62

TEA.

The quantity of tea imported in 1911 was 8,071,471 lb. representing a value of £331,461. Supposing Maoris to use, on an average, 1 lb. per head per annum, the consumption of tea per head of the population, exclusive of Maoris, would he nearly 8 lb.

BEER, SPIRITS, AND WINE.

During 1911 excise duty was paid on 9,526,960 gallons of beer; whilst 273,650 gallons of beer, 794,855 gallons of spirits, and 143,138 gallons of wine were entered at the Customs for home consumption.

BEERMANUFACTUREDIN NEW ZEALANDONWHICH EXCISE DUTYWASPAID
 Gal.
19027,179,360
19037,555,200
19047,786,480
19057,796,160
19068,318,880
19079,049,600
19089,347,600
19099,183,920
19109,399,440
19119,526,960

The following table gives the consumption per head of alcoholic liquors by the people, excluding and including Maoris, showing separately the proportions of beer, wine, and spirits from 1902 to 1911. To the quantity of beer manufactured in each year on which excise duty was paid has been added the quantity brought into consumption from imports:—

Year.Beer.Spirits.Wine.
Excluding Maoris.Including Maoris.Excluding Maoris.Including Maoris.Excluding Maoris.Including Maoris.
 Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.
19029.2528.7770.7550.7160.1580.150
19039.4608.9870.7550.7180.1490.142
19049.4558.9960.7660.7290.1420.135
19059.2128.7770.7300.6950.1300.124
19069.5699.0850.7730.7340.1430.136
190710.1509.6490.8060.7660.1590.151
190810.1799.6890.7950.7570.1580.150
19099.7109.2560.7400.7050.1430.136
19109.7419.2940.7730.7370.1540.147
19119.6579.2050.7810.7450.1410.134

A comparison of the consumption of beer, spirits, and wine in certain countries is given in the portion dealing with drunkenness in the Law and Crime section of the Year-book.

In the year 1911 the value of the various kinds of potable spirits imported amounted to £312,053, of imported beer to £51,978, and wines to £78,220; making altogether £442,251.

If to the above total be added £714,522, the estimated value of the beer manufactured, and £5,500, the estimated value of wine made, the cost for the introduction and manufacture of alcoholic beverages comes to £1,162,273 for the year 1911, against which may be set £7,219, representing the value of the small export for the same period.

TOBACCO.

The tobacco entered for consumption in 1911 was 2,849,997 lb., and the consumption per head of population, including Maoris, 2.68 lb.

AVERAGE ANNUAL CONSUMPTIONPER HEADOF TOBACCOINVARIOUS COUNTRIES.
 lb.
Holland6.92
United States4.40
Turkey4.37
Western Australia4.36
Austria-Hungary3.77
Denmark3.70
Switzerland3.24
Belgium3.15
Germany3.00
New South Wales2.69
New Zealand2.68
Queensland2.65
Tasmania2.30
South Australia2.14
Canada2.11
France2.05
Victoria2.02
Sweden1.87
Spain1.70
United Kingdom1.41
Italy1.34
Russia1.23

DETAILSOFALL ARTICLESOF IMPORT.

Details of all imports for 1911, giving quantities and values of articles introduced, with the amounts entered for home consumption, and the amount of duty received, are next shown:—

GENERAL IMPORTSINTO NEW ZEALANDDURING 1911. (For rates of duty, see Tariff.)
Articles.Total Quantities Imported.Value of Total Imports.Entered for Home Consumption on Importation and ex Warehouse.Amount of Duty received including Preferential.
Acid— £ £s.d.
   Acetic377,314 lb.4,009521,507 lb.3,25985
   Carbolic55,556 lb.787....  
   Salicylic2,852 lb.191....  
   Sulphuric100,326 lb.818....  
   Tartaric120,457 lb.5,737....  
   Unenumerated266,705 lb.6,855....  
Alkali—      
   Potash and caustic potash3,261 cwt.2,730....  
   Soda ash24,468 cwt.8,366....  
   Soda, carbonate and bicarbonate15,585 cwt.5,957....  
   Soda, caustic15,732 cwt.11,702....  
   Soda crystals414 cwt.190414 cwt.41117
   Soda silicate7,225 cwt.2,560....  
   Unenumerated3,545 cwt.2,340....  
Alum5,215 cwt.2,191....  
Animals, living—      
   Cattle, horned177 No.8,602154 No.7700
   Horses120 No.17,94677 No.7700
   Other kinds, viz.—      
      Bear1 No.5....  
      Cats7 No.27....  
      Deer8 No.183....  
      Dogs133 No.910....  
      Goats12 No.60....  
      Lemurs2 No.5....  
      Leopard1 No.12....  
      Monkeys12 No.25....  
      Sheep897 No.4,908....  
      Kangaroos7 No.25....  
      Opossums8 No.5....  
      Wallabies4 No.7....  
      Parrots180 No.14....  
      Pheasants21 No.13....  
      Pigeons9 No.17....  
      Poultry262 No.409....  
      Other birds3,476 No.596....  
      Iguanas3 No.10....  
      Lizards3 No.1....  
      Tortoises82 No.39....  
      Leeches..2....  
      Frogs200 No.1....  
      Fish3 No.1....  
Apparel and slops, n.o.e...987,479£933,189245,79775
Apparel made to order of residents in the Dominion..1,673£1,767706178
Arms, ammunition, and explosives—      
   Accoutrements..3,732..   
   Caps, percussion5,945,000 No.797£75775140
   Cartridges (shot), 10 to 24 bore7,155,910 No.23,3867,058,900 No.8,848155
   Cartridges, n.o.e.14,413,690 No.7,359£7,3552,039410
   Cartridge-cases278,069 No.429278,100 No.180158
   Detonators for dynamite..3,640....  
   Dynamite26,500 lb.1,184....  
   Firearms19,954 No.50,06515,017 No.3,919167
   Fuse329,005 coils7,361....  
   Lithofracteur, cordite, and similar explosives23,958 lb.2,629....  
   Ordnance stores..7,171....  
   Powder, blasting557,018 lb.13,249....  
   Powder, sporting6,395 lb.716....  
   Shot846 cwt.864569 cwt.284115
   Other explosives1,349,508 lb.58,494....  
   Unenumerated..80....  
Asphalt17,024 cwt.2,570....  
Bacon and hams2,869 lb.1462,869 lb.23181
Bags and sacks—      
   Cornsacks434,651 doz.114,333....  
   Unenumerated107,547 doz.17,935£34183180
Bags of textile or felt, printed10,495 doz.251£25162150
Bagging and sacking..3,013£6725160
Basketware and wickerware..6,445£6,4011,7781210
Beekeepers' tools, implements, and apparatus..3,136....  
Beer261,458 gal.51,978273,650 gal.27,364195
Belting, leather37,936 lb.5,97735,532 lb.592310
Belting, part leather922 lb.120922 lb.7138
Belting, other than leather..34,3274,74047400
Beverages, nonalcoholic—Aerated and mineral waters..3,201£2,992598610
   Coffee-essence..11,418£12,8342,566152
   Fruit-juices, sweetened..1,088£1,078226125
   Fruit-juices, unsweetened24,723 gal.2,434£26954114
   Unenumerated..470£3807620
Bicycles and tricycles9,480 No.27,170£27,6595,595196
   Materials for..181,432£34,4117,02786
   Motor bicycles and tricycles1,351 No.22,126£21,2854,345133
      Materials for..18,571£2,00440220
Biscuits—      
   Fancy, and other kinds95,568 lb.5,00296,463 lb.80762
   Ships', plain441 cwt.493439 cwt.65167
Blacking..8,314£8,2351,67244
Blacklead..7,553£7,5471,53160
Blue299,634 lb.7,835297,781 lb.1,240156
Boats33 No.1,389£979209100
   Fittings for..321£81140
Books, papers, and music, printed..235,017....  
Boots and shoes94,599 doz prs.270,890844,218 prs. £269,49184,21141
   Nos. 0 to 621,014 doz prs.18,613£23323510
   Gum-boots1,556 doz prs.12,151....  
Borax4,368 cwt.5,346....  
Brass—      
   Pig, bar, or sheet1,203 cwt.4,515....  
   Tubing and stamped work in the rough667 cwt.2,642....  
Bricks—      
   Building57,300 No.273....  
   Fire376,433 No.2,966£2,950621120
   Other kinds45,870 No279....  
Brushes, brushware, and brooms..52,682£52,18615,022163
   Materials for..13,001....  
Butter1,173 cwt.6,925£6,9251,38500
Candles2,144,270 lb.34,2532,214,890 lb.13,8481611
Canes and rattans..2,590....  
Canvas..64,438....  
Caramel45,306 lb.59844,550 lb.185126
Cards, playing55,037 packs1,14883,394 packs2,084170
Carpeting and druggeting..87,063£85,53017,105192
Carriages, &c.—      
   Carriages2324,073£4,04287569
   Carts, drays, and wagons91 No.2,012£1,132323120
   Motor vehicles — bodies for1,473 No.88,725£87,70317,560134
   Motor vehicles — chassis for1,524 No.316,385....  
   Motor vehicles—materials for..121,645£3,28065600
   Perambulators and go carts5,262 No.5,157£5,0521,362144
   Materials for..16,530£14,2043,049165
   Materials for—viz., axles, axle arms and boxes..18,955....  
   Carriage and cart shafts, spokes, and felloes in the rough..9,666....  
Carriage and cart makers' materials..35,247....  
Cement116,918 barrels47,816114,149 barrels11,42146
Chains and chain cables9,748 cwt.12,877£7137160
Cheese10 cwt.39£27620
Chicory3 lb...3 lb.009
China, porcelain, and parianware..48,046£48,29211,23637
Clocks92,513 No.21,783£20,8386,05384
Coals188,068 tons186,263....  
Cocoa and chocolate546,252 lb.55,154556,255 lb.7,783169
Cocoa-beans404,771 lb.11,799....  
Cocoa-butter523,816 lb.21,342....  
Coconut, desiccated362,453 lb.7,633....  
Coffee—
   Raw276,942 lb.10,417....  
   Roasted618 lb.35618 lb.881
Coke2,557 tons5,086....  
Combs..6,105£6,2131,50361
Confectionery—
   Chocolate confectionery, plain trade packages205,188 lb.9,391205,723 lb.2,60994
   Chocolate confectionery, fancy packages..70,722£69,96015,286187
   Unenumerated1,086,080 lb.38,2781,094,821 lb.9,43964
Copper—
   Nails237 cwt.1,121....  
   Pig, bar, and sheet7,163 cwt.26,901....  
   Rod and bolt473 cwt.1,873....  
   Sheathing272 cwt.1,119....  
Copra1,228 tons24,827....  
Cordage5,395 cwt.17,781£16,4563,46689
   Hawsers of 12 in. and over230 cwt.334....  
   Iron and steel20,081 cwt.39,611£19338104
   Cork, cut..15,970£13,7671,376133
Cotton piece-goods—
   Butter and cheese cloth..6,684£81116240
   Leather cloth..10,944....  
   Tubular woven cotton cloth..45,290....  
   Waterproof material..5,583....  
   Unenumerated..843,839....  
Cotton—
   Waste6,429 cwt.9,887....  
   Wick148,202 lb.7,022....  
Drapery..436,218£434,82786,965910
   Lace and laces, n.o.e...50,143£49,9059,98104
   Ribbons and crape..47,622£47,4639,492130
   Tailors' trimmings..68,809....  
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
   Baking-powder, yeast preparations, other ferments, and yeast foods..1,056£95019000
   Chemicals, n.o.e...7,526£7,0141,559147
   Cream of tartar964,351 lb.38,422......  
   Medicinal preparations, drugs, and druggists' sundries and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e...160,408£158,86735,793511
   Glycerine, refined..3,863£3,853770187
   Medicinal preparations over 50 per cent. proof spirit49,397 lb.7,81650,416 lb.2,520157
   Washing-powder..2,438£2,27745580
   Anhydrous ammonia..4,871....  
   Arsenic1,517 cwt.1,001....  
   Carbide of calcium2,062 tons28,499....  
   Disinfectants..15,884....  
   Gums..3,480....  
   Insecticides and tree-washes..6,960....  
   Medicinal barks, leaves, &c...993....  
   Phosphorus..618....  
   Potassium and sodium cyanide484 tons43,350    
   Sheep-dip..31,395....  
   Sheep and horse drenches and sheep-licks..977....  
   Vanilla beans11,150 lb.2,831....  
   Unenumerated..40,185....  
Dyes..14,523....  
Earthenware..121,654£106,12522,21363
Eggs for setting16 doz.13....  
Engine-packing..16,598....  
Essences—
   Flavouring: over 33 per cent, proof spirit4,439 gal.11,3084,575 gal.3,66048
   n.o.e. 619£52310500
Essential oils—
   Eucalyptus10,700 lb.2,380£2,32746563
   Other kinds..7,206....  
Fancy goods and toys..252,384£252,40962,606132
Fancy goods..23,881....  
Felt sheathing..6,089£97096190
Fire engines and extinguishers2,095 No.6,123£1201200
Fire-hose and other appliances for the use of fire brigades..1,133£969120
Fireworks..1,979£1,84646156
Fish—
   Anchovies, salted41 cwt.118....  
   Dried, pickled, or salted2,030 cwt.3,9322,127 cwt.1,132138
   Potted and preserved3,135,009 lb.85,6532,969,480 lb.25,211105
Fishing-tackle—
   Artificial flies..348£3208113
   Fish-hooks..543....  
   Unenumerated..3,270£3,265660111
Fish ova..400....  
Flock115 cwt.142£1421440
Floorcloth and oilcloth..147,057£145,75429,150173
Flour49,868 centals20,35550,128 centals2,506161
Foods, animal—
   Chaff,938 tons21,2945,910 tons5,91055
   Prepared calf-meal116 tons1,247116 tons144151
   Unenumerated..7,986£8,0151,98270
Foods, farinaceous—
   Arrowroot62,422 lb.969....  
   Infants and invalids..19,627....  
   Macaroni and vermicelli354,666 lb.4,720....  
   Maizena and cornflour1,986,762 lb.21,983....  
   Sago and tapioca24,737 lb.22,420....  
   Unenumerated..2,778....  
Fruits, bottled and preserved181,376 doz.41,646£41,27612,968124
Fruits, dried—
   Currants3,153,936 lb.38,873....  
   Raisins4,338,041 lb.78,850....  
   Figs, dates, and prunes4,270,604 lb.44,691....  
   Unenumerated475,081 lb.10,970467,453 lb.3,89589
Fruits, fresh—
   Apples, pears, plums, &c.718,537 lb.11,469716,768 lb.2,986108
   Apples and pears2,503,986 lb.32,4312,502,872 lb.5,21464
   Grapes122,558 lb.2,539122,558 lb.510132
   Lemons803,800 lb.9,878803,820 lb.1,674118
   Other kinds20,604,292 lb.143,587....  
Fruits, lemon and orange peel, in brine821,535 lb.5,086....  
Fruit-pulp, and partially preserved fruit129,848 lb.2,039131,824 lb.823180
Fungus6 cwt.11....  
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery..44,874£44,55313,59401
   Kapok14,683 cwt.15,930....  
   Unenumerated..7,226....  
Furniture, knife and plate powder and polish..12,660£12,4532,94383
Furs..11,236£11,0322,757188
Gelatine and isinglass322,590 lb.14,454316,749 lb.2,261197
Glass—
   Bottles, empty..56,668....  
   Mirrors and looking-glasses..8,175£7,9532,195211
   Plate, bevelled, and silvered 7,386£7,3452,0941110
   Plate, other kinds821,411 sup. ft.28,504....  
   Window4,373,979 sup. ft.37,343....  
Glassware..50,641£38,57910,64964
Glue and size127,222 lb.2,867123,809 lb.8251111
Gold-leaf..445.... 
Grain and pulse—
   Barley36,114 centals13,31836,109 centals3,61100
   Beans and peas2,592 centals1,7542,586 centals96192
   Oats103,667 centals32,740103,665 centals3,88281
   Wheat6,391 centals1,8606,311 centals236131
   Unenumerated25,001 centals13,31724,979 centals936146
   Ground, unenumerated39,803 centals18,36939,781 centals2,00480
Grease7,651 cwt.6,461£6,322 centals1,69901
Grindery—
   Heel-plates, e-stiffeners, and toe plates..687£68715609
   Unenumerated..41,498£73760
Gum, kauri..36....  
Haberdashery..20,348£20,3364,06720
   Buttons,..39,657....  
   Sewing cottons, silks, and threads..81,615....  
   Unenumerated..1,072....  
Hair..2,673....  
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery..470,706£464,452102,86243
Hardware..4,116....  
Hats and caps84,873 doz.102,239£101,14125,28533
Hatters' materials..29,316....  
Hemp512 tons12,130....  
Hides10,659 No.12,271....  
Honey438 lb.11438 lb.3130
Hops52,453 lb.3,35752,045 lb.1,85653
Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other..21,639£3,99679940
Hosiery..171,469£171,96442,991010
Indiarubber and guttapercha goods..10,351£75115040
Ink—
   Printing257,211 lb.9,193£3,13431370
   Writing7,913 gal.3,2697,586 gal.772147
Instruments, musical—
   Harmoniums and organs498 No.5,897£5,6881,39300
   Pianos5,204 No.126,599£127,35131,26895
   Unenumerated..14,074£13,6403,402175
   Materials for..1,725£1773680
Instruments—
   Optical..4,222....  
   Scientific..7,926....  
   Surgical and dental..41,004....  
   Surveying..3,518£40740140
   Unenumerated..51....  
Iron and steel—
   Angle1,726 tons13,089£1523080
   Bar, bolt, and rod27,409 tons215,695£1,814362160
   Bolts and nuts32,105 cwt.32,347....  
   Castings for ships..695£961940
   Galvanized manufactures..1,054£798201189
   Hoop3,064 tons27,860£2505000
   Hoop, galvanized4,369 cwt.2,6294,372 cwt.371811
   Pig10,031 tons42,485....  
   Pipes and fittings27,967 tons265,130£45,7249,144160
   Rails21,564 tons163,221£7,8691,573160
Sheet and plate—7,143 tons63,016£2054100
   Sheet, galvanized, corrugated399,250 cwt.308,782390,922 cwt.39,15198
   Sheet, galvanized, plain104,956 cwt.80,941104,131 cwt.7,849188
   Staples, fencing26,563 cwt.16,357....  
   Tanks6,175 No.17,4492,104,000 gal.2,70810
   Wire, fencing, barbed4,975 tons62,081....  
   Wire, fencing, plain12,935 tons129,129....  
   Wire, telegraphic and telephonic581 tons10,960....  
   Wire netting..54,690£50500
   Wire, unenumerated280 tons3,633....  
   Unenumerated79 tons932....  
Jams, jellies, and preserves715,174 lb.13,691667,195 lb.5,626110
Jellies, concentrated104,393 lb.4,099180,8801,688183
Jewellery..9,126£7,8491,64092
Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick..65,983£62,43916,2371710
Lard3,156 cwt.8,173£7,8841,58930
Lead—
   Pigs and bars1,364 tons20,428....  
   Pipe (including composition)106 cwt.104106 cwt.18101
   Sheet17,372 cwt.15,009....  
Leather1,130,666 lb.150,810718,211 lb.6,359510
   Chamois..1,546£1,431298150
Leather manufactures—
   Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, and laces..9,708£9,5732,293128
   Unenumerated..8,775£8,3631,943137
Linen piece-goods..68,036....  
   Hessians and scrim..56,335....  
Linseed..6....  
Machinery and machines—
   Agricultural (including agricultural implements)..108,096....  
   Ploughs and harrows..10,292....  
   Cash registering637 No.11,286£9,1571,83180
   Dairying..52,404£3,626362120
   Dairying engines for..730£1,0106980
   Dairying boilers for..63£631300
   Dredging..3,039£3,00715066
   Electric..256,400£131,59521,506116
   Engines, steam43 No.9,528£8,7041,825140
   Engines, gas and oil4,051 No.129,883£23,9944,7981410
   Engines, gas and oil, for motor-cars30 No.573£5310120
   Engines, boilers for50 No.8,613£8,3431,692180
   Flour-milling..1,232£1,13361130
   Knitting33 No.2,597....  
   Locomotives1 No.380£3807600
   Mining..34,701£11,6541,16580
   Mining, engines for..6,311£6,36351806
   Mining, boilers for..149£14929160
   Paper-milling..909£3161880
   Portable and traction engines48 No.24,027£1,41014100
   Printing..26,521£25,0501,607126
   Refrigerating..5,163£5,1654892G
   Sewing11,538 No.49,521....  
   Woollen-mill..14,516£13,34568990
   Unenumerated..122,124£104,41922,52154
   Materials for, and parts of..17,026£3,532716153
Maize, flaked1,178 bush.2601,179 bush.58194
Malt4,666 bush.1,4674,666 bush.466131
   Rice-malt3,360 lb.353,360 lb.1400
Manures—
   Bonedust9,460 tons59,900....  
   Guano13,161 tons36,148....  
   Unenumerated63,846 tons223,986....  
Marble—
   Dressed or polished, and manufactures thereof..7,462£7,3811,84530
   Hewn or rough-sawn218 tons2,002....  
Matches and vestas (boxes)
   Wax131,423 gross24,170128,550 gross7,65192
   Wooden92,739 gross6,68682,780 gross6,03726
Mats and matting..13,331£13,1372,62770
Meats, potted and preserved..1,727£1,70334967
Metal manufactured articles of—
   Anchors1,242 No.939£20620120
   Gas-making plant..5,123£3,112622100
   Japanned and lacquered metal ware..1,251£1,252327100
   Meters—gas, water, or electricity..31,912....  
   Pumps..2,282£1,78942560
   Railway and tramway plant..46,001£4,07781580
   Rivets and washers12,954 cwt.12,791....  
   Tacks2,464 cwt.3,580....  
   Typewriters1,461 No.19,679....  
   Unenumerated..288,632£186,70041,87268
Metal sheathing other than copper376 cwt.1,300....  
Milk, preserved243,375 lb.4,404£3,200867111
Millinery—
   Feathers, ornamental..6,320£6,2651,562110
   Feathers, other kinds..74,038£73,83518,458165
Minerals—
Manganese-ore..11....  
Mouldings and panels..15,767£15,9983,1991210
Mustard276,039 lb.14,982....  
Nails119,113 cwt.66,501109,668 cwt.14,053107
   Roofing, lead-headed235 cwt.360£30861109
   Nails2,713 cwt.3,070....  
Naphtha (wood)11,366 gal.£1,831....  
Nuts—
   Almonds, shelled and unshelled448,256 lb.21,279....  
   Coconuts18,922 No.103....  
   Walnuts89,863 lb.2,94378,452 lb.653154
   Unenumerated134,783 lb.3,215....  
Oakum378 cwt.455....  
Oars1,998 No.310....  
Oils—
   Castor182,913 gal.25,725....  
   Cod-liver14,466 gal.2,658....  
   Colza12,576981....  
   Fish, penguin, mutton-bird, and seal25,592 gal.1,828....  
   Linseed462,939 gal.93,332....  
   Mineral, kerosene6,560,995 gal.188,569....  
   Mineral, other kinds2,677,319 gal.118,428564,963 gal.11,66627
   Olive8,808 gal.2,577....  
   Whale3,069 gal.206....  
   Unenumerated, bulk211,955 gal.17,242205,769 gal.5,570129
   Unenumerated, in vessels under 1 gallon..8,535£8,3731,674117
   Unenumerated86,269 gal.11,884....  
Oilmen's stores..15,114£15,1373,02775
Onions59,609 cwt.13,7822,945 tons2,94590
Opium187 lb.15716 lb.31126
Paints and colours—
   Ground in oil63,601 cwt.74,47561,577 cwt.7,71375
   Mixed ready for use13,555 cwt.35,40312,203 cwt.3,216122
   Unenumerated14,606 cwt.15,434£2,27422781
   Driers, liquid951 gal.184....  
   Driers, n.o.e.944 cwt.953943 cwt.11821
Paper—
   Bags6,288 cwt.7,576£7,3801,883411
   Butter-paper10,752 cwt.14,464....  
   Paperhangings..50,839....  
   Printing253,531 cwt.196,159£1,834366160
   Wrapping20,710 cwt.19,84720,881 cwt.6,947171
   Writing42,248 cwt.61,535....  
   Unenumerated981 cwt.1,297....  
Pearl barley36 cwt.2636 cwt.1160
Peas, split1,831 cwt.9421,827 cwt.182134
Peel, candied and drained14,491 lb.33116,059 lb.204811
Perfumery—
   Perfumed spirits2,094 gal.7,7462,060 gal.3,090106
   Toilet preparations..24,325£24,2607,253108
   Unenumerated..561£57015740
Photographic goods..5,661£5,4991,261163
   Copper, glass, and zinc plates for photo-lithographic work..1,090....  
   Photographic cameras and lenses..7,594£2,01220146
   Sensitized surfaces..20,428£1,9171911311
Pickles5,346 gal.1,5834,711 gal.7061211
Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs..8,955£8,7641,7521610
   Family portraits..2....  
   Paintings..447....  
Picture frames and mounts..3,037£3,154728100
Pitch1,201 cwt.576....  
Plants, shrubs, and trees..12,035....  
Plaster of-paris18,651 cwt.3,849....  
Plate and plated ware..89,112£87,59013,1471710
Portmanteaux and travelling-bags..9,871£9,8332,651119
   Leather bags and leather-cloth bags..1,519£1,511393160
Potatoes42 tons43941 tons40157
Printing materials—
   Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks..1,003£1,027256153
Type and materials, n.o.e...13,215£2,757275147
Provisions—
   Eggs995 doz.25£25680
   Unenumerated..27,198£27,0405,94728
Putty6,071 cwt.3,3406,071 cwt.7721810
Quicksilver5,690 lb.675....  
Resin19,203 cwt.15,250....  
Rice84,992 cwt.49,735....  
Rice meal refuse27,924 cwt.5,035....  
Rugs, all kinds..22,162£21,5144,302154
Saccharine17,903 oz.33021,274 oz.1,595106
Saddlery and harness (including whips)..37,021£36,5697,53052
   Harness oil, composition, and leather-dressing..2,539£2,281507142
   Saddlers' ironmongery and materials..29,534....  
   Collar-check..8,431....  
Salt19,767 tons55,740....  
   Rock-salt877 tons1,972....  
Saltpetre2,102 cwt.2,612....  
Sauces, catsup, and chutney17,420 gal.11,93317,501 gal.3,500162
   Soy5,953 gal.388....  
Sausage-skins270,751 lb.21,471275,219 lb.3,44049
Seeds—
   Grass and clover29,574 cwt.104,831....  
   Unenumerated..55,570....  
Shale563 tons1,501....  
Ship-chandlery, n.o.e...6,155....  
Silks, satins, velvets, &c...75,828£75,17715,03582
   For flour-dressing..231....  
Silver3,612 oz.444....  
Skins and pelts50,399 No.2,633....  
Slates, roofing675,217 No.6,168....  
Soap—
   Common58 cwt.717 cwt.1139
   Powder, extract of soap..16,704£16,1753,23503
   Soap, n.o.e...57,848£58,47816,19882
Specie—
   Copper..62....  
   Gold..760,700....  
   Silver..2,509....  
Specimens illustrative of natural science..168....  
Spices—
   Ground28,824 lb.86628,788 lb.244107
   Unground033,406 lb.16,401....  
Spirits—
   Bitters, cordials, and liqueurs4,453 gal.4,2684,183 gal.3,34635
   Brandy90,027 gal.41,54067,139 gal.53,71135
   Geneva and gin, unsweetened104,977 gal.29,01896,184 gal.76,947118
   Methylated39 gal.5972 gal.48160
   Rum13,762 gal.3,40615,181 gal.12,144199
   Sweetened, n.o.e.7,550 gal.2,1547,722 gal.6,177179
   Whisky601,401 gal.228,350591,582 gal.473,2651610
   Unenumerated3,407 gal.3,3173,642 gal.2,913119
Spirits of wine105,563 gal.8,1792,584 gal.2,06744
   Methylated, in bond....95,339 gal.2,38393
Starch1,046,125 lb.11,2221,070,341 lb.8,94446
   Confectioners' moulding47,927 lb.275...... 
Stationery—
   Handbills, circulars, &c.373,930 lb.14,803366,905 lb.4,71135
   Manufactured..74,224£69,35919,10594
   Unenumerated..66,118£54,90712,36659
   Apparatus and appliances for educational purposes..9,233....  
   Bookbinders' materials..10,298....  
   Cardboard boxes, materials for..23,530£649129159
   Unenumerated..8,687£1,507150140
Stearine414,730 lb.8,012414,732 lb.1,536123
Stone—
   Building2,128 tons2,709....  
   Granite and other stone, dressed or polished, and articles made therefrom..6,785£6,7601,70039
   Granite and other stone, hewn or rough sawn254 tons935....  
   Grind, mill, oil, and whet..5,144....  
Sugar—
   Raw1,092,108 cwt.655,885....  
   Refined14,251 cwt.11,250....  
   Glucose30,636 cwt.5,8501,362,755 lb.5,678211
   Golden syrup305 cwt.281....  
   Molasses34,048 cwt.2,835....  
   Treacle289 cwt.294....  
Sulphur25,278 cwt.7,716....  
Tallow..4....  
Tanning materials, crude—
   Bark3,606 tons35,300....  
   Other kinds..3,861....  
Tar..2,492....  
Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick and wagon covers..2,369£3036520
Tea3,071,471 lb331,46181,670 lb.70363
Textile piece-goods other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen..317,721£317,17761,955101
   Articles made up from, other than apparel..24,212£24,0024,80079
Timber—
   Laths and shingles7,774,601 No.8,2027,775,000 No.777101
   Logs4,797 No.12,777....  
   Logs, hewn10,299,316 sup. ft110,620....  
   Palings557,640 No.3,961537,700 No.537132
   Posts31,551 No.2,27431,551 No.32640
   Rails5,525 No.1495,525 No.1110
   Sawn, undressed29,600,466 sup. ft.216,97426,577,500 sup. ft.26,577100
   Sawn, dressed351,829 sup. ft.5,786349,60069953
   Unenumerated..3,349....  
Tin—
   Block3,919 cwt.36,470....  
   Foil19,833 lb.5,0(8....  
   Sheet63,431 cwt.73,945....  
Tinware..19,597£19,6105,24173
Tinsmiths' furniture and fittings..4,214....  
Tobacco, &c.—
   Unmanufactured28,512 lb.1,36518,682 lb.1,88841
   Manufactured2,213,429 lb.259,9832,286,576 lb.400,048143
   Cigars53,676 lb.22,32758,214 lb.20,374180
   Cigarettes400,095 lb.150,635187,564 thous. 16,265 lb.169,81136
   Snuff1,200 lb.1511,150 lb.402100
Tobacco pipes and cases..31,835£31,4928,143113
Tools and implements—
   Axes and hatchets..11,604....  
   Engineers', metal, wood-, and stone-workers' machine and hand tools..64,232....  
   Scythes..1,471....  
   Sheep-shears..1,826....  
   Spades, shovels, and forks..10,957....  
   Unenumerated..133,986....  
Turpentine and terebene200,778 gal.31,582....  
Twine..28,627£24,6244,98748
   Nets and netting..1,784£1,772354143
   Binder1,882 cwt.4,135....  
   Unenumerated..1,030....  
Umbrellas and parasols..7,790£7,7951,558192
   Materials for..12,565....  
Varnish, lacquers and gold-size43,505 gal.20,39141,172 gal.4,302166
Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved..2,959£1,90452384
Vinegar55,786 gal.7,28554,847 gal.1,372185
Watches65,477 No.13,080£12,9592,591149
Watchmakers' materials..1,028....  
Wax—
   Beeswax11,230 lb.68511,230 lb.461510
   Paraffine609,841 lb.24,4942,543,952 lb.10,599160
   Unenumerated23,239 lb.1,90723,239 lb.96167
Whiting and chalk11,204 cwt.1,18811,066 cwt.554106
Wine—
   Australian51,813 gal.20,07052,691 gal.13,172155
   Sparkling15,102 gal.28,35414,049 gal.6,32204
   Other kinds79,505 gal.29,79676,396 gal.19,110183
Woodenware..42,810£25,5966,52394
Wool—
   Greasy154,038 lb.6,404....  
   Washed1,138 lb.81....  
Woollen pie-goods..315,729£313,48662,69729
Woollen blankets7,730 pairs2,853£1,92638540
Wool packs56,601 doz.70,756....  
Woolpockets709 doz.650....  
Yarns..16,534£16,5113,30240
   Coir, flax, jute, and hemp..3,697....  
Zinc—
   Perforated sheet833 cwt.1,757£17817160
   Plain sheet6,354 cwt.10,189....  
   Spelter5,619 cwt.7,310....  
Minor articles required in the making up of apparel. &c...7,534....  
Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repairs of goods within the Dominion..31,025....  
Miscellaneous goods—
   Manufactured..47,374....  
   Unmanufactured..11,364....  
Parcels-post..374,294..65,967168
EXCISE DUTIES, NOTINCLUDING BEER.
Tobacco, manufactured....16,872 lb.843120
Cigars....3,853 lb.2681811
Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing more than 50 per cent. proof spirit....30,424 lb.2,265183
Culinary and flavouring essences, spirituous....4,076 gal.2,445150
Perfumed spirits....474 gal.47429
Toilet preparations, spirituous, subject to 16s. per gallon on importation....276 gal.16581

Goods received from the Cook Islands and Niue, or Savage Island, are treated as produce of New Zealand and not as trade. The following were the principal articles from these Islands during 1011:—

Article.Quantity.Value.
  £
Fruit-juices913 gal.40
Coffee, raw5,902 lb.150
Copra718 tons14,155
Fruits, fresh14,306,870 lb.73,076
Hats and caps5,557 doz.2,714
Coconuts94,728 No.469
Vanilla beans1,136 lb.237
Fancy goods..837
Other articles..654
  £92,382

SUBSECTION D.—CUSTOMS REVENUE AND TARIFF.

CUSTOMS REVENUE.

THE Customs and excise duties received during the last five years are shown in detail, also the rate of revenue per head of mean population, inclusive and exclusive of Maoris, for each year:—

1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.

* Duty abolished in 1907.

CUSTOMS DUTIES.£££££
Spirits595,218601,107577,233616,835637,326
Wine42,73742,79938,74940,88838,606
Ale, beer, &c.27,91127,17825,23227,15927,365
Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff159,037168,745162,910176,347190,588
Tobacco376,779391,554397,000400,418401,936
Coffee, cocoa, &c.7,5957,3576,3707,8327,784
Sugar and molasses166,335****
Opium11129396432
Other goods by weight226,322201,563182,695214,772236,747
Other goods ad valorem1,317,2061,262,6591,088,7671,226,0721,402,811
Other duties101,539134,901113,573122,066139,874
Parcels-post58,63262,19452,54160,17765,968
Primage....1,969....
Surtax....6,50962,35916,620
Totals, Customs duties3,079,4222,903,0862,653,6172,954,9893,165,657
1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
EXCISE DUTIES.£££££
Tinctures—New Zealand4,5171908.>2,7703,7664,0965,351
Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff—New Zealand-manufactured3531908.>280170170289
Tobacco — New - Zealand manufactured9851908.>1,0141,086854844
Beer—New Zealand113,1201908.>116,845114,799117,493119,087
Totals, excise duties118,9751908.>120,909119,821122,613125,571
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Revenue from Customs duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris)37031521472196325
Ditto (including Maoris)3382186212121692197
Revenue from excise duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris)027.1026.7025.6025.6025.7
Ditto (including Maoris)025.5025.2024.2024.3024.3

Details of Customs Revenue for twenty years are given:—

CUSTOMS REVENUEPER HEADOF EUROPEAN POPULATION.
 £s.d.
18922116
18932104
1894264
1895269
18962911
18972130
18932133
18992145
190021610
19012164
19022173
1903310
1904328
1905310
1906349
1907370
1908315
19092147
19102196
1911325

Besides an alteration of tariff in 1895 in some items, certain duties were lowered and exemptions granted in the year 1900. The duty on tea was brought to 2d. per pound, instead of 4d.; currants and raisins were lowered to 1d. per pound; candles to 1d.; cocoa and roasted coffee to 3d. There was also reduction on stearine for match-making, on paraffin wax, and wax matches. The duty on patent and proprietary medicines was made 15 per cent., also that on certain drugs and chemicals, while the charge on steam-engines, or parts thereof, became 5 per cent. Various exemptions came into force.

In 1907 the Customs tariff was completely revised and some important alterations made. Among articles placed upon the free list are: Sugar, molasses and treacle, currants, raisins, figs, dates, prunes, unground spices, mustard, maizena, cornflour, almonds and nuts (excepting walnuts), carbonate and bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, infants' foods, forfar, dowlas, and flax-sheeting, vegetable oils, fencing staples and standards, sheet lead; gas, electricity, and water meters; rubber and pneumatic tires for carriages. Children's boots Nos. 0-6 and tea in bulk are admitted free if of British manufacture or growth.

Increased rates of ordinary duty were imposed on certain articles, among which are found: Flavouring essences, n.o.e., medicinal preparations, drugs and druggists' sundries, candles, paraffin wax, hosiery, cash-registers, cartridges (shot), 10-21 bore, cartridge-cases, certain sizes of iron and fibre pipes, mouldings and panels.

Tea, the produce of British dominions, if in packages of 5 lb. in weight or over is admitted free, in packages under 5 lb. 2d. per pound. The preferential duty on tea of foreign growth is 2d. per pound if in packages of 5 lb. in weight or over, and 1d. per pound if in packages of a lesser weight than 5 lb.

The Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1909, imposed a surtax of 1 per cent. on the amount of duty payable on tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, and of 2 ½ per cent. on the amount of duty payable on all other dutiable goods. This surtax remained in operation until 31st March, 1911.

The Customs revenue for 1911 was increased by the sum of £112,173 in consequence of the preferential tariff, but the exemp-

tion in favour of British-grown tea has resulted in a considerable loss of revenue. The duty collected on all tea imported in 1903 was £43,606, while in 1911 only £703 was received. Sugar, from which the duty has been removed, yielded an average revenue of £194,000 during the years 1903-7.

The tariff (general and preferential) is given in full in this subsection. The rates of duty levied include 16s. per gallon on spirits; 30s. per gallon on perfumed spirits; 7s. per pound on cigars and snuff; 17s. 6d. per 1,000, of 2½lb. and under, on cigarettes; also 3s. 6d. per pound on manufactured and 2s. on unmanufactured tobacco. Sparkling wine is charged 9s. a gallon; Australian, 5s.; other kinds, 6s.; ale and beer, 2s. The duty on cocoa, chocolate, and chicory is 3d. per pound; roasted coffee, 3d. Opium is charged 40s. per pound, but this article, in a form suitable for smoking, cannot now be legally imported. The remainder of the Customs revenue, with small exception, is made up of charges on goods by weight, ad valorem duties, ranging from 5 to 40 per cent., and receipts from the foreign parcels-post. There is also an excise duty of 1s. per pound on tobacco; 1s. 6d. per pound on cigars and snuff; 3d. per gallon on beer; 9d. per pound on medicinal preparations (with exceptions) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, which, if less than 50 per cent., would be free. Toilet preparations subject to 16s. liquid gallon on importation, 12s. the liquid gallon, or when subject to 25 per cent. duty, 6s. per gallon. Also, 12s. per gallon on culinary and flavouring essences, and 20s. on perfumed spirits.

The excise duty on cigarettes made in New Zealand is now (from the 31st December, 1896) 2s. 6d. per pound on machine-made and 1s. per pound on hand-made cigarettes.

All packages of manufactured tobacco must be labelled before leaving the manufactory, and it is necessary to obtain warrants to use cutting-machines for cutting duty-paid manufactured tobacco for sale (or to be used in the manufacture of cigarettes by hand), and to manufacture cigarettes by hand, under certain conditions.

The duties authorized by the Timber Export Act, 1908, will be found following the full tariff.

Preferential Tariff.

In 1903 the Legislature of New Zealand, with the object of encouraging trade between this country and other parts of the British Empire, imposed a surtax upon certain goods not being the produce or manufacture of some part of the British dominions. This may be regarded as the small beginning of what under the tariff of 1907 came to be a substantial protection to the British producer.

In 1907, while the tariff was under revision, some changes were made in the preferential duties of 1903, and the number of articles subject to the surtax greatly increased, until at present 193 of the total of 483 items on the tariff come under this head. The articles

upon which differential duty is charged are specified in the tariff given further on in this subsection.

The value of imports into New Zealand from foreign countries has never assumed large proportions, ranging from 13.5 to 17 per cent. of the total during the past ten years. From 1899 to 1904 there was a steady increase, but since the latter year the proportion has fallen, a result, no doubt, in a large measure due to the preferential treatment of British goods.

During the three years 1905-7, when the preferential tariff of 1903 was in full operation, the proportion of the value of goods imported upon which the surtax was charged, to the total value of goods imported, excluding specie, was—

Year.Value of Imports subject to Surtax.Proportion to Total Value of Imports (excluding Specie)
 £Per Cent.
1905599,7644.81
1906620,6004.34
1907658,0273.98

The greater number of articles included in the differential list in 1908 has increased the total value of imported articles subject to the surtax, and also the proportion to total imports as follows:—

Year.Value of Imports subject to Surtax.Proportion to Total Value of Imports (excluding Specie)
 £Per Cent.
1908895,0075.19
1909842,4075.69
19101,000,2675.97
19111,159,3426.17

In connection with the subject of preferential duties, tables are annexed to illustrate the position in regard to two specially selected important foreign States at the time the additional duties were authorized. The tables also exhibit the fact that the value of free goods introduced increased at a greater rate since the year 1902 than of those which paid duty:—

IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Year.On the East Coast.On the West Coast.Total Imports.
Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.
 ££££££
1902527,525619,05053,661118,701581,186737,751
1903522,581716,95457,430144,393580,011861,347
1904629,560679,74251,509167,104681,069846,846
1905541,685668,93354,415173,468596,100842,401
1906529,572638,69952,230185,280581,802823,979
1907562,805708,74725,324128,720588,129837,467
1908816,176685,00552,56490,192868,740775,197
1909563,972460,92639,912101,253603,884562,179
1910696,087538,87369,05595,722765,142634,595
1911799,762589,046106,517186,804906,279775,850
IMPORTS FROM GERMANY.
Year.Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Proportions per Cent.
Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.
 ££ 
190246,084164,47621.8978.11
190370,191204,10625.5974.41
190469,594239,21022.5477.46
190564,920212,54723.4076.60
1906109,538227,42232.5167.49
1907102,677248,95729.2070.80
1908144,824244,70737.1862.82
1909129,574198,27339.5260.48
1910146,830244,96537.4862.52
1911208,163272,45443.3156.69

Value of Free and Dutiable Imports.

The values of the imports into New Zealand during the years 1910 and 1911 are given in the next table, classified according to the duties to which they were liable, and arranged so as to show the declared value of goods on which specific or ad valorem duties at various rates are payable, and of those admitted free of duty.

Duties to which Imports liable.Value of Imports, 1910.Value of Imports, 1911.
 ££££
Specific duties 2,424,180 2,602,358
Ad valorem duties—
5 per cent.59,665 54,042 
10 per cent.85,159 104,392 
15 per cent.35,484 40,518 
19⅖ per cent.40 13 
20 per cent.3,027,033 3,483,363 
22¼ per cent.  12 
22½ per cent.28,856 29,949 
24 per cent.14,921 32,766 
25 per cent.1,431,983 1,615,380 
30 per cent.585,714 658,797 
33¾ per cent.5,896 5,333 
37½ per cent89,641 102,836 
40 per cent.1,326 1,667 
Various211,531 260,392 
  5,577,249 6,389,460
Parels-post (various) 307,299 374,294
Duty-free (excluding specie) 8,439,495 9,416,496
Specie imported 303,360 763,271
   Totals 17,051,583 19,545,879

By the Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1909, a surtax of 1 per cent. of the amount of duty payable under the existing tariff in the case of tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, and of 2½ per cent. of the amount of duty payable in the case of all other dutiable goods, was imposed on and from the 24th November, 1909, and remained in operation until 31st March, 1911. This surtax is not included in the rates of duty shown in the above table.

The proportions of free and dutiable goods imported during 1904, 1906, 1910, and 1911 are compared with similar figures for 1894, the year preceding that in which an altered tariff came into force. A further revision was made in 1907, as previously remarked.

 1894.1904.1906.1910.1911.

* Including excise duties levied on certain imports manufactured in bond.

Merchandise—£££££
Free1,871,7724,802,6085,476,9498,439,4959,416,496
   Dutiable4,118,4058,097,4228,826,2218,308,7289,366,112
   Imports (less specie)5,990,17712,900,03014,303,17016,748,22318,782,608
   Percentage of free merchandisePer Cent. 31.25Per Cent. 37.23Per Cent. 38.29Per Cent. 50.39Per Cent. 50.13
   Total net duty received*£ 1,572,467£ 2,655,166£ 2,903,131£ 2,960,109£ 3,172,141
Duty, per cent. of importsPer Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
   (a.) On dutiable imports38.1832.7932.8935.6333.87
   (b.) On all merchandise26.2520.5820.3017.6716.89

The average rate levied on dutiable goods in 1911 was slightly higher than before the tariff revision of 1907, the increase being due to the surtax on foreign goods, but the average on all merchandise shows a decrease. The proportion of imported merchandise free of duty increased considerably since 1906, showing the effect of remissions under the new tariff.

CUSTOMS TARIFF.

The following are the principal clauses of the Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1909, which came into operation on the 24th November, 1909:—

  1. On all dutiable goods imported into New Zealand or entered for home consumption after the coming into operation of this Act, in addition to all other duties of Customs or excise payable on those goods under the Customs Duties Act, 1908, the Customs Law Act, 1908, or the Tobacco Act, 1908, there shall be payable, at the time when those duties are payable, a further duty of Customs o excise as the case may be (to be called a surtax) of one per centum o the amount of each of those duties respectively in the case of tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, and of two and a half per centum of the amount of each of those duties respectively in the case of all other dutiable goods.

  2. This Act shall not extend to the Cook Islands.

  3. Nothing in this Act shall affect the existing reciprocal treaty between the Government of New Zealand and the Government of certain colonies in South Africa referred to in section eight of the Customs Duties Act, 1908.

  4. The resolution of the House of Representatives relating to primage duty, passed on the tenth day of November, nineteen hundred and nine, shall be deemed to have taken effect and to have had the force of law according to the tenor of that resolution, and to have so continued until the commencement of the twenty-fourth day of November, nineteen hundred and nine, and no longer.

  5. No refund shall be made to or recoverable by any person in respect of any duty of Customs or excise paid before the passing of this Act in conformity with the resolution referred to in the last preceding section, or in conformity with the resolution of the House of Representatives relating to surtax, and passed on the twenty-third day of November, nineteen hundred and nine, and all such duty shall be deemed to have been lawfully collected and paid in accordance with the Customs Duties Act, 1908, the Customs Law Act, 1908, and the Tobacco Act, 1908.

  6. The duty imposed by this Act shall cease to be chargeable after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and eleven, in respect of any goods imported into New Zealand or entered for home consumption after that day.

THE CUSTOMS TARIFF OF NEW ZEALAND.—TABLE OF DUTIES.

NOTE.—The headings of the respective classes in Schedules A and B are solely used for convenience of classification, and shall not in any way affect the interpretation of the Tariff.

The word “iron” includes steel, or steel and iron combined.

Neither steam-engines, nor parts of steam-engines, nor boilers (land or marine), nor feed-water heaters, fuel-economizers, steam-superheaters, or mechanical stokers are included in the expression “machines” or “machinery” as used in the Tariff.

The abbreviation “n.o.e.” means “not otherwise enumerated.”

SCHEDULE A.
Tariff Item No.Goods.Rate of Duty.
Ordinary Tariff.Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D, and E).
CLASS I.—FOODS AND ARTICLES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.
Goods subject to fixed rates, except as specified:—
1Bacon, and hams2d. the lb. 
2Biscuits, ships', plain and unsweetened; also dog-biscuits3s. the cwt.7⅕d. the cwt.
3Biscuits, other kinds2d. the lb.⅖d. the lb.
4Candied peel, and drained peel3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
5Confectionery n.o.e.; including medicated lozenges, medicated confectionery, boiled sugars, liquorice n.o.e., sugared or crystallized fruits2d. the lb., including internal containing packages (other than plain bottles and plain trade packages)⅖d. the lb., including internal containing packages (other than plain bottles and plain trade packages).
6Chocolate confectionery and confectionery containing chocolate:—
(1.) In plain trade packages3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
(2) In fancy packages, or in small packages for retail sale20% ad val.4% ad val.
7Fish, dried, pickled, or salted, n.o.e.10s. the cwt.5s. the cwt
8Fish, potted, and preserved
(NOTE.—The term “fish” is used in the Tariff in its widest sense, and includes shellfish, crustaceans, and other foods obtained from the fisheries.)2d. the lb., including any liquor, oil, or sauce1d. the lb., including any liquor, oil, or sauce. (NOTE. — Sardines are not subject to preferential duty.)
9Fruits, dried, n.o.e.2d. the lb. 
10Fruits, fresh—viz., apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, medlars, apricots, quinces, tomatoes, and grapes  
(No duty exceeding ½d. the lb. to be levied on apples and pears on and from the 14th July to and including 31st December.)1d. the lb. 
11Fruits, fresh—viz., currants, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, strawberries, and lemons½d. the lb. 
12Fruit-pulp, partially preserved fruit, fruit preserved by sulphurous acid, unsweetened and n.o.e.1½d. the lb. 
13Glucose, and caramel1d. the lb. 
14Honey2d. the lb. 
15Jams, jellies, marmalade, and preserves2d. the lb., or package of that reputed weight, whichever rate is higher, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight⅖d. the lb., or package of that reputed weight, whichever rate is higher, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.
16Jellies, concentrated4d. the lb.⅘d. the lb.
17Pearl barley1s. the cwt. 
18Peas, split2s. the cwt. 
19Pickles3s. the gallon. 
20Sauces, catsup, and chutney4s. the gallon. 
21Soy, in vessels of 10 gallons capacity or under4s. the gallon. 
22Spices, ground, n.o.e., including pepper, pimento, and olive-stones, ground2d. the lb.⅖d. per lb.
23Vinegar, not exceeding 6.5 per cent. of acidity. calculated as acetic acid6d. the gallon1⅕d. per gallon.
24Walnuts, shelled or unshelled2d. the lb. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
25Capers, caraway-seeds, caviare, cayenne pepper, curry powder and paste, fish-paste, olives20% ad val. 
26Lard, and refined animal fats, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
27Meats, potted or preserved20% ad val10% ad val.
28Provisions n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
29Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
30Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup  
(Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup, fortified with alcohol to any extent exceeding 33 per cent. of proof spirit, shall be charged 16s. per proof gallon on such juice or syrup, in addition to 25 per cent. ad val. on the total value of the goods.)25% ad val.12½% ad val.
31Milk or cream, preserved, evaporated, or dried25% ad val.12½% ad val.
CLASS II.—TOBACCO.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
32Cigarettes, not exceeding in weight 2½ lb. per 1,00017s. 6d. the 1,000 
33Cigarettes, n.o.e.7s. the lb. 
34Cigars, including the weight of every band, wrapper, or attachment, to any cigar7s. the lb. 
35Snuff7s. the lb. 
36Tobacco, including the weight of every label, tag, or other attachment3s. 6d. the lb. 
37Tobacco, unmanufactured, entered to be manufactured in New Zealand in any licensed tobacco-manufactory, for manufacturing purposes only, into tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, or ff2s. the lb. 
CLASS III.—ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND MATERIAL FOR MAKING THE SAME.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
38Ale, beer of all sorts, porter, cider, and perry, when containing more than 2 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity2s. the gallon. 
39Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of 33 per cent. of proof spirit, but not exceeding the strength of proof16s the liquid gallon. 
40Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of proof16s the proof gallon. 
41Hops6d. the lb.3d. the lb.
42Maize, flaked4s. the bushel. 
43Malt, whole or ground2s. the bushel. 
44Rice malt1d. the lb. 
45Solid wort6d. the lb. 
46Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, the strength of which can be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer or other instrument  
(No allowance beyond 16.5 under proof shall be made for spirits or spirituous mixtures of a less strength than 16.5 under proof.)16s. the proof gallon. 
47Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, n.o.e., when not exceeding the strength of proof16s. the liquid gallon. 
48Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, n.o.e., when exceeding the strength of proof  
Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, in bottles or jars in cases, shall be charged as follows—viz.: Two gallons and under as two gallons, over two gallons and not exceeding three as three gallons, over three gallons and not exceeding four as four gallons, and so on for any greater quantity contained in any case.16s. the proof gallon. 
49Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, in combination with other ingredients, and although thereby coming under any other designation excepting medicinal preparations otherwise enumerated16s. the liquid gallon. 
Wine.—The term “wine” as applied to the Tariff includes medicated wine, or wine mixed with food; also such spirituous beverages, and fluid foods, containing less than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, as may be so decided by the Minister.  
50Wine, Australian, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity5s. the gallon. 
51Wine, other than sparkling, and Australian, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity6s. the gallon. 
52Wine, sparkling, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity9s. the gallon. 
53Wine of any kind containing more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit16s. the liquid gallon. 
CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, AND MATERIALS FOR MAKING THE SAME.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
54Chicory3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
55Cocoa, and chocolate, including cocoa-beans roasted and crushed; also cocoa or chocolate mixed with milk or any other food substance whatsoever3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
56Coffee, roasted3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
57Tea n.o.e.2d. the lb.⅖d. the lb.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
58Aerated, and mineral waters; effervescing beverages; and beverages n.o.e.20% ad val. 
59Coffee, essence of; and essence of coffee with milk or any other food substance20% ad val.10% ad val.
60Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, unsweetened, in containers of less than 10 gallons capacity20% ad val.10% ad val.
61Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, sweetened; syrups; raspberry vinegar, sweetened20% ad val.10% ad val.
CLASS V.—DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, AND DRUGGISTS' SUNDRIES.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
62Acid, acetic, containing not more than 30 per cent. of acidity1½d. the lb. 
63Acid, acetic, containing more than 30 per cent. of acidity, for every 10 per cent. of acidity or fraction thereof½d. the lb. 
64Essences flavouring, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit16s. the liquid gallon. 
65Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food), containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit1s. the lb. 
66Opium£2 the lb. 
67Saccharin n.o.e., including substances of a like nature or use1s. 6d. the ounce. 
68Soda-crystals2s. the cwt.4⅘d. the cwt.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
69Baking powder; yeast preparations, and other ferments; also yeast foods20% ad val.10% ad val.
70Chemicals, and chemical preparations, n.o.e., including photographic chemicals n.o.e.; also anti-incrustation, boiler, and other compounds20% ad val.10% ad val.
71Essences, flavouring, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
72Eucalyptus oil in bulk or bottle20% ad val. 
73Glycerine, refined20% ad val.10% ad val.
74Medicinal preparations, drugs, and druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e.; also aerated water makers', and cordial manufacturers', and brewers' drugs, chemicals, and other sundries, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
75Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or less20% ad val.10% ad val.
76Saccharin, in the form of tablets, pilules, granules, or cachets, each containing not more than ½ grain of saccharin in combination with at least 10 per cent. of alkali20% ad val.10% ad val.
CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILE GOODS.
Goods subject to fixed rates of duty:—
77Cotton, raw4d. the lb. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
78All articles n.o.e., made of textile, felt, or other piece-goods, or of any combination of the same, wholly or partly made up or manufactured, and not being apparel or clothing either wholly or partly made up20% ad val. 
79Drapery n.o.e.20% ad val. 
80Flags20% ad val. 
81Haberdashery n.o.e.20% ad val. 
82Lace, and laces, n.o.e.20% ad val. 
83Ribbons, and crepe, all kinds20% ad val. 
84Rugs, woollen, cotton, epossum, or other20% ad val. 
85Textile piece-goods n.o.e., including silks, satins, velvets, plushes, n.o.e., composed of pure silk, or of silk mixed with any other material, in the piece, and including also imitation silks, composed of any material or substance whatsoever.20% ad val. 
86Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades20% ad val. 
87Yarns n.o.e.20% ad val. 
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
88Apparel, and ready-made clothing, n.o.e.25% ad val. 
89Feathers, ornamental (including ostrich): artificial flowers, leaves, and sprays25% ad val. 
90Furs, and fur trimmings25% ad val. 
91Hats of all kinds (including straw hats), also caps25% ad val. 
92Hosiery n.o.e.25% ad val. 
93Millinery of all kinds, including trimmed hats, caps, and bonnets25% ad val. 
Goods subject to 40 per cent. ad val.:—
94Apparel made to the order, or measurement, of residents in New Zealand and intended for the individual use of such residents, whether imported by the residents themselves or otherwise40% ad val. 
95Apparel—viz., Volunteer clothing made to measurement sent from New Zealand40% ad val. 
CLASS VII.—LEATHER AND MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER.
Goods subject to mixed rates:—
96Boots, shoes, clogs, and pattens, n.o.e., viz.—
Men's, above size No. 51s. 6d. the pair, and 15% ad val.9d. the pair, and 7½% ad val.
Youths', above size No. 11s. the pair, and 15% ad val.6d. the pair, and 7½% ad val.
Boys', Nos. 7 to 1 both inclusive6d. the pair, and 15% ad val.3d. the pair, and 7½% ad val.
Women's above size No. 11s. the pair, and 15% ad val.6d. the pair, and 7½% ad val.
Girls', Nos. 7 to 1, both inclusive6d. the pair, and 15% ad val.3d. the pair, and 7½% ad val.
Other kinds1s. the pair, and 15% ad val.6d. the pair, and 7½% ad val.
Slippers (not including lawn tennis, and gymnasium shoes soled with india-rubber or felt)6d. the pair, and 15% ad val.3d. the pair, and 7½% ad val.
Slippers of felt, with carpet, twine, or felt soles22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
Shoes or goloshes known as Plimsolls with moulded indiarubber soles22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
Champion, gymnasium, yachting, and lawn tennis boots, and shoes, with moulded indiarubber soles22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
Goloshes or overshoes of all kinds, of rubber22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
Shoettes, and sandals, n.o.e.22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
97Leather—
Leather belting, belt leather, harness, welting, bridle, strap, legging, bag, and kip other than East India4d. the lb. 
All hide leathers dressed n.o.e.3d. the lb. 
(NOTE.—Any leathers n.o.e. (1) either dressed in sides, or pieces of whatever size, or (2) if in whole skins over 16 ft., are to be classed as hide leather.)  
Calf skins, being whole skins, however dressed, and 16 ft. spread and under1d. the lb. 
Sheepskins, and lambskins, however dressed, n.o.e.3d. the lb. 
East India kip, dressed1d. the lb. 
Sole, pump, and skirt leather2d. the lb. 
Leather dressed n.o.e., including kangaroo, and wallabi1d. the lb. 
98Leather board or compo4d. the lb. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
99Leather bags, and leather cloth bags, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
100Leather, chamois20% ad val.10% ad val.
101Leather manufactures n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
102Saddlery, and harness; whips and whip thongs20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 22½ per cent. ad val.:—
103Heel plates, and toe stiffeners, and toe plates22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
104Laces, vamps, and uppers; also clog or patten soles22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
105Leather cut into shapes22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
106Leather leggings22½% ad val.11¼% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
107Portmanteaux; trunks; travelling bags, and brief bags, of leather or leather cloth, 10 in. in length and upwards; and carpet bags25% ad val.12½% ad val.
CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD FURNISHING.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
108Basketware, and wickerware, n.o.e., not being furniture20% ad val.10% ad val.
109Carpets; druggets; floorcloth; mats; matting; plain, and fancy stair oil baize; wood, and fancy oil baize; and oil, and other dado cloths20% ad val. 
110Furniture, knife, and plate powder, and polish; also floor and linoleum polishes, not being varnishes20% ad val.10% ad val.
111Furniture, and cabinetware, n.o.e., and other than iron, or other metal25% ad val.12½% ad val.
112Mantelpieces, other than stone25% ad val.12½% ad val.
113Upholstery n.o.e.25% ad val.12½% ad val.
CLASS IX.—CHINA. GLASS, AND EARTHEN GOODS
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
114Bricks, known as firebricks20% ad val.10% ad val.
115China, porcelain, and parianware20% ad val.10% ad val.
116Drainage pipes, and drainage tiles20% ad val.10% ad val.
117Earthenware, stoneware, and brownware20% ad val.10% ad val.
118Filters20% ad val.10% ad val.
119Fireclay, ground; and fireclay goods20% ad val.10% ad val.
120Flooring, wall, hearth, and garden tiles20% ad val.10% ad val.
121Glassware; globes, and chimneys, for lamps20% ad val.10% ad val.
122Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
123Plate glass bevelled or silvered; mirrors, and looking-glasses, framed or unframed25% ad val.12½% ad val.
#CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
124Cards, playing6d. the pack. 
125Perfumed spirits, and Cologne water£ 10s. the liquid gallon. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
126Clocks, time registers, and time detectors20% ad val.10% ad val.
127Fancy goods, and toys; also sporting, gaming, and athletic requisites, n.o.e., including billiard tables, and billiard requisites; hair, and toilet combs20% ad val.10% ad val.
128Fishing tackle, including artificially baited hooks, other than flies20% ad val.10% ad val.
129Jewellery; plate, gold, or silver; plated-ware; greenstone, cut or polished20% ad val.10% ad val. (except green stone, cut or polished).
130Lay figures, busts, and dress stands20% ad val.10% ad val.
131Magic lanterns, bioscopes, cinematographs, kinetoscopes, phonographs, gramophones, graphophones, and the like instruments, including accessories peculiar thereto n.o.e.; also limelight, and the like apparatus, including accessories peculiar thereto, except magic-lantern slides20% ad val.10% ad val.
132Mouldings, and panels, in the piece, of either wood, plaster pulp, metal, or other material, for picture frames, cornices, walls, or ceilings20% ad val. 
133Musical instruments20% ad val.10% ad val.
134Photographic goods n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
135Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or unframed: picture or photograph frames or mounts (NOTE.—Any painting, drawing, or photograph, in any medium, having a value for duty exceeding £5 shall be assessed for duty at £5, plus the value of the frame and mounting, if any, and plus the value of the canvas or other material upon which such painting, drawing, or photograph is made.)20% ad val.10% ad val. (except pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or unframed.
136Statues, statuettes, casts, and bronzes20% ad val.10% ad val.
137Tobacco pipes and cases, cigar and cigarette holders and cases, cigarette papers and cases20% ad val.10% ad val.
138Watches20% ad val. 
139Walking-sticks20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
140Artificial flies25% ad val.12½% ad val.
141Oil, perfumed: also toilet preparations, and perfumery, n.o.e.25% ad val.12½% ad val.
CLASS XI.—PAPER MANUFACTURES AND STATIONERY.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
142Handbills, circulars, programmes, playbills, printed posters, trade catalogues, price-lists, and fashion-plates; printed advertising matter n.o.e.; also paper bags, and wrapping-paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed; printed or lithographed envelopes or labels3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
(NOTE.—This shall not apply to trade catalogues or price-lists of the goods of firms or persons having no established business in New Zealand.)
143Ink, writing2s. the gallon1s. the gallon.
144Paper bags, coarse (including sugar bags)7s. 6d. the cwt.3s. 9d. the cwt.
145Paper wrapping all kinds, not printed including blue candle, glazed cap. glazed casings, small hand, lumber hand, tissue, brown, cartridge, and sugar papers5s. the cwt.2s. 6d. the cwt.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
146Cardboard, pasteboard, strawboard, wood-pulp board, corrugated board, and cloth-lined board, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
147Cloth-lined, enamelled, gelatine, and metallic papers, n.o.e.; also “ivorite” n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
148Stationery, and writing paper, n.o.e., also printers' menu, wedding, programme, and mourning cards of cardboard, celluloid, or other material, edged, or embossed, but otherwise unprinted20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad. val.:—
149Calendars, and showcards, all kinds25% ad val.12½% ad val.
150Cardboard- or paper-boxes complete; or cardboard or paper, cut, or shaped, for boxes, wrappers, or other receptacles (including match-boxes)25% ad val.12½% ad val.
151Directories of New Zealand, or of any part thereof; also covers for directories25% ad val.12½% ad val.
152Paper bags n.o.e.25% ad val.12½% ad val.
153Stationery, manufactured, viz.:—
Account-books, manuscript-books, scribbling, and letter blocks, and books, plain, or ruled; bill-head, invoice, and statement forms; printed or ruled paper, counter-books, cheque, and draft forms; tags, labels not printed or lithographed, blotting-pads, sketch-books, book-covers, copying letter-books, manifold-writers, albums (other than for photographs), diaries, birthday-books, plain or faint lined ruled books, printed window-tickets, printed, lithographed, or embossed stationery n.o.e., and Christmas, New Year, birthday, Easter, and other cards, and booklet25% ad val.12½% ad val.
154Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks25% ad val. 
CLASS XII.—MANUFACTURES OF METAL.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
155Cartridges (shot) 10- to 24-bore2s. 6d. the 1001s. 3d. the 100.
156Cartridge-cases1s. 3d. the 1007½d. the 100.
157Composition-piping3s. 6d. the cwt.8⅖d. the cwt.
158Iron, galvanized corrugated sheets2s. the cwt.4⅘d. the cwt.
159Iron, and other nails, n.o.e., including dog-spikes2s. the cwt.1s. the cwt.
160Iron, plain galvanized sheet or hoop1s. 6d. the cwt.3⅗d. the cwt.
161Iron tanks, for every 100 gallons, or fraction of 100 gallons, in holding capacity2s. 6d.6d.
162Lead piping3s. 6d. the cwt.8⅖d. the cwt.
163Shot10s. the cwt.2s. the cwt.
Goods subject to 5 per cent. ad val.:—
164Engines and machines for mining purposes—namely, capstan engines for mining shafts; winding engines, steam, air, or electrically driven, including bed plates, foundation bolts, and friction clutches, when imported with the engines; drums for winding engines5% ad val.10% ad val.
165Machinery—viz., flour milling, refrigerating, dredging, woollen mill, paper mill, rope and twine making, oil refining, boring, meat preserving, leather splitting5% ad val.10% ad val. (except flour milling, oil refining, and boring machinery).
166Printing machines or presses; embossing, bronzing, type casting, and type setting machines; ruling machines, cardboard box making machines, and tools for same5% ad val.10% ad val. (except type casting and type setting machines).
167Soda-water machines; also machines for aerating liquids5% ad val.10% ad val.
168Steam engines, and parts thereof, for mining (including gold-dredging), or gold saving purposes and processes, or for dairying purposes5% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad val.:—
169Machinery, electric, and appliances—namely, electric generators, and electric motors, including slide rails therefor, electric lamps including globes for arc lamps, electric transformers10% ad val.5% ad val.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
170Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles, also finished, or partly finished or machined parts of the same, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
171Bill-hooks, bush-hooks, slashers, and hedge knives20% ad val.10% ad val.
172Boilers, land, and marine, including feed-water heaters, fuel economizers, steam superheaters, and mechanical stokers20% ad val.10% ad val.
173Cartridges, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
174Cash registering machines20% ad val. 
175Crab winches, cranes, capstans, and windlasses20% ad val.10% ad val.
176Electric batteries, and cells; furniture, fittings, instruments, and appliances, n.o.e., for the generation, transmission, application, or utilization of electricity, or of electric power of any description whatsoever20% ad val.10% ad val.
177Firearms, all kinds20% ad val.10% ad val.
178Hardware, ironmongery, and hollow-ware, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
179Iron pipes wrought n.o.e., and wood or fibre pipes, exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, and knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same20% ad val.10% ad val.
180Lawn mowers20% ad val.10% ad val.
181Lead-headed nails and galvanized cup-headed roofing nails20% ad val. 
182Machinery, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
183Manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal, or manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal in combination with any other material whatsoever, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
184Steam-engines, and parts of steam-engines, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
185Galvanized iron manufactures, n.o.e., made up from galvanized iron, or from plain sheet iron, and then galvanized25% ad val.12½% ad val.
186Japanned, and lacquered metalware25% ad val.12½% ad val.
187Tinware, and tin manufactures, n.o.e.25% ad val.12½% ad val.
CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, AND ARTICLES MADE FROM TIMBER.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
188Timber, palings, split2s. the 100. 
189Timber, posts, split8s. the 100. 
190Timber, rails, split4s. the 100. 
191Timber, sawn, dressed4s. the 100 sup. ft. 
192Timber, sawn, rough2s. the 100 sup. ft. 
193Timber, shingles, and laths2s. the 1,000. 
 Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—  
194Bellows, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
195Blocks, wooden tackle20% ad val. 
196Broom, mop, hoe, rake, and similar handles20% ad val. 
197Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, perambulators, and the like vehicles, and wheels for the same20% ad val.10% ad val.
198Carriage shafts, spokes, and felloes, dressed; bent carriage timber, n.o.e.20% ad val. 
199Cars, wagons, and trucks, railway, and tramway; and wheels for the same, n.o.e. Motor vehicles. Motor car bodies, or bodies for motor busses, whether attached or unattached20% ad val.10% ad val. (except motor vehicles, motor car bodies, or bodies for motor busses, whether attached or unattached).
200Doors, and sashes, either plain, or glazed with ornamental glass20% ad val.10% ad val.
201Woodenware, and turnery, n.o.e., and veneers20% ad val.10% ad val.
 CLASS XIV.—OILS, PAINTS, ETC.  
 Goods subject to fixed rates:—  
202Oil—namely, crude petroleum, crude residual oil, once-run shale oil, once-run petroleum oil½d. the gallon 
203Oil, n.o.e., including mineral lubricating-oil, in vessels capable of containing one gallon or more6d. the gallon1⅕d. the gallon.
204Paints, and colours, ground in oil or turpentine; also putty; and driers, n.o.e.2s. 6d. the cwt.6d. the cwt.
205Paints, and colours, mixed ready for use: also enamel paints, n.o.e.5s. the cwt.1s. the cwt.
206Stearine¾d. the lb.3/20d. the lb.
207Varnish and lacquers, including lithographic varnish, gold size, liquid gold, and other metallic paints; also liquid medium for mixing with metallic paints2s. the gallon4⅘d. the gallon.
208Whiting, and chalk1s. the cwt.2⅖d. the cwt.
 Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—  
209Axle grease, and other solid lubricants; petroleum greases, and mixture of the same with other substances, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
210Harness oil, and composition, leather dressing, and belt dressing; also leather revivers and polishes n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
211Oils in vessels having a lesser capacity than one gallon20% ad val. 
CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL AND FARM PRODUCTS, ETC.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
212Cattle (horned)10s. each. 
213Chaff£1 the ton. 
214Grain—namely, barley2s. the 100 lb. 
215Grain, and pulse, of every kind, n.o.e.9d. the 100 lb. 
216Grain, and pulse, of every kind, when ground or in any way manufactured, n.o.e., including wheat flour1s. the 100 lb.2⅖d. the 100 lb.
217Horses£1 each. 
218Onions£1 the ton. 
219Potatoes£1 the ton. 
220Prepared calf-meal£1 5s. the ton. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
221Animals, food for, of all kinds, n.o.e., including horse, and cattle spices, and condiments, proprietary or otherwise; also hempseed, maw-seed, millet-seed, canary-seed, and mixed bird-seed20% ad val.10% ad val.
CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
222Blue1d. the lb.⅕d. the lb.
223Candles1½d. the lb.¾d. the lb.
224Cement, Portland, and other structural, and building cement2s. the barrel2s. the barrel.
225Gelatine, isinglass, glue, and size1½d. the lb.3/10d. the lb.
226Matches:—
Wooden, in boxes containing not more than 60 matches1s. the gross of boxes6d. the gross of boxes.
In boxes containing over 60 and not more than 100 matches2s. the gross of boxes1s. the gross of boxes.
In boxes containing more than 100 matches; for every 100 matches, or fraction thereof, contained in one box2s. the gross of boxes1s. the gross of boxes.
Wax, “plaid vestas” in cardboard boxes containing under 100 matches1s. the gross of boxes6d. the gross of boxes.
“Pocket vestas,” in tin or other boxes, containing under 100 matches1s. 4d. the gross of boxes8d. the gross of boxes.
Wax, other kinds, for every 100 matches or fraction thereof contained in one box2s. 3d. the gross of boxes1s. 1½d. the gross of boxes.
Matches of any material other than wood or wax, a duty corresponding to the duty payable on wooden matches.  
(NOTE.—Boxes made of gold, silver, metal, wood, or composition, of permanent value when empty, shall, in addition to the duty payable on any matches contained therein, be charged as jewellery or fancy goods.)
227Paraffin wax1d. the lb. 
228Sausage skins, and casings (including brine or salt)3d. the lb. 
229Soap, common yellow, and blue mottled5s. the cwt.1s. the cwt.
230Spirits, methylated to the satisfaction of the Minister1s. the liquid gallon2⅖d. the liquid gallon.
231Spirits cleared from warehouse, methylated under prescribed conditions6d. the liquid gallon, not including the added naphtha or other methylating material. 
232Starch2d. the lb.⅖d. the lb.
233Wax, mineral, vegetable, Japanese, and beeswax1d. the lb. 
Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad val.:—
234Flock10% ad val. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
235Bags, calico, forfar, linen, flour; bagging, bags, and sacks, n.o.e., including filter bags, and sheaths20% ad val.10% ad val.
236Blacking, and boot-gloss and polish20% ad val.10% ad val.
237Blacklead20% ad val.10% ad val.
238Boats, launches, yachts, also all vessels propelled by means other than oars (when imported in any vessel), including all fittings therefor n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
239Cordage, rope, and twine, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
240Fireworks, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
241Nets, and netting20% ad val.10% ad val.
242Soap powder, extract of soap, dry soap, soft soap, liquid soap, soap solutions, and washing, or cleansing powders, crystals, pastes, and liquids20% ad val. 
243Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick, and wagon covers20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
244Bags of textile or felt, all kinds, if printed25% ad val.12½% ad val.
245Brooms, brushes, and brushware25% ad val.12½% ad val.
246Marble, granite, and other stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom; also imitation stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom, or from cement25% ad val.12½% ad val. (except marble, dressed or polished, and articles made therefrom.)
247Soap, n.o.e.25% ad val.12½% ad val.
In addition to any duty chargeable by law on any goods imported into New Zealand, a further duty of 20 per cent. ad val. shall be charged when the goods are prison made.  
(Importation of prison-made goods prohibited)  

SCHEDULE B.

Goods in this Schedule, except where otherwise provided, are exempt from duties of Customs.

Tariff Item No.Goods.Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D, and E).
CLASS I.—FOODS, ETC.
248Almonds, and nuts, except walnuts. 
249Anchovies, salted, in casks, or other containers, capable of holding 28 lb. net or over. 
250Arrowroot, sago, tapioca, macaroni, vermicelli, rice-flour, prepared barley-flour, potato-flour, infants' and invalids' farinaceous foods. 
251Cocoa or cacao butter, cocoanut butter, nut butter, and other refined vegetable butters or fats. 
252Fruits, dried—viz., currants and raisins. 
253Fruits, dried—viz., figs, dates, and prunes. 
254Maizena and Cornflower. 
255Mustard. 
256Rice, dressed or undressed, also rice meal refuse and rice meal. 
257Salt. 
258Soy, in vessels exceeding 10 gallons capacity. 
259Spices, unground—including chillies, pepper, and pimento, unground. 
260Sugar. 
261Treacle and molasses. 
CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, ETC.
262Cocoa-beans, uncrushed. 
263Coffee, raw. 
264Fruit-juices, or imitation fruit-juices, unsweetened, in containers of 10 gallons capacity or over. 
265Tea, in bulk—viz., in packages of 5 lb. or over net weight of tea2d. the lb.
CLASS V.—DRUGS, ETC.
266Acids—viz., boracic; carbolic; chromic; citric; fluoric; formic; lactic; muriatic; nitric; oleic; oxalic; picric; pyrogallic; salicylic; sulphuric; tartaric 
267Concentrated extracts, or essences, in liquid form, or preserved in fat, for the purpose of manufacturing perfumery, when entered to be warehoused in a manufacturing warehouse for the purpose of making perfumery or other articles therein. 
268Cream of tartar. 
269Dextrine n.o.e. 
270Disinfectants. 
271Drugs and chemicals, viz.:—
Carnauba wax. 
Catechu. 
Cochineal. 
Creosote, crude or commercial. 
Crude distillates of coal-tar or wood, in vessels containing 10 gallons or over, for the manufacture of disinfectants in New Zealand. 
Formic aldehyde, and solution thereof. 
Fusel oil. 
Gall nuts.
Glycerine, crude. 
Gums—viz., arabic, benzoin, damar, tragacanth, artificial gum-arabic. 
Liquefied gases, and compressed gases. 
Liquorice in blocks of 7 lb. net and over, or soft liquorice-extract in bulk, in tins or other vessels capable of holding 7 lb. net or over. 
Naphthalene, crude or refined. 
Saffron. 
Strychnine, and salts of strychnine. 
Sugar of milk. 
Sulphur. 
Turmeric. 
Alum, alum sulphate. 
Ammonium chloride, or pal ammoniac, ammonium sulphate. 
Arsenic, and arsenates. 
Borax. 
Calcium carbide, chloride, sulphate, sulphite, and bisulphite; chlorinated lime. 
Carbon bisulphide. 
Copper sulphate, or bluestone, oxide of copper. 
Iron sulphates. 
Magnesium sulphite, and bisulphite. 
Manganese oxides. 
Phosphorus. 
Potash; pearlash; potash, caustic, chlorate, cyanide nitrate (or saltpetre), permanganate prussiates, sulphite, and bisulphite; metallic potassium. 
Salts of thorium, zirconium, or other rare metals, and solutions thereof, including mixtures of same, suited for the manufacture of incandescent mantles. 
Silver nitrate in crystals. 
Soda, bicarbonate; acetate, crude; soda ash; soda, arseniate, anhydrous carbonate, caustic, cyanide, bisulphite, hyposulphite, silicate, sulphate, sulphide, sulphite, nitrate, permanganate. 
Metallic sodium, sodium peroxide. 
Zinc chloride. 
(NOTE.—Mixtures of any of the articles enumerated under this Schedule as drugs and chemicals, with each other, or with chemicals, or substances not enumerated, shall, if not provided for elsewhere in the Tariff, be charged as medicinal preparations n.o.e., or chemicals n.o.e. under Schedule A, Class V.)
272Drugs crude, not powdered, and unsuited for use as foods, or in the manufacture thereof—viz., barks, woods, twigs, leaves, herbs, flowers (except hops), roots, corms, gums, balsams, inspissated juices (except opium), seeds, fruits, fruit rinds, pitch, cantharides, ergot; also powdered pyrethrum flowers or Dalmatian powder, and powdered hellebore in bulk. 
273Essential oils, except eucalyptus; cod liver oil; oil of rhodium. 
274Horse, and cattle drenches. 
275Insecticides for agricultural uses, also tree washes. 
276Opium when entered to be warehoused in a manufacturing warehouse, for the purpose of making therein approved medicinal preparations. 
277Scrub exterminators. 
278Sheep dip; sheep drenches; sheep licks. 
279Surgical and dental instruments; also the following surgeons', physicians', dentists', and opticians' materials—viz., antiseptic dressings, gauzes, lint, tow, cotton wool, poroplastic felt, adhesive plaster, oiled silk or other fabric, spongio piline, bandages, catgut, and sterilized, and other sewings, thermometers; also appliances including splints for wear, peculiarly adapted to correct a deformity of the human body, to afford support to an abnormal condition of the human body, or to reduce or alleviate such condition, or to substitute any part of such body; crutches; ear trumpets, ear tubes, and audiphones, for the partially deaf. Opticians' trial cases, lenses, and frames, spectacles, and magnifying glasses, ophthalmoscopes, optometers and other measuring instruments, test cards, and diagrams, artificial eyes (demonstration and other). Dentists' materials—viz., artificial teeth, tooth crowns, celluloid blanks, base plates, denture strengtheners, guttapercha stick, points, pellets, and sheets, rubber dam, amadou absorbent, absorbent paper, rubber in sheets, metal-plate, -wire, -foil, sticks; solder; fusible metal, porcelain powder, and enamel, inlays, modelling composition and wax, investment compound, amalgam, and cement; also such other appliances and materials peculiar to surgical or dental use as may from time to time be enumerated in any order of the Minister. 
280Scientific and philosophical instruments and apparatus—namely, assay-balances; laboratory retorts, and laboratory flasks, and other instruments, and apparatus for chemical analysis, and assay works; assay furnaces, including dentists', and jewellers' furnaces; also such instruments, and apparatus, suited strictly for scientific and philosophical purposes, as may from time to time be approved by the Minister. 
CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILES.
281Brace-elastic, and brace-mountings. 
282Brattice cloth made of jute or hessian. 
283Bunting, in the piece. 
284Butter cloth; also cheese cloth, and cheese bandages or caps20% ad val.
285Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, needles. 
286Cotton or linen piece-goods, and unions of the same, n.o.e., except imitation silks composed of any material or substance whatsoever. 
287Fur skins, green or sun-dried. 
288Gold or silver lace or braid for military clothing, feather-stitch braid. 
289Hatmakers' materials—viz., felt hoods; shellac; galloons; calicoes; spale boards for hat boxes; leathers; silk plush in the piece; linings, when cut up or otherwise, under such conditions as the Minister may prescribe; blocks; moulds; frames; ventilators; tassels. 
290Hessians, plain or striped, and scrim. 
291Leather cloth, plain colours. 
292Minor articles (required in the making-up of apparel, boots, shoes, hats, caps, saddlery, umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades), enumerated in any order of the Minister, and published in the Gazette. 
293Ostrich feathers grown in New Zealand, when returned from abroad dressed, or dyed, upon evidence being produced to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs as to their previous exportation. 
294Sailcloth, canvas, and unbleached double-warped duck, in the piece. 
295Sewing cottons, silks, and threads; angola mendings not exceeding 45 yards in length; crewel, flourishing, embroidery, darning, knitting, and crochet threads, of silk, linen or cotton, or unions of the same, plain or fancy; macrame thread or macraroe twine. 
296Silk for flour dressing, in the piece. 
297Silk twist (shoemakers', and saddlers'). 
298Staymakers' binding, eyelets, corset-fasteners, jean, ticks, lasting, sateen, and cotell; also corset shields, and busk protectors. 
299Tailors' trimmings—viz., haircloth; plain or coloured imitation haircloth; canvas; buckram; wadding, and padding; silk, worsted, and cotton bindings, and braids; stay bindings; Russia braids; shoulder-pads; buckles; silesias; drab, slate, and brown jeans; pocketings; slate, black, and brown dyed unions and linens; Verona, and Italian cloth, of cotton or wool, or unions of the same; also such other lining materials as may be approved by the Minister. 
300Tubular woven cotton cloth in the piece for meat-wraps20% ad val.
301Umbrella-makers' materials—viz., reversible, and levantine silk mixtures, gloria, and satin de chene, of not less than 44 in. in width; alpaca cloth, with border; zanella cloth, with border; also other piece-goods on such conditions as the Minister may approve; sticks, runners, notches, caps, ferrules, cups, ribs, stretchers, tips, and rings. 
302Union textiles n.o.e., in the piece, the invoice value of which does not exceed 6d. the yard, when cut up, and made into shirts or pyjamas, under such conditions and regulations as the Minister may prescribe. 
303Waterproof material in the piece, having within, or upon it, a coating of indiarubber. 
CLASS VII.—LEATHER, AND ARTICLES USED IN LEATHER MANUFACTURES.
304Boot elastic. 
305Bootmakers' linings, canvas, plain, or coloured, bag and portmanteau linings, of such materials, qualities, and patterns, as may be approved by the Minister. 
306Boots, shoes, shoettes, sandals, clogs, and pattens, slippers, and goloshes—namely, children's Nos. 0 to 610% ad val.
307Cork soles, and sock-soles; moulded shoe and slipper soles of rubber10% ad. val.
308East India kip, also hides, crust or rough tanned, but undressed. 
309Goat-skins, and kid-skins, however dressed. 
310Grindery—namely, button fasteners, and staples; eyelets, and hook eyelets, and eyelet rings; tingles; spikes for running or cricketing shoes; boot-protectors; wood or rubber heels or knobs; leather toe-tips, “Wells” patent or a similar make, stiffeners or toes moulded ready for use, copper toes, boot stretchers and trees, hollow-fillers, japanned toe-tips; legging springs and stiffeners; lasting tacks, pegs, brass rivets, iron rivets; brass, iron, and copper cut-bills; steel points, sparrow bills; wrought, cut, and malleable hob-nails; Hungarian nails; wrought, and cut tip-nails; iron or wooden lasts; stands for lasts; sole, heel, stiffening, and toe-cap knives; shoemakers' wax; heel-balls; bristles, hemp, and flax; rubber solution or cement; welting cut into strips or in coils ready for use; shoemakers' binding or beading; welting leather cut into strips not exceeding 1 in. in width; webbing; tanners', curriers', and bootmakers' inks or stains; bootmakers' sectional cutting-boards; glass or emery paper, or cloth, on sheets, in rolls, or cut into shapes. 
311Hog-skins. 
312Kangaroo, and wallaby skins, undressed. 
313Leather, japanned or enamelled. 
314Saddle-trees. 
315Saddlers' ironmongery (except bits and stirrup-irons), hames, and mounts for harness; straining, surcingle, brace, girth, and roller webs; collar check, and the same article plain, of such quality as may be approved by the Minister; legging-buckles, also metal articles required to repair or complete riding or driving harness, or saddlery, to be repaired or made in New Zealand. 
316Tanning materials, crude. 
CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE, ETC.
317Blind webbing, and tape. Worsted covered cord, and solid glace cord, for venetian, and other blinds. 
318Upholsterers' materials—viz., webbing, hair-seating, imitation hair-seating; curled hair; gimp, and cord, of wool, cotton, or silk; tufts, and studs; chair canvas. 
CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, ETC.
319Bottles, empty, plain stone; also empty plain glass bottles, not being cut or ground; jars, plain glass; and plain earthen jars, up to 3 in. in diameter at the mouth. 
320Earthen, or glass roofing tiles, ridging, or finials; also roofing slates. 
321Glass, crown, sheet, and common window. 
322Glass, plate, polished, coloured, and other kinds, n.o.e. 
323Glass plates (engraved) for photo-lithographic work. 
324Jars, or other dutiable vessels, containing free goods, or goods subject to a fixed rate of duty, and being ordinary trade packages for the goods contained in them. 
325Lamps, miners' safety, and glasses therefor; lamps peculiarly adapted for use on harbour beacons and lighthouses, also appliances peculiar to such lamps; side lights, and head lights, especially suited for the use of ships. 
CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, ETC.
326Action work, and keys, in frames, or otherwise, iron, or metal piano frames, for manufacture of organs, harmoniums, and pianos; organ pipes, and stop-knobs 
327Articles, being exhibits for public display only in public museums, whether purchased under bond or directly imported by, or for presentation to such museums, upon declaration that such goods will not be sold or otherwise disposed of in New Zealand without payment of any duty which may be payable. 
328Artists' materials—viz., canvas in the piece or on stretchers, oiled paper or drawing paper in sheets or blocks, colours, brushes, palettes, and palette knives10% ad val.
329Cigarette papers entered to be warehoused in any licensed tobacco manufactory for the manufacture therein of cigarettes 
330Films for bioscopes, cinematographs, and kinetoscopes. 
331Microscopes, and telescopes, and slides, and lenses, for same. 
332Paintings, statuary, and works of art, whether purchased under bond or directly imported by, or for presentation to any public institution or art association registered as a body corporate, for display 
in the buildings of such institution or association, and not to be sold or otherwise disposed of; statuary or works of art, whether purchased under bond, or directly imported, for display in any public park or place, on conditions prescribed by the Minister. 
333Paintings or pictures painted or drawn by New Zealand students, within five years of the time of their departure from New Zealand for the purpose of undergoing a period of tuition abroad for the first time, upon evidence being produced to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs 
334Photographic cameras, and lenses, including focussing cloths, and camera covers10% ad val.
335Photographs of personal friends in letters or packets. 
336Precious stones, cut or uncut, if unmounted. 
337Sensitized surfaces, and albumenized paper, plain, not being post-cards or other stationery10% ad val.
338Slides for magic lanterns. 
CLASS XI.—PAPER, ETC.
 (NOTE.—In every case where exemption from duty is governed by a size, the equivalent area shall be exempt under like condition.)
339Bookbinders' materials—viz., cloth, leather, thread, headbands, webbing, end-papers, tacketing-gut, marbling-colours, marble-paper, blue or red paste for ruling-ink, staple-presses, wire staples, staple-sticks. 
340Butter paper (known as vegetable parchment paper), and waxed paper unprinted. 
 (NOTE.—Butter paper or waxed paper, printed, shall be charged as wrapping paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed. Schedule A, Class XI.)
341Cardboard, pasteboard, wood-pulp board, and corrugated board, of size not less than that known as “royal” and weighing not less than 2 oz. per sheet of “royal” size; also strawboard of size not less than that known as “royal,” and weighing not less than 3 oz. per sheet of “royal” size. 
342Cardboard boxes, material for—viz., gold, and silver paper, plain or embossed; embossed paper in strips; gelatine or coloured papers; known as “box papers”20% ad val.
343Cartridge drawing paper. 
344Celluloid, plain, in sheets, n.o.e. 
345Cloth-lined boards, not less than “royal” size. 
346Cloth-lined paper, and enamelled, gelatine, and metallic paper, of size not less than “demy”; also “ivorite” of size not less than “demy.” 
347Copy-books, having printed headlines on each page; also drawing-books10% ad val.
348Copying-paper, medium and larger sizes, in original mill wrappers and labels. 
349Ink, printing10% ad val.
350Masticated para. 
351Millboard, and bookbinders' leather board. 
352Paper, hand-made or machine-made, book, or writing, when in original wrappers, of sizes not less than the size known as “demy,” and not being a wrapping paper, or of the same quality as wrapping paper. 
353Paperhangings. 
354Paper, printing20% ad val.
355Printed books, papers, and music, n.o.e., excepting advertising matter. 
356Sunday school tickets, and reward cards, being Scriptural or religious motto cards, not exceeding 5d. per dozen invoice value, and not exceeding 6 in. by 4 in. in size, and having no reference upon them to Christmas, New Year, Easter, or birthdays. 
CLASS XII.—METALS.
357Agricultural machines, and agricultural implements, n.o.e.; also parts peculiar to the manufacture or repair of agricultural machines, and implements—including: chaff cutting knives, fittings for threshing mills, forgings or castings for ploughs, discs for harrows, plough-shares, mould-board plates, and steel-share plates cut to pattern, skeith-plates, tilt-rakes, reaper-knife sections or fingers, finished brass, and steel springs. 
 (NOTE.—Agriculture as applied to the Tariff includes horticulture and viticulture.)
358Anchors10% ad val.
359Artificers' tools, n.o.e., not including brushes or brushware; also the following tools—namely, axes, and hatchets, spades, shovels, forks, picks, mattocks, quartz, and knapping hammers, scythes, sheep-shears, reaping hooks, soldering irons, paperhangers' scissors, butchers' saws or cleavers; measuring bands or tapes; coal cutters, and air picks. 
360Axles, axle-arms, and axle boxes. 
361Bellows nails. 
362Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for—namely, rubber tires, pneumatic rubber tires, outside covers of rubber, and inner tubes, handle grips, pedal rubbers; also the following articles when not plated, japanned, enamelled, or varnished—namely, drop forgings, stampings, steel balls, weldless steel tubes with or without butted ends, wood or metal rims (not bored), spokes, forks, stays, handle bars, and seat pillars, unbuilt, bracket shells, fork, and stay ends, fork tips, bridges, crowns, and lugs; also ball heads complete when not brazed, including all plated parts. Hubs complete plated or otherwise, sprockets, chains, and chain-wheels, whether plated or not. Bottom brackets complete, including axles, cups, cranks, and pedals, plated or otherwise20% ad val. (except rubber tires, pnuematic rubber tires, outside covers of rubber, and inner tubes).
363Beekeepers' tools, implements, and apparatus—namely, metal fittings for bee hives, bee smokers, wax extractors, rubber gloves, gloves of textile soaked in oil, queen cages, comb foundation, foundation machines, honey knives, honey extractors, queen rearing outfits, wax presses, tools peculiar to the use of beekeepers. 
364Blacksmiths' anvils, forges, and fans10% ad val.
365Bolts, and bolt ends, up to 24 in. in length; nuts, blank or screwed nuts, black or finished nuts. 
366Brass, copper, and tin, in pigs, bars, or sheets; also tinned hoops. 
367Brass or metal tubing, and stamped work, in the rough. 
368Caps, percussion10% ad val.
369Card clothing, for woollen-mills, and for paper-mills. 
370Castings for ships; also propeller-screws, including only bosses and blades20% ad val.
371Chains, iron, plain, or with hook, swivel, or ring, attached10% ad val.
372Copper, brass, and composition rod, bolt, sheathing, and nails. 
373Couch-roll jackets, machine wires, beater-bars, and strainer-plates, for paper-mills. 
374Crucibles. 
375Electrical materials—namely, insulated cable and wire, carbon in block, sheet, or rod, arc lamp carbons; mica, vulcanite, and other insulating material, rubber or guttapercha solutions, insulating tape. 
376Electricians' portable testing sets. 
377Emery grinding machines, and emery wheels. 
378Empty iron drums, not exceeding 10 gallons capacity. 
379Engineers', and all metal- or wood- or stone-workers' machine tools or hand tools, not including brushes or brushware. 
380Engine-governors10% ad val.
381Eyelets. 
382Fire-engine, chemical fire-engines, and chemical fire-extinguishers; also fire-hose and couplings therefor, portable fire-escapes, fire-ladders, fire-reels, and firemen's helmets, if declared, to the satisfaction of the Collector, for the use of a fire brigade10% ad val.
383Fish-hooks, unmounted, and without attachments. 
384Galvanizing baths, welded. 
385Gas engines, and hammers, and oil engines20% ad val.
386Glassmakers' moulds. 
387Hydraulic wheel presses. 
388Iron boiler-plates and unflanged end-plates for boilers; boiler-tubes not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter and unflanged; expansion-rings; furnace-flues20% ad val.
389Iron pipes wrought, and wood or fibre pipes, not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes not exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Wrought iron boring, casing, and lining tubes, for oil boring, mining, or well sinking purposes20% ad val.
390Iron, plain black—viz., sheet, plate, hoop, rod, bolt, bar, angle, tee channel; pig iron; plain iron rolled girders, rolled chequered plates; shafting, plain rolled or plain turned, but otherwise unwrought20% ad val. (except hoop 6 in. in width or over, and pig iron).
391Iron and steel cordage20% ad val.
392Lead, in pigs and bars. 
393Lead, in sheets 
394Locomotive wheels and tires, including wheels and tires for railway or tramway passenger cars; coil, spiral, and volute springs, suited for the manufacture of locomotives; automatic air-pressure brakes specially suited for use on railway carriages and wagons. 
395Machine saw-blades. 
396Machinery—viz., dairying machinery (including cream-separating machines, also coolers); also vacuum pumps for milking machines when imported along with the machines to which they belong10% ad val. (excluding cream-separating machines, coolers, and vacuum pumps when imported along with the machines to which they belong).
397Machinery, mining, and gold saving; also, briquette making, and coal washing machines, rock-breaking machines, trommels, stamper batteries, ore feeders, grizzly bars, steel shoes and dies, ore crushing rolls, ball mills, grinding pans, tube mills, concentrators and rubber endless belts for same, battery screening woven or punched; also, the following machines, materials, and appliances, when imported for mining purposes, namely:—
Air compressors, not including the motive power for charging the same 
Chain links and rollers for conveyors, and conveyor belts of rubber or fibre  
Electric exploders  
Fans for mine ventilation10% ad val. (except concentrators and rubber endless belts for same). 
Filter presses  
Fuel-economizers  
Sand pumps  
Sinking pumps  
Solution pumps made wholly of metal  
Steam pumps having a capacity exceeding 5,000 gallons per hour  
Turbine pumps  
Shaft signalling gear  
Steel or iron head frames for mining shafts  
Battery blanket not exceeding 3 ft. wide  
Material for filter cloths and plush or other cloth for gold saving  
398Medals, including only old or second-hand war medals, humane societies', and other similar medals; also old coins.  
399Metal fittings, for trunks, portmanteaux, travelling bags, leggings, bags, and satchels.  
400Metal sheaves, grooved metal pulleys10% ad val. 
401Metal tubes in the rough, having a slit through their whole length, suited for the manufacture of fenders, bedsteads, gates, and the like articles.  
402Metal wire of all kinds, plain; metal cordage n.o.e., not being gold or silver; also barbed fencing wire, and fencing-staples.  
403Metal wove-wire, and metal gauze; also wire netting, and expanded metal lathing or fencing, in the piece10% ad val. 
404Metallic capsules10% ad val. 
405Meters, gas, or electricity, being household supply meters.  
406Meters, water-.  
407Motor engines for bicycles20% ad val. 
408Moulders' chaplets and dowels.  
409Perambulators, and the like vehicles, fittings for, n.o.e.  
410Perforated or cellular sheet zinc or iron10% ad val. 
411Portable engines on four or any greater number of wheels, with boiler of locomotive type; also traction engines10% ad val. 
412Printing type, and printing materials, n.o.e., suited only for the use of printers10% ad val. 
413Rails for railways and tramways, including lay-outs, and points, and crossings, for the same; also fish plates20% ad val. 
414Rivets, and washers.  
415Rock drills, diamond drills, and drill sharpeners.  
416Set screws, engineers' studs, and split pins.  
417Sewing, knitting, and kilting machines.  
418Spray pumps, not being syringes.  
419Steam or hydraulic pressure, and vacuum gauges; pressure indicators or pressure gauges for gas or oil engines; speed indicators, engineers', for testing machinery10% ad val. 
420Surveyors' instruments—viz., steel bands, chains, measuring tapes, field instruments, and drawing instruments; draughtsmen's drawing instruments10% ad val. 
421Tacks, and nails, 1 in. and under.  
422Tea packing lead.  
423Tinsmiths' fittings, and furniture, including stamped or blocked tin or copper, planished or unplanished.  
424Welded and flanged boiler furnaces, plain or corrugated10% ad val. 
425Zinc, plain sheet.  
426Zinc plates or copper plates for photo-lithographic work.  
427Ash, hickory, lancewood, and beechwood timber, unwrought.  
428Blacksmiths', braziers', assay, and treadle power bellows.  
429Carriage or cart makers' materials—viz., shafts, spokes, and felloes, in the rough; hubs, all kinds; poles if unbent and unplaned, all kinds; bent wheel rims.  
430Chassis for motor vehicles, whether attached or unattached to such vehicles, including wheels therefor.  
431Churns.  
432Lignum-vitæ.  
433Material for the manufacture of carriages, carts, drays, and wagons, motor vehicles, and railway cars or wagons—viz., springs, truck pedestals, mountings, trimmings, hinges, tire bolts, shackle holders, step treads, rubber cloth, rubber tires, pneumatic rubber tires, outer covers of rubber, inner tubes; also, iron or metal fittings (except steps, lamp irons, dash irons, seat rails, and fifth wheels) for the manufacture of carriages, carts, drays, wagons, and motor vehicles (other than motor bicycles or railway or tramway cars or wagons).  
434Sieves, hair.  
435Wooden handles for tools.  
CLASS XIV.—OILS, ETC. 
436Oils in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more—viz., refined mineral oils not exceeding in specific gravity 0.870 at 60° F.; fish, penguin, mutton bird, seal, and whale oils; vegetable oils. (NOTE.—Mixtures of mineral or vegetable oils, with each other, or with fish, penguin, mutton bird, seal, whale, or other oils, shall be charged with duty (1) if imported in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more, as oil n.o.e., including mineral lubricating oil, Class XIV, Schedule A; (2) if imported in vessels having a lesser capacity than one gallon, 20 per cent. ad val.)  
437Paints, and colours, n.o.e.10% ad val. 
438Turpentine; turpentine substitute composed of volatile mineral oils, or of volatile mineral oils in combination with turpentine, or other volatile vegetable oils; liquid driers; terebene.  
439Wood naphtha.  
CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL FARM PRODUCTS, ETC, 
440Linseed.  
CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS. 
441Apparatus, appliances, articles, and materials, for educational purposes, as may be approved by the Minister, and under conditions prescribed by him.  
442Bagging, bags, or sacks, of jute or hessian; also cornsacks; bags made of New Zealand tow or flax.  
443Belting, for driving machinery, other than leather belting and not being cordage or rope10% ad val. 
444Binder-twine10% ad val. 
445Bricks other than firebricks.  
446Candle-nuts, and candle-nut kernels.  
447Candle-wick.  
448Canvas aprons and elevators, for reapers and binders.  
449Canvas, indiarubber, or other hose, tubing, or piping, armoured or otherwise; flexible metal hose, tubing, or piping20% ad val. 
450Charts and maps.  
451Confectioners' moulding starch.  
452Cork, cut; bungs; fishermen's cork floats; also plain unornamental stoppers of every description for bottles, jars, and casks10% ad val. 
453Cotton and other waste, engineers  
454Diving dresses, and dresses suited solely for use in poisonous gases or smoke, with apparatus peculiar thereto.  
455Dyes; dye stuffs; and dyeing materials, crude.  
456Engine packing.  
457Felt sheathing10% ad val. 
458Gum boots, half-knee, knee, or thigh, the soles of which may be of either leather or rubber.  
459Hawsers of 12 in. or over.  
460Honey and brown Windsor soap composition.  
461Indiarubber gloves.  
462Manures.  
463Marble, granite, and other stone, hewn or rough sawn, not dressed or polished.  
464Netmakers' cotton twine; nets, seine fishing.  
465Official supplies for consular officers of countries where a similar exemption exists in favour of British consuls.  
466Paper-makers' felts.  
467Passengers' baggage and effects, including only wearing apparel and other personal effects that have been worn or are in use by persons arriving in New Zealand; also implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment, of such persons, not exceeding £50 in value, and household or other effects not exceeding £100 in value, which have been in use for twelve months prior to embarkation by the persons or families bringing them to New Zealand, and which are not intended for any other person or persons, or for sale; also cabin furnishings belonging to such persons not exceeding in value £10;  
Provided that goods falling within the above exemption may be admitted free, only, if imported within two years of the arrival in New Zealand of the persons or families by whom they have been used.  
468Plaster of Paris.  
469Powder, sporting.  
470Powder—viz., blasting powder, and blasting meal.  
471Returned empties which are identified as such to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs.  
472Shipbuilders' models of vessels suited only for exhibition.  
473Ship chandlery, n.o.e.  
474Ships' rockets, blue-lights, and danger-signals, and rocket life-saving apparatus.  
475Stones, mill, grind, oil, and whet.  
476Tobacco for sheep-wash, or for insecticide, after being rendered unfit for human consumption to the satisfaction of the Minister.  
477Treacle or molasses, mixed with bone-black in proportions to the satisfaction of the Minister.  
478Typewriters.  
479Wax, bottling.  
480Wool packs and wool pockets.  
481Yarn—viz., coir, flax, jute, and hemp.  
482Articles and materials (as may from time to time be specified by the Minister) which are suited only for, and are to be used solely in, the fabrication or repair of goods within New Zealand. All decisions of the Minister in reference to articles so admitted free to be published from time to time in the Gazette.  
483All articles n.o.e.  
Provided that all goods falling under this Schedule, which are prison made, shall be charged an ad val. duty of 20 per cent.  
(Importation of prison-made goods prohibited.)  
TABLE OF DUTIES, UNDER THE NEW ZEALAND ANDAND SOUTH AFRICAN CUSTOMS DUTIES RECIPROCITY ACTS, CHARGEABLE ON GOODS BEING THE PRODUCE OR MANUFACTURE OF AND BEING IMPORTED FROM THE COLONY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, THE COLONY OFNATAL, THE ORANGE RIVER COLONY, THE TRANSVAAL, AND SOUTHERN RHODESIA.*
Tariff Item No.Goods.Rate of Duty.

* No higher duty shall be levied on any goods the produce or manufacture of the said colonies than that which would be levied under the Customs Duties Act, 1908, on the same goods if they were the produce or manufacture of some other part of the British Dominions. (See the Customs Duties Act, 1908, section 8.)

484Feathers15% ad val.
485Fish1½d. the lb.
486Fruits, driedFree.
487Fruits, greenFree.
488Maize6d. per cental.
489SugarFree.
490Tobacco (manufactured)2s. 6d. per lb.
491Tea (not otherwise exempt)1d. per lb.
492Wines (other than sparkling)2s. per gallon.
493Wines (sparkling)5s. per gallon.
494All other goods (except spirits), 3 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable. 
TABLE OF EXCISE DUTIES.
495Tobacco1s. per lb.
496Cigars and snuff1s. 6d. per lb.
497Cigarettes—
If manufactured by machinery2s. 6d. per lb.
If made by hand1s. the lb.
498Beer3d. the gallon.
499Articles in which spirit is a necessary ingredient, manufactured in a warehouse appointed under section 26 of the Customs Law Act, 1908, namely—
Perfumed spirit20s. the liquid gallon.
Toilet preparations which are subject to 16s. the liquid gallon on importation12s. the liquid gallon.
Toilet preparations which are subject to 25 per cent. duty on importation6s. the liquid gallon.
Culinary and flavouring essences12s. the liquid gallon.
Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit9d. the lb.
Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or lessFree.
Tariff Item No.EXTRACT FROM THE CUSTOMS DUTIES ACT, 1908.
98. (2.) Customs duties shall not be chargeable on regalia, emblems, certificates, almanacs, and banners, being the property of any registered society or branch.
500“7. Where any dispute arises as to the true meaning and application of any terms used in the Tariff, and therein printed in italics, the Minister of Customs may determine such dispute in such manner as appears to him just, and his decision thereon shall be final.”
EXEMPTIONS UNDER THE FRIENDLY SOCIETIES ACT, 1909.
501Registered societies shall be entitled to the following privileges:—
EXEMPTIONS FROM DUTIES CREATED AND DUTIES IMPOSED BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR UNDER SECTION 66 OF THE CUSTOMS LAW ACT, 1908.
Tariff Item No.Goods.Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D, and E).
502The following foods, being infants' and invalids' foods are free, viz.:—
Allenbury's Foods Nos. 1, 2, and 3 
Allenbury's Pancreatized Milk and Cereal Diet 
Allinson's Food 
Benger's Food 
Burroughs Wellcome and Co.'s Peptegenic Milk Powder 
Carnrick's Soluble Food 
Chapman's Food 
Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica 
Frame Food Diet 
Gluten Flour 
Hewlett's Food 
Horlick's Malted Milk 
Maltico Food 
Mellin's Food 
Moseley's Food 
Neave's Food 
Nestle's Milk Food 
Nestle's Milo Food 
Ridge's Food 
Savory and Moore's Food 
Food composed of pasteurized milk or casein of milk in combination with malted or unmalted ground grain 
(See New Zealand Gazette, 17th October, 1907.)
503Dextro lœvulose or invert sugar, grape sugar, saccharum, sacchosoline, glucose obtained from other sources than starch. (See New Zealand Gazette, 13th February, 1908.) 
504Cotton, linen, and union piece goods, having thereon patterns, woven devices or other signs, which indicate that they are to be cut up into separate articles, or to be manufactured into separate articles. (See New Zealand Gazette, 20th February, 1908.) 
505Winding engines for mining purposes, driven by hydraulic power (including bed-plates, foundation-bolts, and friction clutches, when imported with the engines). (See New Zealand Gazette, 24th April, 1908.)10% ad val.
506Creep-clips, tie irons, bearing brackets, and bed-plates (being rail-fastenings). (See New Zealand Gazette, 11th June, 1908.)20% ad val.
507Sanitas malted nuts, an infants' and invalids' food. (See New Zealand Gazette, 25th June, 1908.) 
508Machines for bevelling and cutting glass. (See New Zealand Gazette, 12th November, 1908.) 
509Bevelled or silvered glass, other than plate glass. (See New Zealand Gazette, 14th January, 1909.)12½% ad val.
510Compo-board, being timber with a backing of paper-pulp cemented to the timber. (See New Zealand Gazette, 6th May, 1909.) 
511Straight air-pressure brakes specially suited for use on railway or tramway carriages. (See New Zealand Gazette, 1st July, 1909.) 
512Belting composed of cotton, jute, or woven fibre, with a backing or edging of leather, provided the weight of the leather included therein does not exceed one-half. (See New Zealand Gazette, 3rd March, 1910.) 
513Foods composed of milk-albumen, or milk-albumen in combination with casein or with malted or unmalted ground grain, being infants' and invalids' foods. (See New Zealand Gazette, 25th August, 1910.) 

EXPORT DUTY ON TIMBER.

THE TIMBER EXPORT ACT.
White-pine and kahikatea timber—
   Logs, round5s. per 100 ft. superficial.
   Logs, cut in half5s. per 100 ft. superficial.
   Logs, squared with axe or saw, 10 in. by 10 in. or its equivalent, or over5s. per 100 ft. superficial.
Flitches, exceeding 12 in. in width and 4 in. in thickness or its equivalent, and less than the equivalent of 10 in. in width and 10 in. in thickness3s. per 100 ft. superficial.
(Provided that no duty shall be levied on flitches unless they exceed 4in. in thickness.) 
Kauri timber— 
   Logs, round5. per 100 ft. superficial.
   Logs, cut in half5. per 100 ft. superficial.
   Logs, squared with axe or saw5. per 100 ft. superficial.
Flitches, exceeding 30 in. in width and 9 in. in thickness or its equivalent3s. per 100 ft. superficial.

EXPORT DUTY ON GOLD.

EXTRACTS FROM THE GOLD DUTY ACT, 1908.

“Upon every ounce troy weight of gold of the fineness of twenty carats and upwards, and so in proportion for any less quantity than an ounce, of such fineness as aforesaid—two shillings; and so in proportion upon every ounce or part of an ounce of a less degree of fineness than twenty carats.” (Section 3.)

“‘Gold’ in this Act means and includes gold in its natural state, or any substance containing gold, gold-dust, and all other gold whether wrought or unwrought (except coined gold issued from the mint at London, or from any branch thereof in Australia, or coined gold of any foreign State, and articles of plate, jewellery, or ornament actually worn upon the person, or made elsewhere than in New Zealand).” (Section 2.)

This duty to be levied only in the North Island of New Zealand.—Section 1 (3) of the Gold duty Act, 1908.

EXTRACT FROM THE MINING AMENDMENT ACT, 1910.

“16. (1.) In addition to the duty payable under the Gold Duty Act, 1908, on the export of gold, there shall be payable on the export of all gold (whether produced in the North or South Island) a duty of threepence per ounce troy weight of gold of the fineness of twenty carats and upwards, and so in proportion for any less quantity than an ounce of the fineness aforesaid, and so in proportion on every ounce of a less degree of fineness than twenty carats.

“(2.) The duty payable under this section shall be collected and paid in the manner prescribed by the Gold Duty Act, 1908; and the provisions of that Act shall, where applicable, extend and apply to the collection and payment of such duty, irrespective of the locality from which the gold was produced.

“(3.) The duty collected under this section shall be paid into the Public Trustee's Account, and shall be placed to the credit of an account to be called the Gold-miners' Relief Fund.”

IMPORT DUTIES OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE ENTERING BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA.

THE NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH AFRICAN CUSTOMS DUTIES RECIPROCITY ACT, 1906.

Rates of duty upon goods the produce or manufacture of New Zealand, when imported into the South African Colonies hereafter enumerated—viz., the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, the Colony of Natal, the Orange River Colony, the Transvaal, and Southern Rhodesia (see New Zealand Gazette, 15th April, 1909):—

Bran1s. per cental.
Flour2s. 3d. per cental.
Oats1s. 10d. per cental.
Wheat1s. per cental.
Butter2d. per lb.
Cheese12 per cent. ad valorem.
Meats1d. per lb.
All other goods (except spirits)3 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable

For rates of duty on goods the produce or manufacture of the South African Colonies when imported into New Zealand, see Tariff items 484 to 494.

OPIUM PROHIBITION.

The Opium Act, 1908, makes it unlawful for any person to import opium into New Zealand in any form suitable for smoking. Permits may be issued by the Minister of Customs for the importation of the drug in certain forms.

No permits shall be issued to any person of the Chinese race. Heavy penalties are prescribed for breaches of the above law.

The Act makes it illegal to have opium in possession, except the kinds which can be held under permit, and requires that every person who purchases opium from the holder of a permit shall enter or caused to be entered in a book kept for such purpose the particulars of all purchases in the same manner as the holder of a permit is required to enter particulars of all sales.

An Order in Council dated 2nd February, 1909, issued under authority of section 93 of the Customs Law Act, 1908, prohibits the importation into New Zealand of any fluid preparation of opium containing a greater quantity of extractive matter than tincture of opium prepared according to the Pharmacopœia of the United States of America.

Chapter 15. SECTION XI.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.

INTRODUCTORY.

NEW ZEALAND'S insularity, ruggedness of form, length of coastline, and numerous ports, combine to render carriage by water necessary, convenient, and economical; while a large and increasing trade attracts and engages the services of a fleet of first-class merchantmen for both home and oversea transport.

Internal traffic is by means of roads and railways, very few of the rivers being navigable for any distance by cargo-carrying vessels. The mountainous nature of the country and the abundant rainfall renders the construction of roads and railways difficult and costly, but in spite of this drawback, and considering how recently settlement began, it may truly be said that the country is well supplied with excellent facilities for internal transport, while the works under construction and in contemplation will open up considerable areas of unoccupied lands, and amply provide for the needs of a large population. There are two cable services connecting New Zealand with the other countries of the world. Postal and internal telegraphic communication, controlled by the State, is provided abundantly and cheaply. Telephone exchanges have been established by the Postal Department in most of the centres of population, and the chief towns on the main telegraph routes are connected for long-distance conversations.

SHIPPING.

The demands of a rapidly growing external trade have, during the past ten years, attracted vessels of largely increased tonnage. In 1902 the steam-vessels entered inward from the United Kingdom with cargoes numbered 62, with an average of 4,086 tons net register, and in 1911 the number was 90 vessels, averaging 5,161 tons.

In 1902 the total number of oversea steam-vessels entered in ward was 410, with a total net register of 965,993 tons, an average for each vessel of 2,356 tons. In 1911 the oversea steamers entered numbered 499, with a total of 1,417,943 tons net, an average of 2,842 tons per vessel. In the former year the number of oversea sailing-ships entered was 228, with a total of 123,186 tons, as against 122 vessels and 64,435 tons in 1911.

The number of oversea vessels entered and cleared, their aggregate net tonnage and crews, classified into British, colonial, and foreign, during each of the past ten years, is as follows:—

VESSELS ENTERED, 1902-11.
Year.Total Number.British.Colonial.Foreign.
Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.
19026381,089,17930,264172496,2038,871395429,46715,30571163,5096,088
19036171,102,06430,600145455,7417,799403478,41916,49769167,9046,304
19046291,154,56931,478149495,6678,548410496,42716,90170162,4756,029
19056271,139,41031,429130462,8518,005423500,46717,18774176,0926,237
19066291,243,65232,528152548,1429,212408542,27118,04269153,2395,274
19076451,254,26631,425194636,45611,161400548,91618,1365168,8942,128
19086581,361,04732,681193684,14411,486419629,42820,3784647,475817
19096051,263,93531,487155587,23510,349407633,81320,3924342,887746
19106091,389,03133,857186703,24412,818385643,12820,4003842,659639
19116211,482,37837,964169707,57313,142409727,96924,1184346,836704
VESSELS CLEARED, 1902-11.
Year.Total Number.British.Colonial.Foreign.
Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.
19026111,048,77029,294152447,3517,983385437,48915,17174163,9306,140
19036081,113,16530,660141462,1227,890401485,33716,50366165,7066,267
19046201,144,76431,049146487,9618,341403493,27016,65971163,5336,049
19056271,141,55231,219130465,1718,039421500,37116,94176176,0106,239
19066311,238,21432,237149538,4948,775413545,02618,17369154,6945,289
19076151,225,38230,840185625,00610,864383537,23417,9184763,1422,058
19086561,331,30531,865194682,35711,196408594,84219,7345454,106935
19095961,253,87830,986152572,3849,958406641,05520,3453840,439683
19105881,367,20733,591181688,14312,629371637,51320,3503641,551612
19116241,467,40237,372169693,66512,661412726,65524,0234347,082688

NOTE — Coasting-vessels are not included in the above table.

SHIPPING ENTERED AND CLEARED FROM AND TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

Particulars of the number and net tonnage of vessels entered and cleared between New Zealand and various countries during the years 1902 and 1911 are given below:—

ENTERED.
Country1902.1911
Steam.Sailing.Steam.Sailing.
No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.
United Kingdom62253,3452328,69091469,11132,816
New South Wales179354,64712745,181193420,6357228,616
Victoria60107,530105,62559146,679116,392
Queensland620,94611,058  199
South Australia  159,40611,22931,800
Western Australia12,84242,8631425,699  
Tasmania  123,64057,98621,539
Fiji2733,034  2447,27911,031
Malden Island  32,43  54,081
Norfolk Island3615  2806  
Cape Colony410,6501310,882    
Natal411,21821,806    
Bengal515,848  310,828  
Canada (including British Columbia12,591  1657,887  
France  1690  22,851
Germany  1931    
United States of America—
East Coast1745,58042,6972475,843  
West Coast1766,012  2667,02855,055
Pacific Islands1619,90384,1322749,25182,860
Other countries821,23243,2421437,68297,295
   Totals410965,993228123,1864991,417,94312264,435
CLEARED.
Country1902.1911
Steam.Sailing.Steam.Sailing.
No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.
United Kingdom63254,3013235,571107510,66032,589
New South Wales181357,7599433,528212510,1687734,745
Victoria60107,5623816,46282178,5711811,022
Queensland  119121,9522360
South Australia12,97083,1701025,77743,558
Western Australia  31,41111,572  
Tasmania35,03161,34069,5012385
Fiji1719,59714882140,074  
Malden Island  21,594  53,740
Norfolk Island3615  2806  
Country1902.1911
Steam.Sailing.Steam.Sailing.
No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.
Canada (including British Columbia    624,710  
Cape Colony27,7911753    
Natal2260,5051483    
United States of America—
East Coast12,70886,69612,843  
West Coast1765,83234,9781128,695  
Pacific Islands1517,180134,3353463,769158,900
Antarctica    2852  
Other countries1332,96922,95012,153  
   Totals398934,820213113,9504981,402,10312665,299

OVERSEA SHIPPING.—TONNAGE AT VARIOUS PORTS, 1902 AND 1911.

The net tonnage of oversea shipping entered and cleared at the various ports during the years 1902 and 1911 is given in the next table. Vessels arriving from abroad are recorded at the first port of call, and those departing oversea are cleared at the port from which they finally sail:—

Port.1902.1911.
Entered.Cleared.Entered.Cleared.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Auckland455,068324,227733,311479,781
Kaipara11,02437,5966,27638,190
Poverty Bay2,7221,5767,14613,613
New Plymouth981332,4511,163
Waitara  7,358 
Wanganui1,0952833,8503,008
Wellington287,168379,539417,622472,900
Napier7,7263,4622,38610,177
Picton4,709 3,1778,813
Wairau74   
Nelson1,338 1,067679
Westport25,6576,88610,28736,084
Greymouth1,0651,35160628,335
Hokitika  185185
Lyttelton61,37282,88338,04071,636
Timaru22,5948,6709,0289,181
Oamaru5,2732,2171,6073,459
Dunedin66,00646,76786,925122,493
Bluff136,190153,180151,056167,705
   Totals1,089,1791,048,7701,482,3781,467,402

COASTWISE SHIPPING.

As already remarked, the extensive coastline and numerous harbours of New Zealand facilitate travelling and the distribution of goods by sea. The total tonnage of coastwise shipping, as shown below, includes that of oversea vessels which, after entry at the first port of arrival, proceed to other ports within the Dominion for the purpose of delivering and loading cargo, each movement, until the final sailing, being recorded as coastwise shipping.

 Entered.Cleared.
Tons.Tons.
SHIPPING COASTWISE, 1902.
Sailing-vessels306,965304,523
Steam-vessels7,939,7758,002,229
SHIPPING COASTWISE, 1911.
Sailing-vessels206,427208,820
Steam-vessels12,060,22712,026,951
TONNAGE ENTERED AND CLEARED AT VARIOUS PORTS, 1902 AND 1911.
Ports.1902.1911.
Tonnage entered.Tonnage cleared.Tonnage entered.Tonnage cleared.
Auckland726,061785,1741,088,8391,339,649
Onehunga133,296133,205134,469133,934
Thames129,397128,838121,159117,958
Coromandel34,63134,62325,75425,754
Whangarei104,575105,585142,926138,531
Russell39,45039,40562,30362,630
Whangaroa39,55439,71051,16350,585
Mangonui21,37021,41028,73328,733
Hokianga12,64212,34531,10019,107
Whangape  6,9935,296
Herekino  2,9333,020
Kaipara28,27312,28355,4578,137
Tauranga27,15027,13352,89851,157
Poverty Bay421,337423,081649,316643,125
New Plymouth192,199192,199167,353168,072
Waitara41,28341,16355,39463,499
Patea11,24811,24818,34318,345
Wanganui112,779113,537145,109145,217
Foxton  23,98423,055
Wellington1,643,2501,616,8452,577,0922,516,751
Napier560,596556,480849,207838,888
Wairau15,66015,73420,13220,106
Picton298,059303,115422,481417,501
Nelson287,549290,746404,173404,263
Westport430,052450,153647,971622,165
Greymouth205,191205,383381,821344,451
Hokitika2,4862,4363,0723,181
Lyttelton1,433,5931,443,4892,099,0112,098,743
Timaru260,831274,815434,523424,388
Oamaru140,405143,461168,083166,119
Dunedin615,570622,639997,344951,535
Bluff Harbour278,253260,517397,518381,876
   Totals8,246,7408,306,75212,266,65412,235,771

REGISTERED VESSELS.

The number and tonnage of the registered vessels belonging to the several ports on the 31st December, 1911 (distinguishing sailing-vessels and steamers), was as under:—

REGISTERED VESSELS, 31ST DECEMBER, 1911.
Ports.Sailing-vessels.Steam-vessels.
Vessels.Gross Tonnage.Net Tonnage.Vessels.Gross Tonnage.Net Tonnage.
Auckland14611,35010,22515518,5999,838
Napier5325312263,0491,801
Wellington223,8503,6834411,8356,095
Nelson8205201122,1181,034
Lyttelton204,8864,686164,6062,022
Timaru21,6491,5771942488
Dunedin3714,46014,02796154,06793,132
Invercargill4985940111,158563
   Totals24437,71035,651361196,374114,973

QUARANTINE.

The quarantine laws are administered by the public health officers, under authority of the Public Health Act, 1908. The Act provides for the proclamation of infected places in or beyond the Dominion, and every ship arriving at a New Zealand port from or after having touched at an infected place is liable to quarantine, and this liability extends to every person on board such ship. No persons or goods are allowed to be landed from an infected ship, except at the appointed quarantine-ground, and any restrictions that may be deemed necessary to prevent the spread of infection may be enforced by the health officers. Heavy fines may be inflicted for any breach of these laws.

A medical practitioner may be appointed to take charge of passengers and crew of a ship liable to quarantine, and the owners or agents of the ship are liable for the cost of such attendance. It is the duty of the owners or agents of the ship to supply the passengers with such wholesome provisions and medicines as the medical man in charge directs or requires. All expenses incurred in connection with the disinfection or destruction of infected goods are a charge against the ship.

Regulations under the Act direct the manner in which the ship and the quarantine quarters must be disinfected, and the precautions to be taken by those on board the ship. Suspected ships are liable to the same precautions as those infected, and healthy ships—i.e., those on board which there has been no case of infectious disease though they have sailed from or touched at an infected port, or have communicated with an infected ship—are liable to fumigation if directed by the Health Officer, and the method of mooring is set out.

No vessel may be admitted to pratique between the hours of sunset and sunrise, unless under exceptional circumstances.

DEPOTS FOR SHIPWRECKED MARINERS.

OUTLYING ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND.

MARINERS are informed that depots of provisions and clothing for castaways are established on the following islands:—

Kermadec Islands.—There are two depots, each a small iron shed, fitted with spouting and a tank to catch water, and containing a supply of clothing, biscuits, medicines, tools, &c. One is in 30° 15' S., 178° 31' W., at Lava Cascade, about 1½ cables south-eastward of the northern point of Macaulay Island; the other is in 30° 35' S., 178° 36' W., on the southern side of Macdonald Cove (crater), on the N.W. side of Curtis Island.

Three Kings.—A provision depot has been established on the largest island. It is situated on the narrow neck at the head of N.W. and S.E. bays. The house is painted white, and is plainly visible from the latter bay. A finger-post is erected on the ridge overlooking the two bays, and is visible from the anchorage in each bay. A notice is nailed up inside the house giving instructions where to find water, and also how to attract the attention of the light-keepers at Cape Maria—namely, by making a fire on the hill to the west of the house—and that the light-keepers have been instructed to keep a constant look-out in that direction.

Snares Islands.—A depot is established in 48° 0¾' S., 166° 35¾' E., in Boat Harbour, at the eastern end of N.E. Island.

Bounty Islands.—The depot is a hut at an elevation of 120 ft., visible from the northward, and situated in 47° 42' S., 179° 3' E., southward of the western inlet of the principal island—the north-eastern—of the western group.

Antipodes Islands.—The depot is a hut at an elevation of 100 ft., visible from some distance north-eastward, and situated in 49° 40' S., 178° 50' E., 300 ft. from the landing-place, on the N.E. side of the large island, and half a mile westward of its east point.

Auckland Islands.—There are three depots on the principal island: one, a square wooden house, in 50° 33¼' S., 166° 12' E., and a boat near the depot, on the S. side of Erebus Cove, Port Ross; on the E. side and at the northern end of the island; the second is in 50° 44½' S., 166° 8' E., at the head of Norman Inlet (wrongly named “Musgrave Inlet” on charts), and not at the inlet named Norman Inlet, two miles and a half northward; the third, and a boat for shipwrecked people, is in 50° 50½' S., 166° 1' E., in the western arm of Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour, at the S. end of the island. A lifeboat has been placed on Enderby Island, the northeastern of the group; another at the N.W. end of Adams Island, the southern of the group; one on Rose Island, immediately S.W. of Enderby Island; and one on Disappointment Island.

Campbell Island.—The depot, indicated by a white staff and a boat, is in 52° 33½' S., 169° 6½' E., in Tucker Cove, at the head of S. or Perseverence Harbour, on the east side of the island.

Finger-posts to indicate the positions of the depots are erected on all these islands. The Government steamer visits the Kermadec and Three Kings Islands once a year; and the Snares, Bounty. Antipodes, Auckland, and Campbell Islands twice a year.

GRAVING-DOCKS AND PATENT SLIPS.

AUCKLAND DOCKS.

The Auckland docks are the property of the Auckland Harbour Board. The dimensions of the docks at Auckland are as follows:—

 Calliope Dock.Auckland Dock.
Length over all566 feet.312 feet.
Length on floor500 feet.300 feet.
Breadth over all110 feet.65 feet.
Breadth on floor40 feet.42 feet.
Breadth at entrance80 feet.43 feet.
Depth of water on sill (at high water, ordinary spring tides)33 feet.13½ feet.

Alterations have been made to the lower altars of Calliope Dock which will enable vessels of 63 ft. beam to be docked without any difficulty.

The following is the scale of charges for the use of the Auckland and Calliope Graving-docks and appliances:—

AUCKLAND DOCK DUES.
 £s.d.£s.d.
For First Day or Part of First Day.For each succeeding Day or Part of a Day.
(a.) For every entrance fee110
Vessels of—
100 tons and under71005100
101 tons to 200 tons9006100
201 tons to 300 tons101007100
301 tons to 400 tons111508100
401 tons to 500 tons13009100
501 tons to 600 tons145010100
601 tons to 700 tons1510011100
701 tons to 800 tons1615012100
801 tons to 900 tons180013100
901 tons to 1,000 tons195014100
1,001 tons to 1,100 tons2010015100
1,101 tons to 1,200 tons2115016100
1,201 tons to 1,300 tons230017100
1,301 tons to 1,400 tons245018100
1,401 tons to 1,500 tons2510019100
1,501 tons to 1,600 tons2615020100
1,601 tons to 1,700 tons280021100
1,701 tons to 1,800 tons295022100
1,801 tons to 1,900 tons3010023100
1,901 tons to 2,000 tons3115024100
Over 2,000 tons330025100

Fifteen per cent. reduction on the above rates will be allowed when two or three vessels dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of

hours, but such reduction will not be allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.

For use of steam-kiln, 10s. per day.

Any master or person whose vessel occupies a dock or slip for more than fourteen days, including the day of entrance, if other vessels require the use of the dock, shall pay double-rates for every working day which such vessel shall remain in the dock or upon such slip after the fourteen days.

CALLIOPE DOCK DUES.
 £s.d.£s.d.
For First Day or Part of First Day.For ea succeeding Day of Part of a Day
(b.) For every entrance fee5
Vessels of—
1,000 tons and under30002000
1,001 tons to 1,500 tons340022100
1,501 tons to 2,000 tons38002500
2,001 tons to 2,500 tons420027100
2,501 tons to 3,000 tons46003000
3,001 tons to 4,000 tons5210035100
4,001 tons to 5,000 tons59004000
5,001 tons to 6,000 tons651004500
6,001 tons to 7,000 tons72005000
7,001 tons to 8,000 tons781005500
8,001 tons to 9,000 tons85006000
9,001 tons to 10,000 tons911006500
Over 10,000 tons100007000

Fifteen per cent. reduction on the above rates will be allowed when two or three vessels dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours, but such reduction will not be allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.

(c.) The dock dues shall be levied upon the gross registered tonnage, and shall include and cover the cost of pumping, shoring, wedges, and blocking, and the cost of all labour connected with opening and closing the dock, and all incidental labour connected with the actual operation of docking a vessel. The entrance fee will be remitted upon payment of the dock dues levied.

During the year 1911, 124 vessels of various descriptions, with a total of 31,902 tons, made use of the Auckland Graving-dock, occupying it in all 184 days, for repairs or painting.

In Calliope Dock 27 vessels were docked with an aggregate tonnage of 61,654, and occupied the dock for 56 days.

Dock dues earned for the year amounted to £3,122 10s. 1d.

Under arrangement with the Admiralty, a complete plant of the most efficient and modern machinery has been provided at Calliope Dockyard. The workshops are erected, and all the machinery is placed in position. This plant includes 80-ton sheer-legs; trolly to carry 80 tons, and rails; 10-ton steam-crane at side of dock, engines, boilers, overhead travellers; planing, shaping, and slotting machines; radial drills, vertical drills, band saws for iron, punching and shearing machines, plate-bending rolls; 24 in. centre gantry lathe, 70 ft. bed; 9 in. and 12 in. gantry lathes, milling-machines, emery grinders, screwing - machines, ditto for pipes, horizontal boring-machines, Root's blower, smiths' forges (six), coppersmith's forge, levelling-slabs, steam-hammers, lead-furnace, wall-cranes, zinc-bath, plate-furnace, jib crane for foundry, circular-saw bench, band saw for wood, lathe for wood, general joiners' and carpenters' benches (four), kiln for steaming boards, Fox's trimmer, cupola to melt 5 tons of metal, countersinking - machine, pipe-bending machine, tools of various descriptions, moulders' bins, force-pumps for testing pipes, vice-benches, electric-light engines, dynamos (two), steam capstans, &c., and all other appliances and machinery required to render the plant adequate to repair any of His Majesty's ships upon the station or any merchant vessel visiting the port. The dock and machinery will be available for use, when not required for His Majesty's vessels, in effecting repairs to any merchant vessel requiring same. Electric lights have been provided for workshops, dock, and dockyard. The dockyard is connected by telephone with the central exchange. An abundant supply of the purest fresh water is available at Calliope Dock and Calliope Wharf.

A floating crane (self-propelling), capable of lifting up to 80 tons, has also been provided for use in the harbour.

WELLINGTON PATENT SLIP.

The Port of Wellington has a well-equipped patent slip at Evans Bay, on which vessels of 2,000 tons can be safely hauled up. This slip is the property of a private company, and is in no way connected with the Harbour Board. It is 1,070 ft. long, with a cradle 260 ft. in length. There is a depth of 32 ft. at high water at the outer end of the slip. A dolphin and buoys are laid down for swinging ships in Evans Bay.

The company has convenient workshops, which contain machinery necessary for effecting all ordinary repairs to vessels using the slip.

During the year ended 31st March, 1912, 106 vessels of various sizes, were taken up on the slip for repairs, cleaning, painting, &c. The charges for taking vessels on the slip and launching them are 1s. per ton on the gross tonnage for the first full twenty-four hours, and 6d. per ton per day afterwards, unless by special agreement.

LYTTELTON DOCK AND PATENT SLIP.

The Graving-dock at Lyttelton, which is the property of the Harbour Board, is capable of docking men-of-war, or almost all of the large ocean steamers now running to the Dominion. Its general dimensions are: Length over all, 503 ft.; length on floor, 450 ft.; length inside caisson at a height of 4 ft. above the floor, 462 ft.; breadth over all, 82 ft.; breadth on floor, 46 ft.; breadth at entrance, 62 ft.; breadth where ship's bilge would be, on 6 ft. blocks, 55 ft.; available docking depth at this breadth, 17 ft.; depth of water on sill at high water, springs, 23 ft.

The scale of charges for the use of the dock and pumping machinery is as follows:—

 £s.d.
For all vessels up to 300 tons, for four days or less2000
For all vessels 301 to 400 tons, four days or less22100
For all vessels 401 to 500 tons, four days or less2500
For all vessels 501 to 600 tons, four days or less27100
For all vessels 601 to 700 tons, four days or less3000
For all vessels 701 to 800 tons, four days or less32100
For all vessels 801 to 900 tons, four days or less3500
For all vessels 901 to 1,000 tons, four days or less37100
For all vessels 1,001 to 1,100 tons, four days or less4000
For all vessels 1,101 to 1,200 tons, four days or less4500
For all vessels 1,201 tons and upwards, four days or less5000
After the fourth day in dock, the following rates are charged:—
For all vessels up to 500 tons4d. per ton per day.
For all vessels of 501 tons to 1,000 tons3d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 1,001 tons up to 2,000 tons2¾d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 2,001 tons up to 3,000 tons2½d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 3,001 tons up to 4,000 tons2¼d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 4,001 tons up to 5,000 tons2d. per ton per day.

Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates is allowed when two or three vessels can arrange to dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours. Two vessels of 1,000 tons each can be docked at the same time. The 20-per-cent. rebate is not allowed if any of the Lyttelton Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel. The twenty-four hours constituting the first day of docking commences from the time of the dock being pumped out.

Any vessel belonging to H.M. Navy or any colonial Government, or any commissioned ship belonging to any foreign nation, is admitted into the graving-dock without payment of the usual dock dues, but is charged only such sum as is necessary for the reimbursement of actual expenditure of stores, wages, and materials.

There are electric lights, one on each side of the graving-dock; and there are engineering works within a short distance of it, where repairs and heavy foundry-work can be undertaken.

The graving-dock and machinery cost £105,000. The interest and sinking fund on that sum, at 6½ per cent., amounts to £6,357 per annum. Since its construction the dock dues for the twenty-nine years ended 31st December, 1911, amounted to £33,449, and the working-expenses to £20,161, leaving a balance for the twenty-nine years of £13,288.

During the year 1911 forty vessels were docked, and the dock dues amounted to £1,409. For the twenty-nine years ending 1911, 628 vessels were docked, or an average of about twenty-two a year.

PATENT SLIP, LYTTELTON.

Alongside the graving-dock is a patent slip, with a cradle 150 ft. in length, suitable for vessels of 300 tons. It belongs to the Harbour Board.

The following is the scale of charges:—

Up to 75 tons gross register, £4 for five days, and 10s. per day after the fifth day.

Over 75 tons and up to 150 tons gross register, £6 for five days, and 15s. per day after fifth day.

Over 150 tons and up to 250 tons gross register, £8 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifty days.

Over 250 tons gross register, £10 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day. A “day” to mean between sunrise and sunset.

The above rates cover the cost of all labour connected with hauling up and launching (the crew of the vessel to give their assistance as may be required), and the cost of blocking a vessel and shifting the blocks after hauling up.

OTAGO GRAVING-DOCKS.

The docks at Port Chalmers are now vested in the Otago Harbour Board. Vessels of large size can be taken in the Otago Dock, as the following measurements will show:—

Length over all520 feet.
Length on the floor500 feet.
Breadth where ship's bilge would be72 feet.
Breadth at dock-gates70 feet.
Depth on sill, H.W.O.S.21 feet.
Dimensions of Port Chalmers Dock.
Length on floor300 feet.
Width, bottom of dock41 feet.
Width, top of dock68 feet.
Width at ship's bilge43 feet.
Width at dock-gates50 feet.
Depth on sill, H.W.O.S.19 ft. 6 in.
Depth on sill, H.W.O.T.17 ft. 6 in.
Vessels up to 335 feet long can dock in the Port Chalmers Dock. 

Connected with the Otago Dock are a large machine-shop, steam-hammer, and forge, with all the appliances necessary for performing any work that may be required by vessels visiting the port. An 80-ton shear-legs has also been erected for heavy lifts.

There is also a patent slip, used for taking up small vessels.

All vessels using the Otago Graving-dock are liable for dock dues according to the following scale (unless under special contract):—

 £s.d.
For all vessels up to 300 tons, for four days or less2000
For all vessels up to 301 to 400 tons, for four days or less22100
For all vessels up to 401 to 500 tons, for four days or less2500
For all vessels up to 501 to 600 tons, for four days or less27100
For all vessels up to 601 to 700 tons, for four days or less3000
For all vessels up to 701 to 800 tons, for four days or less32100
For all vessels up to 801 to 900 tons, for four days or less3500
For all vessels up to 901 to 1,000 tons, for four days or less37100
For all vessels up to 1,001 to 1,100 tons, for four days or less4000
For all vessels up to 1,101 to 1,200 tons, for four days or less4500
For all vessels up to 1,201 tons and upwards, for four days or less5000

After the fourth day in dock the following rates are charged:—

For all vessels up to 500 tons4d. per ton per day.
For all vessels of 501 tons to 1,000 tons3d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 1,001 tons up to 2,000 tons2¾d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 2,001 tons up to 3,000 tons2½d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 3,001 tons up to 4,000 tons2¼d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 4,001 tons up to 5,000 tons2d. per ton per day.

Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates is allowed when two or three vessels can arrange to dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same

number of hours. Two vessels of 1,000 tons each can be docked at the same time. The 20 per-cent. rebate is not allowed if any of the Otago Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel. The twenty-four hours constituting the first day of docking commences from the time of the dock being pumped out.

Any vessel belonging to H.M. Navy or any colonial Government, or any commissioned ship belonging to any foreign nation, is admitted into the graving-dock without payment of the usual dock dues, but is charged only such sum as is necessary for the reimbursement of actual expenditure of stores, wages, and materials.

HARBOURS.

PILOTAGE, PORT CHARGES, ETC.

PILOTAGE, port charges, berthage charges, &c., at eighteen of the principal harbours in New Zealand, as on the 1st January, 1912 (compiled by the late C. Hood Williams, Esq., Secretary to the Lyttelton Harbour Board):—

AUCKLAND.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Sailing-vessels, inwards and outwards, 3d. per ton each way.

Steamers, inwards and outwards, 2d. per ton each way when services of pilot are taken.

The minimum pilotage fee payable in respect of any vessel shall be £2 10s.

Pilotage includes the removal fee to or from the berth at 1d. per ton. In the case of any vessel, the registered tonnage of which exceeds 8,000 tons, no pilotage rates shall be payable in respect of such excess.

Port charges: 3d. per ton half-yearly (on all vessels over 15 tons) in one payment. For exemption from pilotage and harbour fees, see sections 116, 117, and 118 of the Harbours Act, 1908. In the case of any vessel the registered tonnage of which exceeds 8,000 tons, no port charges shall be payable in respect of such excess.

Harbourmaster's fees: For every vessel of 120 tons and under, 10s.; for every vessel over 120 tons up to 8,000 tons, 1d. per ton; vessels over 8,000 tons, ½d. per ton for every ton in excess of 8,000 tons. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt.

Exemption berthage certificates are given to competent masters in the coastal and intercolonial trades. For vessels under 150 tons no exemption required upon payment of a fee of 10s. for first year of issue, and of 5s. per annum for each renewal. Exemption certificates are not issued to master in foreign trade.

Berthage: Every person who shall use any wharf with any vessel shall pay for the use thereof—Licensed ferry steamers, 10s. to £5 per month; other vessels under 20 tons, 6d. and 1s. per day, not exceeding 10s. per quarter. For every vessel not included in the above, ¼d. per ton per day. Outside berths, ⅛d. per ton per day.

GISBORNE.

Pilotage (not compulsory): To roadstead—Sailing-vessels, first 100 tons, 6d. per ton; every ton over 100 tons, 2d. per ton; steamers, first 100 tons, 3d. per ton; every ton over 100 tons, 1d. per ton. Into Turanganui River: Sailing-vessels, 4d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Outward pilotage, half-rates.

Port charges: Vessels plying within port only, 3d. per ton quarterly in advance. Vessels not plying within the port only, 2d. per ton on arrival, but not to exceed 1s. per ton in any half-year.

Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial trading” or coasting vessels) returning to port within one month from date of first arrival are exempt from port charges for second or subsequent arrivals within calendar month.

Harbourmaster's fees: ts. per vessel of less than 60 tons. Vessels licensed as lighters are exempt. 1d. per ton, sailing-vessels 60 tons and upwards; 10s. per vessel, steamers of 60 and under 120 tons.

To roadstead only: 1d. per ton, ocean-going steamers, (not being “colonial trading” vessels or coastal vessels), but not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year; all other steamers. 120 tons and upwards, ½d. per ton on arrival, but not to exceed 3d. in any half-year.

Into Turanganui River: 1d. per ton on arrival, steamers of 120 tons and upwards.

Berthage rate: Lighters carrying cargo, 2s. 6d. per trip. Lighters also charged license 1s. per ton register per annum.

River-improvement rate: Vessels entering Turanganui River, 1d. per ton per day, occupying berths.

THAMES.

Pilotage (compulsory): In and out—Sailing-vessels up to 100 tons, 6d. per ton, and 2d. for each ton over 100 tons; steamers up to 100 tons, 6d. per ton, and 4d. per ton for each additional ton.

Port charges: Regular traders, 2d. per ton per quarter; other vessels, 2d. per ton each trip, not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in half-year.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: 20 tons and under, 10s. per ton per quarter; over 20 tons, 6d. per ton per quarter, or 2s. 6d. first 20 tons per day and ¼d. each additional ton.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

NEW PLYMOUTH.

Pilotage (compulsory), charged both inwards and outwards: Intercolonial or coasting—Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton; steamers, 1½d. per ton: foreign sailing-vessels or steamers, ½d. per ton.

Port charges: Intercolonial, 4d. per ton, payable half-yearly; foreign, ½d. per ton on arrival in roadstead.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage rate: 3½d. per ton on all cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped outwards; on registered tonnage also ½d. per ton.

Warps: 1d. per ton register for first 100 tons; ½d. per ton for excess.

Fenders: 1s. per day or part of day.

Water (minimum 3s.): 5s. per 1,000 gallons.

WAITARA.

Pilotage: From signal-staff, ½d. per register ton each way, in and out. Ocean-going vessels ¼d. per register ton (one way only).

Port charges: Steamers and sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton quarterly, payable first trip in each quarter; ocean-going vessels, ½d. per register ton, payable each trip.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Steamers 2d. per ton and sailing-vessels 3d. per ton every trip.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

PATEA.

Pilotage (in and out): 1d. per ton register.

Port charges: 3d. per ton every three months. Light dues, ¼d. per ton.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: 6d. per ton on cargo, as per manifest.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

Water: 2s. 6d. per 1,000 gallons.

WAIROA.

Pilotage (compulsory): 6d. per ton register.

Port charges: 3d. per ton per quarter.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage, 2d. per ton register. Vessels when bar bound charged for two days only.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

NAPIER.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Into Inner Harbour—Sailing-vessels, 4d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Into breakwater, harbour, or roadstead—First 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Every ton over 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 2d. per ton; steamers, 1d. per ton. Outward pilotage, half-rates.

Port charges: 6d. per ton quarterly in advance, vessels plying within port only; 2d. per ton on arrival of vessels not plying within port, but not to exceed 1s. per ton in any half-year. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial trading” or coasting vessels) returning to port within thirty days from date of first arrival are exempt from port charges for second or subsequent arrivals within twenty-eight days.

Harbourmaster's fees: 5s. per vessel of less than 60 tons. 1d. per ton, sailing-vessels 60 tons and upwards; 10s. per vessel, steamers of 60 tons and under 120 tons; 1d. per ton, steamers of 120 tons and upwards. Vessels paying for pilotage service inwards do not pay Harbourmaster's fees.

Harbour-improvement rate: 3d. per ton on cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped (weight or measurement at option of Board); 1s. each horse or large cattle shipped or transhipped; ½d. each sheep or small animal shipped or transhipped.

Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharves in harbour, ¼d. per ton per day, or part of a day, on registered tonnage. Vessels moored to buoys within harbour, ⅛d. per ton per day, or part of a day.

Fenders: Vessels at wharves in Breakwater Harbour—5s. per day, vessels under 500 tons; 7s. per day, vessels of 500 tons and under 1,000 tons; 10s. per day; vessels of 1,000 tons and under 1,500 tons; 15s. per day, vessels of 1,500 tons and under 2,000 tons; £1 per day, vessels of 2,000 tons, and under 3,000 tons; 5s. for every 1,500 tons over 3,000 tons.

WANGANUI.

Pilotage: All vessels when piloted by signals from the staff only, 1d. per ton register. River pilotage, to be charged for any assistance rendered by the pilot or any of his crew inside the bar, 2d. per ton. When a pilot boards and conducts a vessel outside the bar, 3d. per ton. Steamers engaged in tendering ocean steamers at anchor in the roadstead charged half pilotage rates.

Port charges: Vessels of 500 tons and up to 8,000 tons register, ½d. per ton. Not to exceed 3d. per ton in any half-year. Vessels paying pilotage exempt. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial-trading” or “coastal”) returning to the port within one month of first arrival exempt as regards second or subsequent arrivals.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: For every steamer using any wharf, being berthed alongside, and whether discharging or loading cargo or not, 2d. per ton on gross register for first day of eight working-hours, and 1d. for every succeeding day of eight working-hours. For every sailing-vessel the charge to be 2d. for first day of eight working-hours, and ½d. for every succeeding day of eight working-hours, not exceeding five days. For every vessel occupying a berth outside another vessel, and loading or discharging cargo, ¼d. per ton on gross register per day of eight working-hours whilst loading or discharging. Ships' dues on vessels detained in port by stress of weather will not be charged after the third day.

WELLINGTON.

Pilotage (optional): Sailing-vessels inwards, 4d. per ton; sailing-vessels outwards, 3d. per ton; steamers inwards, 3d. per ton; steamers outwards, 2d. per ton. Pilotage includes the removal fee to and from the berth at ¾d. per ton.

Port charges: 2d. per ton on arrival; not exceeding 6d. in any half-year— half-yearly days 1st January and July. Steamers arriving for coal, stores, water, or for receiving or landing mails or passengers and their luggage which do not come to any wharf or receive or discharge cargo within the port, are exempt from port charges.

Harbourmaster's or berthing fee on vessels of 120 tons and upwards, ¾d. per ton; under 120 tons, 10s. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt. Exemption berthage certificates are given to competent masters in the coastal and intercolonial trades, but not to those in foreign trade.

Berthage: Vessels over 100 tons net register, ¼d. per ton net register per day or part of a day (day counted from midnight to midnight). Vessels berthing after working-hours, and only landing passengers and luggage, not charged for that day. Vessels leaving wharf after midnight and prior to working-hours, and only on such day taking on board passengers and luggage, not charged for such day. Vessels under 100 tons net register, 2s. per day or part of a day. Vessels not working cargo after noon on Saturdays pay half-rates for such Saturday. No charge for Sundays or holidays.

Harbour-improvement rate: The charge of 6d. per ton shall be made to and be payable by ships to the Board, as a harbour-improvement rate, on all goods landed on the wharves or landing-places under the control of the Board, except on ballast and coal, and except on such goods as are the products of the Dominion of New Zealand and are landed for the purpose of transhipment to vessels to be carried out of the Dominion: Provided that for the purposes of this by-law the following measurements shall be taken: Empties, half-tonnage; wool, five bales to the ton; great cattle, each one ton; small cattle, twelve to the ton; timber, 500 ft. superficial measurement to the ton; bricks, slates, and tiles, 500 to the ton; carts and carriages, each two tons; loose hides, twenty-five to the ton.

Harbour-improvement rate on coal: If landed on wharves, 1d. per ton; if transhipped over side at wharves, 1d. per ton, but so that no one shipment of coal pays the 1d. more than once; if transhipped over side in stream, free.

Ballast: Free.

NELSON.

Pilotage (compulsory): Steamers, inwards and outwards, 1½d. per registered ton; sailing-vessels, inwards and outwards, 6d. per ton. Minimum pilotage each way (in all cases), £1 10s.

British and foreign-going vessels to pay (in addition to pilotage) the following, on first arrival: Half-yearly—viz., between January and June, and July and December—per ton register, 3½d. (this payment to include the services of a tug when necessary).

Port charges: Vessels not paying pilotage, to pay the following, upon first arrival: Half-yearly, 1s. per ton.

Harbour lights dues: Vessels not paying pilotage, over 60 tons register, 2d. per ton; under 60 tons register, 1d. per ton, on each arrival.

Harbourmaster's fees: 120 tons and upwards, 1d. per ton register; less than 120 tons, 10s. for each removal of any steamer or sailing-vessel within the harbour.

Berthage charges: Every vessel not over 36 tons register trading between the Port, Nelson, and ports in the Tasman and Golden Bays and Sounds, per quarter, payable in advance, £1. Over 36 tons and not exceeding 60 tons net register, £2. For every vessel not otherwise specified, per working day, or part thereof, ¼d. per ton; minimum charge, 2s. 6d.

WESTPORT.

Pilotage (compulsory): All vessels up to 100 tons, free. Any vessel, steamer, or sailer above 100 tons register, 1d. per ton each way, in and out. One way only, half-rates.

Port charges: Receiving and discharging ships' ballast, 1s. per ton; minimum charge, 20s.; 1d. per ton for use of shoot.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Use of wharf, for every vessel up to 1,400 tons lying at wharf, 1d. per ton net register per trip; for every vessel over 1,400 tons lying at a wharf, 2d. per ton net register per trip; minimum charge, 5s.

Towage (both ways, in and out): Sailing-vessels, minimum charge, £7 10s.; maximum charge, £37 10s. Vessels 200 tons and upwards, 9d. per ton register. Steamers, minimum charge, £12 10s. maximum charge, £40. Vessels 1,000 tons and upwards, 3d. per ton register. Any vessel using the tug one way only, either in or out, half-rates, and vessels arriving for “bunker” coal—i.e., coal to be used in the ship on her voyage and for no other purpose—half-rates. Declaration to be made to this effect.

GREYMOUTH.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Signal-station. For sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; for steamers, 4d. per ton, each way.

Port charges: Discharging ships' ballast, 6d. per ton.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: 1d. per ton net register for the first four days. For each additional day on which a vessel actually works cargo continuously (weather permitting), per ton register, ¼d., for each additional day or part thereof that any vessel lies at a wharf and does not actually take in or put out cargo (weather permitting), per ton register, 2d. Day counted from midnight to midnight. No charge for Sundays or statutory holidays, provided no cargo is landed or shipped.

Warps: £1 per trip.

LYTTELTON.

Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards—Sailing-vessels 3½d. per ton; steamers 2½d. per ton on vessels of 100 tons and upwards. Foreign-going steamers and sailing-vessels free on second call on same voyage.

Port charges: 2d. per ton quarterly, in advance, for vessels of 100 tons and upwards plying within the port or employed in coasting only, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year; 2d. per ton for vessels of 100 tons and upwards not plying within the port or not solely employed in coasting, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year. For exemption from pilotage and harbour fees, see sections 116, 117, and 118 of the Harbours Act, 1908.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthing charges: On all vessels of 25 tons register and upwards ¼d. per ton per day, with a maximum of three days.

Warps (21 in. coir hawsers): £1 per warp for use during a vessel's stay in port, not exceeding six months.

Fenders (soft wood): 10s. for first day, and 5s. per day after. 10s. for use of each hardwood fender.

TIMARU.

Pilotage (compulsory): Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton inwards and outwards; when tug used, 2d. per ton: steamers, 2d. per ton inwards and outwards. Foreign and intercolonial steamers under 3,500 cargo tons, working 800 tons cargo or less, only one pilotage fee; 3,500 tons or over, working 1,000 tons cargo or less, one pilotage fee only. Foreign-going steamer or sailing-vessel calling more than once during same voyage before leaving New Zealand, one inward and outward rate only (subject to above exemptions).

Port charges: Coasters, 1½d. per ton each trip; sailing-vessels, not coasters, 3d. per ton each trip; steam-vessels, not coasters, 6d. per ton on cargo worked. Intercolonial steamers coming direct or coastwise 1½d. per ton register, or 6d. per ton on cargo landed and shipped, whichever rate may be the lesser. In all cases not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in any half-year, dating from the 1st days of January and July in each year.

Harbourmaster's fees: 1d. per ton each service; vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; steamers of 1,000 tons or over, which have loaded wholly in New Zealand or Australian ports, working 500 tons of cargo or less, only one Harbourmaster's fee. This fee is charged to all vessels or steamers not paying pilotage.

Berthage: 3d. per ton on all cargo landed or shipped. Transhipments, half-rates.

Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharves, ½d. per ton register for first three days; subsequent days, ¼d. per ton. Vessels at buoys, under 800 tons register, ⅛d. per ton; over 800 tons, 1/16d. per ton.

Fenders: Sailing-vessels under 500 tons register, 2s. per day; under 1,000 tons, 3s. per day; over 1,000 tons, 4s. per day. Steamers under 1,000 tons register, 4s. per day; under 1,500 tons, 10s. per day; under 2,000 tons, 15s. per day; over 2,000 tons, £1 per day; after three days, half-charges. Foreign-going vessels detained in the port sixty days, half-rates thereafter. A day is calculated as twenty-four hours from the time of berthing or mooring. Maximum charge for hawsers and fenders, per visit, £15.

Towage: Vessels under 100 tons register, £1 10s.; every 50 tons or fraction of 50 tons up to 500 tons, 10s.; over 500 tons, 5s. Distances beyond three miles, 1d. per ton register per mile.

Removals: Vessels under 150 tons, £1; every additional 50 tons or fraction of 50 tons, half sea-towage rates. Coal-hulk, £1 each way. When tug used for other services, but not in nature of salvage, £5 per hour. For foreign-going vessels detained in port 60 days, half-rates thereafter. When tug's hawser used, 1d. per ton register charged for each occasion.

Use of Board's oil-launch: Passengers—Special trip, £2; when Harbourmaster is going off to vessel, 2s. 6d. per passenger. Agents and masters—Special trip, £1; when agent or master directly connected with particular vessel to which the Harbourmaster is going off, free. Health Officer—Special trip, £2; when the Harbourmaster is going off to vessel, £1. Other trips subject to special arrangement with the secretary.

OAMARU.

Tonnage rate: On cargo, inwards or outwards—Coal, merchandise, stone, produce, and timber, 8d. per ton; wool, 2s. per ton; frozen sheep, 1d. per carcase; frozen lamb, 1d. per carcase; rabbits and hares, 3s. per ton, gross weight; all other frozen goods, 3s. per ton, gross dead-weight; live-stock, 1s. 8d. per ton. These charges are in lieu of the usual port dues, pilotage, and berthage dues. Cargo is computed as follows for tonnage rates and cranage: Timber (native), 480 ft., super., to the ton; timber (ironbark), 320 ft., super., to the ton; other hard wood, 380 ft., super., to the ton; posts and rails, 50 to the ton; palings, 320 to the ton; Oamaru stone, 22 cubic feet to the ton, or as per railway weight; wool, 4 bales to the ton; live sheep, 20 to the ton; horses, 2 tons each; cattle, 2 tons each; yearlings, half-rates; pigs, 10 to the ton; light carriages, two-wheeled, 1 ton each; light carriages, four-wheeled, 2 tons each. In computing the tonnage-rate all goods may be charged upon the dead weight or measurement, at the option of the Board.

Warps: ½d. per ton per day for seven days; ¼d. per ton per day thereafter. In the event of any vessel remaining at any wharf for a period exceeding six weeks, the charge for warps will thereafter be reduced to ⅛d. per ton register of such vessel for each day or part of a day that she may occupy a berth at the wharf.

OTAGO (DUNEDIN).

Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards—Sailing-vesssls without tug, 6d. per ton; with tug, 4d. per ton: steamers, 4d. per ton. Foreign steamers 3d. in and 3d. out, and when calling twice on one voyage only charged once. All vessels holding exemption certificates, one annual pilotage. For every vessel under steam carrying an exempt pilot and employing a Board's pilot the charge shall be ½d. per ton for the Upper Harbour.

Port charges: 2d. per ton per trip, and 6d. per ton on cargo discharged other than coal or timber, but not to exceed 15d. per ton on tonnage of vessel in any one half-year.

Harbourmaster's fees: Vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; over 120 tons, 1d. per ton.

Berthage: Every steam or sailing vessel occupying a berth at the Board's wharves shall, subject to the following exemption, pay the following berthage rate: One farthing per ton net register per day or part of a day, provided that the minimum amount shall be 1s. per day or part of a day. Any small boat or yacht using or berthing at any of the Board's wharves, jetties, or landing stages, and not holding a license under the by-laws, shall pay the sum of 1s. per day or part of a day, or in lieu thereof the Board will accept a yearly berthage fee of 5s., paid in advance, provided that nothing contained herein shall render any dingey or small boat belonging to licensed vessels, or vessels berthed at the Board's wharves and paying a berthage rate, subject to any berthage charge.

Towage: When assistance is given to steam-vessels under steam, one-fourth usual towage, not exceeding £5 for Upper Harbour and £7 for Lower Harbour.

Extracts from by-laws: Minimum charge: On application of the master or agent of any foreign-going steamer visiting the port, the ordinary charges for pilotage and port charges shall be suspended, and a charge of 5s. per ton on cargo as per ship's manifest discharged, and 10s. per ton on cargo loaded, shall be substituted therefor, but there shall be a minimum charge of £50. Any payments made under this by-law shall not be deemed to be an inward and outward pilotage under section (d) of By-law No. 79.

BLUFF.

Pilotage (compulsory): Steamers, inwards and outwards, 2½d. per registered ton: sailing-vessels, 4½d. inwards and outwards if tug not employed; 2½d. per registered ton inwards and outwards if tug employed. Sailing-vessels in ballast, 2½d. per registered ton inwards and outwards. Steamers, in and out, 5d. per registered ton, payable yearly; sailing-vessels, in and out, 9d. per registered ton, payable yearly. On application by master or agent of foreign-going steamers ordinary charges for pilotage, port charges, and berthage may be suspended, and a charge of 5s. per ton for inward cargo and 10s. per ton for outward cargo may be substituted therefor, with a minimum charge of £50.

Port charges: On all vessels, per trip, 2d. per registered ton, but no vessel shall be required to pay more than 6d. per registered ton in any six months from date of entry.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Steamers, 2d. per ton net register for the first day, and 1d. per ton per week or part of a week thereafter. Sailing-vessels and hulks of over 50 tons register, 1d. per ton net register per week for the first four weeks, and ¼d. per ton per week thereafter.

Towage assistance to steamers using their own motive power: Over 3,000 tons, £5; over 2,000 tons, £4; under 2,000 tons, £3.

Steamers calling more than once on same voyage only charged one inward and outward pilotage.

Maximum charge for harbour dues, £180 in any one visit, including ten days' berthage.

WHARFAGE RATES.

Wharfage rates at eighteen of the principal harbours in New Zealand, as on 1st January, 1912 (compiled by the late C. Hood Williams, Esq., Secretary to the Lyttelton Harbour Board).

AUCKLAND.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports. Transhipments: Half-rates when declared before landing.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped. Transhipments: Half-rates when declared before landing.

Frozen Meat, Butter, d.c.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped. Transhipments: Half-rates when declared.

Wool.—6d. per bale, shipped or landed. Transhipments: If landed, dumped, and reshipped, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton landed; 6d. per ton shipped. Transhipments: Half-rates when declared. Shipped or discharged over side for steamer's use, free.

Timber.—Sawn, 2s. per 1,000 ft. landed; 1s. per 1,000 ft. shipped. Baulk or round (less 12½ per cent.), 1s. per 1,000 ft. landed, 6d. per 1,000 ft. shipped. Transhipments: Half-rates when declared.

Passengers' luggage under half a ton, goods carried by hand by passengers and single packages under 5 ft. measurement, free.

GISBORNE.

General Merchandise. — Imports: General, 5s. per ton; kerosene, sugar, and wire, 5s. per ton; wine and spirits. 7s. 6d. per ton. Exports: General, 2s. 6d. per ton. If paid inward, free. Transhipments: Half-rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce. — Imports: Grain, 5s. per ton; grass-seed, 5s. per ton; maize, 5s. per ton; potatoes (12 sacks), 5s. per ton; oats (12 sacks), 5s. per ton; chaff (20 sacks), 5s. per ton; flour, 5s. per ton; bran and pollard, 2s. 6d. per ton. Exports: Grain, 1s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per ton; maize, 1s. per ton; potatoes (12 sacks), 1s. per ton; chaff (20 sacks), 1s. per ton. Transhipments: Half-rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Exports: Carcases mutton, 1½d. each; carcases lamb, not exceeding 36 lb., ¾d.; beef, tallow, and other meat products, 2s. 6d. per ton; butter, 2s. 6d. per ton; hides, every 40 or 10 sacks, 2s. 6d. per ton; sheep-skins, per bale or every 60, 1s. per ton.

Wool.—1s. per bale, export. Transhipments: 3d. per bale; 1s. per bale if landed at all.

Coal.—2s. per ton; bunker coal not landed, 6d. per ton; coke (20 sacks), 2s. per ton.

Timber.—4s. per 1,000 ft. super., imports; 1s. per 1,000 ft. super., exports.

THAMES.

General Merchandise.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports or exports, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports or exports, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—None shipped.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Wool.—1s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Coal.—1s. 6d. per ton, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.

Timber.—1s. per 1,000 ft. sawn timber; 6d. per 1,000 shingles; 2s. per 100 props; 1s. 6d. per 100 slabs; 4s. per 100 sleepers; 2s. 6d. per 100 posts or rails; 2s. 6d. per 1,000 palings; 6d. per ton firewood.

NEW PLYMOUTH.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per 20 sacks.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Wool.—6d. per bale; five bales of 4cwt., 2s. per ton; three bales of over 4 cwt. 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

Coal.—2s. per ton; brown coal, 1s. 9d.: with labour.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates, with labour.

Timber.—480 ft. per ton, 2s.; hardwood, 320 ft. per ton (rough or sawn), 2s.: with labour.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

WAITARA.

General Merchandise.—Inwards, 2s. per ton, including forty-eight hours' storage; outwards, 2s. per ton, including ten days' storage. Labour provided by the Board.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce. — Imports, 2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per 20 sacks. Labour provided. Exports, in not less than 3-ton lots, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. per ton weight, without labour.

Transhipments: Half-rates, without labour.

Wool.—Dumped, 4½d. per bale; undumped, 6d. per bale.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Coal.—Imports, 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour; brown coal, 1s. per ton, without labour.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Timber.—Under 5,000 ft., 3d. per 100 ft.; over 5,000 ft., 2d. per 100 ft.: without labour. Exported white-pine, if over 5,000 ft., 1½d. per 100 ft.: without labour.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

PATEA.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports or exports (produce shipped direct from South ports, 1s. 6d.).

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton of 10 sacks grain, 20 sacks cocks-foot grass-seed, 20 sacks bran, 40 sacks chaff, 16 sacks pollard or rye-grass. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton; import, 2s. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Butter and cheese 1s. per ton, without labour, from grading-wharf; otherwise, 2s., with labour. Frozen meat, 1s. 6d. per ton; cased meats, 1s. per ton, without labour.

Wool.—6d. per bale, including storage.

Hides — 3d. per dozen.

Coal.—1s. per ton, without labour.

Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.; labour extra.

WAIROA.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments: Returned empties, free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports and exports.

Butter.—2s. per ton.

Wool.—9d. per bale, imports and exports.

Coal.—1s. per ton.

Timber.—2½d. per 100 ft. Exports, fruit, free. Returned empties, free.

NAPIER.

General Merchandise.—2s. 6d. per ton imports, 1s. 3d. per ton exports, according to measurement or weight. If labour supplied, add on 9d. imports, and 9d. exports. Ballast, inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton. Empties, 9d. per ton imports; 9d. per ton exports. Agricultural machinery set up for use, 2s. in; 1s. out.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. 6d. imports, 1s. 3d. exports, according to measurement or weight. If labour supplied, add on 9d. imports, and 9d. exports.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Frozen or Chilled Meat, &c.—Imports free; exports 2s. 6d. per ton. Tallow and pelts, imports free; exports 3s. per ton.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Wool.—1s. per bale, exports only. Imports, free.

Transhipments: Wool, flax, skins, or tow, 3d. over side; 3d. per bale if landed for transhipment or dumping.

Coal.—2s. imports; 1s. exports. Haulage on coal, 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Quarter-rates, Outer Harbour; half-rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours. Coal for engines and freezing-ships, Outer Harbour, free, if declared so.

Timber.—3s. 4d. per 1,000 ft., imports; 1s. 3d. per 1,000 ft. exports.

Transhipments: Half-rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours; quarter-rates, Outer Harbour.

NOTE.—Goods other than wool, skins, tow, meats, and flax landed on a wharf for transhipment to a vessel lying at another berth charged inward wharfage only when declared at time of entry.

WANGANUI.

General Merchandise.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 1s. 6d. per ton. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Frozen Meat.—Sheep, ½d. per carcase; lambs, ½d. per carcase; legs, shoulders, and loins calculated at so-many to a carcase, according to freight.

Wool.—3d. per bale.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton. Coal for ship's use, outward, 3d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Timber.—6d. per 100 ft.; for shipment, 2d.; white-pine, 1d.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

WELLINGTON.

General Merchandise.—2s. 8d. per ton inwards, including labour and one night's storage. Glass, acids, and special goods, 5s. per ton. Inward cargo landed after noon on Friday is stored free till noon on following Monday; landed after noon on Saturday is stored free till 5 p.m. on the following Tuesday. 1s. 4d. per ton outwards, including labour, Glass, acids, and special goods, 2s. 6d. per ton. Railway wharfage - 1s. 4d. inwards, 8d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 3s. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage. Glass, acids, and special goods, 5s. per ton. Over side of vessel lying at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted more than quarter of a mile and less than half a mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted half a mile or over, 1s. per ton extra.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. 8d. per ton inwards, including labour and one night's storage; 1s. 4d. per ton outwards, including labour. Railway wharfage—1s. 1d. inwards, 8d. outwards, without labour

Transhipments: 3s. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage. Over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted more than quarter of a mile and less than half a mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted half a mile or over, 1s. per ton extra.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. inwards, 1s. outwards, per ton, without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. 4d. inwards, 8d. outwards, per ton, without labour. Dairy-produce treated as general merchandise.

Transhipments: Meat, 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour; butter, 3s. per ton, including labour and storage. Meat, butter, &c., over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted more than quarter of a mile and less than half a mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted half a mile or over, 1s. per ton extra.

Wool.—4d. per bale at Railway Wharf, without labour; 6d. per bale at other wharves, including labour.

Transhipments: 6d. per bale, including labour, and 3d. additional if stored. If shifted more than quarter of a mile, 3d. per bale extra; if shifted more than half a mile, 6d. per bale extra. Over side of vessel to vessel at wharf, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—1s. per ton imports, 6d. per ton exports, without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. per ton inwards, 6d. per ton outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: Across wharf for steamer's use, free. From vessel or hulk to vessel at wharf, 4d.; in Harbour, but not lying at wharf 2d. per ton. But so that no one shipment of coal pays wharfage more than once.

Timber.—3d. per 100 ft. inwards; 2d. per 100 ft. outwards, without labour. If labour supplied, 3d. per 100 ft. added inwards, and 2d. outwards. Railway wharfage—3d. inwards, 2d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 3s. per ton, including seven days' storage and labour. Over vessel's side into another vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted over quarter of a mile and under half a mile, 6d. per ton extra; if half a mile or over, 1s. per ton extra.

NELSON.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports, with labour.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; 2s. 6d. if landed.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports and exports, with labour.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; 2s. 6d. if landed.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Wool.—Exports, 1s. per bale; imports free.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Coal.—1s. per ton imports; 2s. with labour. Free exports; 2s. 6d. per ton with labour.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf.

Timber.—1d. per 100 ft. super., import; 1d. per 100 ft. super., export; 2s. per ton by measurement: with labour.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed on wharf. Reshipments, 2s. per ton.

WESTPORT.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton., and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c. — 2s. per ton, and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Coal.—6d. per ton.

Timber.—2d. per 100 ft. If for export and carried by rail, free.

GREYMOUTH.

General Merchandise.—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering. Coke, bricks, and fireclay carried by rail for export, free.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Coal.—6d. per ton inwards; outwards, free, if carried by rail.

Timber.—Inwards, 2d. per 100 ft.; outwards, 1d., if carried by rail for export.

Transhipment: Over side, 1d. per 100 ft.

LYTTELTON.

General Merchandise.—1s. 9d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—7½d. per ton; chaff, hay, &c., 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Wool.—1s. per bale.

Transhipments: Free.

Coal.—9d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Timber.—3½d. per 100 ft.

Transhipments: Free.

N.B.—All reshipments of goods from Lyttelton under declaration, free.

TIMARU.

Bricks, Pipes, Roofing-slates, Ores, Minerals, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates. Ship stores, free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton weight.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Wool.—1s. per bale.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates. For bunkering purposes, free.

Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

OAMARU.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—½d. per sheep. Butter, as merchandise, 2s. per ton. Other frozen goods, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: Free.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Timber.—5d. and 7d. per 100 ft. Fencing posts and rails, 4s. per 100. Palings. 7d. per 100.

Transhipments: Free.

Stone.—½d. per foot.

Live Cattle and Horses.—2s. 6d. each; yearlings, half-rates. Sheep, 2d. each; pigs, 4d. each.

OTAGO (DUNEDIN).

General Merchandise.—1s., 2s., 3s., 4s., and 5s. per ton, imports. (Classified.) Exports: Beer 2s. per ton. A rate of 2s. per ton by weight upon all flour, malt, meal, tallow, hides, wool, ores, and quartz. Cattle, 1s. 6d.; calves, 1s.; pigs, 6d.; horses, 2s. 6d.; foals, 1s. 6d. each. All other goods 1s. per ton export.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. per ton, imports; 1s. per ton by weight, exports; bran and pollard, exports, 1s. per ton; flour and oatmeal, 2s. A rate of 1s. per ton by weight upon all barley, wheat, oats, rye, beans, whole peas, maize, potatoes, turnips, carrots, onions, straw, hay, and building-stone.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Flax, fungus, rabbits, live-stock, and beef, 1s. per ton exports (measurement); butter, imports, 4s. per ton; butter and cheese, exports, 1s. per ton (weight); frozen meat, imports, 5s. per ton, 1s. per ton exports.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Wool.—Exports, 2s. per ton, wool, skins, and hides (three bales to ton); 4s. per ton, imports (three bales to ton).

Transhipments: 1s. per ton by measurement.

Coal.—3s. per ton, imports; exports, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Timber.—6d. and 3d. per 100 superficial feet, imports; exports, 1s. per ton 500 superficial feet.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton by measurement. Notice of transhipment must be given within twenty-four hours after ship's arrival.

BLUFF.

General Merchandise.—1s. 10d. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—11d. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—11d. per ton, exports; cheese, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Wool.—Exports, 9d. per bale; imports, free.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Coal.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports; free exports.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton when landed ex hulk; free when not landed on wharf.

Timber.—1s. per 1,000 ft. super., import; 1s. per 1,000 ft. super., export.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed on wharf.

LIGHTHOUSES.

Number of LightName of Lighthouse.Order of Apparatus.Fixed, Flashing, or Revolving.Interval of Revolution or Flash.Height, in Feet, above High Water.Colour of Light.Distance visible in Nautical Miles.Colour of Lighthouse.

* An asterisk denotes those lighthouses which are in telephonic communication with telegraph system.

† Harbour lights.

‡ Flashing twice every half-minute, with interval of three seconds between flashes.

§ Bean Rock light is shortly to be changed for an unwatched light.

|| Coast light.

NOTE.—The distance visible of lights of greater power than 5th order dioptric is calculated in nautical miles as seen from a height of 15 ft. above the sea. In very clear weather the lower-order lights may be seen at a greater distance than is given in this table.

NOTE.—The distance visible of lights of greater power than 5th order dioptric is calculated in nautical miles as seen from a height of 15 ft. above the sea. In very clear weather the lower-order lights may be soon at a greater distance than is given in this table.

1*Cape Maria Van Diemen1st order dioptricRevolving1 minute330White25White.
Cape Maria Van Diemen..Fixed....Red, to show over Columbia Reef......
1a*Cape Brett1st order dioptricGroup flashing510White30½White.
 Moro Tiri (Chickens), (building)Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched)Flashing¼ sec. Fl., 3 1/12 sec.ecl.400White10White.
2Moko Hinou1st order dioptricFlashing10 seconds385White27White.
2aWhangaparapara (Great Barrier)6th order port lightFixed..100White8White.
3Cuvier Island1st order dioptricRevolving30 seconds390White27White.
4*Tiritiri2nd order dioptricFixed..300White, with red arc over Flat Rock24Red.
5Bean Rock5th§ order dioptricFixed..50White, red, green10White.
5aRangitoto BeaconPintsch's patent gaslight (unwatched)Occulting5 seconds68White, showing 5 sec. flash and 5 sec. obscured12White and red vertical bands.
6Ponui Passage5th order dioptricFixed..50White and red10White.
7*East Cape2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds362White flash26White.
7aTuahine PointAcetylene gas (unwatched)OccultingFl. 2 sec., ecl. 6 sec.53White13White.
8Gisborne Leading-lightsDioptric side-lightsFixed..60, 40White and Red5White.
9Portland Island2nd order dioptricRevolving30 seconds300White24White.
 Portland Island..Fixed....Red, to show over Bull Rock....
10||Napier4th order dioptricFixed..160White19White.
10aNapier Leading-lights..Fixed..70,50White and red7White.
 Castlepoint (building)2nd order dioptricGroup fl., 3 fl.45 seconds170White21White.
11*Cape Palliser2nd order dioptricGroup fl., 2 fl.30 seconds258White; interval of 3 sec. between flashes23White.
12*Pencarrow Hd.2nd order dioptricFixed..322White25White.
 Pencarrow Hd. Low-level LightWigham patentFixed..32White, with red arc10White.
13*Somes Island2nd order dioptricFixed..95White, red, and green15½White.
14Manawatu RiverOrdinary lampFixed..44White5Flagstaff white.
15Wanganui River6th order port lightFixed..65White8Flagstaff white.
16Patea5th order port lightFixed..130Red10Flagstaff white.
17*Cape Egmont2nd order dioptricFixed...103White16White
18New Plymouth Leading-lights4th and 5th order port lightsFixed...100, 45Red16,10White
19Waitara6th order port lightFixed...70White8Flagstaff white.
20*Manukau3rd order dioptricFixed...385White27Brown.
 Manukau5th order port lightFixed...70White and green10White.
21*Kaipara2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds278White23½Red.
22Hokianga6th order port light......152White8 
23*Nelson4th order port lightFixed...60White, with red arc13White.
24French Pass6th order port lightFixed 12White and red, with white light on beacon8White.
25Stephens Island1st order dioptricGroup fl., 2 fl.30 seconds600White32½White.
26Jackson HeadPintsch's patent gaslight (unwatched)OccultingFl. 3 secs., ecl. 3 sec55White10Concrete ben.
 Diffenbach Point (Queen Charlotte Sound)Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched)Flashing0.3 sees., ecl. 2.7sec.39White5White.
27The Brothers2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds258White23White.
 The Brothers...Fixed......Red, over Cook Rock... 
28Tory Channel Leading-lights5th order port lightFixed...86, 22White10White.
29Wairau River6th order port lightFixed...38White8Flagstaff.
30*Cape Campbell2nd order dioptricRevolving1 minute155White18½White.
31*Godley Head2nd order dioptricFixed...450White29White.
32*Akaroa Head2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds270White23White.
33Timaru5th order port lightFixed...85Red and green10White.
34Jack's Point4th order dioptricOcculting...94White15½White.
35Oamaru5th order dioptricFlashing14 seconds120White10Light stone
36Moeraki3rd order dioptricFixed...170White19½White.
37*Taiaroa Head3rd order dioptricFixed...196Red20½White.
37aOtago Harbour Entrance, N. Mole LightWigham ben. lightFixed...29Green5 
38*Cape Saunders2nd order dioptricRevolving1 minute210White21White.
39*Nugget Point1st order dioptricFixed...250White22½White.
40Waipapa Point2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds70White14White.
41*Dog Island1st order catadioptricRevolving30 seconds150White18½White & black bands.
42*Centre Island1st order dioptricFixed...265White, with red arcs23White.
43*Puysegur Point1st order dioptricFlashing10 seconds180White20White.
44Hokitika5th order dioptricFixed...122White10White.
45Greyrnouth6th order port lightFixed...62White8Flagstaff.
46*Cape Foulwind2nd order dioptricRevolving30 seconds238White22White.
47WestportDioptric masthead-It.Fixed...50White8 
 Karamea6th order port lightFixed...60White8Flagstaff-white
48Kahurangi Point2nd order dioptricFixed...110White, with red sector to show over Stewart Breaker16½White.
49*Farewell Spit2nd order dioptricRevolving1 minute97White, with red arc over Spit end16Upper part white and part red.

RAILWAYS.

The history and progress of railways in New Zealand was specially described in the Year-book of 1894, as was also the line partly built by the New Zealand Midland Railway Company. An account of the line lately belonging to the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company was published in the Year-book for 1895.

In the year 1860 a contract was let for the construction of the first New Zealand railway. Up to the year 1870 there were only 46 miles of railway in operation. In that year the construction of railways came to be part of the public-works policy just then initiated, and the Railways Act of 1870 authorized certain lines to be made and surveys of others. In 1876 the abolition of the provinces placed the earlier-constructed railways in the hands of the General Government. At that time there were 718 miles open for traffic.

In December, 1908, the Government acquired by purchase the railway between Wellington and Longburn, eighty-four miles in length, completed in 1886 by the Wellington-Manawatu Railway Company. The entire railway system, with the exception of a few miles of private lines used for specific purposes, such as the carriage of coal, timber, or stone, is now owned and controlled by the State.

The length of Government railways open on the 31st March, 1912, was 2,798 miles, of which 1,173 were situated in the North Island and 1,625 in the South Island.

The sections of the North Island lines consist of the Whangarei-Kawakawa, 58 miles; Kaihu, 17; Gisborne-Waikohu, 23; and the North Island main line and branches, 1,075 miles. The South Island sections comprise the South Island main line and branches, 1,357 miles; Westland, 141; Westport, 31; Nelson, 48; Picton, 48 miles. The estimated total cost of construction to 31st March, 1912, was £30,506,089 (besides £2,183,090 spent on unopened lines), and the average cost per mile of open line £10,864.

The following statement shows the number of miles of Government railways open, the number of train-miles travelled and of

passengers carried, and the tonnage of goods traffic, for the past twenty years:—

Year.Length open.Train-mileage.Passengers.Season Tickets issued.Goods and Live-stock.*

* The equivalent tonnage for live-stock has been given.

† The average number of miles open for traffic during the year was 2,801.

 Tons.
1892-931,8863,002,1743,759,04416,5042,258,235
1893-941,9483,113,2313,972,70117,2262,128,709
1894-951,9933,221,6203,905,57828,6232,123,343
1895-962,0143,307,2264,162,42636,2332,175,943
1896-972,0183,409,2184,439,38743,0692,461,127
1897-982,0553,666,4834,672,26448,6602,628,746
1898-992,0903,968,7084,955,55355,0272,744,441
1899-19002,1044,187,8935,468,28463,3353,251,716
1900-19012,2124,620,9716,243,59382,9213,461,331
1901-19022,2355,066,3607,356,136100,7783,667,039
1902-19032,2915,443,3337,575,390118,4313,918,261
1903-19042,3285,685,3998,306,383129,9194,259,217
1904-19052,3746,107,0798,514,112140,4534,185,468
1905-19062,4076,413,5738,826,382147,9894,415,166
1906-19072,4586,755,4549,600,786165,5044,824,563
1907-19082,4747,051,2749,756,716185,1745,070,176
1908-19092,6827,458,23610,457,144192,5475,135,408
1909-19102,7177,889,16611,141,142199,3715,490,018
1910-19112,7538,141,07511,200,613222,1045,863,674
1911-19122,7988,371,68711,891,134236,9575,887,908

The traffic in local products for the past twenty years was,—

Year.Wool.Timber.Grain.Minerals.Horses and Cattle.Sheep and Pigs.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Number.Number.
1892-9396,842169,910523,637884,03146,5901,359,860
1893-94101,340183,192411,191864,53851,5731,394,456
1894-95103,328198,578388,556857,91752,0751,563,213
1895-9699,363213,132374,699878,65950,7661,893,058
1896-9798,958257,825423,8881,032,25247,2562,016,437
1897-98103,055313,073427,4481,048,86854,8712,399,379
1898-9997,396310,266420,0711,147,35366,2262,552,745
1899-1900104,621334,677764,0331,218,69876,5372,559,836
1900-190196,519380,803772,5711,366,24184,2892,463,250
1901-1902101,878427,153813,3451,443,79295,3842,780,019
1902-1903116,309436,008718,3761,604,426115,1983,883,177
1903-1904101,316509,712820,4531,744,323122,0643,826,646
1904-1905107,625493,327732,4801,806,360126,5753,490,752
1905-1906116,086534,533772,2581,938,548136,3193,441,387
1906-1907128,161567,835770,7062,135,446150,8014,776,223
1907-1908120,593616,892739,5682,319,913169,1744,719,087
1908-1909137,916582,860793,7932,342,048179,0085,329,115
1909-1910151,051523,8451,044,4682,486,121196,9835,253,692
1910-1911143,247627,1071,013,2982,655,250230,9856,071,670
1911-1912141,607718,414949,5562,673,783228,0565,601,711

The revenue for the year 1911-12 amounted to £3,676,509; and the total expenditure to £2,465,896. The net revenue — £1,210,613—was equal to a rate of £3.98 per cent. on the capital cost; the percentage of expenditure to revenue was 67.07. The earnings on some of the lines ranged as high as £12 1s. 11d. per cent.

The particulars of the revenue and expenditure for the past twenty years are given:—

Year.Passenger-fares.Parcels, Luggage, and Mails.Goods and Live-stock.Rents and MiscellaneousTotal.Expenditure.Net RevenuePercentages of Expenditure to Revenue.Percentages of Revenue to Capital Cost.*
£££££££%£s.d.

NOTE.—For 1895-96 and subsequent years the railways have been credited with the value of services performed for other Government departments, and debited with the value of work done for the railways by other departments.

* The rate of interest earned has been computed on cost proportionately to the time during which the lines taken over by the Working Railway's Department within the financial year were earning revenue.

1892-93390,61944,801707,78538,3161,181,521732,141449,38061.97310
1893-94402,01945,206686,46939,0981,172,792735,358437,43462.702179
1894-95385,14943,270683,72638,7061,150,851732,160418,69163.622146
1895-96389,23454,736698,11540,9561,183,041751,368431,67363.512160
1896-97410,16058,084774,16343,7511,286,158789,054497,10461.353310
1897-98433,43060,872837,58944,1171,376,008857,191518,81762.303410
1898-99475,55366,418882,07745,6171,469,665929,737539,92863.263510
1899-00515,02068,488985,72354,6601,623,8911,052,358571,53364.80385
1900-01544,97672,7121,051,69457,8541,727,2361,127,847599,38965.30398
1901-02621,01979,5611,110,57563,4311,874,5861,252,237622,34966.80386
1902-03625,69887,2731,189,10171,9661,974,0381,343,415630,62368.05361
1903-04704,660110,1511,293,16972,6612,180,6411,438,724741,91765.983118
1904-05738,158115,0511,277,97678,0462,209,2311,492,900716,33167.58360
1905-06786,873142,6421,346,03874,1512,349,7041,621,239728,46569.00349
1906-07892,053151,9131,498,68681,9482,624,0001,812,482812,11869.06391
1907-08912,978176,8761,582,32889,7562,761,9381,949,759812,17970.59368
1908-091,011,658187,0401,630,704100,1242,929,5262,114,815814,71172.19327
1909-101,171,040192,5851,772,547113,6183,249,7902,169,4741,080,31666.763160
1910-111,223,412193,7891,961,078115,9033,494,1822,303,2721,190,91065.92413
1911-121,319,115203,3342,032,785121,2763,676,5092,465,8961,210,61367.073197

The revenue per (average) mile of railway open during the year was £1,314, and the expenditure £881; equal to 8s. 9¼d. and 5s. 10½d. per train-mile respectively.

The total number of miles travelled by trains was 8,371,687.

In addition to the above railways, there were 29 miles of private lines open for traffic on the 31st March, 1912.

AUSTRALASIAN RAILWAYS.

Government railways open for traffic in Australasia:—

Railways (State only).
Country.Year endedAverage Miles open.Train-miles run.Cost of Construction and Equipment of Open Lines.Gross Receipts.Working-expenses.Percentage of Net Revenue to Cost.Number of
Locomotives.Vehicles.
Passenger.Goods and Live-stock Trucks and Vans.

* Includes 7½ miles private lines worked by Government.

 £££% 
Queensland30 June, 19113,8689,367,27925,898,8412,730,4301,563,1194.5150156810,063
New South Wales30 June, 19113,71317,006,69750,971,8946,042,2053,691,0614.679031,13617,112
Victoria30 June, 19113,50512,972,72344,121,7674,896,2102,991,6734.325471,34512,623
South Australia30 June, 19111,6765,855,96713,644,1552,015,1821,222,4395.813494897,517
Western Australia30 June, 19112,2864,963,10712,019,9271,844,4191,216,4775.223233697,734
Tasmania30 June, 1911*4701,041,0514,079,831277,916215,5301.52791781,687
New Zealand31 Mar., 19122,8018,371,68730,506,0893,676,5092,465,8963.984931,21218,521

In addition to the Government lines open for traffic in 1911, New South Wales had 266 miles of private railway; Victoria, 51 miles; South Australia, 58 miles; Western Australia, 842 miles (partly used for timber conveyance); Queensland, 544 miles; Tasmania, 204 miles, 7½ miles of which are worked by Government; and New Zealand, on 31st March, 1912, 29 miles.

POSTAL* and TELEGRAPH.

Postal.

There were 2,312 post-offices in New Zealand at the end of 1911.

The number of letters and letter-cards, post-cards, books, and pattern-packets, newspapers, and parcels posted and delivered during the year, compared with the number posted and delivered in 1910, was as under:—

 Total posted and delivered.increase or Decrease.
1911.1910.

* Increase.

† Decrease.

Letters and letter-cards205,450,627196,768,9688,681,659*
Post-cards12,255,47713,681,6681,426,191
Books and pattern-packets58,828,43655,008,3623,820,074*
Newspapers43,801,71942,305,5541,496,165*
Parcels3,327,3792,471,964855,415*

The average number of letters, &c., posted per head of the population in each of the past seven years was,—

 1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Letters and letter-cards76.0982.1386.4691.3795.9897.1497.85
Post-cards3.385.716.636.586.325.835.35
Books and parcels24.9023.9723.8226.4626.2930.0431.28
Newspapers19.8719.0419.5620.1420.4818.5118.66

The facilities afforded for the transmission of parcels through the Post Office to places within and without the Dominion have proved of much convenience to the public. The regulations admit of parcels up to 11 lb. in weight being sent to almost all the important countries of the world.

The following table shows the number of parcels exchanged with the United Kingdom, the Australian States, &c., in 1911 and 1910:—

Country.Number of Parcels.
Received.Despatched.
1911.1910.1911.1910.
United Kingdom and foreign countries via London93,99883,31213,11212,252
United States7,5916,1641,0951,022
Canada568601377351
Victoria8,3588,2413,1403,153
New South Wales13,26213,3655,3574,963
South Australia519518415409
Queensland878765897752
Tasmania473469694720
Western Australia371377476412
Samoa1618157148
Fiji137145511511
Ceylon5495357086
Uruguay....97118
Cape of Good Hope463452115157
Natal3296243197
India1,1381,049235222
Tonga167280167
Hong Kong3571079639
   Totals128,726116,22127,36725,679

The declared value of the parcels received from places outside the Dominion was £374,294, on which the Customs duty amounted to £65,967 16s. 8d.

The number and weight of parcels *dealt with from 1902 to 1911 are given below:—

1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911. 

* “Dealt with” means the total posted plus the foreign received.

 
Parcels, No.291,670327,629357,504392,017448,171801,937970,1531,148,4711,306,9321,741,736 
Weight, lb.1,034,3421,161,5841,279,7071,386,7231,638,2312,863,9093,367,1163,903,2274,533,7706,037,050 

Money-orders and Postal Notes.

The number of offices open for the transaction of money-order business at the end of 1911 was 704.

During 1911, 607,764 money-orders, for a total sum of £2,759,393 8s. 5d., were issued at the various post-offices. The money-orders from places beyond New Zealand and payable in the Dominion numbered 39,427, for the amount of £162,606 12s. 8d.

The number of offices open for the sale of postal notes at the end of 1911 was 858: 1,796,229 postal notes were sold, value £573,291 1s. 0½d.

The notes paid numbered 1,783,110, value £561,614 6s. 6d.

Mail-services.

Estimated cost on account of the Peninsular and Oriental and Orient Mail-service for the year 1911-12:—

 £
Payment to P. and O. and Orient Lines16,229
Transit charges across Australia and Europe7,497
Mail-services to Australia (including £4,000 for New Zealand-Australian mails)15,000
 £38,726

The average number of days in 1911 within which the mails from London were delivered at each of the undermentioned ports in New Zealand was,—

 P. and O. Line.Orient Line.Via Vancouver.Via San Francisco.
London to—
   Auckland37373236
   Wellington38383335
   Christchurch39383436
   Dunedin38383436

Electric Telegraph.

The first Government telegraph-lines in New Zealand were constructed by the provincial authorities.

The Canterbury Provincial Government opened a line between Christchurch and Lyttelton in the beginning of the year 1863. On the 12th February, 1864, the Southland Provincial Government opened a line between Invercargill and the Bluff. The General Government subsequently acquired both the above-named lines, and further established communication by wire between Dunedin and Invercargill, also Dunedin and Christchurch, on the 25th May, 1865.

Messrs. Driver and McLean, merchants, of Dunedin, erected a private line between Dunedin and Port Chalmers, which was opened to the public in 1861, and acquired by the General Government some time after the opening of through communication between Lyttelton, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Bluff, referred to above.

There were 11,805 miles of telegraph-line open at the end of March, 1912, carrying 39,370 miles of wire. 9,063,133 telegrams were transmitted during the year; of these, the private and Press messages numbered 8,971,725, which, together with telephone exchange and other telegraph receipts, yielded a revenue of £474,458 6s. 10d.

There were sixty central telephone exchanges and one hundred and thirty-three sub-exchanges on the 31st March, 1912. The number of connections increased from 33,228 in March, 1911, to 37,257 in March, 1912. The subscriptions to these exchanges during the financial year amounted to £179,123 18s. 8d.

The capital expended on the equipment, &c., of the several telephone exchanges up to the 31st March, 1912, was £878,133 8s. 7d.

Radio-telegraph.

The officers of the Chief Telegraph Engineer's Branch erected a radio telegraph station in the tower of the General Post Office, at Wellington, and carried out a number of experiments with some wireless systems. Later on a “Telefunken” 2 kilowatt set was installed, and a wireless telegraph office opened for commercial work on the 26th July, 1911. At that time there were not more than half a dozen boats fitted with wireless apparatus trading to the Dominion, while now there are over thirty vessels so fitted, and many more are being equipped.

The wireless branch of the service has filled a long-felt want by keeping the mainland in touch with vessels at sea, receiving and forwarding weather reports, advising delays to and probable time of arrival of steamers.

The normal night range of the G.P.O. Station is 600 miles. Messages, however, have been transmitted to and received from H.M.S. “Drake” at Suva (about 1,500 miles), and from other vessels at distances of 1,150, 1,100, and 960 knots. At times difficulty is

experienced in working with vessels off certain parts of our coasts. although, so far as distance is concerned, they are within range, This feature is experienced also in other countries.

Three hundred and fifteen nautical miles is the greatest distance over which paid messages have passed during the day-time. The work of the station has steadily increased, and is shown by the following statement:—

 Number of Messages.Words.N.Z. Land Charges.Coast Charges.Ship Charges.Total.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
1911. 26th July to 31st Dec.
Forwarded1772,273412413376483111
Received3473,70882368966124137141
   Totals5245,9811214109129888220160
1912. 1st Jan. to 30th June.
Forwarded3663,5317678185780143129
Received7136,2661216138910074251129
   Totals1,0799,79720262177815715439556
Grand Totals1,60315,778321732702564061616

The above table does not include free messages.

The Mt. Etako Wellington Radio Station is now approaching completion. The building is of stone. The two wooden masts are 150 ft. high, and the aerial is of the “T” type. Leads from the city electric-light mains have been taken to the station, and the wireless apparatus can be worked either by this supply or by a battery of accumulators charged by a motor generator driven by the supply from the city mains.

The contractors for the high-power station at Awanui commenced operations during May, and the iron mast, which is to be 394 feet high, is nearing completion. This station will probably be ready for business by the end of the year. It will have a range by day of 1,250 miles, and probably up to 3,000 miles at night. When finished at Awanui the contractors will proceed with the erection of the South Island high-power station near the Bluff. The material for this station is already to hand.

The Government cable steamer “Tutanekai” has been fitted with a wireless set, and during the trials the installation worked in a satisfactory manner. The linking up of the outlying islands is in contemplation. Sites have been selected at Chatham Islands and Rarotonga.

Radio-telegrams from ships at sea, addressed to “Radio-Wellington,” announcing their time of arrival, are accepted without charge.

The information is supplied to the Press and to the shipping companies, and is announced to the public by being posted on the “Shipping Board.” The information is also useful to the Department in facilitating arrangements for the receipt and despatch of

mails. Weather reports to the Meteorological Office from warships and vessels trading around the Dominion are also transmitted free of cost.

The Department has issued sixteen ships' licenses for the installation of wireless equipment.

Pacific Cable.

The cable, opened for traffic between New Zealand and Australia and Fiji on the 9th April, 1902, was completed to Bamfield, Vancouver Island, on the 31st October following, and opened for international business on the 8th December, 1902.

The route is from Doubtless Bay, New Zealand, to Vancouver, Canada, via Norfolk Island, Fiji, and Fanning Island. The Australian connection is at Norfolk Island. The deep-sea portion of the Vancouver-Fanning Island cable is stated to be the longest in the world. Following the opening of the cable a much faster service between New Zealand, America, and Europe has resulted.

Chapter 16. SECTION XII.—LAND TENURE, SETTLEMENT, ETC.

SUBSECTION A.—CROWN LANDS.

INTRODUCTORY.

THE Crown lands of New Zealand are administered under the Land Act, 1908, and the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, together with the regulations made thereunder.

The distinguishing features of the present leasehold system involve the principle of State ownership of the soil, with a tenant right to recurrent terms of lease by the occupier. Between 1892 and 1907 a very large proportion of the Crown lands were disposed of on lease for 999 years. The rentals were based on the assessed value of the land at the time of disposal, without increase or recurring valuations, and gave a fixity of tenure practically equal to freehold, and which, like freehold, necessarily carried with it the power of sale, sublease, mortgage, or disposition by will. At the same time the improvements made in the soil by cultivation, &c., were secured to the tenant should he from any cause be obliged to forfeit or surrender his lease. This tenure was amended by the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1907, which substituted a lease for sixty-six years (in the case of ordinary Crown lands) and thirty-three years (in the case of settlement lands), with a perpetual right of renewal for further successive terms. The former Acts of 1892, 1893, 1895, and 1907 are now consolidated in the Land Act, 1908.

When it is taken into consideration that, with few exceptions, the Crown lands are, in their prairie condition, incapable of immediate profitable use, the advantage to the settler of setting free his capital to develop the capabilities of the soil, rather than having to expend it in the purchase of a freehold, is very apparent.

The values placed on the Crown lands are, as a rule, low, for the State does not so much seek to raise a revenue directly therefrom as to encourage the occupation of the lands by the people; this occupation secures an indirect increased revenue, besides the other advantages resulting from a numerous rural population.

Again, underlying the whole of the New Zealand land system is a further application of the principle of “the land for the people”— viz., the restriction in area which any man may hold. This subject has been forced upon the attention of the Legislature by defects in former systems, under which one individual with means at his command could appropriate large areas, to the exclusion of his less wealthy fellow-settler. Under existing conditions, where the price at which land is offered is definitely fixed, and where choice of selection is by ballot, every would-be settler has the same chance, and may hold under the Crown an equal area of land, except that by the Land Act, 1908, preference is given to “land

less,” “married,” and “previously unsuccessful” applicants. The quantity that a selector may hold is so fixed as to encourage the class of moderate farmers, for up to the statutory limit the amount he may select is left almost entirely to himself. The Act defines the amount of land any one may hold at 666⅔ acres of first-class land, 2,000 acres of second-class land, or 5,000 acres of third-class land. These limits apply to lands which are thrown open for optional selection, but in some cases, where the quality of the land is very good and the selectors many, the limit may by regulation be made smaller.

Part XIII of the Land Act, 1908, deals with the limitation of area to be held by private persons, and tends to prevent the aggregation of estates of lands which may hereafter be acquired from the Crown. It distinctly limits such holdings to 5,000 acres, and gives power to inflict penalties for any evasion of the Act.

In addition to the many advantages offered by the renewable-lease tenure, the Land Act provides others, to meet the wants of different classes. The general rule is that ordinary Crown land thrown open for optional selection is offered to the public under three different tenures, the choice of which is left to the would-be settler.

The three tenures are:—

  1. Cash, in which one-fifth of the purchase-money is paid down at once, and the remainder within thirty days. The final title is not given until certain improvements have been made on the land.

  2. Lease with a purchasing clause, at a 5-per-cent. rental on the value of the land; the lease being for twenty-five years, with the right to purchase at the original upset price at any time after the first ten years and within twenty-five years, or to convert into a renewable lease.

  3. Renewable lease, at a rental of 4 per cent. on the capital value, the lease being for sixty-six years with perpetual right of renewal.

“Settlement” lands are opened only on renewable lease, the term being for thirty-three years instead of sixty-six years, and the rental 4½ per cent. on capital value.

The Land Act, 1908, provides for a special class of settlement called small-farm associations, which found favour with the public to a very considerable extent during the first three years after the Act of 1892 came into force, but is now superseded to a large extent by the improved - farm settlement system. The small-farm association system provides that, where not less than twelve individuals have associated themselves together for mutual help, such an association can, with the approval of the Minister of Lands, select a block of land for subdivision and settlement, but not more than 250,000 acres may be set aside in any one year. The extreme limit that one person may hold is fixed at 500 acres. Settlements of this

class were formerly held on lease in perpetuity, in a similar way to lands under the same tenure when thrown open for optional selection, but this is now superseded by the renewable-lease tenure. The conditions of residence and improvement are the same. The system offers many advantages to the settler, so long as the blocks of land are judiciously chosen, having regard to quality of land, access, markets, and the probability of employment being obtained in the neighbourhood. In the eagerness to obtain lands on such easy terms these points have, in the past, not received sufficient attention by some of the associations, and in consequence they are not all successful. At present only a very small proportion of the remaining Crown lands is suitable for selection in this manner.

Under the Land Act, 1885, there was a somewhat similar system, but it allowed of the acquisition of the freehold. This was taken advantage of to a considerable extent by selectors under that Act.

The village-settlement system of New Zealand has excited much inquiry. This system provides for the setting apart and offering for optional selection of allotments of one acre in area or under, and for the opening under the renewable-lease tenure (formerly lease in perpetuity) of small farms between 1 and 100 acres in area. These settlements were designed to enable labourers to obtain homes for themselves and families in the immediate vicinity of their work, and gave bushmen, workers on the roads and railways, &c., an excellent chance of securing a holding upon which they could live, and which they could improve in their spare time. There has not been any great extension of this system in recent years.

The improved-farm settlement system was first begun in order to find work for the unemployed. Considerable areas of forest-clad Crown lands were set aside, and small contracts for the clearing, burning, and sowing these with grass were let to the men to whom it was intended to allot them. In most cases the farms are selected or balloted for in their primitive state, and the settler is for a time paid for the improvements he makes, or, in other words, the cost of converting forest lands into grass lands is advanced from time to time by the Government. In other cases a piece of forest land is taken in hand, and men are employed at fixed rates in felling, burning, and grassing. When so much grass is laid down as will give a good start, the land is opened for selection in sections of 50 to 200 acres and balloted for among the applicants. The farms are let on lease with a purchasing clause or on renewable lease (formerly lease in perpetulty) at a rental sufficient to cover the cost of clearing, &c., together with a fair rental of the land.

The size of holdings averages about 120 acres.

Full details as to the various tenures now in force, and the conditions to be complied with by selectors of Crown land, are given in the following pages.

DIGEST OF THE LAND LAWS.

Administration.

The Crown lands are administered, under the authority of the Land Act, 1908, by the Hon. the Minister of Lands at Wellington, his executive officer being the Under-Secretary of Lands, who is the permanent head of the Department of Lands and Survey. For convenience New Zealand is divided into ten land districts, each being under the local direction of a Commissioner of Crown Lands and a Land Board. The Commissioner's office is known as the principal land office, and in some of the larger districts there are one or more local land offices. It is with these land offices the selector has to transact all business, from the first consultation of the maps to the final receipt of the Crown title.

Land Board.

A Land Board consists of five members, of whom the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district is ex officio chairman, three members nominated by the Governor, and one member elected by the Crown tenants of the district.

Land Districts and Principal Land Offices.

The names of the land districts and of the towns where each principal office is situated are, beginning with the most northerly and taking them geographically, as under:—

Land District.Town where Principal Land Office is situated.
AucklandAuckland.
TaranakiNew Plymouth.
Hawke's BayNapier.
WellingtonWellington.
NelsonNelson.
MarlboroughBlenheim.
WestlandHokitika.
CanterburyChristchurch.
OtagoDunedin.
SouthlandInvercargill.
HEAD OFFICEGovernment Buildings, Wellington.

Classification of Lands, &c.

Crown lands are divided into three classes:—

  1. Town and village lands, the upset prices of which are, respectively, not less than £20 and £3 per acre; such lands are sold by auction, or leased for ten or thirty-three years at a rent of 5 per cent. on the value of the land:

  2. Suburban lands, the upset price of which may not be less than £2 an acre; these lands are also sold by auction, or leased as aforesaid:

  3. Rural lands, which may be disposed of at not less than £1 per acre for first-class, 10s. an acre for second-class, and 2s. 6d. an acre for third-class lands; such lands may be sold or leased by auction, or sold or leased on application.

No rural section may be larger than 666 acres in extent if first-class land, 2,000 acres if second-class land, or 5,000 acres if third-class land, whether offered by auction or application.

Applicants.

Every applicant must be of the age of seventeen years or upwards, and apply for Crown land solely for his own use and benefit, and not directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person, whilst, including the land he applies for, he is not to be the owner, holder, or occupier under any tenure of more than one year's duration, either severally or jointly or in common with any other person or persons, of any land anywhere in New Zealand exceeding in the whole 5,000 acres of land computed as follows:—

  1. Every acre of first-class land is reckoned as 7½ acres;

  2. Every acre of second-class land is reckoned as 2½ acres;

  3. Every acre of third-class land is reckoned as 1 acre.

In cases where a ballot is required those applicants who are landless have preference over those who are not, and the decision of the Board as to which of the applicants are landless is final and conclusive. An applicant is deemed landless if he does not hold under any tenure such area of land, whether Crown land or not, as is in the opinion of the Board sufficient for the maintenance of himself and his family. In the case of a husband and wife (except when they are judicially separated), if either of them is not landless, neither of them shall be deemed to be landless.

The Board may also, with the approval of the Minister, on the opening of any land for public selection, set apart not more than one-third of such land as allotments in respect of which preference at any ballot shall be given to applicants who are landless, and who belong to any of the following classes:—

  1. Married men with children:

  2. Widowers with children:

  3. Widows with children:

  4. Married women with children and judicially separated from their husbands.

And all such applicants shall rank equally with each other.

The Board may, in addition, with the approval of the Minister, on the opening of any land for public selection, set apart certain allotments in respect of which preference at any ballot shall be given to applicants, who are landless, and have within the previous two years competed at least twice unsuccessfully at any other land-ballot, whether under the Land Act, 1908, or under the Land for Settlements Act, 1908.

The decision of the Board as to the rejection or preference of any applicant shall be final and conclusive.

Before taking a ballot or otherwise disposing of applications for land the Board may, in such manner as it thinks fit, inquire into all matters affecting an applicant's suitability or his right of preference, and may reject any applicant who refuses or fails to answer any inquiries as to such matters to the satisfaction of the Board.

Every person who in future is successful in any land-ballot, and subsequently transfers or subleases his land, shall be disqualified for

the period of five years after the date of such disposition from taking part in any other land-ballot.

Mode of acquiring Crown Lands.

Crown lands may be acquired as follows:—

  1. By auction, after survey, in which case one-fifth of the price is paid down at the time of sale, the balance within thirty days:

  2. By application, after the lands have been notified as open for selection, in which case the applicant fills up a form (to be obtained at any of the Land Offices) and makes the declaration and undertaking required by the particular system he wishes to select under.

  3. Under special conditions, e.g., the Land Board, with the Minister's consent, may sell small areas of Crown lands under 5 acres in extent to religious bodies, or as sites for dairy-factories, cheese-factories, creameries, or fruit-preserving works, without the land having to go to public competition, but no land can be so sold at a less price than £1 per acre.

All applications, whether for surveyed or unsurveyed lands, are deemed to be simultaneous if made on the same day, and, if there be more than one applicant for the same land, the right of selection is determined by ballot.

Lands thrown open for application may be either surveyed or unsurveyed, and those not selected the first day remain open.

The Optional System of Selection.

Lands for selection are notified as open for application on and after a stated day, and, at the option of the applicant, may be obtained on any of the three following tenures: (a) Freehold; (b) occupation with the right of purchase; (c) renewable lease.

(a.) Freehold.

If the land is surveyed, one-fifth of the price is to be paid down when the application is granted, and the balance within thirty days; or, if the land is not completely surveyed, the survey fee is deposited when the application is agreed to, and goes towards the purchase of the land; the balance must be paid within thirty days of notice that the survey is completed.

A certificate of occupation will issue to the purchaser on final payment, which will be exchanged for a Crown title so soon as the Board is satisfied that the following improvements have been completed, viz.—on first-class lands, up to £1 per acre; and on second-class lands, 10s. per acre. These improvements must be effected within seven years from the date of purchase.

(b.) Occupation with Right of Purchase.

Lands selected on this tenure are held under a license for twenty-five years. At any time subsequent to the first ten years,

and before the expiration of the license, after having resided and made the improvements hereinafter described, the licensee can, on payment of the upset price of the land, acquire the freehold. If the land be not purchased, the license may be exchanged for a renewable lease.

The rent is 5 per cent. on the cash price of the land; if surveyed, a half-year's rent has to be paid at the time the application is approved, which represents the half-year's rent due in advance on the 1st day of January or July following the selection. If the land is unsurveyed, the cost of survey has to be paid, and is credited to the selector as so much rent paid in advance, counted from the 1st day of January or July following thirty days' notice of the completion of survey.

By the Land Act, 1908 (section 116), the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Receiver of Land Revenue may, in their discretion, grant to any Crown tenant who is not in arrears with his rent a rebate not exceeding one-tenth of the instalment of rent paid within one month after the day appointed for its payment. This provision reduces the amount of rent payable by a licensee under this tenure to 4½ per cent. per annum, if paid promptly.

Residence and improvement of the land are compulsory, as hereinafter described.

(c.) Renewable Lease.

Lands selected on this tenure are leased for sixty-six years, with a perpetual right of renewal for further terms of sixty-six years, subject to revaluation at the end of each term, and to the conditions of residence and improvements described below. The rental is 4 per cent. on the cash price of the land, and applications are dealt with in the same way as under the previous tenure (b), but there is at no time a right to purchase the freehold.

Two or more persons may make a joint application to hold as tenants in common under either of the two last-named tenures.

The same concession as to rebate of rent for prompt payment applies as in the previous tenure—viz., a rebate up to 10 per cent.

A lessee may pay up to 90 per cent. of the capital value of his land at any time, when the rent shall be proportionately reduced. When he has paid up to 33 per cent. he is freed from all covenants and conditions of his lease, except the covenant to pay rent and to reside.

If in any land district the Land Board deems any Crown land (from its inferior soil or inaccessibility) not likely to be immediately productive, they may, with the consent of the Minister, open it on terms that will allow the tenants to occupy the land rent-free for a term not exceeding the first ten years of the sixty-six years' lease.

Residence and Improvements.

Under the two last-mentioned tenures, the conditions as to residence and improvements are,—

RESIDENCE

  1. Must commence on bush or swamp lands within four years, and in open or partly open land within one year, from the date of selection:

  2. Must be continuous for six years on bush or swamp land, and for seven years on open or partly open land, on lands occupied with a right of purchase:

  3. Must be continuous for a term of ten years on renewable-lease lands.

The Board has power to dispense with residence in certain cases, such as where the selector is residing on adjacent lands, or is a youth or unmarried woman living with parents, and in a few other cases.

RESIDENCE implies the erection of a habitable house to be approved of by the Board.

The Governor has power to set apart certain areas of land which may be selected by persons who for a certain number of years may be represented by registered substitutes such as a near relation who shall reside upon it, in their place, and make the requisite improvements, subject to special regulations which the Governor shall lay down. It is especially enacted that these regulations shall not come into force until approved by both branches of the Legislature.

IMPROVEMENTS which must be made are as follows:—

The holdings must be improved to an amount equal to 10 per cent. of the value of the land within one year from the date of the license or lease; within two years must be improved to the amount of another 10 per cent.; within six years must be improved to the value of another 10 per cent., making 30 per cent. in all within the six years. In addition to the above, the land must be further improved to the value of £1 for every acre of first-class lands, 10s. for every acre of second-class lands, and 2s. 6d. for every acre of third-class lands.

Improvements may consist of reclamation from swamps, clearing of bush, planting with trees or hedges, cultivation of gardens, fencing, draining, making roads, wells, water-tanks, water-races, sheep-dips, embankments or protective works, or in any way improving the character or fertility of the soil; or the erection of any building, &c.; and cultivation includes the clearing of land for cropping, or clearing and ploughing for laying down with artificial grasses, &c.

Transfers and Dealings with Leases.

No lessee or licensee of Crown lands is entitled to transfer his interest therein, or to sublease his land, until he has resided continuously thereon for at least two years, and then only with the consent of the Minister and recommendation of the Land Board. But when by reason of special or unforeseen circumstance such disposition becomes, in the opinion of the Minister and Board, desirable, it may be permitted, although no such residence has taken place.

This restriction does not apply to lessees of pastoral runs, nor to Crown tenants who selected land prior to the 20th November, 1907.

A Crown tenant may, however, mortgage his holding without the above consent (in the case of ordinary Crown lands), but must obtain consent during the first five years of his tenancy in the case of settlement lands.

Special conditions apply in the case of a Crown tenant mortgaging under the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (vide section 50).

Every transferee or sublessee must make the same declaration as the original selector of the holding.

Lease-in-perpetuity.

This tenure was created by the Land Act, 1892, and repealed by the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1907. It provided for a lease of 999 years, with no right of renewal, and no power for the lessee to acquire the freehold of his holding, whilst the rental was fixed at 4 per cent. on the prairie value of the land. No new leases under this tenure can now be granted, but existing leases are unaffected, save by the following amendments:—

A lessee can pay off up to 90 per cent. of the capital value of his land in sums of £10 at a time. By this means a settler may gradually reduce the rent he has to pay by saving his earnings in the prosperous seasons, and thus be better able to meet the losses which bad seasons may entail. So soon as he has paid up 33 per cent. of the capital value he is freed from all other covenants of his lease except the payment of rent and residence. The Land for Settlements Fund will benefit by all these payments (to be used for the purchase of further estates). In order that the territorial revenue shall not suffer to any appreciable amount by the payments made to Capital Account, it is to be credited with 4 per cent. on the total accounts so paid off.

Any holder of a lease in perpetuity may exchange his present lease for a renewable lease, and the lessee has the choice of electing whether the new rental shall be based upon the original capital value at time of selection or the present-day value (excluding the value of the improvements, which belong to the selector).

Lessees-in-perpetuity may also purchase the fee-simple of the land comprised within the leases at present-day value, determined by arbitration, but giving to the lessee the value of all his own improvements. Regulations under this section were published in the Gazette of 11th March, 1909.

Special-settlement Associations.

Under special regulations, to be made by the Governor, persons may form themselves into an association, and may select and apply for a block of land to be held and occupied under prescribed conditions. No one can hold more than 500 acres, and not more than 250,000 acres can be set aside in any one year.

The capital value of lands within a special settlement is fixed after survey by special valuation, but may not be less than 10s. an acre; the rental is not less than 4 per cent. on the capital value, and the tenure is a renewable lease.

Residence, occupation, and improvements are generally the same as already described, and applications have to be made in manner prescribed by regulations.

Exchange of Tenure.

The holders of mining district land-occupation leases for twenty-one years have the right of exchanging them for renewable sixty-six years' leases, and such an exchange will enable the lessees to apply for an increased area. The holders of pastoral lands in mining districts, under special regulations, have also the right, under certain conditions, to exchange their leases for renewable sixty-six years' leases with all their privileges.

Village Settlements.

Village settlements are disposed of under regulations made from time to time by the Governor, but the main features are as follow:—

Such settlements may be divided into:—

  1. Village allotments not exceeding 1 acre each, which are disposed of either by auction among the applicants or by application, as already described, with option of tenure, the cash price being not less than £3 per allotment:

  2. Homestead allotments not exceeding 100 acres each, which are available on renewable lease at a 4-per-cent. rental on a capital value of not less than 10s. per acre.

Residence, improvements, and applications are the same as already described for rural land. The leases are exempt from liability to be seized or sold for debt or bankruptcy.

The Minister of Finance is empowered in certain cases to advance small sums for the purpose of enabling selectors to profitably occupy their allotments.

Small Grazing-runs.

Small grazing-runs are divided into two classes: First class, not exceeding 5,000 acres; second class, not exceeding 20,000 acres in area. The rental in both cases is not less than 2½ per cent. on the capital value per acre, but such capital value cannot be less than 10s. per acre. Small grazing-runs are leased for terms of twenty-one years, with right of renewal for other twenty-one years, at a rent of not less than 2½ per cent. on the then value of the land. The runs are declared open for selection, and applications and declarations on the forms provided have to be filled in and left at the Land Office, together with the deposit of one half-year's rent, which represents that due on the 1st day of March or September following the selection.

No holder of a pastoral run, and no holder of freehold or lease-hold land of any kind whatever, over 1,000 acres in area, exclusive

of the small grazing-run applied for, may be a selector under this system; and only one small grazing-run can be held by any one person, except on the recommendation of the Land Board and with the approval of the Minister.

The lease entitles the holder to the grazing rights, and to the cultivation of any part of the run, and to the reservation of 150 acres round his homestead through which no road may be taken; but the runs are subject to the mining laws.

Residence is compulsory, if the run comprises bush or swamp land, within three years; if it is open land, within one year; and must be continuous to the end of the term, but may in a few cases be relaxed. Improvements necessary are as follow: Within the first year, to the amount of one year's rent; within the second year, to another year's rent; and within six years, to the value of two other years' rent: making in all a sum equal to four years' rental which must be expended within six years. In addition to these improvements, bush-covered first-class runs must be improved to an amount of 10s. an acre, and second-class bush-clad runs to an amount of 5s. an acre.

After three years' compliance with the conditions, a run may be divided amongst the members of the selector's family.

Pastoral Runs.

Pastoral country is let either by application or by auction for varying terms not exceeding twenty-one years; and, excepting in extraordinary circumstances, runs must not be of a greater extent than will carry twenty thousand sheep or four thousand head of cattle. Runs are classified from time to time by special Commissioners into: (1) Pastoral lands, which are suitable only for depasturing more than five thousand sheep; (2) pastoral-agricultural lands, suitable for subdivision into areas of under 5,000 acres, which may be either let as pastoral runs, generally for short terms, or cut up for settlement in some other form. Leases of pastoral lands may not be resumed; leases of pastoral-agricultural lands may be resumed at any time after twelve months' notice, without compensation.

Except on the recommendation of the Land Board, and with the approval of the Minister of Lands, no one can hold more than one run; but, in case of any one holding a run of a carrying-capacity less than ten thousand sheep, he may take up additional country up to that limit.

Runs are offered at auction or by application from time to time, and half a year's rent has to be paid down at the time of sale, being the amount due in advance on the 1st day of March or September following the sale, and the purchaser has to make the declaration required by the Act. All leases begin on the 1st day of March, and they entitle the holder to the grazing rights, but not to the soil, timber, or minerals; and the lease terminates over any part of the run which may be leased

for some other purpose, purchased, or reserved. The tenant has to prevent the burning of timber or bush, except when it is intended to grass the land; in open country to prevent the growth of gorse, broom, or sweetbriar; and to destroy the rabbits on his run. With the consent of the Land Board, the interest in a run may be transferred or mortgaged, but power of sale under a mortgage must be exercised within two years.

The Land Act, 1908 (section 237), provides that, with the consent of the Minister, the Land Board may permit the holder of any pasturage lease or license to do any one or more of the following things:—

  1. To cultivate any portion of his run for the purpose of growing winter feed for the stock depastured on the run;

  2. To plough and sow in grass any portion of his run not exceeding 3,000 acres;

  3. To clear by felling and burning bush or scrub any portion of his run, and sow the same in grass;

  4. To surface-sow in grass any portion of his run.

The holder of any such pasturage lease or license may, with the permission of the Land Board, bring such area of his run under crop as is sufficient for the use and maintenance of himself and family and his employees, subject to conditions to be prescribed by the Board as to cultivation thereof by means of a proper rotation of crops.

The powers so conferred on the lessee or licensee are exercisable only on the condition that he shall, on the termination of such lease or license, leave the whole of the area ploughed or cultivated properly laid down in good permanent grasses and clovers to the satisfaction of the Board.

In case it is determined again to lease any run on expiry of the lease, the new lease must be offered twelve months before the end of the term, and if, on leasing, it shall be purchased by some one other than the previous lessee, valuation for improvements, to be made by an appraiser, shall be paid by the incoming tenant, excepting in the case of a rabbit-proof fence, which is to be valued separately, together with the value of the improvements authorized as above. There is, however, power for Parliament to appropriate the value of improvements to be paid to the outgoing licensee, and this value can be paid for by the incoming tenant either in one cash payment or by instalments, or the Governor may add the value of improvements to the capital value of the run (section 01 of the Reserves and Other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies' Empowering Act, 1910).

In the event of the then lessee or licensee not having become the purchaser, the Board shall, at least three months before the expiry of any such lease or license, proceed to have valued by arbitration all improvements consisting of necessary buildings, plantations, fences (other than rabbit-proof fences), and ditches for draining made on the lands the lease or license of which has been sold at

auction as last aforesaid. Such valuation shall be based on the worth of the said improvements to the incoming tenant, or, in the case of a subdivision of the run, to the incoming tenants of the divided portions thereof.

The outgoing tenant may, however, where the run is not again offered for lease or license, remove fences, buildings, &c. Runs may also be divided with the approval of the Board.

Wood-pulp Industry.

In order to aid in the establishment of the wood-pulp industry for paper-making, the Governor was authorized to set apart land not suitable for close settlement or for leasing under the small-grazing-run system, of a total area not exceeding 50,000 acres, and this land may be disposed of by way of lease, in such areas and on such terms and conditions as have been fixed by special regulations; but no person shall be granted a lease over a greater area than 30,000 acres of such land, and no lease shall be for a longer term than twenty-one years or shall include any right of renewal. The full area of 50,000 acres was set apart by notice in the New Zealana Gazette of the 13th February, 1908.

The right to utilize the water-power of any stream on the land so disposed of, and the right to cut, fell, remove, or in any way utilize any timber growing thereon, are provided for in the regulations published in the Gazette of the 8th April, 1909.

Any land so set apart, if situated within the boundaries of a mining district under the Mining Act, 1908, shall remain subject to the provisions of that Act.

Flax Leases.

The Land Board may, with the approval of the Minister, lease by auction, for growing, cutting, or removing flax, any area not exceeding 2,000 acres, for a term not exceeding fourteen years, at such upset yearly rental as may be determined by the Board.

On the expiration of this lease a renewal may be granted to the former lessee, without auction, for a further term not exceeding fourteen years, at a rental to be determined by the Board not sooner than twelve months nor later than six months before the expiration of the first term.

These provisions apply both to land under the Land Act, 1908, and to land under the Land for Settlements Act, 1908.

Regulations giving full particulars of these leases were published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 1st April, 1909.

Settlement of Bush and Swamp Lands.

Section 127 of the Act provides liberal conditions for the selection and settlement of bush and swamp lands. Its provisions are: Land so opened is divided into three classes—(a) heavy-bush lands, (b) light-bush or swamp lands, and (c) scrub lands, according to the nature of the vegetation existing on the lands opened for sale or lease. On heavy-bush lands the selector, after pay-

ment of his first half-year's rent, is exempt from further rent for a period of four years, whilst no rate can be levied or collected by any local authority on the land for the same period; on light-bush lands or swamp lands three years' exemption from rent and rates is allowed, whilst residence for the first five years may be dispensed with on swamp lands; on scrub lands two years' exemption from rent and rates is given.

As before mentioned, section 194 provides that land not likely to be immediately productive may be opened for selection on renewable lease, and no rent shall be payable thereunder for such period (not exceeding ten years) as the Land Board and Minister of Lands shall determine. This provision may be used instead of those embodied in section 127.

LAND FOR SETTLEMENT ESTATES.

In the earlier years of the settlement of New Zealand there were opportunities for men of capital and judgment to acquire large estates, and while there were plenty of good Crown lands to select from this was of great advantage when money was needed for administration and roads and bridges. These large estates employed hired labour, and most of them did little towards cultivating their lands, and consequently progress beyond the pastoral stage ceased in the districts in which they were situated. As the best lands in the course of years passed from the Crown, the country became a series of agricultural communities interspersed with large properties occupied by a manager and a few shepherds, and the people urged that they and their sons should be allowed to occupy these large estates instead of being compelled to go into inaccessible back country without roads or railways. To meet this the late Sir John McKenzie, then Minister of Lands, introduced into the Legislature in the session of 1892 a Bill intituled the Land for Settlements Act, which authorized the purchase from private individuals of suitable properties for subdivision into farms, which was extended and embodied in the Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900.

Under the provisions of this Act and the amending Acts, which are now consolidated into the Act of 1908 and amending Act of 1909, properties have been acquired, and divided into small farms, which were originally leased in perpetuity at a 5-per-cent. rental, on a capital value fixed at a rate sufficient to cover first cost, together with survey, administration, and roads (if required). But by section 45 of the Act of 1908 a renewable lease for thirty-three years is substituted and the rent reduced to 4½ per cent. per annum, whilst each lease contains a perpetual right of renewal for further successive terms of thirty-three years on a rent to be determined by revaluation.

Lessees may pay off portions of the capital value of their land in sums of £10 up to 90 per cent. of the total capital value, whilst so soon as the lessee has paid up to 33 per cent. of the capital value

he is freed from all other covenants of his lease except those providing for payment of rent and residence.

Lessees-in-perpetuity under the former Acts have the right of exchanging their leases for renewable leases under the present Act, the new rental being 4½ per cent. upon the original capital value at the time of selection or the present-day value (excluding the value of improvements.)

The usual process of acquisition is as follows: Whenever a property is offered to the Government, if it is so situated as to meet the object of the Act, a report on it is obtained from a Government officer, and, should his report be favourable, the question of purchase is then considered by a Board of Land Purchase Commissioners, composed of the Inspector (who is the permanent Chairman), three other Government officers (at present the Under-Secretary of Lands, the Surveyor-General, and the local Commissioner of Crown Lands), whose training and duties qualify them to advise the Government as to whether the purchase is a suitable one, and as to the price which should be given for the property, and a member nominated by the Government from residents in the district where the land to be dealt with is situated. It is only on the advice of this Board that the Government acts. In nearly all cases the properties acquired have been improved to a certain extent by fencing and buildings, and were situated in the neighbourhood of closely settled districts. The amount which may be expended per annum under the Act is £500,000. The Act also provides for the exchange of high-lying pastoral Crown lands for low-lying agricultural lands suitable for small holdings.

Lands may also be taken compulsorily in cases where the Board cannot agree with the owner as to price, &c., and where the Governor in Council decides to acquire the land for closer settlement. The amount payable to the owner is fixed by section 31 of the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, as follows: The unimproved value is that given in the valuation roll upon which the owner has been paying rates, plus 10 per cent. of the total value up to £50,000, and 5 per cent. on all amounts above that sum. The improvements are to be specially assessed under the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, as at the time when the requisition for the taking of the land is gazetted. To the total amount so ascertained as above is added another 2 per cent. by way of compensation for the compulsory taking. The owner of any estate acquired in this manner has the option of obtaining a lease of 400 acres of first-class land, or 1,000 acres of mixed classes (first, second, and third), from the Government without competition, prior to the opening of the estate for public application.

The acquisition of lands under the Land for Settlements Acts has proved beneficial in providing homes for a large class of men of moderate capital who shrink from the rough work of breaking in new country, or who, having accumulated capital (cash, stock, and implements), prefer open country near civilization. Sons

of farmers begin life near the old home, and help from there is given in many ways. The system also affords to the small-farmer class of the Old Country an opening for building up homes for themselves where their previous experience will be of use, instead of having to learn the methods adapted to a new and wild country.

Preference is given to landless and married people, and applicants who have been unsuccessful at former ballots, whilst all applicants have to satisfy the Land Board as to their means to stock and cultivate the property applied for and erect suitable buildings thereon. The Board, in fact, has a discretion as to who may become tenants.

When land acquired under this Act contains a homestead in the bona fide occupation of a tenant, the occupant may be granted, without competition, a lease of such homestead and land around it, but not exceeding 400 acres in area.

Portions of purchased estates not suitable for close settlement may be opened as pastoral areas, while, to enable such pastoral areas to be properly worked, detached areas of low-lying lands may be added to the pastoral areas although they may not be contiguous.

Regulations giving full directions to applicants under the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, were issued in the Gazette of 23rd March, 1909, and should be in the hands of every one before applying for lands thereunder.

The report of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners on transactions for the year ended the 31st March, 1912, states:—

The number of properties considered during the year was 109, containing 313,452 acres. This is an increase of twenty-eight in number, but a less area by 37,256 acres.

As will be seen, Canterbury again furnished the largest number, mostly agricultural farms of 1,000 to 2,000 acres in extent.

The invariable reason given by the owners for seeking to dispose of their properties is the ever-increasing difficulty of obtaining adequate labour. While there is a paucity of applicants for agricultural lands, the reverse is the case for grazing. As an instance, for the Four Peaks Settlement, of an area of 12,692 acres, subdivided into eight sections, there were 393 applicants, while for the Timaeus Settlement, of 5,957 acres, mostly agricultural land of good quality, there were only thirty. Both are in South Canterbury, and were offered on the same day.

The area purchased and taken possession of during the year is 44,447 acres freehold, together with the goodwill of 55,300 acres of Crown leaseholds. In addition, nine properties, containing 10,690 acres, have been purchased, and are now being surveyed. These were all secured at reasonable prices, considering the high values placed upon the bulk of the lands offered and the prices ruling generally. The actual expenditure was £381,483, making a total up to the 31st March of £5,948,071 for 1,296,942 acres.

The hardening of the money-market will undoubtedly have a steadying effect upon the undue inflation of values, and will in all probability considerably curtail the operations of speculators.

The Land for Settlements Account at 31st March, 1912, stands as under:—

 £
Dr.
Loans current6,321,612
Rents, &c., received2,517,685
Receipts under Land Act, section 1916,240
Receipts under Land Act, section 17746,492
 £8,892,029
Cr.
Purchase-money5,948,071
Incidental expenses537,876
Interest1,996,437
Sinking fund343,605
Balance66,040
 £8,892,029
SUMMARY OF ESTATES ACQUIRED UP TO 31ST MARCH, 1912.
Land District.Number.Area.Purchase-money.Incidental Expenses, Improvements, Roads, &c.
 Acres.££
Auckland28279,198455,67586,970
Hawke's Bay26193,4151,205,76293,562
Taranaki44,60979,3636,109
Wellington2660,824473,99965,763
Marlborough9116,364355,01747,216
Nelson224,34729,9752,983
Westland25,1258,3432,915
Canterbury84339,9582,081,27586,014
Otago35216,1801,045,27591,949
Southland756,922213,38720,651
   Totals2231,296,9425,948,071504,132
AREA OCCUPIED, ANNUAL RENTAL, AREA UNLET, AND RENTAL VALUE OF UNLET LANDS ON 31ST MARCH, 1912.
Area occupied.Annual Rent payable.Area unlet.Annual Rental Value of unlet Lands.
A.R.P.£s.d.A.R.P.£s.d.
Auckland191,26822322,59615777,4381242,7921311
Hawke's Bay190,58332863,614178882232272140
Taranaki4,4592243,641926712214606
Wellington54,7030619,329364,9471311,60675
Nelson21,974092,036901,641007598
Marlborough109,91232620,0838113,816217192410
Westland5,0223155411010............
Canterbury386,425221101,090091,47706910138
Otago211,23023552,455180901013207179
Southland55,67201211,727164220957196
   Totals1,231,253139297,116141191,5932346,26213
NUMBER OF SELECTORS, HOUSES, PERSONS RESIDENT, VALUE OF IMPROVEMENTS, AND TOTAL AMOUNT ADVANCED TO SETTLERS FOR BUILDINGS, ETC., UNDER THE LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS ACTS, AS ON 31ST MARCH, 1912.
District.Number of Selectors.Number of Houses on Holdings.Number of Souls resident on Holdings.Value of Improvements.Total Amount advanced to Selectors for Buildings, &c.
£s.d.£s.d.
Auckland9277952,583254,594002,208150
Hawke's Bay6475842,581448,76514......
Taranaki554522213,279176337100
Wellington3823711,584183,622002,51000
Nelson353010917,760186......
Marlborough3712471,048192,39465......
Westland32219716,08600......
Canterbury1,5201,2315,280605,374422,785100
Otago8215852,331257,830133......
Southland2702411,10194,477109......
   Totals5,0604,15016,9362,084,18411117,841150

LAND SETTLEMENT FINANCE ASSOCIATIONS.

The Land Settlement Finance Act was passed by the General Assembly on 24th December, 1909, and came into force on the 1st January, 1910. Regulations prescribing the mode of procedure and the forms to be used were published in the New Zealand Gazette of 3rd March, 1910.

The intention of the Act is to promote closer settlement of land by enabling groups of purchasers to buy private freehold property for subdivision among them, and to raise the purchase-money by means of a loan guaranteed by the Government. For this purpose any five or more persons may by agreement form an incorporated land settlement association, and may purchase in the name of that association any estate consisting of not less than 250 acres. The agreement of purchase must comprise a scheme for the subdivision of the estate into allotments not less than 25 acres and not more than 200 acres in extent, irrespective of value, or up to 500 acres, provided the unimproved value of such larger allotment does not exceed £2,500. The agreement becomes operative only if it is confirmed by Order in Council in pursuance of a recommendation of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners. On the confirmation of the agreement the incorporated association, acting through the Public Trustee as its agent, is empowered to raise the total purchase-money of the estate by the issue of debentures under the guarantee of the Government. On the completion of the purchase the estate is transferred to the association, and the several allotments are then transferred by the association to the individual purchasers. Each purchaser gives a mortgage to the association to secure the

purchase-money of his allotment, together with interest at such rate as is sufficient to meet the interest on the debentures and the incidental expenses of the association. The purchase-money of each allotment so secured by mortgage is payable by such instalments as the mortgagor chooses, not less than a specified amount in each year, and the balance must be paid in twenty years. All capital and interest moneys so paid to the association by the purchasers are expended in meeting the interest accruing due on the debentures, and the balance is accumulated in the hands of the Public Trustee as a sinking fund for the redemption of the debentures.

Each member of an association, in addition to paying the purchase-money of his allotment, will also have to pay a sum equal to one-half of 1 per cent. of the purchase-money of his allotment for the purpose of providing a fund out of which the expenses of managing an association can be paid, and possible future losses through default may be met.

By an amending Act, passed on the 3rd December, 1910, it is made unlawful for any person to acquire an interest in land acquired under the Act of 1909, if the unimproved value of such land, together with the unimproved value of all other land held by him in New Zealand, exceeds the sum of £2,500.

Special commissioners may be appointed, their duties being to assist in the formation of associations by helping to secure suitable land, and to afford information to intending settlers.

The title to any allotment is subject to the following restrictive provisions:—

  1. Every purchaser must possess the qualifications required by applicants for Crown land under Part III of the Land Act, 1908.

  2. Until at least one-third of the purchase-money has been paid off, a purchaser must reside on his allotment, and has no power to alienate or charge it.

  3. Transfers of any allotment are subject to the provisions of Part XIII of the Land Act, 1908, in the same manner as in the case of land now alienated in fee-simple by the Crown.

The total number of associations incorporated up to the 31st March, 1912, is twenty-four, with an area of 23,696 acres, valued at £276,195, and a membership of 152. Notwithstanding the difficulties to be met with in starting new settlements, it is pleasing to be able to state that in only one or two instances has an extension of time been asked to meet payments.

Besides the associations already incorporated, seven others have been approved, while several more are under consideration. A number have had for various reasons to be declined.

The following table shows the Land-settlement Finance Associations incorporated from 1st April, 1911, to 31st March, 1912, also the total number to date:—

Association.Locality.Area.Purchase-money.Number of Members.Area of Allotment.
Acres.£Acres.
AUCKLAND.
GlengariffOhaupo1,08815,2379152, 185, 130, 155, 156, 208, 102.
DunlopKaipaki4505,9675110, 123, 63, 76, 78.
WaipaTe Awamutu67811,1865100, 101, 138, 176, 163.
Mimosa DownsWalton1,0098,5827196, 130, 270, 170, 243.
WaltonWalton1,18213,0039200, 200, 200, 205, 117, 138, 122.
WaitangiWaiuku1,0149,6375200, 200, 205, 205, 204.
PukekawaPukekawa6904,8406150, 133, 150, 53, 204.
 ..6,11168,45246 
CANTERBURY.
Melville DownsFairlie1,02312,2805197, 224, 198, 208, 196.
GlenifferBeautiful Valley85210,2775160, 200, 164, 164, 164.
WentnorBeautiful Valley1,11312,2485207, 207, 206, 218, 275.
ChastletonPleasant Valley1,52810,8855279, 333, 335, 276, 305.
 ..4,51645,69020 
SOUTHLAND.
Merrivale No. 1Merrivale2,27616,56011305, 376, 293, 178, 250, 199, 169, 257, 249.
Merrivale No. 2..1,88014,0748184, 157, 297, 310, 275, 315, 342.
 ..4,15630,63419 
Associations1314,783144,77685 
Previously incorporated118,913131,41967 
   Totals2423,696276,195152 

WORKERS' DWELLINGS.

For the purposes of the Workers' Dwellings Act (see special section dealing with this matter in another portion of this book) Crown land may be set apart, or if recommended by the Workers' Dwellings Board, private land may be purchased.

EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENTS.

Crown lands may from time to time be gazetted and reserved as education reserves, and subsequently set aside as endowments for educational purposes. They are then subject to the Education Reserves Act, 1908, and were formerly disposed of by the School Commissioners for each district under the provisions of that Act, or under Part XI of the Land Act, 1908, by the Land Board of the district. By the provisions of the Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1910, the School Commissioners were abolished, and all educational endowments vested in the Crown for education purposes. They are now administered solely by the Land Board in a similar manner to Crown lands, but subject to the special provisions of the Education Reserves Acts. They may be leased either under the Land Act on renewable lease for thirty-three years, or under the Public Bodies' Leases Act, 1908, under eight different kinds of tenancy. The revenue derived from the endowments is, after deducting the expenses of administration, paid over to the Education Board of the district in the case of primary education reserves, or to the governing bodies of secondary schools in the district in the case of secondary education reserves.

In addition, a portion of the revenue derived from national endowments is devoted to the purposes of education.

NATIONAL ENDOWMENTS.

Part VII of the Land Act provides for the setting apart of 7,000,000 acres of Crown land in New Zealand as a permanent endowment for the purposes of education and old-age pensions. In addition to this, it adds to such endowment any lands which, after the passing of the National Endowment Act, 1907, shall be taken up under renewable lease, or are now or shall be selected under lease as small grazing-runs under the provisions of Part V of the Land Act, 1908; but it enacts that so soon as the endowment shall reach a total area of 9,000,000 acres, no more Crown lands shall thereafter become national endowment by virtue of the Act. It also expressly provides that in regard to all the lands so set apart the fee-simple thereof shall not be parted with by way of cash sale, nor shall any such land be disposed of under occupation-with-right-of-purchase tenure.

A separate account (to be known as the National Endowment Account) is created, into which all revenue from the national endowment area shall be paid. From this revenue shall be

deducted the cost of administration and all sums which have to be paid to any local or public authority under any existing Act. This enables the continuation of the payment of “thirds” and “fourths” to local bodies, and the payment of interest on loans raised under the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908.

Of the balance of the revenue 70 per cent. is to be applied for the purpose of education, and 30 per cent. for the purpose of old-age pensions. The moneys payable for educational purposes shall be applied, without any further appropriation than the Land Act, towards payment of all amounts which, by any Act now in force or hereafter to be passed, are chargeable on the Consolidated Fund for educational purposes, whether higher, secondary, or primary, and whether general or technical. If there is any residue after these payments are made, it shall be devoted towards payment of general authorities for education.

Out of the gross area of the national-endowment land sites may still be set apart for all necessary public purposes, whilst power is also taken in section 267 to enable the Land Board to sell, with the Minister's consent, any portion of national-endowment land (not exceeding 5 acres in any one case) as a site for any building to be erected for any educational, religious, charitable, or public purpose, or for any other purpose which, in the opinion of the Land Board and the Minister, renders such a sale expedient in the public interest. The purchase-money of land so sold shall be paid into the National Endowment Account.

Section 268 provides for the raising of any sum not exceeding £50,000 in any one year (in addition to sums which might be borrowed under the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908) for the construction of roads and bridges through the national endowment lands, to render them suitable for settlement. This provision is amended by section 23 of the New Zealand State-guranteed Advances Amendment Act, 1910.

SUMMARY OF CROWN LANDS TRANSACTIONS.

A summary of the transactions in connection with Crown Lands during the year ended 31st March, 1912, will be found in the

following table, which shows under all descriptions of tenure the number of selectors and the area selected:—

Nature and Tenure of Lands selected during the Year ended the 31st March, 1912Number of Purchasers or Selectors.Area.
A.R.P.
Ordinary Crown Lands—
   Cash lands3916,059022
   Occupation with right of purchase379131,482235
   Renewable lease15629337
   Mining districts land-occupation leases531,404023
   Village settlement, cash1020
   Village settlement, occupation with right of purchase10215
   Village settlement, renewable lease42405032
   Improved-farm special settlement81,385139
   Small grazing runs12,50500
   Pastoral runs731,348,644232
   Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations10633,372019
   Miscellaneous leases51545,233122
   Totals1,5851,571,122336
Cheviot Estate—
   Cash lands2020
   Miscellaneous leases27319
   Totals48119
Land for Settlements—
   Cash lands153536
   Renewable lease24791,768030
   Renewable lease, village settlement1010
   Pastoral runs131015
   Miscellaneous leases26694020
   Totals29092,529131
National Endowment Lands—
   Renewable lease30794,08400
   Village renewable lease16194311
   Mining districts land-occupation leases22200
   Small grazing-runs22142,111311
   Pastoral runs32683,86100
   Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations8619,74132
   Miscellaneous leases11531,65304
   Totals580971,66834
Grand totals2,4592,635,329210
Primary education endowments165,179110
Secondary education endowments31,081225
Other endowment lands99,956222

Particulars of the number of selectors at present holding lands under the several tenures, together with the yearly rental payable, are given in the next table.

STATEMENT SHOWING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTORS, WITH AREA OF CROWN LAND SELECTED OR HELD, AND THE YEARLY RENT PAYABLE, ON 31ST MARCH. 1912.
Tenure.Total Number of Selectors.Total Area held.Total Yearly Rental or Instalment payable.
A.R.P.£s.d.
Ordinary Crown Lands
   Deferred payment208,97233050974
   Perpetual lease42471,4280382,52075
   Occupation with right of purchase5,1251,746,16823894,28011
   Lease in perpetuity4,9741,436,62913245,8631411
   Renewable lease16425,7391221,990118
   Agricultural lease17550102379
   Mining districts land occupation leases63023,9722361,41122
Village settlements—
   Deferred payment81631618110
   Perpetual lease891,3112717710
   Occupation with right of purchase251532112116
   Lease in perpetuity1,04621,9591244,19544
   Renewable lease1541,129316569186
Village homestead special settlements—
   Perpetual lease2504,119029562180
   Lease in perpetuity3449,137111,03205
Special-settlement associations—
   Perpetual lease10669084840
   Lease in perpetuity653114,4551236,167111
Improved-farm special settlements—
   Occupation with right of purchase45763,7022112,510611
   Lease in perpetuity33241,3023343,264152
   Renewable lease1255002806
   Small grazing-runs252462,3021820,84134
   Pastoral runs4647,065,67802941,72688
   Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations36685,6593201,823180
   Miscellaneous leases4,012605,84601215,019116
   Totals19,81711,791,16925244,596163
Cheviot Estate
   Lease in perpetuity11824,3852256,423156
   Renewable lease111071414
   Village-homestead special settlement922,48010870104
   Grazing-farms3445,0211326,42432
   Pastoral runs11,6420019338
   Miscellaneous461,094230196115
   Totals29274,63501414,12255
Land for Settlements Act
   Lease in perpetuity3,588661,997124192,597134
   Renewable lease1,067356,33121475,5251910
   Lease in perpetuity (village)4643812834278
   Renewable lease (village)393169180
   Special-settlement associations112,1141916278
   Small grazing-runs115202,34011526,65070
   Pastoral runs41,014313132180
   Miscellaneous2287,1513301,79935
   Totals5,0621,231,398229297,2201411
National Endowment Lands
Renewable lease—
   Ordinary1,345373,63432915,63442
   Village settlement1241,44101144446
   Village homestead special settlement1111921514115
   Improved-farm special settlement325,236120334114
Mining districts land occupation leases222002100
Small grazing-runs5031,680,80611931,45221
Pastoral runs2113,979,81423737,810108
Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations26148,7072291,14962
Miscellaneous leases503197,750061,60938
   Totals2,9926,287,5323688,45140
Thermal Springs (Rotorua)3036,4943122,151174
Grand totals28,46619,391,230326646,5421711
Primary education (Education Reserves Act)2,979735,2191962,721164
Secondary education (Education Reserves Act)31839,095087,65161
Other endowment lands940413,43632815,46710

Tables I and II, which follow, exhibit the acreage of land taken up for settlement, and the number of holdings under each description of tenure. The lands held under pastoral license and miscellaneous leases, such as for timber and flax-cutting, coal-mining, &c., are not included in these tables. Tables III and IV show the total acreage taken up year by year since March, 1901, in each land district, and the number of holdings grouped according to size, the areas varying from less than one acre in extent to 1,000 acres and over.

The forfeitures and surrenders in respect of the Crown lands taken up under settlement conditions (excluding, as already remarked, pastoral runs, miscellaneous leases and licenses, endowments, and Thermal Springs District leases) for the last ten years were,—

1902-3328 holdings106,379 acres
1903-4354 holdings105,625 acres
1904-5180 holdings89,451 acres
1905-6152 holdings36,697 acres
1906-7324 holdings74,841 acres
1907-8269 holdings50,810 acres
1908-9185 holdings54,089 acres
1909-10315 holdings118,142 acres
1910-11274 holdings55,964 acres
1911-12247 holdings55,312 acres

Forfeited and surrendered lands are again thrown open for selection as soon as possible, and in the majority of cases are taken up again by fresh selectors within a short time.

I.—COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING ACREAGE OF LANDS SELECTED UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES) DURING TEN-YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1912.
1902-3.1903-4.1904-5.1905-6.1906-7.1907-8.1908-9.1909-10.1910-11.1911-12.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Cash lands17,19422,48118,99111,13220,35728,51942,1778,8749,5446,095½
Perpetual lease and small areas......127............
Occupation with right of purchase118,557146,953138,206157,432215,530187,799123,116108,152131,001131,483
Lease in perpetuity161,745194,515173,811158,019154,23798,367106,1841,0111,877..
Renewable lease..........70,535218,005178,036123,718186,482
Agricultural lease3613218....84........
Mining Districts Land Occupation leases2,4344,9721,9141,1941,0443,0471,4902,0682,6871,426
Village settlement—
   Cash9814020317124½
   Occupation with right of purchase......41..3....2½
   Lease in perpetuity6195142081,9341,0122,302........
   Renewable lease..........1081,167468390600
Village-homestead special settlement1,512272111287173..........
Special-settlement associations (lease in perpetuity)5,761729223..4..........
Special-settlement improved-farm4,03219,4361,4595475,622410..40,0055,1641,385½
Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms113,925144,78667,27168,587114,854226,75728,989298,494128,763144,617
   Totals425,824534,679402,413399,340512,853617,934521,145637,120403,150472,090

NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1902-3, 106,379 acres; 1903-4, 105,625 acres; 1904-5, 89,451 acres; 1905-6, 36,697 acres; 1906-7, 74,841 acres; 1907-8, 50,810 acres; 1908-9, 54,089 acres; 1909-10, 118,142 acres; 1910-11, 55,964 acres, and for 1911-12, 55,312 acres. But it must not be supposed that these relate to the acreages taken up during the same years; on the contrary, forfeitures may have their origin in selections of long standing and various dates.

II.—COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF SELECTORS OF LAND UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES) DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1912.
1902-3.1903-4.1904-5.1905-6.1906-7.1907-8.1908-9.1909-10.1910-11.1911-12.
 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.
For cash374435371229447404371373270408
Perpetual lease and small areas......1............
Occupation with right of purchase403402330388412354382307473379
Lease in perpetuity573894751706597427193415..
Renewable lease..........168692611589569
Agricultural lease323....3........
Mining districts land occupation leases52974030267336607355
Village settlement—
   Cash191023915311841
   Occupation with right of purchase..112..3..131
   Lease in perpetuity402114553272........
   Village-settlement renewable lease..........15168442259
Village-homestead special settlement342384917..........
Special-settlement associations2942..1..........
Improved-farm special settlement30106143463..259238
Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms45584534516410452223
   Totals1,6022,0531,5811,5361,6441,5891,8631,7121,4941,503

NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1902-3, 328 holdings; 1903-4, 354 holdings; 1904-5, 180 holdings; 1905-6, 152 holdings; 1906-7, 321 holdings; 1907-8, 269 holdings; 1908-9, 185 holdings; 1909-10, 315 holdings; 1910-11, 274 holdings, and 1911-12, 247 holdings. See note to previous table as to the origin of these failures.

III.—LANDS TAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1912 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS, AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES).*
Land District.1902-3.1903-4.1904-5.1905-6.1906-7.1907-8.1908-9.1909-10.1910-11.1911-12.

* See notes as to forfeitures and surrenders on previous tables I and II.

 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland153,559134,37512,350102,810166,314124,13986,34991,019102,348139,183
Hawke's Bay38,50599,15340,94955,21519,68730,03848,00240,36935,9263,834
Taranaki39,35369,23663,00535,50590,45345,43130,19252,83116,6399,496
Wellington13,26825,43253,13543,06264,58274,64625,55855,32923,36130,305
Nelson11,23716,98110,34122,17225,00945,203203,80935,56942,64431,232
Marlborough56,68133,33220,79554,03110,7115,2445,29310,8593,72721,297
Canterbury45,40178,3634,48713,41822,20817,56035,60029,9048,609158,174
Westland4,1124,09820,20215,81314,63312,3057,3136,5266,6005,714
Otago50,17651,78338,48729,98882,175250,84770,342298,341139,51758,664
Southland13,53221,92630,66227,32617,08112,5218,68716,37323,77814,191
   Totals425,824534,679402,413399,340512,853617,934521,145637,120403,149472,090
IV.—HOLDINGS TAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1912 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS, AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES), CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE.
Size.1902-3.1903-4.1904-5.1905-6.1906-7.1907-8.1908-9.1909-10.1910-11.1911-12.

* See notes as to forfeitures and surrenders on previous tables I and II.

 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.
Under 1 acre182363246221262290381267204297
1 to 50 acres466467397383400404462421396406
51 to 250 acres496624450444432382414585549406
251 to 500 acres237322280256222227276221196200
501 to 1,000 acres15719013115820115723713790125
1,001 acres and upwards6487777412712993815969
   Totals1,6022,0531,5811,5361,6441,5891,8631,7121,4941,503

THE LAND DISTRICTS OF NEW ZEALAND.

In previous issues of this book full descriptions of the various land districts of the Dominion were given, but considerations of space preclude their being continued to the same extent in the present volume. Brief references are, however, here given, and if fuller descriptions are desired they will be found in “The Settlers Handbook,” published by the Lands Department, Wellington.

AUCKLAND LAND DISTRICT.

The Auckland Land District, which practically forms the northern half of the North Island, covers a gross area of 13,858,000 acres, its greatest length being about 365 miles, and its greatest width about 180 miles. The district may be said to have no real mountains, the most prominent peaks of the several scattered ranges seldom exceeding 3,000 ft. above sea-level. The coast-line is much indented with harbours, and, in addition, the Wairoa and Waikato Rivers are navigable to a considerable distance inland, the latter for river steamers only. Many of the numerous lakes scattered throughout the district which are frequented by wild ducks and swans also in some instances form convenient water-ways for the transport of goods to settlers living round the shores. Much of the native bush has now disappeared, the country generally being transformed into pasture land. A large portion of the Crown lands is, however, still covered with virgin forest, the area of forest land in the district being about 3,500,000 acres. The State has several extensive reserves for scenic purposes, and also for the preservation of the kauri-tree, which is indigenous to the district, and is greatly valued for its timber. Forest trees are also being planted in the Rotorua District. The principal areas of flat country are the Kaingaroa Plain, extending from Lake Taupo towards the Bay of Plenty; the Valley of the Thames and the Hauraki Plains, which extend down to the Hauraki Gulf; and the Rangitaiki Plains, near Whakatane. Drainage-works of considerable magnitude are in progress, making fit for settlement 90,000 acres comprising the Hauraki Plains, of which 27,470 acres have already been reclaimed and settled. Generally speaking, the district has an abundant water-supply, and is remarkably free from droughts. The average annual rainfall is about 39 in., and the mean summer temperature less than 70° degrees in the shade.

There is great diversity in the nature and quality of the soils. In the north, clays predominate, with here and there large volcanic areas intervening. In the southern part of the district there is a good deal of limestone country, both agricultural and pastoral. In the south-east, especially near Lake Taupo, there are large areas of light-pumice country. In parts of the district, notably at Tokatoka, and on the Hauraki and Rangitaiki Plains, there are rich alluvial reclaimed swamp areas. Much of the soil of the district may be described as “light and sandy.”

Very little grain or green crops are grown, but sheep-farming is largely carried on in the district, and considerable quantities of wool and frozen meat are exported. A good deal of wool is also used locally.

The dairying industry is a very prosperous one, and is yearly increasing in importance. There are a considerable number of butter and cheese factories and creameries, and the Home separator is also a large factor in the development of the industry.

The soil and climate are in most parts well adapted for fruit-growing, which is rapidly growing in importance in the district. Several fruit-canning factories are already in operation, and the prospects of the industry are good.

In many parts of the district large crops of flax (Phormium tenax) are obtained, and much of the swamp land is well suited for its cultivation.

Several hundred persons are engaged in the fishing industry, there being several good fishing-grounds off the coast. Canning and smoking fish for the local market and for export gives employment to a large number of persons. Good trout-fishing may be had in various parts of the district, especially in Lakes

Rotorua and Taupo, and the streams running into them. These waters swarm with rainbow trout, and to many of the tourists who come to the Thermal Springs District from all parts of the world the magnificent fishing is the chief attraction.

For many years past large quantities of gold, together with a certain amount of silver, have been obtained in the district; quartz reefs being located in the Thames, Coromandel, Piako, and Ohinemuri Counties, and auriferous reefs are known to exist in other parts of the district. Schools of mines, subsidized by the State, are established at Auckland, Waihi, Thames, Coromandel, and Karangahake.

Coal deposits exist, and mining is carried on at various places, notably at Hikurangi, Huntly, and Taupiri. The mines at Huntly and Taupiri supply a household coal of fine quality.

An industry peculiar to the Auckland District is the kauri-gum industry, which affords employment for several thousand men. The gum is manufactured into varnish of the finest quality.

THE TARANAKI LAND DISTRICT.

The Taranaki Land District, situated on the western side of the North Island, and covering a gross area of 2,414,500 acres, may be said to be the most fertile district of the Dominion, nearly the whole area being suitable for settlement, and quite two-thirds of it being good land. The district is well watered, numerous small streams having their source near Mount Egmont (8,260 ft.), from which they radiate in all directions to the sea. The climate, generally, is moist.

Nearly the whole of the district was originally covered with forest, but the greater portion of it has now been cleared, and the rich pasture lands made use of. The soil is of volcanic origin around Mount Egmont. Beyond that, from about Urenui on the north and Hawera on the south, the country varies from easy to broken hills, and the formation is papa, a calcareous blue clay, capped and intersected in many places by shelly limestone. The papa country is much richer and more lasting as pasture land than that covered by tufaceous and other volcanic soils. The western part of Taranaki and the flatter portions of the rest are well adapted for dairying, and support about 125 dairy factories and their creameries, &c. The rougher country is more suited for sheep-farming, and to a smaller degree for cattle-raising. The principal products of Taranaki are butter and cheese, after which come frozen meat and wool.

The western part of the district is fairly well provided with good roads, but in the eastern half the roads are not so good, on account of the scarcity of metal and the liability of the country to slips in wet seasons. The construction of the Stratford—Te Koura Railway will afford relief to a large area by lessening the distance to railway communication. New Plymouth the principal town of the district, is connected with Wellington by a railway which traverses the more settled portion of Taranaki.

The following blocks of Crown land are being prepared for settlement:—

In the Mapara and Tangitu Survey Districts, nine sections, 4,101 acres of good forest country, situate from 8 to 17 miles from Waimiha Railway-station. These will be offered shortly.

Whakaihuwaka B Block (6,912 acres), in Kapara and Tua Survey Districts. adjoining the boundary between the Taranaki and Wellington Land Districts. and extending from that boundary to the Rawhitiroa State Forest. Situate about 35 miles from Waitotara Railway-station.

Part Whakaihuwaka A Block (about 13,000 acres), in Taurakawa Survey District to the south-east of the settled land at the head of the Puniwhakau Valley, and comprising the headwaters of the Waitotara River.

Aratawa, Mangapukatea, and Raoraomouku Blocks (12,334 acres), adjoining the Wanganui River above Pipiriki, and extending westerly. The stock route to this block will be via Puniwhakau Valley Road and a road to be constructed round the north side of Mount Humphries.

Part Taumatamahoe 2B No. 2A Block (about 7,000 acres), abutting on the Wanganui River lying along the Whangamomona Valley westward to the settled country in Mahoe Survey District. This block will be reached from Whangamomona Railway-station via Whangamomona Valley and Tahunaroa roads. There is already a bridle-track about two miles into this block, and work is proceeding.

Mangaiti Block (about 8,800 acres), in Mapara Survey District, lying to the west of Waimiha and Paritikona Railway-stations.

Haupeehi Block (about 6,400 acres), in Mapara Survey District, recently purchased by the Crown, it having previously been subdivided by the Maori Land Board for settlement purposes.

Part Mohakatino-Parininihi Block (about 24,200 acres), in Mimi and Waro Survey Districts, extending southwards from the Mohakatino River towards the land already disposed of on the north side of Tongaporutu River. The survey of the northern portion of this block will be undertaken in the spring.

Some parts of the land in the Mapara Survey District and the Haupeehi Block will be fit for dairying; the rest of these and other blocks will, when cleared of forest, be well adapted to the rearing of cattle and sheep. The total area of Crown lands for future disposal is about 286,500 acres.

A Guide, giving particulars of any Crown lands open for selection, will be supplied free to anyone applying personally or by letter to the lands and Survey Department, New Plymouth.

THE HAWKE'S BAY LAND DISTRICT.

The Land District of Hawke's Bay comprises that part of the East Coast of the North Island from Waimata Stream near Cape Turnagain to about 35 miles beyond the East Cape. It has a seaboard of 300 miles with an average depth of 45 miles, and covers an area of 5,508,900 acres. Its western limits are defined by the Ruahine, Kaweka, Ahimanawa, and other ranges forming an almost continuous line from the Manawatu Gorge to the East Cape.

The area of land held by tenants of the Crown, of whom there are 1,856 in the district, amounts to 948,483 acres, on which the annual rental is £112,432. There still remains for future disposal an area of about 179,850 acres, of which only a small proportion is fit for agricultural purposes, or suitable for subdivision into small areas. The most of this land is only fit for pastoral purposes, being mostly broken forest country, better suited for sheep than cattle.

The following is a description of some of the principal areas to be dealt with in the future:—

Waiapu County.—Hikurangi Survey District: (1.) 2,357 acres; altitude 4,000 ft. above sea-level; 300 acres of lower portion covered with totara, the remainder with tawa and black-birch. (2.) 150 acres; high birch country. (3.) 107 acres; undulating pastoral land. (4.) 105 acres; bush land, soil good. Tutamoe Survey District: 7,750 acres; pastoral land, soil fair to good, covered with mixed bush; rising to 3,000 ft. above sea-level.

Opotiki County.—Motu Survey District: 330 acres; covered with milling timber, on account of which land is at present withheld from sale. Moanui Survey District: 1,532 acres, very broken red-birch country, mixed bush, soil light. Elevation 1,000 ft. to 3,000 ft.

Waikohu County.—Motu and Ngatapa Survey Districts: 4,616 acres; good aspect, slopes generally easy, soil light; covered with milling timber, on which account land is withheld from sale at present.

Opotiki, Waikohu, and Whakatane Counties.—Moanui, Koranga, and Tuahu Survey Districts: 48,851 acres; part of Tahora Block, heavy bush and broken country, with red-birch on ridges.

Wairoa County.—Tuahu and Waikaremoana Survey Districts: 6,000 acres: mixed bush, with thick underscrub; well watered, soil inferior to fair. Waikaremoana and Waiau Survey Districts: 8,568 acres, rough broken forest coun-

try; well watered; 1,500 ft. to 3,500 ft. above sea-level. Waitara Survey District: 5,817 acres; pastoral run No. 6, covered with scrub and fern; formation steep limestone faces covered with pumice soil. Part of Kaiwaka Block: 14,483 acres; undulating broken country, covered with manuka and light scrub.

Hawke's Bay County.—Kaweka and Pohui Survey Districts: 11,000 acres; pastoral run 11; about 700 acres bush, balance undulating broken country; soil light pumice; well watered; 2,000 ft. to 3,500 ft. above sea-level. Kuripapanga and Kaweka Survey District: 32,569 acres, pastoral runs 13 and 14; open rugged broken country; 2,500 ft. to 5,400 ft. above sea-level; soil light pumice, well watered. Patoka Survey District: (1.) 1.280 acres; high forest country. (2.) 1,139 acres; mostly shingle bed, Tutaekuri River. Omahaki A and B Blocks: 15,710 acres; hilly, undulating, and flat; soil for most part poor; altitude 1,000 ft. to 3,700 ft. Ngaruroro and Kuripapanga Survey Districts: 11,600 acres; Timahanga Block; rough and broken country only suitable for pastoral purposes.

Waipawa County.—Otawhao Block: 2,669 acres; near Takapau; good flat and undulating land now cleared and sown in grass.

Dannevirke County.—Norsewood Survey District: 551 acres; part Tamaki Block; mixed bush, soil good; 1,150 ft. to 1,900 ft. above sea-level.

Dannevirke and Woodville Counties.—Tahoraite 1E Block: 248 acres; open flat country in grass; soil light and shingly.

Woodville County.—Tahoraite Survey District: 167 acres in English grasses, and suitable for dairying.

THE WELLINGTON LAND DISTRICT.

The Wellington Land District, comprising the southern portion of the North Island, contains a gross area of 6,810,953 acres, most of which was originally covered with forest.

From the Patea River, the north-western boundary of the district, to within 30 miles of Wellington City, there is a strip of comparatively level and undulating country on the west coast, of an average width of about 15 miles, which is one of the finest parts of the Dominion, and is celebrated for its stock-raising capabilities. This tract of country is traversed by the Wellington — New Plymouth Railway, and is well served by numerous good roads. Inland of this coastal plain is broken papa country, which takes grass excellently, and, being well watered, is largely made use of for sheep-farming. This papa country extends northwards to within 15 or 20 miles south of the peaks of Ruapehu, where it gives place to more level and undulating country, with soil of volcanic matters.

To the eastward of the main dividing range is the Wairarapa Plain, bounded on the north by somewhat broken country, from where the country falls again slightly to the Upper Manawatu River; the soil in this latter portion being rich papa, though much of the Wairarapa Plain is light and stony. Generally, the district is a pastoral one, though agriculture is also pursued successfully. The valley of the Hutt River, which flows into Port Nicholson, contains some very fine land, generally held in small holdings, and utilized for cropping, dairying, fruit-growing, &c.

Crown Lands open for Selection.

The area of Crown Lands now remaining in this land district is about 273,500 acres, a large portion of which, however, is inferior land at a high altitude and suitable only for pastoral purposes, or climatic reservations.

An area of about 5,000 acres in the South Waimarino Block, north-west of Raetihi, comprising rough and broken land, will shortly be placed on the market on the optional system; also portion of the Whakaihuwaka Block (about 8,935 acres), near the headwaters of the Waitotara River; about 2,450 acres in Ngamatea and Karioi Survey Districts; about 1,000 acres in the Hunua Survey District, near Kakahi; and about 1,550 acres in the Piripiri Block, near Ashhurst.

Surveys will shortly be put in hand of further blocks in the South Waimarino country, comprising about 30,000 acres.

THE MARLBOROUGH LAND DISTRICT.

The land District of Marlborough, which contains 2,768,000 acres of land. occupies the north-east corner of the South Island. The district is about 120 miles in extreme length, and its greatest width is 67 miles. The climate is an excellent one, but there is considerable variation in the rain-fall, which is over 65 in. per annum in the Pelorus Valley, while at Cape Campbell it is only 24 in. or 25 in.

The land may be divided into three classes—viz., open land, which has been taken up for pastoral purposes; forest land, where the timber industry has developed; and intermediate land, originally partly forest and partly covered with fern or scrub, used mainly for agriculture, which, however, is also now extending into the pastoral and forest country.

The Wairau Plain, containing about 65,000 acres, is the principal block of agricultural land in the district. The soil is good and in places extremely fertile, and yields heavy crops of wheat, oats, barley, peas, and potatoes.

About 1,680,000 acres of the Marlborough Land District are at present devoted to sheep-farming. On the natural pasture of the open country merino sheep are kept almost exclusively, the land carrying from half to one sheep per acre. The cleared forest country, sown with grass, keeps from two to four crossbred sheep per acre. Large areas of hill-land in the Sounds District are being laid down in grass for keeping sheep.

The dairy industry has made considerable headway in both North and South Marlborough, and has immensely increased the value of land suitable for grazing.

The area of Crown land at present available for settlement is very limited, and consists of bush country in North Marlborough. About 10,000 acres will be opened for settlement shortly in the Tinline and Heringa Valleys. The valley of the Opouri will also be available, as the timber is rapidly being cut out by the sawmillers; this valley, and that of its tributary the Tunakina, extend a distance of about 13 miles, and as most of the flats contain good soil will, with the hill-country adjoining, cut up into dairy farms.

THE NELSON LAND DISTRICT.

The Nelson Land District comprises chiefly the north-western corner of the South Island, and contains an area of 4,686,000 acres. Mountain ranges predominate, there being, however, some excellent plains and valleys between the ranges and along the rivers.

Cattle and sheep farming prevail over the greater portion of the district. There are eight butter-factories and one cheese-factory, supplied altogether by some 5,500 cows, and a freezing-works at Stoke, at which large numbers of sheep are annually frozen for export.

The districts fronting Tasman Bay are well adapted for fruit-growing, an industry which is every year becoming more prosperous. There are five canning and preserving factories in this portion of the district, and, in addition to these being kept well supplied, large quantities of fruit are shipped to Wellington.

Of the total area in the Nelson Land District on the 31st March, 1912, there had been sold, leased, or otherwise disposed of, an area of some 2,000,000 acres. leaving an area of 2,686,000 acres which may be classified as follows:—

Lands suitable for mixed farming140,000 acres
Lands suitable for pastoral purposes942,000 acres
Lands suitable for reservation for forest, climatic or scenic purposes884,000 acres
Barren mountain tops and roads, lakes, and rivers, &c.720,000 acres

The principal blocks of land remaining for settlement are as follows:—

The Howard block, 20,000 acres, now in process of subdivision and with the roads in course of construction, beginning about four or five miles from the Hope Junction with the Buller.

The Gowan Block, some 4,000 acres, with track partly formed to it, intended to be subdivided next summer.

A block of about 8,000 acres in the right-hand branch of the Matiri River provisionally surveyed.

A block of some 5,000 acres in the Serpentine, near Nelson, to be surveyed next summer, including the road explorations and road constructions.

A block of some 5,000 acres now under survey at Kongahu, near Karamea.

A block of some 3,000 acres of land at Karamea, partly worked out timber areas.

A block of some 20,000 acres of Pakihi land between Westport and Totara River.

A block of some 2,000 acres of Pakihi land immediately north of Westport.

A further block of 9,000 acres at Kongahu.

A block of about 4,000 acres in Mokihinui Valley and an estimated area of some 5,000 acres in Takaka and Collingwood Counties.

The above may be described as chiefly pastoral and mixed farming land; with light to heavy bush requiring felling, draining, and roading as well as industry and farming skill to develop.

THE WESTLAND LAND DISTRICT.

The Westland Land District occupies the central portion of the western watershed of the South Island, joining Nelson on the north, Canterbury on the east, and Otago on the south. The mean length is 250 miles, average width 27 miles, and area 3,894,887 acres. The climate is very moist, the average yearly rainfall being about 117 in.

The district comprises for the most part hilly and undulating bush-clad country, the flat land being confined generally to the river valleys and open swamps. An area estimated at 75,000 acres has been cleared and grassed with very satisfactory results; the draining of the swamp land has not been undertaken to any considerable extent, but with the increasing demand for land the development of this class of land is being seriously considered, and experiments are being made with a view to discovering the best means of bringing it into profitable use. The bush-clad land generally carries timber of commercial value, and is therefore not available for settlement until the bush has been cut over for sawmilling purposes.

On account of the moistness of the climate very little agricultural farming is at present attempted, as it is difficult to save grain-crops or hay. For dairying purposes, however, a very considerable area of the land is undoubtedly well adapted, and produces rich grasses and root crops in abundance, which if supplemented with ensilage for winter feeding would produce excellent returns. The values ruling for dairying land in this district are considerably less than those demanded for similar classes of land in other parts of the Dominion. A number of butter and cheese factories are already in operation, and the returns from these are considered highly satisfactory. The settlers, generally, are now recognizing that it is only by devoting their attention to dairying that they can make their properties produce their fullest extent of profit, and several new associations have recently been incorporated to open cheese-factories at early dates. Until the advent of dairy factories, practically the whole of the lands were utilized for rearing and fattening cattle, but this class of farming is now confined to the larger holdings, mainly in the southern part of the district, where the difficulties at present to be overcome in getting the products to the market militate against dairying being carried on with certainty of reasonable profit.

That portion of the district lying to the north of the Waiho River is generally well served in the matter of access roads, while the railway traverses all lying to the north of Ross. As the area suitable for close settlement is comprised within a strip of an average width of not more than 15 miles, the whole of it within the northern portion of the district is within reasonable distance of the railway. The

southern district is served by a weekly mail to Paringa (140 miles from Hokitika) and by a bi-weekly service for the remainder. There are harbours navigable by small steamers at Okarito, Bruce Bay, Okuru, and Jackson's Bay, to which there is an intermittent steamer service.

Conflicting mining and sawmilling interests prevent the offering of large blocks of land for settlement, but as areas are from time to time released, they are generally dealt with by free selection under the special regulations governing the occupation of land within the Westland Mining District. One effect of the sawmilling industry is that it supplies a convenient local market for a considerable amount of produce, and also affords means of employment to those who are unable to devote the whole of their time to work on the farm in the early stages of settlement.

THE CANTERBURY LAND DISTRICT.

The Canterbury Land District, forming the central portion of the eastern watershed of the South Island, contains a total area of 9,604,045 acres.

The arable plains and downs containing some 2,405,360 acres of arable land are rich in the quality of soil and suitable for high-class cultivation and profitable production of cereals, dairy-farming, and fattening of stock, and are situate for the most part parallel with the coast line, excluding Banks Peninsula and small strips of sandy coast. These lands extend from the Conway River in the north to the Waitaki River in the south, a large portion being reclaimed swamp, having a rich loamy soil on a stiff clay subsoil, with occasional beds of peat and gravel. This strip of first-class land varies in width from 10 to 15 miles, length about 194 miles, and contains approximately one and a half million acres. Further inland, the soil becomes lighter in character, with a gravelly subsoil, deposited at different periods by the action of snow-fed rivers, and the alteration of their channels during their passage to the sea. This class of plain land is more subject to drought and wind storms. It extends from the Hurunui River in the north to the Orari River in the south, the distance being in length 100 miles by a width averaging 11 miles, or about an area of 640,000 acres, exclusive of waste river-beds. It is all arable, and differs in quality. Generally speaking, the soil is of too light a character for more than an occasional crop of oats or barley, but when stimulated with manures and lime will give satisfactory crops of roots, and is excellent country for rearing flocks of sheep of all breeds. All the central plain is well watered, for where the rivers is not accessible a network of water-races provides the necessary supply of water for stock during all the year. The remainder of the plain and downs improves in quality as it nears the foot of the mountains and enters the valleys for short distances. This land receives the benefit of the wash of detritus from the limestone which crops out in many places along the front hills. The loam here is deeper, and although the altitude has now reached 700 ft. to 1,000 ft. cereal crops can be grown to advantage. The average annual rainfall, which is 27 in. on the lower parts of the plain, increases here to 35 in., owing to the close proximity of the mountains and occasional showers from the north-west, which do not reach far from the hills.

The mountain country extends the whole length of the district, varying in width from 35 miles to 55 miles, and includes the main range of the island and its offshoots. The area of this high country, including the subalpine plains and valleys, is 7,102,000 acres, of which 5,146,500 acres are utilized as pastoral country, the remainder being high land unfitted for occupation, lakes, forests, and riverbeds. Of the 5,146,500 acres of native-grassed lands, 3,500,000 is Crown land let to pastoral tenants, the rest being educational reserves and freeholds.

The pastoral runs, with the exception of some in the northern portion of the district, on which herds of cattle are depastured, are almost exclusively devoted

to grazing sheep. The climate in the high country is very variable, being subject to sudden changes of wind and temperature. The prevailing wind is from the north-west, alternating with storms from the north-east and south-west. Snow is of frequent occurence both during summer and winter, and is permanent on the mountains above 6,000 ft. The mean annual rainfall is 60 in.

Banks Peninsula, originally a volcanic island, but now joined with the mainland, contains an area of 262,000 acres, 40,000 of which are level and ploughable slopes; and 196,000 acres hills, the higher parts pastoral and the lower hills grass seed farms. The remainder of the area consists of lakes, forests, and scenic reserves. The volcanic soil gives excellent crops of cereals, clover, grass, roots, and fruit. Cocksfoot for seed is extensively cultivated; dairy-farming, cattle, and sheep raising and fattening are all profitable to the settlers. On the coast there are two of the best harbours in the Dominion, Akaroa and Lyttelton, and numerous inlets of the sea afford opportunities for small vessels to enter and trade. Access to all the settlements can also be had by rail from Christchurch to Little River. from which terminus good roads radiate in all directions.

Access to the western high pastoral country is by branch railways from the Main Trunk line, and from all the termini there exist roads more or less good up the valleys of the chief rivers. All the plain country is well provided with access, partly by the Main Trunk Railway and partly by the branch lines, the stations (homesteads) not being more than one day's travel by farm teams. The roads are well gravelled, and the rivers bridged.

The present market-prices now prevailing for the rich agricultural and dairy lands range from £25 to £60 per acre. This estimate does not include suburban land near Christchurch or other towns of size, as the price of that class is regulated by fancy and demand for building-sites, and may be any price up to £1,000 per acre.

The lighter lands of the central portion of the plain having an altitude of 400 ft. to 1,000 ft. vary in price from £3 to £30 per acre.

The pastoral country is regulated in value on its stock-carrying capacity, its accessibility, and its safety from snow. For lands carrying only merino sheep, an annual rental per head would be between 9d. and 1s. 6d. For country fit for depasturing mixed sex flocks and cross-breds 1s. 6d. to 3s. per head, and for mixed cattle up to £1 per head.

It has been the practice of the Land Board during recent years, when the leases of the pastoral runs of large area expire, to further subdivide the runs before reoffering, provided the quality, stock-carrying capacity, contour of the country, and access permit of this being done. Every year witnesses the expiration of some of these leases, as also of educational-endowment leases and reserves.

The acquisition of large estates from private owners for the purpose of closer settlement obtains when opportunity offers. The acquired properties are nearly all arable land of good quality, and already well roaded. The districts that will probably furnish lands for closer settlement are the Cheviot and the Amuri Counties, where the private owners themselves are cutting up their estates for settlement.

Both in North and South Canterbury there are large properties which will in the course of a few years be required for closer settlement. Two estates containing a total of about 70,000 acres have been recently bought by the Crown, and these, so soon as the surveys and the preliminaries incidental to settlement are completed, will be submitted to the public for selection.

On the heavy coast lands, wheat yields 30 to 50 bushels per acre; oats 45 to 90 bushels; barley, 30 to 50 bushels; rye, 35 to 50 bushels. On the lighter lands, the yields are: wheat, 15 to 20 bushels per acre; oats, 20 to 35 bushels; barley, 15 to 30 bushels; rye, 20 to 30 bushels.

On the heavy coast lands, potatoes yield 6 to 12 tons per acre; mangolds, 30 to 50 tons; turnips, 15 to 25 tons.

Yields of leguminous crops on heavy land are: beans, 30 to 45 bushels; peas, 30 to 45 bushels per acre. On the lighter lands, peas, 15 to 25 bushels; and beans (which are seldom grown), 15 to 20 bushels.

THE OTAGO LAND DISTRICT.

The area of the Otago Land District is 8,969,000 acres. Of this, 423,000 acres are classed as barren and worthless country, being chiefly high mountain-tops and rough land covered with useless bush and scrub. The area occupied by roads, lakes, rivers, &c., is estimated at 263,250 acres. The area thus left of 8,282,750 acres capable of being occupied may be summarized thus:—

 Acres.
Freehold land and permanent reserves2,567,412
Leasehold land (deferred-payment, perpetual lease, agricultural lease, occupation-with-right-of-purchase, lease-in-perpetuity, occupation lease, renewable lease and miscellaneous633,223
Small grazing-runs of which the lessees have right of renewal971,781
Small grazing-runs that may be subdivided at expiration of leases197,196
Pastoral runs3,787,132
Open for selection7,981
Remaining for future disposal118,025
 8,282,750

Of the land at present held under lease from the Crown 5,378,102 acres are Crown lands—i.e., lands the title for which has now passed from the Crown and been dealt with under various land Acts; and 211,230 acres are settlements lands—i.e., land the title for which had passed from the Crown, but which has been repurchased and leased under the Land for Settlements Act.

The area open for selection (7,981 acres) comprises small sections of open and bush-covered land. The open land is of inferior quality. The bush country is mostly in the Catlin's River District where settlement is proceeding steadily. The bush is rather difficult to clear away owing to the damp climate, which retards burning-operations. The best land has already been selected, and the quality of the remaining land is not first class. The railway through this district is being pushed on, and the roads are being improved every year, so that further steady settlement for some years to come may be expected. Of the area of Crown land remaining for future disposal (118,025 acres), a considerable proportion consists of patches of inaccessible bush and open country that is not likely to be put on the market in the near future. An area of 197,196 acres is held under small-grazing-run tenure, and this area may be subdivided as the leases expire. A great increase in settlement from this source cannot, however, be looked for, as most of the runs are limited in extent, and only a few of those of fair size are suitable for division into small holdings. The future settlement must mainly come from two sources: (1) from the subdivision of pastoral runs as the licenses expire; (2) from the subdivision into smaller farms of some of the large freehold estates. In subdividing pastoral runs, one of the great difficulties is to obtain a fair area of low, safe country for use with the high or summer country. The pastoral runs now held under lease contain little or no agricultural land, and consequently the future subdivisions must necessarily be small grazing-runs or small pastoral runs. The process of subdivision has been going on for some years, and the cutting-up of such large properties as Morven Hills, Kawarau, Matakanui, Ida Valley, and Linnburn stations has resulted in the settling of a great many small sheep-farmers on the land. There is a very keen demand for grazing properties, and the problem of meeting the demand is a difficult one to solve. For agricultural farms the demand though good is not so keen. The high price of such land, the less remunerative form of farming, and the uncertainty of labour supplies have been contributing factors in making agricultural farming less popular and attractive than sheep-farming.

Otago Province was first settled in 1848, and the pioneer settlers secured the best and most accessible land. Settlement has gone on steadily since that

date, and now there is virtually no Crown land left suitable for occupation in small or medium-sized holdings. When the plain lands of Central Otago were first cut up for settlement the opinion seems to have been held that 200 acres was a sufficient area to provide a living for a family. That opinion appears to be an erroneous one, for there has since been a steady aggregation of small holdings in that part of the province. The chief cause of the failure of the small holdings to support the population expected is probably the dryness of the climate. The average annual rainfall is fairly good, but the rain comes in heavy showers, which are almost always followed by strong winds that dry up the country before the moisture has a chance to soak into the ground. The denudation of this country of its natural pasture by overstocking, by burning, and by rabbits has also contributed largely to the aggregation of holdings. At the present time the Government is starting irrigation-works to conserve the rainfall and distribute it artificially, and it is hoped that the result will be that such lands as the Ida Valley and Maniototo Plains will become fertile enough to support a much larger population than at present on much smaller holdings.

Fruit-growing in Central Otago is now attracting a good deal of attention. It has been proved that the valley of the Molyneux River from Beaumont to Clutha is eminently suitable for the culture of both stone and pip fruits, and there is little doubt but that others of the large valleys, such as the Manuherikia, the Clutha, and the Kawarau will be found well suited for, at any rate, the raising of apples and pears. Fruit-growing is not likely to be confined to Central Otago, as it is known that North Otago can produce good fruit also, and parts of South Otago give good results in berry fruits, apples, and pears. As good orchards of from 10 to 20 acres will provide a handsome living for a family, it is evident that this industry in course of time will support a large number of settlers.

THE SOUTHLAND LAND DISTRICT.

The Southland Land District, which occupies the extreme southern portion of the South Island, contains an area of 7,583,892 acres, of which 1,578,017 acres are held on freehold, 1,718,288 acres are leased under Crown tenures, 140,177 acres are occupied by roads, rivers, lakes, &c., 3,526,188 acres have been reserved for various purposes, and the balance 621,222 acres are unalienated Crown lands.

Generally speaking, the settlers are engaged in mixed agricultural farming, dairying, and the raising of cattle, sheep, horses, &c. The progress of settlement in this district during the past decade has been of a very marked and substantial character. There was a time when the climatic conditions were looked upon as a drawback to closer and successful settlement, but during recent years a marked improvement has taken place in this respect. The climate is bracing in the winter and warm and genial in the spring and summer. The temperature varies from 40° in winter to 70° in summer. The district is eminently suitable for the growing of various crops common to temperate climates, such as oats, wheat, barley, mangolds, rape, beet, turnips, &c. Oats frequently give 70 to 80 bushels, and wheat 40 to 60 bushels to the acre.

The scheme initiated by the Crown for closer settlement under the Land for Settlements Act by the acquisition of private lands for subdivision has proved of immense benefit in Southland and has been the means of settling a large number of people on the land. The system might be extended with advantage to those who have insufficient means to acquire freehold farms, but who are strong enough financially to take up leaseholds. The success of this system has led to the subdivision of numerous large private estates representing some hundreds of thousands of acres, and the whole aspect of the district is being transformed from large stretches of virgin country into nicely cultivated and smiling farms. There is still room for a very much larger population to develop the agricultural, pastoral, and varied resources which at present are only in their

infancy. The dairying industry is increasing in a surprising fashion, and has now developed to very important dimensions. It has proved of great benefit to all classes of settlers, more particularly those who are in occupation of bush sections by providing them with an assured income during the process of clearing their holdings. At the present time there are 55 cheese-factories and 4 butter and condensing factories in actual operation throughout the district. The intake of milk at these factories ranges from 800 to 12,000 gallons per day, the proceeds for which represent the respectable sum of £280,000 for circulation among the dairy-farmers. All classes of stock raised in this portion of the Dominion hold a high place in the estimation of stock-owners both in the Commonwealth of Australia and the northern parts of this Dominion. Northern buyers are frequently purchasing numbers of Southland horses, cattle, and sheep for stud and other purposes, while large numbers of draught horses are shipped to the Commonwealth of Australia. Sheep-breeding is very extensively carried out, and as the country is well adapted for this purpose the small farmer is enabled to buy stores at a price that pays him to fatten. Another advantage is that the breeder gets the benefit of both the local and northern markets for his surplus stock, which has the effect of retaining steady prices. Southland has long been noted for the high quality of its frozen meat, which forms an important cool increasing factor in its exports. Slaughtering and freezing works are established at Mataura, Makarewa Junction, Ocean Beach, and Bluff. The Makarewa Junction Works, which were recently completed, are fitted up with all the latest improvements, and have a killing capacity of about 3,000 sheep per day. It is interesting to note that the Mataura and Bluff Works supply Mataura, Gore, and Bluff respectively with electric lighting. With its variety of products and the natural advantages it possesses the district is certain to go ahead. Southland has made great strides during the past few years, and it is anticipated that the output of its products will steadily increase in the future.

The Crown lands remaining comprise mostly bush-clad areas. The settlement of these lands follows the removal of the marketable timber by the saw-millers. Under ordinary circumstances from fifteen to eighteen months is the period between the axe and the first grass fit for stock. The felling costs £1 to £1 10s. per acre; logging-up 15s., and burning 5s. to 7s. 6d. Bush-felling generally commences about May and ends about November. Burning and sowing last from the end of January to the end of April. Most of the bush land will grow good grass, which holds well by the sowing of a judicious mixture of grasses, when the land is first laid down. For surface sowing ordinary bush land the following mixture is recommended: 20 lb. ryegrass, 10 lb. cocksfoot, 2 lb. clover, and in peaty land the cocksfoot should be substituted by 7lb. timothy.

SUBSECTION B.—NATIVE LANDS.

INTRODUCTORY.

NATIVE lands and Native affairs generally are administered by the Native Department, with several subsidiary branches, the duties of each being as indicated below.

The Head Office conducts the general administration of the Department, deals with all matters to be brought before Cabinet, and prepares Orders in Council, parliamentary returns, and reports on petitions referred to the Government by the Native Affairs Committee. The purchase of lands by the Native Land Purchase Board is also controlled by the Head Office.

The Native Land Court is the Court of Record of Titles, and deals with the partition and exchange of Native lands, succession, probate and letters of administration, consolidation of interests, incorporation of owners, and alienation; the latter only as regards Native lands in the South Island.

Maori Land Boards, of which there are six, all located in the North Island, are concerned with the confirmation and approval of alienations, the administration of Native lands by way of sale or lease, and the administration of estates as farms. The Boards also act as agents for beneficial owners, and receive and pay out rents and purchase-moneys.

Maori Councils elected for defined districts and composed of Natives supervise matters generally affecting the Maori settlements and kaingas, more particularly as regards sanitary arrangements.

The terms “partition” and “individualization” as applied to Native Land Court dealings are often confused. To individualize is to partition in severalty and not merely to define relative interests, which may be done without further partition. To partition is to cut out certain interests in a block of land, and may not necessarily be for an individual. The term “customary land” which is also sometimes misunderstood is applied to land not yet clothed with a Native Land Court title. Customary land was formerly known as papatutu land.

ANCIENT SYSTEM OF MAORI LAND TENURE.

Reference to an early map of the North Island of New Zealand shows with striking fidelity the boundaries of the landed-possessions of the main tribes (some twenty). The map shows that practically every acre of the Island and of the principal adjoining islets was accounted for and claimed by one or the other of these tribes. It thus shows in a nutshell the main system of tribal tenure. Of this main system it is sufficient in passing along to observe that any attempt to interfere with the main boundaries was promptly resented, and was considered equivalent to a declaration of tribal war. It is also to be observed that where natural features existed,

such as coast-line, river, lake, mountain, mountain-ranges and ridges, rock-clusters, caves, and so on, these served the purposes of defining the trend of the tribal main boundaries. Where such did not exist or were inadequate artificial substitutes were set up, such as fighting forts (pa), carved and painted posts and pillars, carved rocks and trees, burial-places, and so on. All of these marks and their respective names, which, being duly announced, became known as part of the tribal lore. A regular verbal tracing of these boundaries was the duty of the elders (kaumatua), and a grandfather took a peculiar pride in reciting and teaching his grandsons of the locations and existence. Whilst still active and vigorous he would traverse the boundaries with his grandsons, and point out to them the various forts, burial-places, eel-weirs, fishing-grounds, bird and rat trapping preserves, old cultivations of the tribe, and so on, giving at the same time their accompanying histories and incidental stories. In this way a thorough knowledge of these matters was imparted to the young people, who took great pains to commit the same to memory and treasure the particulars as something valuable and precious. The most treasured tribal songs, too, were those which contained references to these and kindred themes, including recitals of genealogical descent and of successful affairs of love and war. Pride of territorial possessions was strongly ingrained in the Maori, and he pays a fine tribute to his women in the aphorism: He wahine, he oneone; i ngaro ai te tangata (or, Woman and land largely account for the decimation of man). In other words, these largley account for wars and the accompanying slaughter of man. It need scarcely be added that of all his possessions the Maori prized the land the most. Thus far, then, as to the main scheme of Maori or tribal tenure.

Within this main system there was a group of internal systems which controlled and regulated the occupation and working of the lands by the sub-tribes, families, and individuals, and which recognized the several boundaries peculiar to each as being the bounds of their independent possessions. Here, again, as in the case of the main boundaries, any attempt to interfere with the sub-tribal or family holdings would lead to acrimonious dispute and intertribal strife. The same obtained as to individual possessions. For, although in the main the whole scheme was part and parcel of a system of communism, where families and individuals occupied and cultivated their separate portions, any interference with such at once gave rise to bitter dispute and strife. The Maori was himself a great stickler for what was right (tika), and what was wrong (he). Finally, lands were vested in and entirely controlled by the males.

Broadly speaking, original rights of ownership (take) to the land were acquired as follows:—

  1. Ancestral rights (or take-tupuna). Where ancestral rights are acknowledged, and descendants have continued to occupy and

  2. to maintain lands within well defined boundaries, the right is perfectly good.

  3. The right of original discovery and constant occupation (or Whenua-kite-hou). This requires no particular comment or explanation.

  4. The right of superior moral force (or mana). A kind of sovereign right.

  5. The right of physical force, conquest, and occupation (or raupatu).

  6. The right of long-continued use and occupation, and of its successful maintenance against opposition and attack (or na te ringa toa).

  7. The right of long-continued use and occupation, free and undisturbed (or Te ahi-ka-roa).

  8. The right under cession (or Tuku). Many typical cases of this are recorded. For instance, a useful and vigorous ally has been ceded a substantial and properly defined strip of tribal territory in return for important services. Use and occupation must follow and be permanent to maintain such a title.

  9. The right by gift (or koha). Where such gift is made in the presence of the tribal and sub-tribal representatives, and where occupation and use follows, a first-class right was established and recognized. The boundaries must be clearly set out.

  10. The right by marriage dowry (or Pa-kuwha). As already stated, land vested in the males. In the case of a marriage alliance between persons of high rank and non-kindred tribes, the bridegroom has been presented—by the bride's people—with a considerable piece of well-defined land to settle upon and use. This custom prevented the bridegroom from being referred to as somewhat of a landless interloper. Where use and occupation followed, and where children of this union were born and continued their use and occupation, and their descendants after them, their rights remained perfectly valid. Conversely, where no children were born of this union, the land—on the death of the person in whose favour the dowry was given—automatically reverted to the donors.

In cases of adultery land has been taken as satisfaction.

Adopted children—invariably relatives—were provided with special lands; the right so acquired was held to be good.

It is sometimes urged that no such thing as individual rights was recognized. As an answer to this there remains the indisputable fact that one individual has been known to put up a land-taking pillar within the boundaries of his neighbour. That was called a “Pou-tango-whenua,” and if it did not lead to active strife, it at least was a matter to be decided by a council of the elders, whose decision held good. An individual was entitled to undisturbed possession of his home, and to as much land as he could reasonably use and cultivate.

Although the law of mere might may have been regarded as supreme, there still obtained a very fine and honourable law of moral

right. An aggressive sub-tribe which constantly gots its neighbours into trouble would, if it paid no heed to moral restraint, be wiped out by force. For a similar reason a junior chief who proved troublesome would be ordered to quit for fresh fields and pastures new. No pronounced cause of internal trouble and dissension would be permanently tolerated by the body corporate, because it would become notorious and interfere with good tribal policy.

Marriages were arranged on grounds of good tribal policy. No youth would be easily allowed to contract a marriage with a non-kindred tribe, because by joining the tribe of his wife he would to that extent weaken his home tribe, and raise up children who might eventually fight against his own people. The same objection ruled in the case of a maiden who was not allowed to marry as she pleased, and in the direction of weakening her own tribe, while contributing to the strength of another. These facts indicate that the questions of the ownership of land and that of marriages were regarded as being associated, which they really were. In all probability the very earliest forms of recognized titles to land have given rise to, if not actually dictated, the system of marriages.

PURCHASE OF NATIVE LANDS BY GOVERNMENT.

From about the year 1823 (which is the date of the first recorded deed) until the 6th February, 1840, the date of the Treaty of Waitangi, lands in New Zealand were acquired by direct purchase from the Maoris by individual members of the white races. During the years 1837 to 1839, or about the time it became probable that the sovereignty of the islands would be assumed by the United Kingdom, the greater number of these purchases were made, and they extended to most parts of the country. These purchases are technically known as “the old land claims,” and their total number (including pre-emptive claims), as estimated by Commissioner F. Dillon Bell in 1862, was 1,376, covering an area of about 10,322,453 acres, out of which large area grants were recommended for 292,475 acres. These figures have been slightly added to since, but not to any very large extent. The large area shown above was reduced on survey to about 474,000 acres, situated principally to the north of Auckland. The difference in area between the amount granted to the purchasers and the total area surveyed became what are termed “surplus lands of the Crown.” It was held that the Native title had been fully extinguished through such purchases over the whole area surveyed; but, as by Ordinance No. 2 of 9th June, 1841, the claimants could not be granted more than 2,560 acres each, the balance became vested in the Crown on the assumption of the sovereignty, the Native title having been fully extinguished.

In many cases the titles did not issue to those to whom the land was awarded, as they were compensated by scrip issued by the Government, with the understanding that such scrip was to be exercised in the purchase of Crown lands in the neighbourhood of Auckland, to which place it was desirable—so soon as the capital

was founded—to draw a population. The lands thus paid for in scrip became Crown lands, and these, together with the surplus lands, have from time to time been disposed of by the Crown and settled on. The amount of scrip, &c., issued up to 1862 was over £109,000.

On the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on the 6th February, 1840, the pre-emptive right was ceded to the Government, and consequently private purchase ceased. This remained the law until the passing of the Native Land Act, 1862, when the Crown relinquished its right of pre-emption, whilst at the same time the purchase of Native lands for the Crown did not abate, but continued side by side with the private purchases up to the passing of the Native Land Court Act, 1894.

The Maori Lands Administration Act, 1900, was a measure intended to restrain Natives from pauperizing themselves in the future by parting with the freehold of the balance of their lands (about five millions of acres). Its main provisions were—

  1. Prohibition of further alienation of the freehold of Native lands, either to the Crown or private purchasers, except as to inchoate transactions at the date of the passing of the Act and certain limited areas which were then comprised in separate titles and held by not more than two owners.

  2. Leasing of Native lands through partly elected and partly nominated Councils possessing all the powers and, where authorized, exercising all or any of the functions of the Native Land Court.

  3. Advances to Natives to road and otherwise improve their surplus lands for their own use and occupation.

The Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905, amended the above. Whilst placing the power of dealing with their lands in the hands of the Maori owners, through special Boards called “Maori Land Boards,” it restores to the Crown the right of purchasing Maori lands in certain districts, provided that the price to be paid was not less than that fixed by the Valuer-General as its value.

All dealings with Native land are now determined by the provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, which consolidated and repealed most of the numerous previous Acts, and came into force on the 31st March, 1910.

From time to time since 1840 various sums were appropriated by Government or by Parliament for the acquisition of a Crown estate. Up to the date of passing of the Native Land Act, 1862, these operations were conducted by officers of the Government specially appointed, who, from a knowledge of the Maoris, their customs and disposition, were successful in securing large areas of land for settlement. It must be conceded that their operations as a whole were successful, and that the number of disputed cases arising out of their labours was exceedingly small. The Waitara

purchase is, however, here excluded, for there were reasons of general policy affecting that sale which did not prevail in other cases. This purchase was the ostensible cause of the Native rebellion of 1860 and following years, but the motives which led to it were far deeper than the mere purchase of a few acres—there was a great principle at stake.

The difference effected in the mode of purchase by the Native Land Act, 1862, was this: Previously, the title of the Maoris who were to receive payment for the land was decided by the Land Purchase officers; but the Act quoted set up a Court, presided over by able Judges, who determined the titles, which were afterwards registered in a special Court. Purchases have since been effected with the registered owners.

It is difficult to obtain figures showing the actual area acquired by the Crown from the Maoris up to 1870, but in round numbers it was 6,000,000 acres in the North Island; whilst the whole of the South Island, with the exception of reserves for the original Native owners, was acquired prior to the passing of the Native Land Act, 1862. Stewart Island was purchased from the Native owners by deed dated 29th June, 1864.

The Native rebellion of 1860-69 brought Native-land purchases, for the time being, practically to a standstill.

The Immigration and Public Works Acts of 1870 and 1873 appropriated £200,000 and £500,000 respectively for the purchase of lands in the North Island; and these amounts had, up to the 31st of March, 1910, been augmented by further annual appropriations from the public funds and other loan-moneys, covering altogether a total expenditure since 1870 of £2,072,322, with the following result: Area finally acquired in the North Island from Natives, from 1870 to 31st March, 1910, 8,004,851 acres.

The purchase of Native lands by the Crown was continued under the provisions of the Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905, but is now carried out by the Native Land Purchase Board under the provisions of Part XIX of the Native Land Act, 1909.

NATIVE LAND ACT, 1909.

The main feature of the 1909 Act is the widening of the avenue for the alienation and settlement of Native lands. Formerly the disposal of Native lands was more or less restricted, and in some cases absolutely prohibited. The Act of 1909 removes all restrictions and prohibitions on the alienation of land by a Native or on the alienation of Native land, with certain exceptions.

Under the Act the alienation of Native land may be effected in four different ways:—

  1. Private alienation by the owners themselves.

  2. Alienation by a Maori Land Board as the statutory trustee or agent of the owners.

  3. Alienation by a committee of management by the incorporated owners.

  4. Alienation in pursuance of a resolution of a majority of the owners assembled in a meeting called for that purpose by a Board.

The first of these methods is prohibited in cases where the land is owned by more than ten owners in common, unless the Board of the district thinks fit, in special cases, to permit such alienations. All private alienation requires confirmation by the Maori Land Board in the North Island, or by the Native Land Court in the South Island. Confirmation must be refused if the Native alienating would be left without sufficient land for his support. In the case of leases special provisions are made for securing compensation to the tenant for his improvements. Mortgages are not permitted (except in favour of the Public Trustee or Government) unless approved by the Governor in Council.

By the second method alienation is effected by a Maori Land Board, either as a statutory trustee or as the agent of the Native owners. In respect of the former the land is vested in the Board, and is to be disposed of by public auction or tender by way of lease or sale in equal proportions. In respect of the latter, the land is not vested in the Board, but is administered by it as agent for the owners. It may be leased by the Board to Natives only, and is inalienable by the owners themselves.

The third mode of alienation is that effected by elective committees of management of the Native owners incorporated by order of the Native Land Court in substantial accordance with the practice existing before the coming into operation of the Act of 1909.

The fourth mode of alienation is in pursuance of a resolution of the assembled owners. A Maori Land Board may summon a meeting of the owners of any Native land to consider proposals for its alienation. A resolution proposed at any such meeting is carried if the owners voting for it own a larger area of the land affected than those who vote against it. The resolution is then submitted to the Board for confirmation, and, if confirmed, will be carried into effect either by Order in Council, instrument of alienation executed by the Board on behalf of the owners, or by such other means as is appropriate to the nature of the resolution.

Any such meeting of assembled owners may in this manner do any of the following things:—

  1. Vest the land in the Board for sale or lease.

  2. Agree to incorporation by the Native Land Court.

  3. Carry into effect any proposed alienation—e.g., a sale or lease to a particular individual.

  4. Sell the land to the Crown.

To prevent the aggregation of large areas of Native lands a purchaser or lessee of Native land must make a declaration that the land applied for, together with all other land already held by him. does not exceed 3,000 acres of third-class land calculated as follows: First-class land as 7½ acres, and second-class land as 2½ acres, of third-class land. The class to which any lands belong shall be determined in accordance with the Act.

The Crown has power to acquire Native lands under Part XIX, of the Act, through the Native Land Purchase Board, which consists of the Native Minister, the Under-Secretary for Crown Lands, the Under-Secretary of the Native Department, and the Valuer-General.

Any area, negotiations for which are in contemplation for purchase by the Crown may, under section 363 of the Act, be prohibited from private alienation for the period of one year (subject to a further extension of six months from date of Gazette notice).

All offers to the Crown should be addressed to the Native Land Purchase Board, Native Department, Wellington.

All surveys are undertaken by the Land and Survey Department, under authorities issued by the Judge of the Native Land Court or President of the Maori Land Board, and funds are provided (if necessary) as under:—

For the purpose of the purchase and settlement of Native land by the Crown, the Minister of Finance is empowered to raise loans not to exceed in all £500,000 in any one financial year, and if the full amount authorized is not raised within the year, the balance may be borrowed within the next year, in addition to the amount otherwise authorized for that year. The moneys so obtained may, under the Native Land Settlement Account, be applied to the following uses:—

The purchase or acquisition of Native land.

The survey of Native land.

The making of advances to Maori Land Boards for the construction of roads and bridges and otherwise opening up and preparing for settlement any Native lands under the control of the Boards, or for the purpose of discharging any mortgage or charge to which such land is subject. The advances to any one Board are limited to £50,000 in any one financial year, and are to be a charge on the land for the benefit of which the expenditure was incurred.

The revenue derived from the lands, together with interest and payments received, will be applied in the first place to the payment of interest and sinking fund on the advances, together with administrative and other necessary expenses; the balance to be paid to the Native owners, or invested for their benefit, as the Board decides.

Regulations as to procedure for alienations through the Maori Land Boards or Native Land Courts are notified on page 1717, New Zealand Gazette No. 50 of 1910.

The work of the Native Land Court is divided into six Court circuits: North Auckland, South Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Wanganui, and Wellington, the latter including South and Chatham Islands.

The Native Land Court Registrars Districts are—

Auckland (comprising North and South Auckland and Bay of Plenty circuits),

Gisborne (comprising Gisborne circuit),

Wanganui (comprising Wanganui circuit),

Wellington (comprising Wellington circuit).

The boundaries of the Court circuits are practically co-terminus with the Maori Land Board District boundaries.

Maori Land Boards now comprise six districts, and their boundaries are notified on page 1713, New Zealand Gazette No. 50 of 1910.

The Head Offices of the respective Boards are as under:—

Tokerau District Maori Land BoardAuckland.
Waikato-Maniapoto District Maori Land BoardAuckland.
Waiariki District Maori Land BoardRotorua.
Aotea District Maori Land BoardWanganui.
Tairawhiti District Maori Land BoardGisborne.
Ikaroa District Maori Land BoardWellington.

All communications should be addressed to the President.

As to alienation of the lands in the South Island, these are dealt with by the Native Land Court, and any communication in connection therewith should be made to the Registrar, Native Land Court, Wellington.

A Native owning Native land in severalty may upon application have his land declared European land by the Native Appellate Court if that body thinks fit.

No Native land can be willed to a European other than the wife or husband of the testator, or a European who would have been entitled had the deceased died intestate, or to a relative not more remote than the fourth degree.

FURTHER ACTS AFFECTING NATIVE LANDS.

The following enactments were passed during the session of 1910:—

  1. The Native Townships Act, 1910.

  2. The Rating Amendment Act, 1910.

  3. The Thermal Springs Districts Act, 1910.

The Native Townships Act makes better provision with respect to the ownership and disposition of land subject thereto. Under the Act land situated in a Native township may be sold to the Crown or to private persons. It is provided that the Maori Land Board administering a Native township shall be a leasing authority within the meaning of the Public Bodies' Leasing-powers Act, 1908, and may grant what are known as “Glasgow leases,” vide section 4 of the last-named Act. The provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, apply, with certain exceptions, to a Native township. This Act repeals seven statutes or parts of statutes.

The Rating Amendment Act provides, with certain modifications, that Native freehold land shall be liable to rating and subject to the provisions of the Rating Act, 1908, in the same manner as European land. Customary land (land, title to which has not been investigated and determined) is exempt from rating.

The Thermal Springs Districts Act repeals the Act (similar title) of 1908, and thereby releases from restriction some 300,000 acres of Native land. This large area of land may now be dealt with under

the provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, subject to certain restrictions with respect to lands having thermal or mineral waters thereon.

It may be worthy of note that the legislation, commencing with 1909, affecting Native lands is of a very progressive and forward nature, all tending towards the betterment of titles and disposition and settlement thereof.

The Native Land Act, 1909, repeals some seventy-one statutes or parts of statutes, but it does not affect the administration of the following classes of Native lands:—

  1. Native reserves vested in the Public Trustee under the Native Reserves Act, 1882, the West Coast Settlements Reserves Act, 1892, or the Westland and Nelson Native Reserves Act, 1887.

  2. Lands subject to the East Coast Trust Lands Act, 1892.

  3. Lands vested in trustees for Natives under any Act.

SUBSECTION C.—LAND TRANSFER AND DEEDS REGISTRATION.

PRIOR to 1870 conveyancing in New Zealand was based upon the English laws of real property as existing at the date of the constitution of the colony, varied in some important particulars by the Conveyancing Ordinance of 1842, and other colonial legislation, now embodied in the Property Law Consolidation Act, 1908. Considerable areas of land in all parts of the Dominion are still held and dealt with under this system. Although provision is made for the registration of deeds affecting such land, registration is no guarantee of their validity, and a purchaser has to rely for the security of his title upon the skill and care of his legal adviser.

By the Land Transfer Act, 1870, the system was introduced of title by registration. This principle had long been in vogue in parts of central Europe, but was unknown in the British Dominions until its introduction into the Australasian Colonies in 1856 by Sir Robert Torrens, after whom it is popularly known as the Torrens system. It was first introduced by him into South Australia, and was afterwards adopted by the other colonies. The title to land under this system is not affected by the execution of documents. Registration is the fundamental principle, and it is only on registration that any interest passes. The Department assumes all responsibility for the registration, and any person named in the Register as taking an interest under a registered instrument requires a practically indefeasible title.

For the purposes of administration the Dominion is divided into eleven districts, corresponding generally with the land districts and the old provinces. The two systems are worked side by side in the same offices under the combined title of the “Land and Deeds Registry.” In each district one officer acts as both Registrar of Deeds and District Land Registrar. The Registrar at Wellington is also Registrar-General of Land.

DEEDS REGISTRATION.

Provision has existed since 1841, and is now contained in the Deeds Registration Act, 1908, for the Registration of Deeds and Instruments affecting land which is not subject to the provisions of the Land Transfer Act. Registration is not essential to the validity of the instrument, but it is highly important as a record and to secure priority. The Act provides that every deed shall be void as against any person claiming for valuable consideration under any subsequent deed duly registered unless the earlier deed was registered before the subsequent one.

The Department is not responsible for the form or matter of the instruments registered beyond seeing that they are duly stamped and contain a sufficient description of the land to identify it.

Instruments are registered by being first entered in the “Book of Primary Entry,” from which the registration number is taken. Particulars are there inserted in the “Index Book” under the heading of the land affected, and they are then copied in extenso into the “Record Books.”

Provision is also made for the deposit of instruments in the Deeds Registry office for safe custody and reference, and such deposit operates as a release from any covenant for production.

The Deeds Index and all recorded and deposited instruments are open to public inspection, and certified copies may be obtained, on payment of the prescribed fees.

THE LAND TRANSFER ACT.

The Land Transfer system in New Zealand originated with the Land Transfer Act, 1870. This was re-enacted with amendments as the Land Transfer Act, 1885, and this again gave place to the present consolidated Land Transfer Act, 1908.

Land subject to Act.

The land subject to the Land Transfer Act comprises all land alienated from the Crown since 1870, all land included in any order under the Native Land Acts vesting such land in any person in freehold tenure, and all land vested in any person in fee-simple by virtue of any Act of the General Assembly, besides land which has been brought under the Act on the application of the proprietors after investigation and acceptance of the title by the Department.

Certificate of Title.

Every registered proprietor of a freehold estate in possession in land under the Act is entitled to a certificate of title for the same. Duplicates of all certificates of title are retained in the office and bound up to form the Register-book. The certificate of title may be described as the backbone of the whole system. Upon it are entered memorials of all registered dealings affecting the particular land, and it is received as conclusive evidence of the title of any person named as proprietor of any estate or interest.

Method of Dealing.

Forms of transfer, mortgage, lease, &c., are prescribed by the Act. When any dealing is effected the appropriate form is filled up and signed by the necessary parties and stamped, and is then presented at the Registry Office with the certificate of title for registration. No interest passes on the execution of the instrument, but only on registration. The instrument itself is retained in the office, a memorial of

it being noted on the certificate, which is then handed to the transferee or other person entitled. Mortgages and leases are executed in duplicate, one copy being retained in the office and the other handed back, endorsed as registered, to the mortgagee or lessee.

Implied Covenants.

All usual covenants are implied in the various instruments by the Act, and provision is also made for the introduction of special covenants by the use of abbreviated forms, so that a dealing which under the old system would have necessitated a lengthy deed may be effected under the Act by a very short one.

Mortgages.

One of the most notable differences between the new system and the old is in the form of a mortgage. Under the old system the mortgagor conveyed the land to the mortgagee subject to a right to a reconveyance or “equity of redemption” on repayment of the money. Under the Act no transfer of the property takes place, but a charge only is created, the mortgagee being specially empowered to sell the land in the event of default being made in payment. A simple receipt by the mortgagee for the amount secured releases the land from the encumbrance. Provision is made, similar to that contained in the Property Law Consolidation Act, for sale through the Registrar of the Supreme Court in the event of the mortgagee desiring to buy in the mortgaged land.

Transmission.

Persons becoming entitled to any estate by transmission, such as administrators or trustees, may be registered as proprietors on application in writing made to the Registrar.

Trusts.

It is a cardinal principle of the land-transfer system that no notice of trusts may be entered on the Register, and no instrument declaring any trust may be registered.

Caveat.

Any person claiming to be beneficially interested in any land by virtue of any trust or under any unregistered instrument may enter a caveat, and so long as such caveat remains in force no entry can be made on the Register affecting the estate or interest protected by such caveat. In the event of a dealing being presented for registration, notice is sent to the caveator, who is allowed fourteen days within which to take steps to enforce his rights. Failing action being taken within that time the caveat lapses.

Execution of Instruments.

Every instrument for registration under the Act is required to be signed by the registered proprietor and attested by at least one witness, whose occupation and address must be added. For the protection of the parties as well as of the Department the attesting witness is required to be a solicitor, licensed land-broker, Justice of the Peace, Postmaster, or other official or well-known person. Instruments executed in other parts of the British Dominions may be verified in accordance with the Imperial Statutory Declarations Act, 1835, or any local enactment respecting the verification of instruments for use abroad; if executed in any foreign country, by declaration made according to the law of such country and certified by the British Consul; or if there be no such law the instrument must be attested by the British Consul, who shall certify that no provision is made by the laws of such country. Every instrument must also have indorsed upon it a certificate that it is correct for the purposes of the Act, signed by the party claiming under it or by a solicitor or licensed land-broker employed by him.

Assurance Fund.

Any person sustaining loss or damage through any omission or mistake of the Department may bring an action against the Registrar-General of Lands for recovery of damages. Certain classes of cases are excepted, such as loss occasioned by breach of trust, or by the improper use of the seal of any corporation, or the improper exercise of any power of sale or re-entry, and action can only be brought within six years after right of action accrued. To meet claims an Assurance Fund is maintained by a payment of a halfpenny in the pound on the value of all land when first brought under the Act.

Surveys.

In order to ensure accuracy in the certificate of title a declared survey plan by a licensed surveyor is usually required when bringing land under the Act on application and also on subsequent subdivisions. The examination of survey plans, preparation of diagrams, &c., is performed by the Land Transfer Survey Branch, which is drawn from the Survey Department for this special work. All survey plans are approved by the Chief Surveyor of the district before being accepted for deposit.

Licensed Land-brokers.

The Act provides that the Registrar-General of Lands, with the sanction of the Governor, may license fit and proper persons to be land-brokers for transacting business under the Act. A bond is required from them in the sum of £1,000, with two sureties in the sum of £500 each, and a license fee of £5 is paid annually.

Appeal.

If the District Land Registrar refuses to perform any act which he is required to perform, or if any person is dissatisfied with his decision in any matter, the person deeming himself aggrieved may summon him to appear before the Supreme Court to substantiate the grounds of his refusal or decision. An appeal may also be made in the first instance to the Registrar-General of Lands whose decision will be binding upon the District Land Registrar, but will be subject to appeal to the Supreme Court in like manner as the decision of a District Land Registrar.

Fees

The fees payable to District Land Registrars under the Land Transfer Act as fixed by Order in Council of 27th January, 1909, and the scale of fees prescribed by the Deeds Registration Act, are appended.

A table is also added, compiled from the Annual Return of the Department, showing the amount of business transacted under the principal headings during the year ended 31st March, 1912.

FEES PAYABLE TO DISTRICT LAND REGISTRARS UNDER THE LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1908.
 £s.d.
For bringing land under the provisions of this Act (over and above the cost of advertisement),—
   When the title consists of a Crown grant and more of the land included therein has been dealt with020
   When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £300100
   When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £200 and does not exceed £3000150
   When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £100 and does not exceed £2000100
   When the title is of any other description and when the value does not exceed £100050
Contribution to Assurance Fund, upon first bringing land under this Act, in the pound sterling00
Other fees,—
   For every application to bring land under the Act050
   For every certificate of title on transfer where the consideration does not exceed £1000100
   For every other certificate of title100
   Registering memorandum of transfer, mortgage; encumbrance, or lease0100
   Registering transfer, or discharge of mortgage or of encumbrance, or the transfer or surrender of a lease050
   Registering proprietor of any estate or interest derived by settlement or transmission0100
   For every power of attorney deposited0100
   For every registration abstract100
   For cancelling registration abstract050
   For every revocation order0100
   Noting caveat0100
   Cancelling or withdrawal of caveat, and for every notice relating to any caveat050
   For every search020
   For every general search050
   For every map or plan deposited050
   For every instrument declaratory of trusts, and for every will or other instrument deposited0100
   For registering recovery by proceeding in law or equity, or reentry by lessor0100
   For registering vesting of lease in mortgagee consequent on refusal of trustee in bankruptcy to accept the same0100
   For entering notice of marriage or death0100
   For entering notice of writ or order of Supreme Court0100
   Taking affidavit or statutory declaration050
   For the exhibition of any deposited instrument, or for exhibiting deeds surrendered by applicant proprietor050
   For certified copy not exceeding five folios050
   For every folio or part folio after first five006
   For every notice to produce deeds or instruments050
   For every outstanding interest noted on certificate of title050
   When any instrument purports to deal with land included in more than one grant or certificate of title, for each registration memorial after the first020

REGULATIONS.

All fees under the Act shall be due and payable in advance.

Where several properties are included in one form of application, there shall be charged in respect of each property an application fee and a fee for bringing the land under the Act. Land included within one outer boundary shall be deemed one property for the purpose of this regulation.

In all cases a fee of £1 is hereby prescribed as the charge to be made for advertising notice of application: Provided that whenever it is necessary that unusual publicity shall be given to any application the District Land Registrar may require payment of such additional sum as shall, in his judgment, be sufficient to defray the cost of such advertisements.

In all cases where application is made to bring land under the Act, and the certificate of title is directed to issue and is issued in the name of the applicant, the fees for bringing such land under the Act, with the exception of the application fee, may, at the request of the applicant, remain unpaid until such land is dealt with by him as registered proprietor. The District Land Registrar shall retain any such certificate of title until the fees due upon the same have been paid, and, until such payment, shall not register any dealing with the land included in such certificate of title.

Printed forms for use under the Act are supplied by the Stamp Department at a charge of 1s. each. Solitors, land-brokers, and others having forms printed for their own use and at their own expense, shall, on approval of such forms by the Registrar, be entitled to have the same sealed free of charge.

DEEDS REGISTRATION ACT, 1908 (SECOND SCHEDULE).
Scale of Fees.£s.d.
For the registration of any instrument0100
For the recording and comparing thereof, for every folio of seventy-two words006
For every section or part of section, allotment or part of allotment contained in any map or plan delineated on or annexed to any instrument presented for registration (exclusive of sections or allotments unaffected by the instrument but necessarily delineated to show the boundaries of the land dealt with by the instrument)010
For every copy of or extract from any recorded or deposited instrument or memorial, for every folio of seventy-two words therein006
For every section or allotment, or part of a section or allotment, delineated thereon010
For every copy of or extract from the general index, for every line006
For every search or inspection of indexes or recorded or deposited instrument, for each individual property, section, or allotment in respect of which search or inspection is made010
For every certificate under seal verifying a copy of or extract from any recorded or deposited instrument, in addition to the fee per folio for copying050
On the deposit of any instrument for safe custody0100
For every attendance to produce any instrument under section 48 of this Act, for each day or part of a day's attendance110
For the registration of any map or plan accompanied by a statutory declaration0100
For recording, per folio of seventy-two words006
For every section or part of a section delineated010
For recording any instrument in the Maori language, and for any copy of the recorded copy thereof, per folio of seventy-two words010
For recording the translation of any instrument in the Maori language, per folio of seventy-two words006
EXTRACT FROM ANNUAL STATEMENT OF BUSINESS TRANSACTED UNDER THE LAND TRANSFER ACT DURING THE YEAR ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1912.
Number.Area in Acres.Value or Consideration.
Town and Suburban.Country.
 £
Applications to bring land under Act57133065,0281,078,123
Transfers registered24,2977,2982,391,00317,405,277
Mortgages registered25,1278,0334,784,88219,128,732
Leases registered3,585......
Certificates of title issued12,007......

Amount remaining secured by mortgage: £90,138,264. Total fees received, £57,755.

Details of instruments registered under the Deeds Registration Act are not available.

The total number registered during the year was 19,760, and the fees received £19,065.

Chapter 17. SECTION XIII.—OCCUPATION OF LAND; AND LIVESTOCK.

OCCUPATION OF LAND.

THE occupation of land must not be confused with ownership,* because there are large parcels of lands held which are unused and unoccupied. Neither can lands occupied be properly compared with the returns of Crown lands alienated or in process of alienation, for certain lands have passed into the hands of Europeans which were never made waste lands of the Crown.

The figures in the following tables relating to occupation of land and live-stock are those for 1910-11. No statistics were collected for the season 1911-12, nor for 1909-10.

The area of land in occupation during 1910-11 has been returned at 40,238,126 acres, including Crown lands leased for pastoral purposes only, or 2,033,777 acres in excess of the area for the year 1908-9.

Tables are given showing the numbers and acreages of holdings, grouped according to size, 1905-6 to 1910-11.

In 1895 the holdings of over 1 acre in extent, as returned to the Registrar-General, numbered only 46,676. Holdings occupied by Maoris were excluded, besides holdings of exactly 1 acre, also gardens and orchards attached to residences.

OCCUPIED LANDS: HOLDINGS.

[This and the succeeding statement deal with the full extent of occupied land, including Crown pastoral leases.]

Sizes of Holdings.Number of Holdings.
1905-6.1906-7.1907-8.1908-9.1910-11.
1 acre to 10 acres inclusive19,78720,45521,18621,92718,075
11 acres to 50 acres inclusive11,74512,01212,14712,36012,151
51 acres to 100 acres inclusive7,5627,7677,7607,7807,948
101 acres to 200 acres inclusive9,95010,25110,09810,20610,746
201 acres to 320 acres inclusive6,5316,8206,8276,8317,083
321 acres to 640 acres inclusive7,2197,4977,6027,8288,466
641 acres to 1,000 acres inclusive2,7502,9363,0113,2023,611
1,001 acres to 5,000 acres inclusive3,4973,6823,8164,0904,780
5,001 acres to 10,000 acres inclusive408415436458526
10,001 acres to 20,000 acres inclusive237248247235264
20,001 acres to 50,000 acres inclusive166167153151136
Over 50,000 acres9088848490
 69,94272,33873,36775,15273,876

The holdings are shown to have increased by the number of 3,934 since 1905-6.

* The latest information in reference to ownership of land which is available gives figures up to the 31st March, 1910. It is contained in Parliamentary Return B.-17A of the year 1911, and estimates the total number of owners of land (town and country holdings of all sizes) to be 150,000. The most important figures (showing ownership of productive land) are those of freeholders outside boroughs and town districts, and excluding holdings of under 5 acres. These figures are,—

NEW ZEALAND OWNERS (OVER 5 ACRES).
Year 191046,922
Year 190645,068
Year 190243,735
Year 189238,935
Year 188937,432
Year 188634,450
Year 188330,764

The total acreage of occupied land for each of the five years, 1905-6 to 1910-11, is shown:—

OCCUPIED LANDS: ACREAGES.
Sizes of Holdings in Acres.1905-6 Acres.1906-7. Acres.1907-8. Acres.1908-9. Acres.1910-11. Acres.
1 to 10 inclusive79,92681,33986,87088,74981,397
11 to 50 inclusive324,375328,657340,498346,453335,056
51 to 100 inclusive591,209599,236604,567611,622618,980
101 to 200 inclusive1,514,0841,544,2421,533,0481,544,9631,628,608
201 to 320 inclusive1,692,8241,742,1231,764,9031,769,8751,818,087
321 to 640 inclusive3,306,4753,390,7623,491,7283,582,8223,872,809
641 to 1,000 inclusive2,220,1492,354,8912,425,0282,618,0082,931,721
1,001 to 5,000 inclusive6,955,3107,212,5877,677,6248,088,9319,388,126
5,001 to 10,000 inclusive2,874,5622,822,0302,994,8203,193,5713,525,514
10,001 to 20,000 inclusive3,278,4983,536,3343,365,1323,234,4803,751,346
20,001 to 50,000 inclusive5,273,4724,911,9774,870,7724,781,8014,157,740
Over 50,000 acres9,056,5768,884,2958,409,2988,343,0748,128,742
 37,167,46037,408,47337,564,28838,204,34940,238,126

Of a total of 73,876 holdings in 1910-11, 38,174, or 51.67 per cent., were from 1 to 100 acres in extent; 48,920, or 66.22 per cent., were from 1 to 200 acres; and 56,003, or 75.81 per cent., were from 1 to 320 acres in size. The total number over 320 acres was only 17,873, or 24.19 per cent. of the whole, thus indicating a considerable degree of moderately close settlement, although the area of the holdings over the 320-acres limit necessarily shows as very large in a table which includes the Crown pastoral leases.

The extent of land occupied as shown in the returns according to tenure is tabulated for each provincial district. The acreage in the last column of the statement is apparently short of the actual facts, judging from the figures shown in the table of “Crown Tenants,” as given in the report of the Surveyor-General. The difference lies in what has been returned for Crown pastoral leases to the agricultural-statistics collectors and the areas on which rent is paid given by the Lands Department.

OCCUPATION OF LAND: TENURE 1910-11.
Provincial Districts.Total of Holdings.Freehold.Leased from Individuals or Public Bodies.Leased from Natives.Held from Crown under Different Tenures.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland7,769,0484,382,289610,095787,5151,989,149
Taranaki1,358,271618,246257,973117,565364,487
Hawke's Bay3,211,0861,757,830278,959654,021520,276
Wellington4,434,7552,518,309673,605462,106780,735
Marlborough2,440,109804,021105,56141,9751,488,552
Nelson2,314,1161,002,256139,47621,4901,150,894
Westland961,06876,96634,2376,963842,902
Canterbury6,587,5872,581,682926,47119,3223,060,112
Otago—
   Otago portion7,997,9521,493,718509,86730,9955,963,372
   Southland portion3,164,1341,316,380462,6425,4761,379,636
   Totals40,238,12616,551,6973,998,8862,147,42817,540,115

Arranged according to the number of holdings, the provincial districts stand in order as under:—

Auckland21,180 holdings.
Otago13,484 holdings.
Canterbury11,576 holdings.
Wellington11,252 holdings.
Taranaki5,423 holdings.
Hawke's Bay4,648 holdings.
Nelson3,650 holdings.
Marlborough1,718 holdings.
Westland945 holdings.

The occupied holdings of the North Island now considerably outnumber those of the South Island, the numbers being—North Island, 42,503; South Island, 31,373. For the year 1900-1 the returns showed 30,086 holdings for the South Island, against 32,700 for the North.

The full details of holdings and acreages, classified according to size, for the year 1910-11 will be found in the following table:—

OCCUPATION OF LAND: PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. CLASSIFIED HOLDINGS.

TABLE showing for the Year 1911 the Occupied Holdings and the Acreages (including Crown Pastoral Leases) in Groups of Sizes, according to the Provincial Districts.
Provincial Districts.Total of Holdings.1-10 Acres, inclusive.1-11 Acres, inclusive.51-100 Acres, inclusive.101-200 Acres, inclusive.201-320 Acres, inclusive.321-640 Acres, inclusive.641-1,000 Acres, inclusive.1,001-5,000 Acres, inclusive.5,001-10,000 Acres, inclusive.10,001-20,000 Acres, inclusive.20,001-50,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 50,000 Acres.
Auckland: Area in acres7,769,04820,500102,821195,792509,383533,7071,151,137834,1262,457,800735,717539,919371,657316,489
   Number of holdings21,1804,6383,6182,4783,3612,0742,5121,0381,28411644125
Taranaki: Area in acres1,358,2714,84517,44765,544205,928178,111242,835173,088438,21532,258......
   Number of holdings5,4239546388221,3057005332162514......
Hawke's Bay: Area in acres3,211,0866,97321,02534,78277,23579,780180,223190,780872,251567,103475,686277,080428,168
   Number of holdings4,6481,4087884725113223862334008032115
Wellington: Area in acres4,434,75514,81348,46586,664230,651228,896573,232459,5871,542,537496,209436,87292,337224,492
   Number of holdings11,2523,2541,7701,0941,5288961,240560799733134
Marlborough: Area in acres2,440,1091,9465,47810,46626,75831,044107,70784,723385,980194,694407,263506,544677,506
   Number of holdings1,7184752091391791192261051923124154
Nelson: Area in acres2,314,1163,39017,81131,89764,92582,599207,741196,282529,000159,171152,122279,162590,016
   Number of holdings3,650806653407444317448250282211084
Westland: Area in acres961,0687004,6618,09818,37029,78256,85742,85359,820127,099129,856340,535142,437
   Number of holdings9452001631051201151254629209112
Canterbury: Area in acres6,587,58714,50260,89086,460194,829250,770553,054408,4501,381,409336,680386,271788,0052,126,267
   Number of holdings11,5763,3812,1921,1371,3179761,23150969855272726
Otago—             
   Otago portion: Area in acres7,997,9528,95535,91362,724161,144197,984401,721314,7831,247,213673,802935,8941,093,7002,864,119
   Number of holdings8,0201,9401,3208331,09477288536558495673431
   Southland portion: Area, acres3,164,1344,77320,54536,553139,385205,414398,302227,049473,901202,781287,463408,720759,248
   Number of holdings5,4641,0198004618877928802392613120159
   Totals Area in acres40,238,12681,397335,056618,9801,628,6081,818,0873,872,8092,931,7219,388,1263,525,5143,751,3464,157,7408,128,742
   Number of holdings73,87618,07512,1517,94810,7467,0838,4663,6114,78052626413690

Previous to the year 1906 the areas of freehold lands under 10,000 acres were not classified, but it is possible to compare the areas above that quantity as held in 1889, 1906, and 1910. Still excluding lands in the hands of Native owners, local bodies, church, education, friendly societies, and other public bodies, the figures are,—

Area in acres.1889. Acres.1906. Acres.1910. Acres.
10,000 and under 20,0001,911,1541,817,5621,661,381
20,000 and under 30,0001,221,8291,002,816683,368
30,000 and under 40,000921,435474,822175,001
40,000 and under 50,000570,646353,100262,365
50,000 and under 75,000723,459490,507560,250
75,000 and under 100,000522,590342,493166,906
100,000 and under 150,000241,423....
150,000 and over1,389,664223,242..

It would appear from the above that there has been a reduction in the total held in areas of 10,000 acres and over of 2,797,658 acres during the period 1889-1906, and a further reduction of 1,195,071 acres during the period 1906 to 1910, or a total reduction of 3,992,729 acres between 1889 and 1910. The average area held by owners of 10,000 acres and upwards shows a steady decrease since 1889, as follows:—

Year.Average Area held. Acres.
188930,009
189229,924
190228,312
190623,061
191020,523

LIVE-STOCK.

A comparative table is presented showing the increase in livestock since the year 1858. The figures are taken from the census as far as 1891 and for 1911, but for 1895-96 and following years up to 1910 the results of the enumeration made annually by the Department of Agriculture have been made use of. No enumeration has been taken in 1912 except as regards sheep.

Year.Horses.Asses and Mules.Cattle.Sheep.Goats.Pigs.Poultry.

* Not enumerated.

† Numbers for April, 1895, and years following.

185814,912122137,2041,523,32411,79740,734*
186128,275153193,2852,761,38312,19143,270236,098
186449,409339249,7604,937,27312,00561,276378,414
186765,715323312,8358,418,57911,964115,104676,065
187181,028397436,5929,700,62912,434151,460872,174
187499,859267494,91711,704,85314,276123,9211,058,198
1878137,768241578,43013,069,33814,243207,3371,323,542
1881161,736362698,63712,985,08511,223200,0831,566,114
1886187,382297853,35816,564,59510,220277,9011,679,021
1891211,040348831,83118,128,1869,055308,8121,790,070
1895-96237,4184261,047,90119,826,604*239,778*
1896-97249,8134341,138,06719,138,493*209,834*
1897-98252,8343931,209,16519,687,954*186,027*
1898-99258,1155341,203,02419,673,725*193,512*
1899-1900261,9314591,222,13919,348,506*249,751*
1900-1266,2454801,256,68019,355,195*250,975*
1901-2279,6724061,361,78420,233,099*224,024*
1902-3286,9554641,460,66320,342,727*193,740*
1903-4298,7144681,593,54718,954,553*226,591*
1904-5314,3224481,736,85018,280,806*255,320*
1905-6326,5374291,810,93619,130,875*249,727*
1906-7342,6084511,851,75020,108,471*242,2733,191,604
1907-8352,8324251,816,29920,983,772*241,128*
1908-9363,2595191,773,32622,449,053*245,092*
1909***23,480,707** 
1910***24,269,620***
1911404,2844042,020,17123,996,126*348,7543,691,957
1912***23,750,133***

The stock owned by Maoris in April, 1911, which are included in the above figures, comprised: Horses, 48,222; cattle, 61,300; sheep, 486,922; pigs, 33,290.

Live-stock in Australasia.

The following gives the number of the principal kinds of livestock in Australasia for the year 1910:—

Country.Sheep.Cattle.Horses.Pigs.
New South Wales45,560,9693,140,307650,636321,632
Victoria12,882,6651,547,569472,080333,281
Queensland20,331,8385,131,699593,813152,212
South Australia6,324,717898,245273,83597,382
Western Australia5,158,516825,040134,11457,628
Tasmania1,788,310201,85441,38863,715
New Zealand (April, 1911)23,996,1262,020,171404,284348,754

New Zealand thus takes first place in order for number of pigs, second for sheep, third for cattle, and fourth for horses.

Live-stock in each County.

Details of the live-stock in each county of New Zealand are appended:—

NUMBER OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND ANGORA GOATS IN EACH COUNTY IN THE DOMINION IN APRIL, 1911
County.Horses.Asses and Mules.Cattle (including Dairy Cows).Dairy Cows (in Milk and Dry).Sheep.Angora Goats.Pigs.

* The Sheep Returns are compiled by the Agricultural Department, which arranges the counties as follows: Piako and part Matamata, 103,674: West Taupo and part Matamata. 6,826: Ohura, 31,238.

Provincial District of Auckland.
Mangonui3,164113,6783,39825,6441122,819
Whangaroa1,100..3,2648077,746132938
Hokianga4,443..18,4094,86914,767292,619
Bay of Islands2,741614,9333,49144,8562641,899
Whangarei5,415645,58114,58340,8172604,475
Hobson2,109..22,0554,80354,294341,793
Otamatea2,716424,3766,60860,4101342,757
Rodney2,972520,3915,80777,6351162,125
Waitemata3,5941415,5536,08450,3351753,242
Eden6,124159,0474,1453,542602,939
Manukau10,9101060,76628,492119,86640611,360
Coromandel99716,1141,53126,54974750
Thames1,558..8,5073,3987,95261,983
Waikato5,791136,09114,37164,2272768,002
Raglan3,951131,6595,617154,2401372,793
Waipa5,383332,50013,54128,228447,319
Kawhia1,091..5,8321,30442,1233773
Waitomo4,508..19,9524,45166,546133,828
Awakino657..7,51449653,325..318
Ohinemuri2,504311,4054,3196,433122,871
Piako2,910..22,1278,866*73,825
Matamata3,525128,4029,993*34,365
Tauranga5,335227,9268,2647,32444,802
East Taupo and Rotorua3,10415,9791,87640,333..1,735
West Taupo and Ohura4,085820,3253,430*14,574
Whakatane1,970411,6843,90934,58611,259
Opotiki2,301..9,1213,15292,62511,956
Waiapu5,7139436,682560602,497132,681
Cook10,1591569,3326,625924,741324,625
Waikohu4,191..45,1821,596492,640..1,113
   Totals115,021195684,387180,3863,286,0192,34996,538
Provincial District of Taranaki.
Clifton2,040..21,9946,28798,4091042,782
Taranaki5,268..53,11325,02745,69882810,019
Egmont3,369439,98317,77013,36685,055
Stratford3,489..44,40522,184136,3453157,859
Whangamomona73927,4491,406109,30719403
Eltham2,573..32,94417,99555,212657,590
Waimate West1,909..24,69015,68897,397 6,155
Hawera3,255..35,93316,385..117,153
Patea3,763..37,64911,499268,514..3,644
   Totals26,4056298,160134,241824,2481,35050,660
Provincial District of Hawke's Bay.
Wairoa6,711..29,4553,245625,60871,901
Hawke's Bay9,705950,1967,2851,143,934953,964
Waipawa3,152..16,3833,029404,290..1,137
Waipukurau869..4,29876597,993..221
Patangata2,752..37,7901,506748,228116360
Weber490..5,036725..15081
Dannevirke3,652..24,6369,135265,30973,657
Woodville1,577..15,4045,711102,629..2,379
   Totals28,9089183,19831,4013,387,99137513,700
Provincial District of Wellington.
Pahiatua2,455..26,0959,959239,462..4,758
Akitio1,397..16,4211,528253,649..267
Eketahuna1,346..12,9745,821110,471102,432
Waimarino1,496..6,2321,386192,681..609
Kaitieke73321,914510....299
Waitotara2,2561118,5384,330194,022312,550
Wanganui4,208227,5444,577528,349351,361
Rangitikei8,608748,52910,198946,539193,832
Kiwitea3,010..19,5514,429317,827..2,395
Pohangina1,567..13,8983,805156,810131,995
Oroua3,147618,3968,772156,269..4,269
Manawatu4,108328,12111,971130,947176,963
Kairanga4,045128,02511,216115,58385,804
Horowhenua3,729124,7618,447166,001405,405
Masterton4,306134,0213,855601,91871,574
Mauriceville506..5,3061,44779,152..585
Castlepoint855..14,712441174,312..128
Wairarapa South2,637425,4427,598185,314393,857
Featherston4,163440,0346,874521,97194,087
Hutt2,8673011,0264,876159,7911391,493
Makara3,01924,7042,70185,027261,912
   Totals60,45874426,244114,7415,316,09539356,575
Provincial District of Marlborough.
Sounds3142,780974185,463291,475 
Marlborough6,42112,7634,624696,4935693,991 
Kaikoura1,663..5,1591,859223,087151,267
   Totals8,39820,7027,4571,105,0436136,733 
Provincial District of Nelson.
Collingwood467..5,3591,68512,62414953
Takaka1,032..5,2172,43247,779881,907
Waimea5,964..13,5175,214310,8975484,349
Buller1,148..6,0092,2684,6186969
Inangahua59713,2931,0509,73249705
Murchison662..4,8241,26533,727..707
Amuri2,233..3,605607467,924..519
Cheviot1,544..3,215627211,1734454
   Totals13,647145,03915,1481,098,47470910,563
Provincial District of Westland.
Grey1,43517,5292,22329,891141,510
Westland2,343..17,0854,42729,80151,096
   Totals3,778124,6146,65059,692192,606
Provincial District of Canterbury.
Waipara2,530..2,997767899,426 622
Ashley8,792217,2338,012..2311,032
Tawera844..992396....488
Selwyn1,482..1,289527....709
Waimairi2,46125,5073,637..104,613
Malvern3,450..2,7691,323....2,645
Paparua2,28113,3752,199713,625193,875
Heathcote2,73212,2471,471..431,473
Halswell1,04213,6652,061....1,173
Springs1,573..4,3262,335....2,955
Ellesmere3,480..7,4283,869..448,823
Mount Herbert467..1,794387..52281
Akaroa1,596216,8294,510243,228121,412
Wairewa95615,7081,853....855
Ashburton14,0181415,2266,438846,1261611,058
Geraldine6,218189,3604,083585,603245,452
Levels5,15066,2422,905....3,261
Mackenzie2,56453,3921,009492,1911976
Waimate8,31539,8114,047541,056256,506
   Totals69,95156120,19051,8294,311,25526968,209
Provincial District of Otago.
OTAGO PORTION.
Waitaki9,0801919,0519,529537,951155,811
Waihemo1,71213,6101,814139,237..1,020
Waikouaiti2,11319,3765,47768,88962,267
Taieri7,481320,0428,749207,964..5,277
Peninsula939..4,7673,4495,696..831
Bruce4,996111,2694,867209,255..2,928
Clutha6,519716,5876,646369,961..3,644
Tuapeka5,07327,2602,367454,112..1,831
Vincent2,542..3,7251,243327,1393811
Lake1,720..4,013797241,7808697
Maniototo3,14585,0551,392322,676..332
   Totals45,32042104,75546,3302,884,6603225,499
SOUTHLAND PORTION.
Southland24,8362088,98136,8451,193,7571014,328
Wallace and Fiord7,515..23,7128,618525,931..3,329
Stewart Island47..189872,961..14
   Totals32,39820112,88245,5501,722,6491017,671
Totals for Otago77,71862217,63791,8804,607,3094243,170
Totals for Dominion404,2844042,020,171633,73323,996,1266,119348,754

SHEEP.

The returns made to the Department of Agriculture show a smaller number of sheep for the year 1886 than the census figures given previously, because the account was taken later in the year. The particulars are given for that year, and each of ten years, 1902-11, distinguishing the number in the North from that in the South Island.

According to these returns, the flocks of the North Island increased from 5,285,907 sheep in the year 1886 to 10,286,346 in 1902 and 12,814,353 in 1911, or at the rate of 95 per cent. in the first sixteen years of the period and of 24.6 per cent. between 1902 and 1911. Sheep in the South Island increased from 9,888,356 in 1886 to 10,056,381 in 1902, an increase of only 1.7 per cent. in the sixteen years, and actually decreased to 9,076,843 in 1904. Between 1902 and 1911, however, the South Island shows an increase of 1,125,392, or at the rate of 11.2 per cent.

Year.North Island.South Island.Total.
18865,285,9079,888,35615,174,263
190210,286,34610,056,38120,342,727
19039,433,8319,520,72218,954,553
19049,203,9639,076,84318,280,806
19059,388,6059,742,27019,130,875
190610,009,73110,098,74020,108,471
190710,854,01810,129,75420,983,772
190811,632,20110,816,85222,449,053
190912,193,21111,287,49623,480,707
191012,917,66211,351,95824,269,620
191112,814,35311,181,77323,996,126

There was an increase of 3,653,399 in the total number of sheep between 1902 and 1911.

Of the provincial districts, Wellington had most sheep in 1911, Otago came next, and Canterbury occupied the third place. The particulars given below show that although six of the nine provinces show increases on the figures for 1910 amounting in the aggregate to 236,123, substantial decreases in Canterbury and Hawke's Bay and a lesser decrease in Auckland more than counter-balance this, the net decrease being 273,494.

Provincial District.No. of Sheep in 1910.No. of Sheep in 1911.Increase or Decrease.
Wellington5,278,7975,316,09537,298
Otago4,563,4354,607,30943,874
Canterbury4,620,6094,311,255- 309,354
Hawke's Bay3,553,2553,387,991- 165,264
Auckland3,321,0183,286,019- 34,999
Marlborough1,072,9461,105,04332,097
Nelson1,045,1151,098,47453,359
Taranaki764,592824,24859,656
Westland49,85359,6929,839
   Totals24,269,62023,996,126- 273,494
NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1906, 1910, AND 1911.
Size of Flocks.1891.1896.1901.1906.1910.1911.
Under 5008,27212,02811,70011,79311,56411,463
500 and under 1,0001,6912,6053,0593,4314,3134,366
1,000 and under 2,0009691,4602,877*3,340*4,791*4,833*
2,000 and under 5,000666892........
5,000 and under 10,000287340397394544540
10,000 and under 20,000239231189213233216
20,000 and upwards169147138947775
   Totals12,29317,70318,36019,26521,52221,493
 1901.1906.1910.1911.  
* From 1,000 to 2,5002,1892,5583,6633,703  
* 2,500 to 5,0006887821,1281,130  
 2,8773,3404,7914,833  

The average size of the flocks is found to have been 1,081 sheep in 1896, 1,127 in 1910, and 1,116 in 1911.

Crossbreds and other longwools comprise over 90 per cent. of the New Zealand flocks, the merino being less suited for freezing. The number of the different classes composing the flocks in April, 1910, and April, 1911, was as follows:—

 1910.1911.
Stud—
   Merino50,20153,920
   Lincoln111,707100,303
   Romney237,120256,015
   Border Leicester101,99896,575
   English Leicester105,45899,455
   Shropshire31,60725,899
   Southdown26,76028,919
   Other breeds42,08244,537
   Totals706,933705,623
Flock—
   Crossbreds and other longwools21,680,23521,525,084
   Merino1,882,4521,765,419
   Totals23,562,68723,290,503
Grand totals24,269,62023,996,126

An interim return gives the number of sheep in New Zealand on the 30th April, 1912, as 23,750,153, a decrease of 245,973 during the year. In the North Island the number was 12,618,089, and in the South Island 11,132,064, a decrease of 196,264 in the North Island, and of 49,709 in the South Island.

Figures showing sheep and lambs slaughtered for food purposes each year since 1903-4, together with the exports of frozen mutton and lamb, are given in the tables following.

It will be noticed that in more than one instance the number exported actually exceeds the number killed during the year. The

explanation of this is that most of the slaughtering is done during the March quarter and considerable quantities of meat may be kept in the freezing-chambers for a few weeks and thus become part of the next year's export. Especially is this the case when the Home market prices are unfavourable for the time being.

SHEEP.
Year ending 31st March.Sheep slaughtered for Food Purposes.Frozen Mutton exported.
Number.Weight.Number of Carcases, including Pieces at 60lb. to a Sheep.Weight.
 Cwt. Cwt.
19043,279,8251,757,0492,438,3741,193,607
19053,002,1601,608,3001,926,748965,503
19062,226,5931,192,8171,546,722776,116
19071,897,1181,016,3132,058,7701,033,055
19082,730,4481,462,7401,841,332906,425
19092,381,2641,275,6771,866,531927,429
19102,830,4531,516,3141,775,090883,361
19112,793,8781,496,7202,193,6651,068,881
19123,372,1501,806,5091,867,828912,926
Totals for 9 years24,513,88913,132,43917,515,0608,667,303
LAMBS.
Year ending 31st March.Sheep slaughtered for Food Purposes.Frozen Lamb exported.
Number.Weight.Number of Carcases, including Pieces at 60lb. to a Sheep.Weight.
 Cwt. Cwt.
19042,252,660724,0692,100,141660,444
19052,284,672734,3591,894,361603,612
19062,042,105656,4441,932,214616,823
19072,544,999808,0352,666,564818,556
19082,944,271946,3642,732,792837,141
19092,862,067830,6642,629,817873,061
19103,332,2181,071,0703,356,7021,049,113
19113,675,6761,181,4673,839,9221,167,980
19124,044,9531,301,0563,093,091932,835
Totals for 9 years25,983,6218,253,52824,245,6047,559,565

In addition to the figures given above, it is estimated that 4,029,816 sheep, representing a weight of 2,158,830 cwt., and about 500,000 lambs, of a weight of 160,714 cwt., were killed by farmers for local consumption. It would therefore appear that 7,478,643 cwt. of mutton and lamb were consumed in the Dominion during the nine years shown. The average annual consumption per head of population is thus about 100 lb., or, including Maoris, about 95 lb.

The number of breeding-ewes in April, 1911, was 12,324,463, and in April, 1912, 12,277,029, a decrease of 47,434 for the year. Figures for ten years are given:—

BREEDING-EWES.
19039,071,751
19049,222,448
190510,079,184
190610,479,187
190710,736,846
190811,244,041
190912,370,346
191012,515,380
191112,324,463
191212,277,029

Two important advantages that sheep-farming has in New Zealand are (1) the low cost of the production of mutton, and (2) the high percentage of natural increase. With regard to the latter, figures are given showing the estimated lambing percentages for the year 1912.

BREEDING-EWES AND ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE OF LAMBS, 1912.

North Island.
 Auckland.Napier-Gisborne.Wellington-West Coast.Totals.
Stud ewes—
   Lincoln2,6109,10516,68828,403
   Romney6,34320,62338,01864,984
   Border Leicester3511,9171,6683,936
   English Leicester1,3941,8091,3614,564
   Shropshire7843201,2092,313
   Southdown1382,2225,3217,681
   Other breeds4268032,9694,198
       Total12,04636,79967,234116,079
Estimated percentage of lambs......95
Flock Ewes640,5162,761,6862,875,1796,277,381
Estimated percentage of lambs......93
South Island.
 Marlborough-Nelson- Westland.Canterbury-Kaikoura.Otago.Totals.
Stud ewes—
   Lincoln9331,0471,0683,048
   Romney4,5432,31417,12723,984
   Border Leicester1229,36016,00325,485
   English Leicester1,51121,3921,81224,715
   Shropshire4354,0166765,127
   Southdown404,401204,461
   Other breeds5127,8222,87711,211
       Total8,09650,35239,58398,031
Estimated percentage of lambs......101
Merino ewes (stud and flock)109,202355,563228,896693,661
Estimated percentage of lambs......80
Flock ewes (other than Merino)584,9352,487,2132,019,7295,091,877
Estimated percentage of lambs......90

Sheep in Australasia.

The number of sheep in the several States of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand for the years 1900, 1905, and 1910 was as follows:—

 1900.1905.1910.
New South Wales40,020,50639,506,76445,560,969
Victoria10,841,79011,455,11512,882,665
Queensland10,339,18512,535,23120,331,838
South Australia5,283,2476,339,5426,324,717
Western Australia2,434,3113,120,7035,158,516
Tasmania1,683,9561,583,5611,788,310
New Zealand19,355,19519,130,87524,269,620
       Total for Australasia89,958,19093,671,791116,316,635

Sheep Flocks of the World.

The following figures show that the sheep flocks of the world have increased since 1895, but not quite so rapidly as the wool-using population. It is not possible in every case to obtain information for uniform years to compare with 1895, therefore the latest figures available have been used.

Country.Sheep.Wool-using Population.
Latest Figures available.1895.Latest Figures available.1895.
 Number.Number.Persons.Persons.
Europe182,545,920198,194,214458,682,099396,387,000
Australasia117,011,654110,561,3315,643,9573,810,000
South America109,684,730102,847,13447,714,83928,867,000
North America63,466,95257,158,600107,976,96688,895,000
Africa50,293,01431,890,05214,485,4331,710,225
Asia92,848,78721,957,7521,140,000617,000
       Total615,851,057522,609,083635,643,294520,286,225

Wool.

Wool is the most important product of New Zealand. The annual value of the export is over a third of the value of the total exports of the Dominion, the figures for 1910 and 1911 being—

 ££
Wool8,308,4106,491,707
Total exports22,180,20919,028,490

The following interesting information with reference to the wool-clip, the local sales, &c., is extracted from “Dalgety's Annual Wool Review” for the season ended 30th June, 1912. Referring to New Zealand, the Review reports as follows:—

“North Island.—The past clip compared more than favourably with the disappointing one of the previous season, being better grown,

brighter, with a smaller percentage of cotted fleeces, though towards the end of the season a lot of log-stained, dingy, seedy, crossbreds were offered. The Hawke's Bay wools were somewhat dusty, owing to the high winds which had prevailed earlier in the season. The wool was slow in coming forward on account of a wet spring.

“South Island.—As compared with the previous season, the clip was sounder, better grown, and of brighter colour. Wools from the Canterbury district opened up in attractive condition, being lighter and brighter than the previous season's output. The Central and North Otago clips were also better than in the 1910-11 season, there being a larger proportion of well grown, bright, and lighter conditioned wool. It was noticeable, however, that some of the merinos and half-breds from Central Otago were heavy in condition. The Southland wools were delayed by wet weather, and when they were marketed many of the lower sorts were distinctly moist. They were, however, well grown and of good colour.

The oversea shipments from Australasia for the year ending 30th June, 1912, total 832,761,846 lb., as compared with 820,012,449 lb. in the previous year, an increase of 12,749,397 lb.

The shipment figures from each State compare as under with the previous season:—

 1911-12.1910-11.
Bales.lb.Bales.lb.
States—
   New South Wales897,551294,445,105923,831304,864,230
   Victoria562,287184,459,750501,835160,085,365
   Queensland288,51594,647,812281,35292,283,456
   South Australia176,98558,059,929174,63956,932,314
   Western Australia76,87425,218,51573,39527,449,730
   Tasmania18,3356,014,79620,3265,223,782
Commonwealth2,020,547662,845,9071,975,378646,838,877
New Zealand493,368169,915,939493,372173,173,572
Australasia2,513,915832,761,8462,468,750820,012,449

The average value per bale of all the wool sold in Australasia during the past twelve months was £11 15s. 5d., as compared with £12 10s. 4d. for the previous year. The average weight of wool to the bale was 332.1 lb in 1910-11, and 331.2 lb in 1911-12.

Table of Rates.

The following table setting out the prices ruling at the different auctions held at Christchurch is perhaps the best indication as to how values ruled at the New Zealand sales, as, naturally, with the same buyers attending in each centre and sales following one another at very short intervals, the position of the market was reflected at the various selling centres.

PRICES CURRENT AT THE CHRISTCHURCH SALES, SEASON 1911-12.
Description.November 16.December 12.January 5.February 8.
Per lb.Per lb.Per lb.Per lb.
d. d.d. d.d. d.d. d.
Merino—
   Super..11 to 11¾11 to 1210½ to 11½
   Medium8½ to 9½9 to 109 to 10½8½ to 9¾
Half-bred—
   Super10¼ to 1111 to 1311 to 1311 to 13¼
   Medium8½ to 109 to 10½9 to 10½8¾ to 10
   Inferior7¼ to 87½ to 8½7¾ to 8¾7½ to 8½
Crossbred—
   Super8 to 9½10 to 1110 to 11½..
   Medium7½ to 8½8½ to 9½8 to 97¾ to 8¾
   Inferior6½ to 7¼6¾ to 86¾ to 7½6¼ to 7
Pieces—
   Super7½ to 8¾8½ to 10¾8½ to 10½8¾ to 11
   Medium and Inferior4½ to 6½5 to 7¾5¾ to 85½ to 7½
AMOUNT OF WOOL USED FOR MANUFACTURING PURPOSES IN 1910.
United Kingdom492,000,000 pounds.
United States480,000,000 pounds.
France457,000,000 pounds.
Germany380,000,000 pounds.
Austria-Hungary132,000,000 pounds.
Italy57,000,000 pounds.
 1,998,000,000 pounds.

CATTLE

The cattle as enumerated in 1911 for each provincial district are given in the next table, and show an increase over the figures for 1908-9 of 246,845.

SUMMARY OF PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Provincial District.Bulls (all Ages).Dairy Cows (in Milk and Dry).Heifers to calve next Season intended for Dairying.All other Kinds.Totals.
Auckland13,114180,38659,411431,476684,387
Taranaki6,358134,24131,616125,945298,160
Hawke's Bay2,97631,4018,781140,040183,198
Wellington8,255114,74131,212272,036426,244
Marlborough5437,4571,98110,72120,702
Nelson1,14215,1484,08024,66945,039
Westland4186,6502,08815,45824,614
Canterbury2,83751,82911,50654,018120,190
Otago: Otago prtn.2,53646,3308,62047,269104,755
Otago Southland portion2,69145,55011,05053,591112,882
   Totals40,870633,733170,3451,175,2232,020,171

No comparison is possible with the 1908 figures, as the classification is not the same.

The large increase in cattle is fairly evenly distributed, the only district showing a decrease being the Otago portion of the Otago Provincial District. The following table shows the respective increases, &c., of the provincial districts:—

Provincial District.Increase.Decrease.
Auckland93,531..
Taranaki40,767..
Hawke's Bay15,907..
Wellington47,040..
Marlborough2,958..
Nelson7,827..
Westland2,954..
Canterbury19,273..
Otago: Otago portion..6,367
Otago Southland portion22,955..
   Totals253,2126,367
Total increase246,845 

Out of a total of 2,020,171 cattle, the North Island is shown to have had 1,591,989, or 79 per cent., while the South Island had 428,182, or 21 per cent. The dairy cows and heifers intended for dairying in the North Island numbered 591,789, or 74 per cent., and in the South Island 212,289, or 26 per cent.

The following table shows the number and weight of cattle slaughtered for food purposes each year since 1903-4, together with the weight of beef exported:—

Year ending 31st March.Cattle slaughtered for Food Purposes.Weight of Beef exported.
Number.Weight.
 Cwt.Cwt.
190499,037707,407181,905
190598,80705,764159,133
1906109,297780,514155,086
1907117,186837,043320,815
1908173,3361,238,114354,147
1909202,4731,446,235373,390
1910273,2691,951,921478,930
1911300,8002,148,571500,022
1912286,2561,955,400210,629
   Totals for 9 years1,660,46111,770,9692,734,057

In addition, it is estimated that 5,000 cattle, weighing 35,723 cwt. of beef, were killed by farmers for local consumption between 1903-4 and 1911-12. The weight of beef consumed within the Dominion during the nine years may thus be reckoned at 9,072,635 cwt. or an average of 121 lb. per person per annum, or, including Maoris, 115 lb. per annum.

In order to encourage dairy-farmers to improve the quality of their herds, the Government has imported purebred cattle of well-known milking strains, the progeny of which will be sold to the public from time to time.

To further encourage dairymen to improve their herds by testing the respective merits of individual cows, the Dairy-produce Division of the Department of Agriculture, with the co-operation of the Dale-field Dairy Company, established a cow-testing association amongst the members of that company in the spring of 1909. In the past many errors of judgment have been made in culling, and the object of the association is to grade the herds up to a higher producing capacity and to ensure more accurate information regarding the yield of individual cows. Dairymen cannot be certain of the respective merits of their individual cows unless the yield of milk and percentage of fat are both considered. The results proved satisfactory. clearly demonstrating the value of such associations, and since then several other cow-testing associations have been formed.

DAIRY-PRODUCE.

The Dairy Industry Act, 1908, is a consolidation of all previous legislation in force in New Zealand on the subject. The Act provides for the appointment of inspectors of dairy stock and factories or other places used for the manufacture of dairy-produce, and power is given to condemn or forbid their use, if necessary. The sale of unwholesome milk or other dairy-produce is prohibited, and provision is made for the inspection, grading, and shipping of all such produce exported. Provision is made for the framing of regulations for the registration of dairies, licensing of persons carrying on the manufacture or sale of the produce, registration of trade marks or brands, and for inspection and grading. A fine not exceeding £50 may be inflicted for any offence under this part of the Act.

Authority is given under Part II of the Act for Government advances to dairy companies, on the security of their assets, for the purposes of acquiring land, erecting buildings and machinery for carrying on the manufacture of dairy-produce. Loans are repayable by equal half-yearly instalments within fifteen years, and bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum.

Part III provides for the registration of co-operative dairy companies, and shareholders are protected in the event of certain contingencies.

The total quantity of butter exported during the year 1911 was 302,387 cwt. The estimated consumption in New Zealand at twenty pounds per head of population (including Maoris) per annum equals 190,132 cwt. Adding the quantity consumed locally to the quantity exported, the estimated total production of butter for the year would equal 492,519 cwt.

The estimated consumption of cheese for the year 1911, allowing three pounds per inhabitant, was 28,520 cwt., and the total

quantity exported was 439,174 cwt., making an estimated total production of 467,694 cwt. for the year. An appreciable quantity of cheese is made at private factories and dairies of which no record has been obtained.

The number of butter and cheese factories in each provincial district as in April, 1912, with the output for the previous year, is next shown:—

Provincial District.Number of Factories.Skimming-stations.Output.
Butter.Cheese.Butter.Cheese
 Tons.Tons.
Auckland48151309,821½990
Taranaki53571026,655½11,959
Hawke's Bay1112271,209½867
Wellington3041764,7964,490
Marlborough27..55624
Nelson746308½257
Westland51422159
Canterbury812361,676776
Otago and Southland875461,4316,641
   Totals, 191217222442726,17426,663
   Totals, 191118521843126,588½23,966
   Totals, 191018919441724,60½24,037
   Totals, 190919315241921,155½17,685
   Totals, 190819614743819,78215,514½
   Totals, 190721210946323,98910,312
   Totals, 19062118246022,466¼7,671
   Totals, 1905298..44822,108¼5,121
   Totals, 1904284..44420,7075,853½
   Totals, 1903272..38018,035¼5,038

In addition to the above, in April, 1912, there were 216 private dairies for butter and 17 for cheese, also 84 packing-houses.

HORSES.

The increase in horses is shown for six census years:—

Census Years.Number of Horses.Numerical Increase.Increase per Cent.
1880187,382....
1891211,04023,65812.63
1896237,41826,37812.50
1901266,24528,82712.14
1906326,53760,29222.65
1911404,28477,74723.81

At the enumeration made in April, 1911, the number of horses was found to have increased to 404,688 (including 404 mules and asses), for which particulars are given. It will be seen that the Provincial District of Auckland had by far the most horses, Otago and Canterbury following, Wellington taking fourth place.

SUMMARY OF TOTALS.
Provincial District.Entires (all Ages).Geldings over Two Years Old.Mares over Two Years Old.Colts and Fillies under Two Years Old.Total Horses (including Asses and Mules).

* The totals include 404 asses and mules for 1911, and 519 for 1908.

Increase for horses.. ..41,025.

Decrease for asses and mules.. ..115.

Auckland1,24548,55045,84319,578115,216
Taranaki18210,31911,9313,97926,411
Hawke's Bay28012,06312,0504,52428,917
Wellington59725,33126,5148,09060,532
Marlborough713,5263,7171,0848,398
Nelson1325,8045,9361,77613,648
Westland591,5441,5076693,779
Canterbury67829,52329,9669,84070,007
Otago: Otago portion37318,59119,5596,83945,362
Otago: Southland portion20113,13214,0815,00432,418
   Totals 19113,818168,383171,10461,383404,688*
19083,407155,586153,29851,487363,778*
Increase41112,79717,8069,89640,910

The export of horses from New Zealand during the year 1911 was: To Victoria, 1,888; New South Wales, 3,306; Tasmania, 5; Fiji, 222; Bengal, 5; United States, 1; and South Sea Islands, 44: a total of 5,471.

PROS AND ANGORA GOATS.

The following table shows the number of pigs and angora goats in the Dominion in 1911 compared with 1908. The angora goats, of which however there is not a large number, have more than doubled during the three years. Pigs have increased from 245,092 to 348,754, the rate of increase being 42 per cent for the period.

Provincial District.Pigs.Goats.
1911.1908.Increase.1911.1908Increase
Auckland96,53871,89524,6432,3498821,467
Taranaki50,66050,2653951,350368982
Hawke's Bay13,7008,7464,95437533639
Wellington56,57544,47212,10339345348
Marlborough6,7333,1463,587613265348
Nelson10,5636,8653,698709527182
Westland2,6061,78282419514
Canterbury63,20932,07336,13626964205
Otago: Otago portion25,49915,7739,72632..32
Otago: Southland portion17,67110,0757,5961028
   Totals348,754245,092103,6626,1192,4943,625

During the nine years ended 31st March, 1912, 822,518 pigs were slaughtered in New Zealand for food purposes, the weight of pork, bacon, and hams being 954,706 cwt. Very little of this was exported, and it is estimated that 93 per cent was consumed in the Dominion. Figures showing the slaughter for each of the nine years are given:—

Year ending 31st March.Number of Pigs.Weight of Pork, Bacon, and Hams.
 Cwt.
190423,07626,784
190534,00739,472
190667,02577,797
190772,57384,236
1908100,731116,920
1909108,498125,935
1910139,810162,279
1911113,491131,730
1912163,307189,553

POULTRY.

Poultry-farming as an organized industry in New Zealand is as yet in its infancy, but as population increases and a better knowledge of the business is acquired it will no doubt assume the position

it occupies at present in older countries. It can be conducted profitably as an adjunct to other branches of farming, particularly wheat-growing and dairying.

An expert is employed by the State for the purpose of giving instruction as to the best methods of breeding and rearing. Three breeding-stations have been established—at Ruakura, near Auckland; Burnham, near Christchurch; and Milton, near Dunedin— where a limited number of students are received and instructed. No charge is made for teaching, but all other expenses must be borne by the student. Full particulars as to conditions, &c., are obtainable from the managers at the stations, or on application to the Department.

The annual output of poultry and eggs has so far been disposed of locally and to ocean-going steamers, the export being practically nil. An account was taken at the census of 1911 of the number of each kind of poultry kept at the time the record was obtained, with the following result:—

 Number.
Fowls3,214,045
Ducks329,163
Turkeys77,884
Geese45,311
Other kinds5,554
       Total3,691,957

BEE-FARMING.

In order to encourage the above industry model apiaries have been established at Ruakura and Waerenga in charge of expert beekeepers, whose duties include the instruction of persons desirous of becoming students of bee culture.

Intending students should make application to the Department of Agriculture to be allowed to enter the above apiaries. There is no distinction as to sex nor limit as to age. The student must find and bear the expense of accommodation in the neighbourhood of the farm attended, and upon entering must sign an undertaking to attend regularly and observe the rules laid down by the instructor. At the end of the season students are examined, and if found competent to undertake commercial bee-keeping are given a certificate to that effect.

At the census of 1911 it was ascertained that there were at that time 11,002 bee-keepers and 71,584 hives in New Zealand. The output of honey for the previous year was stated at 1,457,272 lb. and of wax at 28,061 lb.

The quantity of honey exported during 1911 was 151,691 lb., valued at £2,988, the United Kingdom taking 144,981 lb., valued at £2,824.

Chapter 18. SECTION XIV.—AGRICULTURE.

IN this section will be found the latest statistical information collected relating to agriculture in New Zealand. Remarks on the progress of agriculture in the Dominion, in respect of all its features in detail, are supplied in the special article devoted to the subject, which appears in Part III (Section I).

Up to and including the 1908-9 season, complete agricultural statistics were collected annually, the plan adopted being similar to that used in the United Kingdom, the account of land laid down in crop being ascertained at an early date, while statistics of produce were made up after the results of threshing were known.

For the 1909-10 season full statistics were not collected, but the area under the principal grain and root crops was ascertained and an estimate made of the yields.

In conjunction with the census of 1911, complete statistics were collected by the Government Statistician, covering the 1910-11 season, but on account of the heavy cost of collection involved it has not yet been decided to resume the annual collection of complete agricultural and pastoral statistics. The present arrangement, which is more or less experimental, is for complete and accurate statistics to be collected only three times in ten years, and for other seasons returns of the principal grain and root crops are to be obtained from farmers through the post. The figures for 1911-12 contained in this section are the result of a collection obtained by the latter method, and may be taken as fairly reliable estimates only.

YIELDS OK WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY, AND POTATOES FOR 1910-11.—SUMMARY OF PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS, ALSO TOTAL YIELDS, 1911-12.

Provincial District.Wheat.*Oats.*Barley.*Potatoes.
Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Produce, in Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Produce, in Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Produce, in Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Tons.Total Produce, in Tons.

* For threshing only.

Auckland1,5522538,8005,44430163,3201,0923336,0364,910419,640
Taranaki7352719,8452,6633285,2166573824,96650652,530
Hawke's Bay1,2612227,7425,77829167,5621,2834152,6031,2455.56,847
Wellington6,44328180,40415,56934529,3461,3224255,5242,3175.512,743
Marlborough2,9482882,5443,00336108,10811,89125297,27551352,565
Nelson5,46627147,5827,12029206,4803,2042683,3048964.54,032
Westland......234337,722......425210
Canterbury229,876265,976,776112,673313,492,8639,56527258,2559,435547,175
Otago—
   Otago portion62,171231,429,93365,542301,966,2603,5742589,3506,1244.527,558
   Southland portion11,71533386,59584,801403,392,0409033329,7993,035618,210
     Totals 1910-11322,16725.738,290,221302,82733.4110,118,91733,49127.68927,11229,0234.87141,510
     Totals 1911-12215,52833.697,261,138403,66840.7119,662,66831,64439.651,254,68428,2485.13144,912

The following table shows the acreage and actual yield of corn and pulse crops, grasses, &c., for the last 10 years.

TOTALSFOR DOMINION.
Year.Wheat.*Oats.*Barley.*Rye.*Maize.*
Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.

* For threshing only.

1902-3194,35538.377,457,915483,6594521,766,70827,92140.691,130,2321,2793038,37012,03850.48607,609
1903-4230,34634.267,391,654391,64038.5715,107,23734,68133.461,160,5041,1761719,99211,15647.53530,291
1904-5258,01535.369,123,673342,18942.5314,553,61129,48438.261,128,1641,1292831,01210,08448.63490,405
1905-6222,18330.606,798,934354,29135.3612,707,98229,64434.541,024,0451,3973863,08010,48560.39633,212
1906-7206,18527.185,605,252351,92931.8311,201,78933,30531.081,035,3461,2983241,5368,86945.83406,491
1907-8193,03128.845,567,139386,88538.8215,021,86136,17732.151,163,4062,95823.970,7028,80956.74503,301
1908-9252,39134.758,772,790406,90846.4618,906,78848,85339.671,938,4523,5062691,15611,52261.95713,838
1909-10311,000288,661,100377,00013713,804,00041,500311,304,000............
1910-11322,16725.738,290,221302,82733.4110,118,91733,49127.68927,1124,39524.18106,27113,05743.64569,807
1911-12215,52833.697,261,138403,6688.7119,662,66831,64439.651,254,684......6,09445.66278,252
Year.Peas.*Beans.*Rye-grams.Cocksfoot.Potatoes.
Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in B'ls of 201b.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Pounds.Total Pounds.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Tons.Total Tons.

* For threshing only.

1902-38,60034.96300,6753,03729.7190,34627,88120.69576,93127,884243.396,786,844'31,4086.15193,267
1903-410,32830.15311,4122,64629.6478,42129,35022.43658,28029,590176.705,228,57231,7786.57208,787
1904-511,42633.09378,1952,54535.3489,90431,66223.95758,38739,707223.908,890,77526,3315.11134,608
1905-613,21129.89394,9032,05433.2168,22230,62632.23987,24337,039237.118,783,57126,8344.59123,402
1900-711,51929.21336,4521,96037.3973,29925,89322.37579,39931,633183.195,795,91531,2895.42169,875
1907-88,41628.78242,2451,16837.643,92340,43528.691,160,41328,731144.374,147,90227,0355.28142,990
1908-96,99342.77299,1621,25141.6552,11050,12632.531,630,61532,705141.354,721,15929,9196.52195,206
1909-10............56,550331,894,65029,5001514,451,00030,5006180,509
1910-1114,82934.50511,6001,79840.1372,15046,700251,167,65041,9181405,808,52029,0234.87141,510
1911-1219,94632.38645,851......77,53528.362,198,89338,297182.126,974,650128,2485.13144,912

AREA IN CULTIVATION AND IN OCCUPATION, 1910-11.

Provincial District.In Grain and Pulse Crops.In Green and Root Crops.In Fallow Land.In Sown Grasses: Land ploughed. (For all purposes.)In Sown Grasses: Laud not ploughed. (For all purposes.)In Hay: Area included in two Previous Columns.In Orchard and Vineyard.In Garden. (Market and Private.)In Plantation. (Not Native Bush.)Total Area in Cultivation.In Tussock or Native Grass, and Unimproved Land.Total Area in Occupation.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland52,81157,50256,201802,2022,541,99910,89012,0353,43520,4013,540,0404,222,4027,709,048
Taranaki11,98423,9823,274211,189793,38512,3979536101,3321,046,709311,5021,358,271
Hawke's Bay22,81935,5737,281350,9251,405,5433,8742,4211,0983,8101,835,4701,375,6163,211,086
Wellington49,32758,7997,183357,9802,699,66410,1493,6462,7455,4033,184,8071,249,9484,434,755
Marlborough30,34411,6143,189100,255421,8981,2435922721,927576,0911,804,0182,440.109
Nelson32,07118,4755,445139,318418,0632,5944,8946624,544623,4721,690,0442,314,110
Westland6681,5247789,90373,768470208851486,948874,120961.008
Canterbury474,503228,93664,7081,455,519507,4466,3443,9433,71518,1122,756,8823,830,7056.587,587
Otago—
   Otago portion193,994136,99540,220818,416227,3465,9273,0811,6856,8511,428,5886,509,3647,997,952
   Southland portion141,301140,28221,694748,459125,4032,7129608521,3201,180,2771,983,8573,164,134
   Totals1,015,822713,682209,9735,000,2209,214,51562,60032,73315,15963,78016,265,89023,972,23640,238,126
County.Total under Crop.Fallow Land.In Sown Grasses, Land ploughed.In Surface Sown Grasses, Land not ploughed.In Orchard and Vineyard.In Garden.Plantation.Total Area under Cultivation.
Acres.Acres.Acres.AcresAcres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
North Island
Whakatane2,16281111,67225,58283181440,342
Opotiki3,42731915,66958,092118322877,685
Waiapu5,05769654273,575303131279,447
Cook9,87252931,699467,904378194199510,775
Waikohu2,3001515,088320,597573686328,315
Clifton2,77231517,60195,3101094224116,173
Taranaki9,3021,12253,259101,095341245462165,826
Egmont4,17021218,57973,363843313496,575
Stratford5,68029514,226141,2868479105161,755
Whangamomona129141,16373,7963617575,160
Eltham3,12941211,27073,152745610088,193
Waimate West2,62924618,09324,60840256945,710
Hawera2,62119030,72759,921715819393,781
Patea5,53446846,271150,85411455240203,536
Wairoa6,62634214,655393,58110357144415,508
Hawke's Bay19,9493,173169,151290,2991,7786411,783486,774
Waipawa16,7261,67357,644152,00711683706228,955
Waipukurau3,18928626,86212,873435926743,579
Patangata3,91449468,273247,2757160655320,742
Dannevirke4,79673513,958161,874123135138181,759
Weber27118559961,48323115162,623
Woodville2,9213935,78386,151164526695,530
Pahiatua2,0252194,663149,539208111116156,881
Akitio54222719137,488502668138,915
Eketahuna1,311591,49971,88170357174,926
Waimarino1,1974266171,36329289973,419
Kaitieke4471433632,1383922232,998
Waitotara3,04029124,429103,5841848290131,700
Wanganui3,82841517,772207,759219304332230,629
Rangitikei23,6801,14174,352324,036470289975424,943
Kiwitea4,4002699,402160,47113760157174,896
Pohangina1,5231471,98994,32997196398,167
Oroua7,86061317,82984,05824894164110,866
Manawatu13,45385046,74152,596186186545114,557
Kairanga4,36147721,48566,50142217531193,732
Horowhenua4,95746112,090105,251342259224123,584
Masterton12,49882236,939317,066209276449368,259
Mauriceville520301,59545,1183382747,331
Castlepoint479103,640114,6563020154118,989
Wairarapa South7,85329124,930149,52514461255183,059
Featherston12,19679049,993246,9183051511,130311,483
Hutt1,2881124,931104,507191446127111,602
Makara6681081,98560,880339310463,871
   Totals for North island312,79773,9391,728,3567,440,59119,0557,88831,0069,613,632
South Island.
Sounds3602150391,58064173592,580
Marlborough43,6462,63172,616266,9144722201,805388,304
Kaikoura3,95253727,13663,40456358795,207
Collingwood175401,92119,8997619422,134
Takaka1,1003525,17633,56118716740,399
Waimea23,4622,40632,876185,7104,215409532249,610
Buller192952,00615,72015550318,221
Inangahua4412564,5278,2307241113,568
Murchison51316477828,0944512329,609
Amuri15,1351,81353,32980,58157703,298154,283
Cheviot9,52831938,70546,268874569695,648
Grey8633216,47124,51412847..32,344
Westland1,3294573,43249,25480381454,604
Waipara23,5091,943101,688102,9636774902231,146
Tawere5,44094910,22415,337171714032,124
Ashley74,5676,041174,28775,6993923101,099332,395
Selwyn21,3482,03865,0533,86939511,55293,950
Waimairi4,93153112,0821,35461265522020,385
Malvern51,4624,02994,0352,1141151382,190154,083
Paparua15,49094717,19375811411219034,804
Heathcote4222633,8852,3332773921467,718
Halswell3,2631529,3553,6786911319316,823
Springs13,0551,49724,5502,675454818642,056
Ellesmere32,9822,52850,9051,3352157879788,840
Mount Herbert.310458,59920,348901210929,513
Akaroa62..8,37988,8001445816497,607
Wairewa2,4041228,76452,545563315464,078
Ashburton203,66114,542408,83022,1824275865,71655,944
Geraldine67,7055,654133,78447,8423013111,769257,366
Levels52,7605,72274,0336,989323290922141,039
Mackenzie24,0221,60961,54619,63815052572107,589
Waimate106,04616,096188,32736,9874903851,091349,422
Waitaki85,5299,707179,41253,251390313986329,588
Waihemo12,64855433,5619,880544910756,853
Waikouaiti6,66946519,06442,37814613216469,018
Taieri25,5512,11981,37816,300302368401126,419
Peninsula1,3751082,83913,129501697017,740
Bruce42,9683,21598,1779,241131135447154,314
Clutha62,7286,038168,88541,947191151519280,459
Tuapeka44,9473,308113,03326,1539981413,377191,957
Vincent13,0656,58033,1224,177664755957,742
Lake12,2563,99217,1647,670918421641,473
Maniototo23,2534,13471,7813,2206468505103,025
Southland218,26014,776574,68667,454778705977877,636
Wallace and Fiord63,3186,918173,77256,276179143346300,952
Stewart Island5..11,6733431,689
   Totals for South Island1,416,707136,0343,271,8701,773,92413,6787,27132,7746,652,258
   Totals for Dominion1,729,504209,9735,000,2269,214,51532,73315,15963,78016,265,890

Wheat.

The wheat harvest of 1912 showed an average yield of 33.69 bushels per acre, the crop realized being 7,261,138 bushels, against 8,290,221 bushels in 1911. The estimated area under wheat for threshing decreased from 322,167 acres in 1911, to 215,528 acres in 1912.

The area under wheat for grain, the estimated gross produce in bushels, and the average yield per acre for each of the last ten years were,—

Season.Land under Wheat.Estimated Gross Produce.Average Yield per Acre.
 Acres.Bushels.Bushels.
1902-3194,3557,457,91538.37
1903-4230,3467,891,65434.26
1904-5258,0159,123,67335.36
1905-6222,9656,798,93430.60
1906-7206,1355,605,25227.18
1907-8193,0315,567,13928.84
1908-9252,3918,772,79034.75
1909-10311,0008,661,10028.00
1910-11322,1678,290,22125.73
1911-12215,5287,261,13833.69

The following shows the area in wheat, and the estimated produce, in each State of the Commonwealth of Australia for the season 1910-11:—

State.Wheat-crop.
Acres.Bushels.Bushels per Acre.
New South Wales2,128,82627,913,54713.11
Victoria2,398,08934,813,01914.52
Queensland106,7181,022,3739.58
South Australia2,104,71924,344,76011.57
Western Australia581,8625,897,54010.14
Tasmania52,2421,120,74421.45
   Totals for Commonwealth7,372,45695,111,98312.90

The Wheat-crop of the World.

The official estimate of the wheat-crop of the world for the years 1906-7 to 1910-11 is as follows:—

THE WHEAT-CROPOFTHE WOLD (In Quarters of 480 lb., 000 omitted).
Country.1910-11.1909-10.1908-9.1907-8.1906-7.

* Including Slavonia and Croatia.

† Including Poland and Siberia.

 Qrs.Qrs.Qrs.Qrs.Qrs.
Austria6,8506,8007,8006,3007,200
Hungary*22,75014,19020,80016,75025,900
Belgium1,6501,7501,7501,9501,750
Bulgaria6,1506,0005,5004,5005,150
Denmark550500500500500
France33,55043,50038,50047,50041,000
Germany17,75017,20017,27015,93518,000
Greece850750750750750
Holland550750600650600
Italy19,15019,00018,25021,00020,000
Portugal750500400400500
Roumania13,8507,0006,7005,35013,600
Russia100,00097,60071,00063,67563,300
Servia1,2501,9001,7501,4001,850
Spain17,20013,00013,50012,75017,500
Sweden950700725725750
Switzerland450550500500500
Turkey (in Europe)3,7505,0005,0003,5005,000
United Kingdom7,3007,8006,7507,2507,580
   Totals for Europe255,300244,490218,045211,385231,430
Algeria4,5504,0003,5003,8904,250
Tunis8501,0007501,2501,250
Argentine Republic16,40018,00020,15024,30019,100
Australasia12,80011,0009,5006,00010,000
Asia Minor5,0005,0004,0003,5005,000
Canada17,50021,00015,75010,50015,400
Cape Colony500500500500500
Chile2,9502,5002,5001,8001,750
Egypt3,1251,5001,2501,5001,500
India44,75035,37035,40027,75039,700
Persia2,0003,5003,5004,0003,500
Syria4,0004,0003,5003,0003,000
United States of America87,00092,00083,00079,00091,000
Uruguay1,1501,2501,2501,000800
Mexico1,2501,0001,0001,0001,000
Japan2,5503,0002,9002,8002,745
   Totals out of Europe206,375204,620188,450171,790200,495
Grand totals461,675449,110406,495383,175431,925

Consumption of Wheat.

The normal yearly consumption of wheat per head of population in New Zealand has been estimated at 6 bushels, and the quantity required for seed at 2 bushels to the acre. On this basis and assuming that the area to be sown in 1912 will be about the same as in 1911, the quantity needed during the year 1912 for human consumption

and as seed for the season's crop is estimated to be nearly 7,000,000 bushels.

The difficulty of correctly computing the consumption of bread- stuffs is shown by the great differences in the estimates arrived at.

The average quantity required per head of the population (exclusive of that used for seed) has been calculated at 6.3 bushels for Western Australia, and 5 bushels for Victoria, by statisticians in those States.

The following is the average annual consumption of wheat per inhabitant in some of the principal countries of the world:—

United Kingdom5.6 bushels.
Canada6.6
France8.1
Germany3.0
Russia2.1
Italy5.4
United States4.5

The English consumption during the last thirty years appears to have ranged from 5½ to 6 bushels per head of population.

Oats.

The estimated extent of land in oats sown for grain in 1911-12 was 403,668 acres, against 302,827 acres in the preceding year. The breadth of land in oats for chaffing, ensilage, or feeding down in 1910-11 was 290,569 acres.

The yield per acre was, in 1911, 33.41 bushels, and in 1912 48.71 bushels, and the quantity of grain produced was 10,118,917 bushels and 19,662,668 bushels for the respective years. In view of the fact that both acreage and average yield greatly exceeded those of the previous season, the 1912 oat harvest must be regarded as a very successful one, the total yield being greater than in any year since 1903.

The oat-crop for 1910-11 in the States of the Commonwealth of Australia and for 1911-12 in New Zealand was as follows:—

 Acres.Bushels.Average per Acre.
New South Wales77,9911,702,70621.83
Victoria392,6819,699,12724.70
Queensland2,53750,46919.89
South Australia77,6741,136,61814.63
Western Australia61,918776,23312.54
Tasmania63,8872,063,30332.30
New Zealand403,66819,662,66848.71

The quantity of oats obtained in 1912 in New Zealand is seen to have exceeded the total yield of Australia for the previous season by 4,234,212 bushels.

Maize.

The returns for 1911-12 show that there were 6,094 acres sown for grain, less than half the area for the previous season (13,057 acres). The yield in 1911 was 569,807 bushels of corn, an average

of 43.64 bushels per acre, and in 1912, 278,252 bushels, an average of 45.66 bushels per acre. Maize is grown only in the North Island, with the exception of a few acres. In 1911-12, the Provincial District of Auckland had 4.691 acres; Hawke's Bay, 294 acres; Taranaki, 399 acres; and Wellington, 590 acres. Small acreages are found in nearly all the counties of the Auckland, Taranaki. and Hawke's Bay Districts.

Barley.

The estimated area under barley (for threshing) for the season 1911-12 was 31,644 acres, the crop being estimated at 1,254,684 bushels, an average yield per acre of 39-65 bushels. In 1910-11 the area under barley was 33,491 acres, and the yield 927,112 bushels, or 27.68 bushels per acre.

Rye.

There were 4,395 acres in rye, yielding 106,271 bushels, or at the rate of 24.18 bushels per acre, in 1910-11. No figures are available for 1911-12

Peas and Beans.

The area under peas for threshing in the season 1910-11 was 14,829 acres, yielding 511,600 bushels, or an average of 34-50 bushels per acre. The area in 1911-12 was 19,946 acres, the average yield per acre 32.38 bushels, and the total yield 645,851 bushels.

There were 1,798 acres under beans in 1910-11, giving a return of 72,150 bushels, the average being 40.13 bushels per acre. No returns were collected in 1911-12.

Potatoes.

The area under potatoes was 28,248 acres in 1911-12, yielding a return of 144,912 tons, or at a rate of 5-13 tons per acre, against 29,023 acres in 1910-11 and 141,510 tons (or 487 tons per acre).

The following table shows the average yield per acre of potatoes in each of the Australian States and New Zealand during the past five years:—

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACREOF POTATOES, 1906-7 to 1910-1.1.
State.1906-7.1907-8.1908-9.1909-10.1910-11.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
New South Wales3.121.752.732.802.72
Victoria3.012.503.192.802.60
Queensland1.971.671.851.761.88
South Australia2.252.242.672.283.06
Western Australia2.223.063.303.423.27
Tasmania5.313.773.463.462.67
Commonwealth3.462.623.072.822.64
New Zealand5.425.286.526.004.87

A comparison of the gross yield of potatoes with the amount exported in each of twelve years showed that for such period an average of 597 lb. per head of population was consumed. Allowing for waste, pig-feed, and seed, the average amount retained for human consumption was found to be 449 lb. a head.

Turnips, &c.

Turnips and rape form a most important crop in a sheep-breeding country such as New Zealand, and in 1892 the area of land under this crop amounted to 422,359 acres. The returns for 1898 gave only 470,582 acres, but for the 1911-12 season 653,893 acres (440,202 acres in turnips and 213,691 acres in rape) were set down as under these crops.

Hops.

There were 653 acres under hops in 1910-11, as against 688 acres at the previous collection. No account of the produce has been taken for some years, but in 1895 the yield was 7,556 cwt.

Of the land under hops in 1910-11, 605 acres were in the Waimea County and 14 in Takaka, both in the Provincial District of Nelson. The import of hops in 1911 amounted to 468 cwt., and the exports, the produce of the Dominion, to 1,833 cwt.

Tobacco.

The growing of tobacco does not progress in New Zealand. In 1889, 34 acres were being cultivated; in 1890, 25 acres; in 1891, 16 acres; in 1892, 6 acres; in 1893, 4 acres; in 1894, 4 acres; and in 1895, 5 acres, producing 1,599 lb. of dried leaf. Statistics of this crop have not been taken since 1895.

Gardens and Orchards.

The extent of land in garden in 1910-11 was 15,159 acres, of which 10,400 acres were private gardens and 4,759 acres market gardens. In plantations of forest trees there were 63,780 acres.

There were 31,953 acres in orchard in 1910-11, an increase of 3,399 acres on the area so returned at the previous collection, and 780 acres were returned as “vineyard,” as against 663 acres in 1908-9. No account of the produce of orchards has yet been taken. The fruit-crop is supplemented by a considerable import from the Australian States and Fiji.

Sown Grasses and Seeds.

New Zealand is essentially suited for grazing purposes. Wherever there is light and moisture English grasses thrive when the natural bush and fern are cleared off—in fact, the white clover gradually overcomes the fern; and, from the mildness of the winter season, there are few places where there is not some growth, even in the coldest months of the year. In all parts of the Dominion stock live, although in varying condition, without other food than

such as they can pick up. Sown-grass land, as might be expected, heads the list of cultivations.

At the beginning of the year 1911 there ware 14,214,741 acres under artificial grasses. Of these, 5,000,226 acres had been previously ploughed, while 9,214,515 acres had not been ploughed. Much of the latter area was bush or forest land, sown down in grass after the timber had been wholly or partially burnt off.

The area under ryegrass for seed in the season 1911-12 was 77,535 acres, yielding 2,198,893 bushels of 20 lb., or a rate of 28.36 bushels per acre.

In cocksfoot there were 38,297 acres, which yielded 6,974,650 lb., or an average of 182.12 lb. per acre. The area in the previous season was 41,918 acres, and the total yield 5,868,520 lb., the average yield per acre being 140 lb.

Seeds for sowing pasture lands are used much as in Great Britain, the following being a common mixture: Perennial ryegrass, 25 lb. to 30 lb. per acre; cocksfoot, 2 lb.; alsike, 2 lb.; timothy, 3 lb.; cowgrass, 2 lb.; red clover, 2 lb.; white clover, 2 lb.; rape, 1 lb.: total, 39 lb. to 44 lb. per acre. Pastures are renewed at intervals of from four to eight years, according to the nature of the land.

The following shows the acreage in sown grasses in each State of Australia and in New Zealand for the 1910-11 season:—

 Acres.
New South Wales1,055,303
Victoria991,195
Queenslandl40,196
South Australia26,416
Western Australia8,348
Tasmania493,233
New Zealand14,214,741

It will be observed that the acreage of land under sown grasses is far greater in New Zealand than in the whole of Australia and Tasmania. When compared in size with the States of Australia, New Zealand is not large—about one-thirtieth of their total area—but in respect of grazing capabilities the relative importance of this country is much greater. Australia is generally unsuitable, owing to conditions of climate, for the growth of English grasses, and the amount of feed produced by the natural grasses throughout the year is very much less per acre than is obtained from the sown-grass lands in New Zealand; indeed, it may be said that the average productiveness of grass-land is about nine times as great here as in Australia, or, in other words, that land in New Zealand covered with English grasses may be considered equal for grazing purposes to an area of Australian land about nine times as great.

In addition to the artificially sown pastures, the returns for 1910-11 show that 23,972,236 acres of unimproved land, including that in tussock or native grass, belonged to the occupied holdings, and were available for stock-feeding by the sheep-farmers and cattle- farmers.

Chapter 19. SECTION XV.—GOVERNMENT VALUATION OF LAND.

PRIOR to the passing of the Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896 (now incorporated in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908), there was an entire absence of uniformity in the system of making valuations of land for Governmental purposes. Each lending Department employed a separate set of local valuers for valuing mortgage securities. The Land-tax Department periodically employed a small army of temporary valuers when it required a new valuation of land for taxation purposes, and each local authority had its own particular method of making up its roll for the levying of rates.

All values required by the Government Departments mentioned below and by local bodies, whether for loan, taxation, or other purposes, are now made by valuers employed by the State. These valuers work upon the one system laid down by statutory enactment, and are responsible to the Government alone. They receive a regular salary, and when valuing for loan purposes are not dependent for their remuneration upon the good-will of the person whose property they are valuing.

Under the existing law the Valuer-General is required to prepare valuation rolls, showing the selling-value of all land in the Dominion.

Briefly stated, the following are the chief purposes for which the roll values may be used:—

  1. As a basis on which loans may be granted by—

    1. The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office.

    2. The Public Trust Office.

    3. The Government Insurance Office.

    4. The Post Office.

    5. The Commissioners of Public Debt Sinking Funds.

    6. Such other public offices as the Governor from time to time directs.

    7. Trustees and investors.

  2. As a basis for the advancement of loans to local bodies by the State-guaranteed Advances Office.

  3. As a basis for the levying of land-tax and local rates.

  4. As a basis on which to assess stamp duty and duty on deceased persons' estates.

  5. For the guidance of the Land Purchase Board when acquiring land under the Land for Settlements Act or the Public Works Act on behalf of the Government.

  6. For the guidance of all who may desire to ascertain the selling-value of any piece of and for investment, mortgage, or other purpose.

In view of the many and diverse purposes for which the roll values may he used, it is of the utmost importance that these values should be neither above nor below the fair market price, and it is as much to the interest of the owner as it is to that of the Department that the “unimproved value,” “value of the improvements,” and “ capital value “ of every property should be accurately entered in the roll.

The Act states that the “unimproved value of any piece of land means the sum which the owner's estate or interest therein, if unencumbered by any mortgage or other charge thereon, and if no improvements existed on that particular piece of land, might be expected to realize at the time of valuation if offered for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions as a bona fide seller might be expected to require.”

There are few terms used in connection with land-valuation which are more imperfectly understood than the term “unimproved value.” Some interpret the term to mean the original value of the land at the time when it was in its unimproved state, while others understand it to mean the present value, assuming all the land in the district to be unimproved. Neither of these interpretations is correct. The increased value attaching to any piece of land due to the successful working of other lands in the district, or to progressive works effected by the State, the general prosperity of the country, high markets for produce, &c., forms portion of the unimproved value under the New Zealand law. Any increased value, however, which is represented by the improvements effected by the individual possessor does not form part of the unimproved value.

Land-tax is levied on the unimproved value, and so also are the local rates in districts where the rating on unimproved values system is in force. It is therefore particularly necessary that uniformity of unimproved values should be studied by the valuer, otherwise one owner would be rated unfairly in comparison with his neighbour.

The definition of “improvements” and “value of improvements” is as follows:—

“'Improvements' on land means all work actually done or material used thereon by the expenditure of capital or labour by any owner or occupier of the land, nevertheless in so far only as the effect of such work or material used is to increase the value of the land, and the benefit thereof is unexhausted at the time of valuation; but shall not include work done or material used on or for the benefit of land by the Crown or by any statutory public body, unless such work has been paid for by the contribution of the owner or occupier for that purpose: Provided that the payment

of rates or taxes shall not be deemed to be a contribution within the meaning of this definition.”

“'Value of improvements' means the sum by which the improvements upon an owner's land increases its value: Provided that the value of improvements shall in no case be deemed to be more than the cost of such improvements estimated at the time of valuation, exclusive of the cost of repairs and maintenance.”

Subject to the limitations contained in the above definition, all buildings, fences, planting, draining, private roads and water-races, clearing, permanent grassing, and other work of a permanent nature effected upon land are improvements.

The valuer must be guided, when valuing details of improvements, by the terms of the above definitions, and it is necessary, therefore, that the limitations referred to should be considered in detail. Anything which can be valued as an improvement must in the first place be effected upon the land which is benefited by that improvement. A public road may be made by an owner for the purpose of increasing the value of his laud. This road would not be valued as an improvement, as it is not on the land and is not included in the area which is valued. Were the road a private one, however, such as a farmer would make through his farm for the convenient working of his holding, it would be included in the total area valued, and would then be also valued as an improvement. Improvements can only be valued to the extent to which they increase the selling-value of the land. Sometimes an owner will expend his capital and labour injudiciously, and the result will prove detrimental to the land instead of being an improvement. Some lauds hold grass better without being first ploughed than they do after the plough. The effect of ploughing in such cases would not be to improve the selling-value. Some improvements, such as ornamental shrubbery, orchards, lawns, wineries, &c., rarely increase the selling- value to the full extent of their cost, and are therefore valued accordingly.

The definition also states that no work can be considered an improvement if the benefit is exhausted at the time of valuation. The Government lends money on the security of improvements, and it is obvious that if exhausted improvements were included in the valuation the security would be a very poor one.

Draining and orchards are improvements which frequently become exhausted. As long as a drain is effective and acts as a drain it necessarily adds to the selling-value and is an improvement; but an open drain which was cut many years ago and has become filled in and grassed over, owing to the necessity for it having passed away, would be considered as exhausted.

From the foregoing it will be seen that it devolves upon a valuer to ascertain carefully the condition of an improvement before estimating its value.

The expenditure of loan-moneys by the Crown or by public bodies is for the benefit of the community or district, and not for the exclusive benefit of any individual or holding.

It would be beyond the powers of any valuer to apportion the value of a public street, railway, telegraph-line, or, in fact, any public work amongst the different holdings which derived benefit from that work.

The amount at which improvements must be valued is defined by the Act as the sum by which they increase the selling-value of the land, provided that the value must not exceed the cost, although it may be below the cost. The cost of an improvement is not necessarily its selling-value, as its suitability and condition must be taken into consideration.

Machinery, whether fixed to the soil or not, is not an improvement, and it is not included in the capital value. The buildings containing the machinery would, however, be valued as an improvement.

“Capital value” is defined as follows:—

“'Capital value' of land means the sum which the owner's estate or interest therein, if unencumbered by any mortgage or other charge thereon, might be expected to realize at the time of valuation if offered for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions as a bona fide seller might be expected to require.”

The fair selling-value in the open market represents the capital value, but not necessarily the auction value or value derivable at a forced sale. The valuer is required to exercise special care in fixing the capital value at such a sum as will be fair to both the borrower and the lender should the property be offered as a security.

Uniformity of capital values is of the utmost importance. Land of similar quality and position should be valued uniformly, whether in a large or a small holding.

Ratepayers frequently complain that their rates will be unduly increased when values are raised. This is not a matter which the Department has any right to consider, however much it may sympathize. Its duties under the Act are to make a roll of selling-values for various purposes. The responsibility of fixing the rate for local rating purposes rests entirely with the local body, and, if the selling- values in a district are high, it is within the power of the ratepayers themselves to see that a moderate rate is struck.

It may not be out of place to mention the relative numbers of the land-tax and local ratepayers within New Zealand, from which it will be seen that the number of persons who are interested in the amount of rate annually struck by the local body far exceeds the number who are interested in the amount of land-tax annually fixed by Parliament. There are approximately 150,000 holders of land. The total number of land-tax payers is only 35,273, while practically every holder pays local rates.

The foregoing remarks apply when valuing land, whether it is leased or not; but in the case of lands which are leased on terms favourable to the lessee the valuer has, in addition, the important duty of determining what proportion of the value belongs to the owner and what proportion to the lessee.

The principle on which lessees' and sublessees' interests are to be determined is contained in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908.

Special provision is contained in the Act for adjusting the relative interests of owner and lessee year by year, and this adjustment will always be made by the Valuer-General on application.

When the values appearing on a roll become out of date a revision takes place, but before any revised values can take effect the district must be gazetted for revision by Order in Council. There is no fixed period between one revision and another. The necessity for revision depends upon whether or not the roll values are correct.

When a revision of a district is ordered, the valuer makes a thorough overhaul of the unimproved values as well as the values of improvements and capital values. During the period intervening between revisions the Valuer-General cannot alter the unimproved values of the roll entries unless the owner pays a fee to cover the cost and demands a revaluation of his property, or in case of an admitted error having taken place. During this intervening period, however, the Valuer-General may keep values up to date by adding the value of improvements which have been put on since the revision, or by deducting the value of those taken away.

If additional improvements have been effected to a property prior to the 31st March in any year, they can be rated for the then ensuing year commencing on the 1st April. If they have been effected after the 31st March, however, they cannot be rated until the 1st April of the following year. The same rule applies to changes in occupancy. The person who is occupier on the 31st March is placed on the roll for the rates for the ensuing year, but if a person enters into possession after the 31st March his name is not entered up until the 1st April succeeding the date of occupation. Rolls are thus corrected in respect to occupancy and improvements as at the 31st March in each year, but the unimproved values must remain until a complete revision is ordered by the Governor in Council. The local authority is empowered by the Act to amend its rating roll in respect to the occupancy of land, but cannot amend values on its own authority. When a property becomes subdivided the Valuer- General divides the existing value on the roll proportionately. No alteration is made in any entry on the roll without giving the owner and occupier due notice, in order that they may object, if necessary, but the omission to give such notice does not invalidate an assessment.

It has been said that roll values are used as a guide to Government Departments when lending money. On receipt of an application

for a loan the lending Department is supplied with a copy of the existing roll value of the security. The lending Boards, however, usually require that the security should be again inspected by the valuer before they grant the loan. This necessitates a revaluation of the property, but such revaluation is not used for either taxation or rating purposes. Since the system came into force these revaluations for loan purposes have, in almost every case, exceeded the values entered on the roll.

When the values in a district have been revised the new roll is lodged for inspection at some public office, and an advertisement in the papers calls the attention of the public to the fact, so that every person interested may inspect it. At the same time every owner and occupier receives a notice showing at what value his property is entered. The omission to give notice, however, does not, as has been said, invalidate the assessment. The Department invites the fullest scrutiny of its rolls before submitting them to the Assessment Court. Persons whose names appear on the roll are invited to object if they are of opinion that the valuer has exceeded the selling- price, or for other sufficient cause. The fact that the new valuation will cause an increase in the amount of local rates or land-tax payable is not considered a sufficient cause. The Department does not fix the rate in either case, and any such objection can only be based on an assumption that the rate to be levied will be the same as previously. Neither is the fact that the new valuation shows an increase or decrease on the last valuation considered a sufficient ground of objection, as the selling-value may have increased or decreased since the last valuation was made, or the previous valuation may have been erroneous.

Objections to value can only be on the ground that the valuation does not represent the true selling-value, as that is the guide imposed by the Act. Of course, there are legitimate reasons for objection on other questions besides the question of value, such as errors in ownership, occupancy, area, or description, &c., which matters are always attended to and corrected without reference to the Assessment Court.

A frequent source of objection is that improvements are valued too high or too low. Before such an objection can be maintained it must be ascertained whether the capital value represents the fair and full selling-value. If, for instance, the capital value of a property is set below the true selling-value, the improvements will necessarily be valued in proportion. In such cases as this an increase in the value of improvements would only serve to increase the capital value, and would not reduce the unimproved value.

Objections to values are invariably referred to the valuer to enable him to review his valuation before the sitting of the Assessment Court, and the objector receives in due course a reply. If the objection has been allowed there is no necessity for the objector to appear at the Court. Should it be disallowed, he

may carry it before the Court for consideration. Due notice of the sitting of the Court is given by advertisement, as required by the Act.

If on appeal to the Court the objection is allowed, the reduction is immediately carried into the roll. If, however, the owner is not satisfied with the Court's decision he may, under section 31 of the Act of 1908, within fourteen days of the hearing, require the Valuer-General either to reduce to the value which he considers to be the fair selling-value or else to purchase the property at that value.

On the other hand, section 30 of the 1908 Act provides that if the Valuer-General is of opinion that a Court has made an unfair reduction in a valuation, he may, also within fourteen days of the hearing, require the owner to consent to what he considers is the fair selling-value, or else he will acquire the property at that value on behalf of the Government.

Power is also given by section 18 of the same Act to an owner to appeal to the Supreme Court on questions of law. On all other questions the decision of the Assessment Court is, however, final.

There is still another course open to an owner who is dissatisfied with his value, and he may adopt it at any time without reference to the date of sitting of the Court. Section 36 of the Act provides that an owner, by paying the fee prescribed by regulation to cover the cost, may obtain a revaluation of his property, and in such case the roll must be amended pursuant to the result of such new valuation.

CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES OF LAND IN NEW ZEALAND.

General valuations of land for the whole of New Zealand were made periodically up to the year 1897-98. Since that year no general valuations for the whole Dominion have been made, but portions have been revalued from time to time. The figures in the three following tables showing valuations over a number of years therefore represent general valuations up to 1897 only, while for subsequent years the figures have been revised to include the latest valuations of small divisions.

The first table shows the capital value of land with improvements (distinguishing the unimproved value of land) for all lands in New Zealand from 1878, with separate figures for North and South Islands.

TABLESHOWING CAPITALAND UNIMPROVED VALUES, 1878-1912.
Year.NORTH ISLAND.SOUTH ISLAND.NEW ZEALAND.
Total Value of Land in the North Island New Zealand.Total Value of Land in the South Island, Now Zealand (including Stewart Island).Total Value of Land in New Zealand.
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Laud (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).
 ££££££
187834,262,47920,323,84065,304,20042,250,02899,566,67962,573,868
1882........101,000,000..
188548,699,698..64,570,951..113,270,649..
188849,607,87332,088,91361,529,84143,408,466111,137,71475,497,379
189157,441,11534,340,50064,783,91441,447,395122,225,02975,832,465
189771,680,952..66,910,395..138,591,34784,401,244
190283,439,97449,622,88771,376,15845,224,S40154,816,13294,817,727
1904101,924,87761,855,05360,871,36450,774,359182,796,241112,629,412
1905110,810,38467,834,58786,874,09155,102,539197,684,475122,937,126
1906124,751,91477,784,31093,670,63859,3S4,20S218,422,552137,10S,548
1907137,998,39587,469,01098,646,14162,213,679236,644,536149,082,689
1908149,783,91495,005,640103,656,25866,319,123253,440,172161,324,763
1909160,917,161101,907,555110,598,86170,852,393271,516,022172,759,948
1910165,014,036103,790,934112,616,04771,498,927277,630,083175,289,861
1911175,485,540109,366,048117,631,52574,696,750293,117,065184,062,798
1912193,506,090121,776,349121,997,12377,407,912315,503,213199,184,261

The next table shows the capital value of land with improvements and the unimproved value of land in counties, boroughs, and town districts in New Zealand from 1878 to 1912.

TABLESHOWING CAPITALAND UNIMPROVED VALUES, COUNTIESAND BOROUGHS,IN NEW ZEALAND, 1878-1912.
Year.Counties.Boroughs and Town Districts.
Number.Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Number.Capital Value (Laud and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).

* Boroughs.

† Town Districts.

  ££ ££
18786372,608,16348,212,2906126,958,51614,361,578
18887676,340,57757,201,3878534,797,13718,295,992
18917885,818,16757,880,2339036,406,86217,907,662
18978195,710,26663,732,5169842,881,08120,668,728
190289106,550,77271,717,75810248,265,36023,099,969
190495121,966,15282,513,63010060,S30,08930,115,782
190596131,929,07890,440,27510165,755,39732,496,851
190697144,003,15899,236,46210474,419,39437,932,086
190798152,695,969106,373,461*1061883,948,56743,309,228
1903102162,289,950114,301,726*1092391,150,22247,023,037
1909107175,601,263123,339,350*1102495,914,75949,420,598
1910111177,701,619124,560,720*1072399,928,46450,729,141
1911118185,042,337129,990,593*11026108,074,72854,072,205
1912123198,114,138138,813,886*11326117,389,07560,370,375

Similar information for North and South Islands is given in the following table:—

TABLESHOWING CAPITALAND UNIMPROVED VALUES, COUNTIESAND BOROUGHS, IN NORTHAND SOUTH ISLANDS, 1878-1912.
Year.Counties.Boroughs and Town Districts.
Number.Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Number.Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).

* Boroughs.

† Town Districts.

North Island.
  ££ ££
18783124,255,18014,434,7621310,007,2995,889,078
18884332,752,00222,907,9392916,855,8719,180,974
18914539,256,81824,716,5983218,184,2979,623,902
18974748,436,97729,346,4973623,243,97512,474,262
19025556,543,53535,344,7383820,896,43914,278,149
19045966,968,04642,476,6213934,956,83119,378,432
19056072,301,28946,620,5524138,509,09521,214,035
19066179,532,18052,044,2764445,219,73425,740,064
19076286,208,88957,764,425*461351,789,50029,704,585
19086693,347,35263,088,267*491756,436,56231,917,373
190969100,530,23468,177,049*501859,514,72133,730,506
191070103,042,63669,217,402*511761,971,40034,573,532
191171107,734,51172,375,111*542067,751,02936,990,937
191272117,194,75178,630,607*562076,311,33943,145,742
South Island.
18783248,352,98333,777,5284816,951,2178,472,500
18883343,588,57534,293,4485617,941,2609,115,018
18913346,561,34933,103,6355818,222,5058,283,760
18973447,273,28934,386,0196219,637,1068,194,466
19023450,007,23736,403,0206421,368,9218,821,820
19043654,998,10640,037,0096125,873,25810,737,350
19053659,627,78943,819,7236027,246,30211,282,816
19003664,470,97847,192,1866029,199,66012,192,022
19073666,487,08048,609,036*60532,159,06113,604,643
19083668,942,59851,213,459*60634,713,66015,105,664
19093875,071,02955,162,301*60636,400,03815,690,092
19104174,658,98355,343,318*56637,957,06416,155,609
19114777,307,82657,615,482*56640,323,69917,081,268
19125180,919,38760,183,279*57641,077,73617,224,633

The total valuations are given for counties, boroughs, and town districts. The particulars for component parts of counties, being road districts and portions of outlying country, will be found in the Statistical Volume for 1911.

TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with Improvements (and distinguishing the Unimproved Value of Land) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each County in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1912, with the Area, Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.
County.Area in Square Miles (including Interior Boroughs, &c).Population as at Census, 1911.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Bating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March, in
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).

* Counties Act not. wholly in force.

† In cases where more than one year is shown in this column the revision of the county was carried out in sections, certain ridings, road districts, or town districts being revised in the years stated.

 ££ ££ 
Mangonui8953,1051,750434,708255,361C.V.346,316182,9031910
Whangaroa155775547137,47987,396C.V.124,13776,7451912
Bay of Islands8483,1472,629991,259725,653C.V.791,834543,7811912
Hokianga9583,0412,621970,043715,927U.V.602,118421,6101911
Whangarei8947,1613,8871,349,822759,312C.V.1,264,168691,8511909, '10, '12
Hobson6264,0781,561796,644507,319U.V.735,414459,0321908
Otamatea4433,5481,805957,013578,504C.V.907,703538.1501912
Rodney4934,2491,8741,079,759633,507C.V.1,038,758604,0691912
Waitemata6308,0565,4051,705,0111,073,572C.V.1,635,1671,027,4931905, '09, '12
Eden3521,9277,6925,153,1792,752,222*4,865,8692,640,2471905, '08, '11, '12
Manukau1977,1892,7492,305,7741,513,648C.V.2,225,8961,467,6201905, '08, '09. '11, '12
Franklin6208,3623,8252,048,5451,213,527C.V.1,989,3461,179,6451904, '06, '09, '11, '12
Islands—
Great and Little Barrier..41830069,42340,942..47,61733,5321897
Waiheke, &c...49416599,38555,884..81,11045,9941897
Waikato6135,2911,9592,832,1941,952,968C.V.2,710,5301,865,1061912
Raglan8552,9072,0071,784,3501,133,215U.V.1,724,0171,081,6471911
Waipa2845,8582,5121,720,726965,110C.V.1,656,982941,8551909
Kawhia351875747408,272287,431U.V.387,420268,8591908, 1909
Awakino416605439643,674422,567*597,569377,5021911
Waitomo1,1153,5952,0631,006,633753,952C.V.868,628622,4261909, 1911
Ohura5271,436765493,098366,833C.V.397,272273,6421909
Coromandel4402,7321,817282,206177,766C.V.223,357135,1131907
Thames4984,3882,093554,419387,341C.V.474,113323,1841907
Ohinemuri4976,0442,280868,792533,500C.V.054,083355,0641908
Tauranga6512,9322,3421,289,468843,052U.V.1,173,852739,5481912
Piako4043,2001,4721,358,083841,999U.V.1,293,239787,2331911
Matamata7202,9461,0301,246,192756,376C.V.1,127,889647,9851911
Rotorua9951,1541,095015,082478,766*417,608312,3001912
Whakatane1,5501,7001,313681,120531,660C.V.549,237408,5511908
Opotiki1,5091,483973903,011667,084C.V.082,052454,1081909
East Taupo2,470528559468,408348,657*296,418179,3871906
West Taupo1,650974586419,387374,066*231,790197,9001906
Islands—
Mayor and Motiti..3..5,7003,616..2,2621,0181897
Waiapu1,1021,7348001,927,4841,339,100C.V.1,646,7601,082,1321906
Waikohu8902,9637822,518,9471,501,830C.V.2,473,6081,461,1431912
Cook1,0886,4203,1865,018,9103,391,079C.V.4,983,2863,371,0381909, 1911
Wairoa1,8871,8701,2082,542,0221,740,273C.V.2,414,1651,635,9821907
Hawke's Bay1,9859,2204,0777,247,1225,557,663C.V.7,175,7325,525,1411906, '07, '11, '12
Waipukurau85538244475,032367,651U.V.473,515366,6091908
Waipawa4403,0411,0692,209,4881,566,244U.V.2,179,9461,533,0331908
Woodville1701,8807921,071,310098,490U.V.1,061,186691,6841908
Dannyvirke3984,6831,5502,028,1491,354,556U.V.1,991,3071,330,5961908
Patangata7181,9368743,370,3082,670,755C.V.3,262,6822,668,6621909, 1912
Weber108526200482,764279,883C.V.479,667278,5551909
Clifton6152,1981,349994,123559,880C.V.957,569527,7771911
Taranaki3867,9293,1232,083,2501,166,546C.V.2,038,2241,141,2421903,'06, '08,'12
Egmont1973,2641,5371,408,379836,893C.V.1,365,838809,0391904, 1909
Stratford3915,2261,6532,077,8421,217,904U.V.2,039,9871,192,1901909
Whangamomona3781,615621513,427292,585U.V.488,017270,8521909
Waimate West752,3588911,204,384921,169C.V.1,194,572918,6221907, 1909
Hawera1953,6591,5341,958,6271,458,493C.V.1,931,5331,440,2911907, '09, '10
Eltham2013,3398991,527,3841,067,151C.V.1,507,1091,053,9991907, 1908
Patea6262,9391,4432,253,1701,543,494C.V.2,182,7121,492,3541908
Waitotara4472,2138791,573,0261,145,641C.V.1,541,373817,9251909
Wanganui6273.5491,4201,808,0011,217,384C.V.1,764,1541,181,7111908, 1911
Waimarino9453,4081,8971,073,065893,340U.V.808,974637,4421908
Rangitikei8527,8903,1844,623,4893,146,775C.V.4,576,6713,078,3981908, '09, '12
Kiwitea3362,7811,5112,015,2551,351,346C.V.1,986,6801,331,5771910, 1911
Pohangina2951,7979861.220,747810,363C.V.1,179,301776,9491911
Kaitieke5751,966936931,365745,269C.V.651,784471,4351912
Kairanga1863,8771,1452,980,5492,177,793U.V.2,934,5832,162,0921912
Oroua2133,5881,4902,005,3711,475,317C.V.1,993,5051,471,7921905, 1909
Manawatu2674,4611,5382,368,9881,692,241C.V.2,251,1301,686,3171911, 1912
Horowhenua4986,0643,0152,828,2531,959,677C.V.2,551,2441,901,0241907, 1908
Islands—
Kapiti, Mana, and Somes..101717,98413,378Nil10,4849,3781898
Chatham Islands3752342795,55755,838Nil92,44653,6141898
Pahiatua3013,3982,2411,727,0621,033,615U.V.1,697,9191,013,7611907
Akitio3261,421755756,656439,573U.V.737,512424,1361907
Castlepoint250620189589,610373,051C.V...372,4201907
Eketahuna1661,914922706,466417,427C.V.692,721407,9051908
Mauriceville136950436439,822252,255C.V.419,958235,3651907
Masterton7334,0201,5503,354,0262,163,768C.V.3,309,8682,142,5481909, 1910
Wairarapa South4522,7451,0081,536,2111,014,618U.V.1,506,327993,4821906
Featherston9612,5911,0023,290,5992,289,557C.V.3,198,4702,212,2461912
Hutt4834,1392,6101,724,1121,197,197C.V.1,574,2651,092,2091906, 1909
Makara1012,7031,253935,744488,806C.V.794,495460,7871908, 1909
Collingwood7191,206872243,774143,026C.V.199,939107,1261909
Takaka4541,820781414,027192,592U.V.363,257147,1931909
Waimea1,6628,6263,7432,086,5991,244,178C.V.1,945,8241,159,2261909
Sounds4731,181893593,516369,170Nil566,962342,5041908
Marlborough3,1988,0563,1524,032,5273,094,396*3,917,7223,002,6791904, '07, '09. '11, '12
Kaikoura7031,926591971,156718,732C.V.953,268710,4841908
Buller1,8186,6822,970976,107638,741U.V.602,408293,0971907
Murchison1,6401,014757543,955406,442U.V.232,405101,1851910
Inangahua7414,5031,718564,125284,924U.V.368,545111,6411912
Grey1,4527,2022,450922,529592,636C.V.544,713270,0371912
Westland4,4204,2743,295943,057737,879C.V.421,238238,6471907
Cheviot3221,383661938,153748,718U.V.925,754743,8861906
Amuri2,3621,6955991,970,5061,608,817C.V.1,934,1381,586,4771911,1912
Waipara9011,9667492,510,0772,179,157C.V2,491,2262,168,5691909
Ashley311710325597,554493,791C.V577,092475,1111909
Kowai1602,080931913,465697,627C.V900,322695,0871906,1907
Oxford3241,867932857,355683,105C.V824,265657,1681912
Rangiora952,8881,1281,006,090768,258C.V995,424764,9681904,1905
Eyre1751,872689829,149669,536C.V823,714667,9751905
Waimairi7413,5824,4653,404,9731,939,524C.V2,905,0791,660,3551909,1911
Paparua1364,0921,4981,660,3531,192,924C.V1,619,8461,182,7061909,1910
Malvern2483,4581,2871,564,4841,211,824C.V1,532,3181,197,3961909
Tawera9321,241319342,699268,376C.V330,504264,9051909
Heathcote214,1541,828992,977548,731C.V969,592541,3111909,1910
Halswell421,898442629,814472,014C.V602,348464,8121904,1910
Selwyn9771,2675671,150,939952,050C.V1,143,588946,9041908
Springs891,891633759,144573,384C.V722,243572,1411906
Ellesmere1833,7731,1952,220,7691,817,458C.V2,194,7831,812,7581906,1911
Mount Herbert59464175387,405309,117C.V380,375306,9021909
Wairewa165894453805,383668,055C.V795,613660,5551909
Akaroa1632,2517491,588,1291,266,713C.V1,574,6921,262,1911909
Ashburton2,54210,2844,0757,624,9666,251,177C.V7,512,1746,180,7881906 '07, '11 '12
Geraldine9495,1652,2612,896,5812,340,227C.V2,858,3562,313,6281911, 1912
Levels2734,8261,6642,267,4881,786,962C.V2,254,3811,784,2121909
Mackenzie2,5372,6471,1121,707,6111,349,070C.V1,678,2061,336,3691905,'11, '12
Waimate1,3436,7302,5053,903,2033,223,604U.V.3,833,4943,175,4101906
Waitaki2,3339,7333,7733,867,5073,041,318C.V.3,788,9093,012,2391909
Maniototo1,2392,8122,263787,417539,218C.V756,655525,5991905,1912
Waihemo3361,647807567,739410,498C.V562,665409,2491908
Waikouaiti3184,3181,912850,211495,934C.V.739,467479,4961908
Peninsula371,8951,462513,999303,508*485,076298,5641908,1911
Taieri9306,2022,7791,651,5041,181,867C.V.1,604,2071,163,3291906, '07, '09
Tuapeka1,3055,7322,6191,875,1751,341,371C.V.1,818,6531,317,8841911,1912
Bruce5034,8352,2481,321,713952,984C.V.1,301,453946,4951906, '07, '08. '09
Clutha9467,2663,5621,673,9471,119,221C.V.1,598,5861,075,3651906,'07,'08.'09
Vincent2,6843,7342,147637,163423,206C.V.603,888409,0611906, '08, '11
Islands—
Quarantine and Goat......3,454900Nil......
Lake3,7121,9581,381398,012286,598C.V.357,444255,8951897, 1902, '05, '06, '08, '09
Fiord3,0594290144,347137,567Nil16,00515,2251897
Wallace3,6968,0783,4672,636,5631,818,704C.V.2,479,0831,679,6731908, '09, '12
Southland3,75425,79710,7027,987,2195,544,422U.V.7,814,4185,428,1001907, '08,'09. '11. '12
Stewart Island665325295162,898130,148C.V.35,96317,4791904
Islands—
Antipodes, &c.....713,88013,880Nil12,00012,0001897
TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with Improvements (and distinguishing the Unimproved Value of Land) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each Borough in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1912, with the Area, Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.
Roll No.Borough.Area in Acres.Population at Census, 1911.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March, in
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).
££££

* devalued in 1912, but figures not available at time of publication.

1Whangarei2,0382,664869540,319330,561C.V.515,044314,3511911
41CDargaville2,3251,291423221,853131,152C.V.215,973128,5721911
55Birkenhead2,7001,703573304,324132,824A.V.295,686128,2491909
56Devonport6407,0411,9341,455,795645,783U.V.1,154,587511,1271911
57Auckland1,87640,5367,29316,726,86610,787,739A.V.14,291,7419,160,7191912
63Parnell4805,4659521,089,813532,320A.V.963,613461,3451911
64Newmarket1502,780535429,615205,918A.V.414,783196,3781909
65Grey Lynn9007,4542,1601,106,629505,584U.V.1,072,184486,8741911
66Onehunga1,2004,6511,154734,777333,924A.V.685,695308,0341910
90Northcote2,4201,422395170,65675,682A.V.165,54672,4921906
99Mt. Eden1,4109,3812,7011,728,952746,012A.V.1,620,690712,7621910
140Hamilton1,6003,5421,072835,363459,198U.V.745,473395,8781910
141Cambridge1,0831,463586219,960111,863A.V.193,35597,3051905
166Thames2,5603,5911,253276,92897,080A.V.233,73188,3781905
167Tauranga1,0001,346687269,128139,458A.V.248,813131,6201912
177BWaihi3,1306,4361,691424,258151,468A.V.395,695144,0251908
187Te Aroha2001,29833988,12735,054A.V.73,40328,8151907
96Mt. Albert2,4376,7002,8031,099,791491,597C.V.1,074,806480,7421910
129APukekohe....406366,825236,580C.V.351,310231,0351912
165B8Te Kuiti2,1431,266549251,869122,714C.V.237,444114,9501910
201ATaumarunui1,9251,128520135,09168,470U.V.124,04763,0111911
1Gisborne2,0008,1962,2092,379,7401,423,942U.V.2,212,4061,314,9971912
22Wairoa1,5621,097800244,115149,005U.V.232,011142,6691910
25Napier91010,5372,4561,812,687826,946A.V.1,691,717791,9631906
26Hastings2,6016,2863,6181,588,394923,108U.V.1,525,264893,1981911
27Dannevirke1,2223,3681,192728,192381,190U.V.684,861361,1361911
28Woodville1,2401,1651,050116,73645,978U.V.101,66041,4611905
41Waipawa5,0001,083469220,959135,518U.V.204,530127,3271908
61New Plymouth8505,9482,0011,295,996771,656A.V.1,164,341691,391Pt. 1906, pt. 1912
62Hawera5002,6851,126587,140318,897U.V.539,366291,8701912
63Patea1,42091938064,71022,089A.V.56,58320,1241902
70Waitara2,0801,452748200,41490,089C.V.191,09286,0041910
74Inglewood7031,273770162,80367,434C.V.148,41059,3381904
91Stratford1,9202,6391,882509,277239,665U.V.467,606216,4271912
97AEltham1,5901,737580306,153168,555C.V.28S,911159,0951907
116Wanganui3,13510,9292,9662,748,1221,686,902A.V.2,488,9961,513,6161911
117Marton1,4231,438510155,75864,666A.V.138,09561,6411908
118Ohakune3,224..49189,14643,660U.V.76,00833,3661912
120AWanganui East3,3121,737879294,290215,208A.V.292,530214,5981908
125ATaihape1,0301,577551206,740105,957A.V.173,66287,7181909
1Feilding2,3003,1611,707903,761504,007U.V.828,818451,0161909
2Palmerston North4,59510,9914,3592,215,0311,132,087U.V.2,093,2071,068,6011906
3Foxton1,2401,637602237,425114,452U.V.208,715101,3271911
4Onslow2,0001,7891,177545,862296,175U.V.494,035279,3931908
5Karori2,2401,4491,456562,396370,540U.V.523,499340,8481908
WELLINGTON
4AOnslow portion....507251,805137,024U.V.238,559130,4731905
5AKarori portion....941....U.V.....1908
7City portion9,50064,37211,470....U.V.....1906
8Kilbirnie portion....2,51519,577,374*11,077,164*U.V.17,999,783*9,865,561*1906
9Island Bay portion....1,868....U.V.....1906
10Ohiro portion....2,309....U.V.....1906
24ALevin1,3501,6081,024285,436126,541C.V.207,105120,9591907
29Pahiatua7201,358570228,370101,223U.V.217,40897,9251906
30Masterton2,1005,1821,8401,210,746572,626U.V.1,098,431536,8051907
31Carterton1,8801,546762272,034118,680C.V.253,594112,6801908
32Greytown3,9071,042464200,72984,353A.V.185,55682,6141911
33Lower Hutt3,2554,2403,1241,428,693872,033U.V.1,353,397812,4331911
34Petone1,0606,6402,0991,341,852688,856U.V.1,208,350600,7811911
42BEketahuna960806448151,16368,515U.V.138,74563,9001912
64AEastbourne1,380360767184,110107,173U.V.180,939105,3071906
66Miramar2,2501,6301,829867,225643,512U.V.781,917575,7091908
67Richmond2,300703247132,74076,050C.V.125,95273,3671910
68Nelson4,8008,0512,4681,197,596577,614A.V.1,084,403533,6361905
69Picton5601,361825270,589153,596U.V.237,825131,3981909
70Blenheim1,5713,7711,517705,339339,787U.V.649,697317,9201909
77Motueka5,6431,229426175,10489,413C.Y.167,76687,7521909
98Westport7134,7291,340729,527383,043U.V.613,752307,2281910
99Greymouth2,0005,4691,590808,140269,866U.V.689,938226,8181911
100Brunner5,7001,00752470,70411,673A.V.20,1548,7221898
101Kumara84278345934,2625,816A.V.24,3993,7811904
102Hokitika1,2802,2911,110235,59680,882U.V.195,12465,2581907
103Ross4,19664334023,0675,741C.V.18,6524,6541909
115ARunanga....41055,49419,872..43,39011,39919
CHRISTCHURCH
1Rangiora1,0401,834654248,49086,878C.V.230,51382,5711905
2Kaiapoi 1,0201,823602188,03659,411A.V.171,04656,6461907
25St. Albans Ward....3,5211,857,939651,459U.V.1,830,649642,4591908
27-30Central Ward....3,8946,571,0553,108,323U.V.6,047,3032,956,0011907
31Sydenham Ward4,79853,1163,5701,755,699592,708U.V.1,632,079518,6881908
32, 32ALinwood Ward....2,4021,157,303365,067U.V.1,137,035359,6091908
33Woolston1,2763,4121,183448,631172,596U.V.426,476166,0261908
34New Brighton1,5001,6961,467238,15993,622U.V.231,59991,1921909
35Sumner4,8761,7511,127417,023213,500U.V.393,528202,3201907
36Lyttelton2,0144,058921952,042265,210A.V.326,92794,1501908
37Akaroa221622190103,16144,554C.V.93,47140,7711011
48Spreydon1,2953,2861,443470,783182,131U.V.459,033179,7311910
63Ashburton6802,671964469,444201,925A.V.428,059177,8501905
64, 64ATimaru1,10011,2803,30412,163,0731,120,531A.V.2,012,5631,047,1661908
78Geraldine487945376127,88543,758C.V.117,26940,9131912
80, 80ATemuka9451,741741207,44465,612C.V.178,63256,9721909
DUNEDIN
1Waimate6491,762640281,37398,628U.V.247,75390,4121910
46Valley Ward......554,582200,286A.V.530,820190,2391907
50Leith Ward......1,522,990672,005A.V.1,318,790575,5401909
61Bell Ward......1,560,067766,508A.V.1,326,310656,3951909
52High Ward7,27241,5298,9492,818,2701,305,000A.V.2,429,1011,127,7101909
53South Ward......979,430456,885A.V.894,920398,1951909
54Caversham Ward1....752,183275,125A.V.665,480242,4401907
55South Dunedin Ward......590,421167,133A.V.517,877149,1381907
2Oamaru1,1115,1521,538831,973290,480A.V.735,725258,3131910
3Hampden64034639327,0109,682C.V.22,7448,1121907
23Naseby11331018421,0662,596A.V.14,0611,9511912
24Palmerston80079246283,48223,170C.V.73,69221,1991907
25Waikouaiti2,70068861287,69639,382C.V.80,97038,3351908
44Port Chalmers3352,100529309,960104,990A.V.228,56088,1401907
45West Harbour1,6701,651807192,54075,708U.V.178,34067,3031907
47Maori Hill3,7002,216705398,807104,925U.V.334,822137,4251908
48Roslyn2,0005,7441,786921,627348,590A.V.899,817341,8861908
49Mornington6544,6791,350529,122184,790A.V.508,457179,1511907
56St. Kilda4634,1371,647540,186172,531U.V.504,450162,5911907
65Green Island6001,872676215,91660,745A.V.200,27158,6351909
66Mosgiel9671,596668249,81597.703U.V.225,74593,3231912
67Roxburgh40044122037,2855,899A.V.32,2404,7791912
68Lawrence640911553115,97831,408A.V.93,73326,1381905
69Tapanui12633214532,1109,065A.V.28,5408,4851909
70Milton2651,347431173,51053,861A.V.155,53550,5061907
71Balclutha5681,261501187,78880,488U.V.178,01376,7281911
72Kaitangata1,1581,567736106,58631,325A.V.95,79528,8701905
3Cromwell64058749945,50010,870A.V.38,6108,9231906
4Alexandra84077246153,14410,088A.V.48,3968,9031900
1Arrowtown39040618020,9093,325A.V.15,3532,8811905
2Queenstown92369626764,91514,544A.V.51,80112,2441905
20Gore1,1503,2581,217584,698247,501U.V.531,115219,7111911
21Mataura1,5301,109447191,25475,783A.V.183,32071,9281912
22Winton16056422779,99627,935U.V.71,21625.6691911
27AInvercargill2,54912,7824,1162,847,2971,269,041U.V.2,552,2651,121,415191]
28South Invercargill2,2801,388657137,91073,158U.V.132,83571,2281911
29Riverton71893650072,92517,941A.V.63,37916,8151906
39Campbelltown2,0001,780680261,14997,055U.V.243,86090,0751909
TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with Improvements (and distinguishing the Unimproved Value of Land) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each Town District (outside the Jurisdiction of any County) in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1912, with the Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.
Roll No.Town District, independent of County (outside County Jurisdiction).Population as at Census, 1911.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Eating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March, in
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Capitol Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Columns).
 ££ ££ 
24AHikurangi69314443,20119,871C.V.41,09319,3931907
84Helensville67026192,98534,390A.V.83,64531,7751911
143AHuntley1,319290157,69091,610C.V.150,64089,2601911
105AEllerslie947299206,219104,070C.V.189,68495,5751909
158AFrankton1,113530343,286237,365C.V.327,844226,1231912
199Opotiki936409156,45091,821C.V.144,47984,6201909
92BNew Lynn592268125,43574,540C.V.123,23072,6151912
192Rotorua2,390706733,145469,747C.V.478.562280,2621911
32Taradale894297136,40488,473C.V.132,71487,5181908
44AWaipukurau1,043447200,680135,118U.V.186,304129,6131908
80St. Aubyn60640695,56660,095C.V.93,63959,2651908
111Waverley62625797,25043,316C.V.85,85039,3961912
115AGonville1,557789382,390218,168C.V.351,320203,1231912
115BCastlecliffe62035588,90334,155C.V.83,54829,9601909
125BMangaweka49425449,56219,450C.V.43,37915.9101909
126Hunterville65026979,66633,618C.V.73,59031,2291908
52BMartinborough631421112,63836,757C.V.107,53930,0421910
54Featherston74333598,51432,329C.V.88,81530,6501909
59Johnsonville929679229,638141,557C.V.211,193130,7971909
62AUpper Hutt1,0501,185229,394142,885C.V.219,946138,4821908
71Hampstead1,490472149,54965,875C.V.138,52965,0751908
75Tinwald53924781,42045,217C.V.78,44644,6121905
83APleasant Point49325360,11024,504C.V.54,93123,5401909
64ABay1,042698267,997131,479C.V.261,752129,1741911
35Otautau744327112,62050,528C.V.102,02246.7481912
52Wyndham663275110,23950,165A.V.98,05244,3351912

Chapter 20. SECTION XVI.—MINING.

INTRODUCTORY.

THE natural mineral resources of New Zealand are very great, and have exercised in the past a most important influence on the development and progress of the Dominion. Gold to the value of £79,253,913 was obtained up to the 31st December, 1911; the value of the produce for the year 1911 having been £1,816,782. In the earliest years the gold was obtained from alluvial diggings, but at the present time the greatest quantity is taken from gold-bearing quartz, which is distributed widely through several parts of the country, and thus there is a much better prospect of the comparative permanency of this industry than alluvial diggings alone could give.

The yield of silver to the end of 1911 amounted to £1,750,109 in value, the quantity mined in 1911 having been 1,311,043 oz., valued at £131,587.

Of other minerals, the value of the product to the same date amounts to £34,113,175, of which kauri-gum yielded £15,809,152, and coal, with coke, £17,860,824.

The quantities and values of precious metals and minerals obtained during the year 1911, and the total value of all mining produce since 1853, are:—

 1911.Total Value since 1853.
Oz.££
Gold455,2261,816,78279,253,913
Silver1,311,043131,5871,750,109
 1,766,2691,948,36981,004,022
Copper-oreTons..19,198
Chrome-ore....38,002
Antimony-ore209254,941
Manganese-ore..461,905
Scheelite-ore13811,85366,918
Mixed minerals3,46910,251195,020
Coal2,066,0731,126,08617,835,906
Coke (exported)244124,918
Kauri-gum7,587395,70715,809,152
Shale....7,215
  £3,492,403£115,117,197

MINERAL PRODUCTION (VALUE) OF AUSTRALASIA TO END OF 1910.

The total value of mineral production for Australasia to the end of the year 1910 is shown in the following table:—

State.Gold.Silver and Silver- lead.Copper.Tin.Coal.Other Minerals.Total.

* Inclusive of kauri-Rum, £15,413,445.

 £££££££
New S'th Wales67,991,49353,823,65610,614,2008,682,44662,260,50813,368,512206,740,721
Victoria287,523,131215,600213,673773,5301,901,927370,343290,998,207
Queensland72,009,5282,044,0368,098,7687,438,3544,714,9731,671,72196,007,380
South Australia2,889,917412,38727,276,490278,997..1,272,37632,130,167
W'st'n Australia98,027,411636,728974,410928,327822,42474,122101,463,422
Tasmania7,113,8745,696,2899,407,88810,578,014522,181482,53433,800,780
New Zealand77,437,1311,618,52219,198..16,709,82015,810,123*111,624,794
 603,062,48864,447,11856,604,63628,079,66886,981,83333,079,731*872,825,474

GOLD.

The discovery of metalliferous ore and minerals in New Zealand was made shortly after gold was found in Australia. It was not, however, until 1852 that the discovery of auriferous deposits was made generally known by Mr. C. King, at Coromandel, who obtained a small quantity of gold, intermixed with quartz, in a creek which now bears his name; but the hostility of the Natives prevented further discovery until 1862, when the district was proclaimed a gold held.

In the South Island, small samples of gold were discovered in the Otago District in 1853, at a place known as the Fortifications, which is now in the West Taieri goldfield.

The first payable goldfield was at Collingwood, in the Nelson District, which was opened in 1857, and in that year 10,437 oz. of gold were produced. Owing, however, to the smallness of the population at that time, as well as to the great attraction presented by the Australian goldfields, very little attention was given to the gold discoveries in New Zealand. From 1857 up to 1861, when gold was discovered at Tuapeka, or Gabriel's Gully, in Otago, the produce of the Collingwood goldfield amounted only to 41,872 oz. of gold.

Early in 1861 gold was discovered near the Lindis River, but the general yield of gold from this portion of the Otago District has never been great. Shortly after the discovery of gold at the Lindis, Mr. Gabriel Read, formerly a digger on the Victorian goldfields, found gold in Gabriel's Gully, where the auriferous deposits were so rich and so easily worked that the discovery flashed like lightning throughout the whole of the Australian goldfields, then just beginning to be on the wane, and thousands of miners on the Australian soil quickly collected all their belongings, which in those days were easily carried, and came to New Zealand to try and better their fortunes. It may be mentioned that the first real discoverer of gold in payable quantities for working was Mr. Edward Peters, a

native of Bombay, who, in 1858, found gold in the south branch of the Tokomairiro River, known afterwards as Woolshed Diggings, and who stated at that time that the ground was payable for working, showing a good sample of gold that he had obtained. After this be again found gold in a gully near the north bank of the Tuapeka River not far from the afterwards celebrated Gabriel's Gully, discovered at a later date by Mr. Gabriel Head. This discovery was made known in June, 1861, and by the end of December in that year 187,696 oz. of gold, representing a value of £727,321, had been produced from this locality alone: and the population of Otago had increased in six months from 12,000 to 30,000.

As soon as the rush set in to Gabriel's Gully, Weatherstone's, Munroe's, and Waitahuna Gullies were opened, and early in 1862 further auriferous deposits were found at Waipori and the Woolshed. Discoveries of smaller extent were afterwards found at Turnbull Gully, Deepdell Creek, Fillyburn, and Murphy's Gully.

In August, 1862, Messrs. Hartley and Riley arrived at Dunedin with 1.017 oz. of gold, which they had found by cradling and washing the sands on the beaches of the Clutha River, between the sites of the present towns of Clyde and Cromwell. As soon as this became known the excitement was so great that men left lucrative employment and comfortable homes to follow the life of a digger. Prices of agricultural produce and food of all descriptions went up, and the demand for teamsters to take goods and tools to this new Eldorado was so great that £120 per ton was paid for the carriage of goods from Dunedin; and on the arrival of the first wagon with flour, at Mr. Sheenan's station, nine miles from the diggings, it was surrounded by a crowd of miners from the field, when the whole of the flour was handed out and equally distributed to the crowd at 2s. 6d. a pannikinful. The demand for sawn timber was also so great that boards were stripped from drays and wagons and sold, the usual price for an empty gin-case being £5. Every one at that time was thoroughly satisfied with his earnings—the beaches along the river were literally strewn with golden sand. But this state of things did not last long. As soon as the snow on the mountains began to melt, the water in the river rose to a height of from 16 ft. to 20 ft., covering all the auriferous gravel-beaches, leaving those who had been working there in a very despondent state. By this time a large mining population had gathered on the field, and they turned their attention to the beds of the different streams and creeks flowing into the Clutha River, and almost immediately rich deposits of auriferous drift were discovered at Conroy's, Butcher's, Potter's, and Campbell's Gullies, also at Bannockburn, Cardrona, Arrow, Shotover, Skipper's, Nokomai, and the Nevis, all of which have largely contributed to the product of gold. Before the end of December, 1862, over 70,000 oz. of gold were forwarded by escort from Dunstan to Dunedin.

In March, 1863, and the following months, the Teviot, Benger, and Upper Manuherikia Goldfields were opened up, and in May of

the same year another important find was made by Mr. W. Parker, at Hogburn, which afterwards led to further discoveries of auriferous drifts at Hill's Creek, Dunstan Creek, Kyeburn, Hyde, Hamilton's, Macrae's, and Mount Burster. This last place is at so high an elevation (nearly 4,000 ft. above sea-level) that the rich auriferous deposits existing there can be worked only for about six or seven months in the year.

Further discoveries have been made from time to time at Cambrian's, Tinker's, Matakanui, Round Hill. Orepuki, and, in recent years, at Mount Criffel—the latter being 4,000 ft. above sea-level— where are found some of the oldest drifts that exist in the Otago District. Gold intermixed with platinum has also been found on the beaches of the Waiau River, south of Orepuki.

About the end of 1863 gold was found at Wakamarina, in the Marlborough District, where some very rich finds were obtained from the beds of the Deep Creek, Dead-horse Creek, and Wakamarina River. This field still continues to support a small number of miners.

Early in 1864 a party of Maoris, while searching for greenstone— which was formerly used for making tomahawks and adzes, and is still highly prized as an ornament—found gold in the bed of the Greenstone River, on the west coast of the South Island. This discovery led to a large rush from other parts of New Zealand, and also from Australia.

As soon as the rush set in to the West Coast, the auriferous deposits at Waimea, Kanieri, Blue Spur, and Jones's (now known as Ross) were discovered, and these led to further discoveries in the Grey Valley, No Town, Red Jack's, Noble's, Orwell Creek, Antonio's, Maori Gully, Lyell, Charleston, and Brighton, the last extensive field opened up on the West Coast being Kumara.

Quartz-mining.

During the early period gold-mining operations were chiefly confined to alluvial drifts. This was especially the case in regard to the South Island, but in the North Island all the gold has been obtained from quartz lodes. In July, 1867, gold was discovered in a creek-bed at the Thames in pieces of quartz, and on the 10th August of the same year Messrs. Hunt, White, Clarkson, and Cobley found a very rich leader of auriferous quartz in the Kuranui Stream. This led to discoveries of large quantities of gold in the Shotover, Moanataiari, Long Drive, Caledonian, and other claims. The dividends from the Caledonian claim in one year amounted to about £657,000. Several years later gold-bearing lodes were discovered at Karangahake, Waitekauri, Waihi, Te Aroha, and Kuaotunu.

In 1872 the Reefton field was discovered, and since then quartz- crushing has steadily continued, and the industry supports a large population.

The most important of the quartz-mines worked in New Zealand is that belonging to the Waihi Company, and situate at Waihi, in the Auckland Province. The company was registered in 1887, and has a paid-up capital of £500,000 in £1 shares, the bulk of which are held in the United Kingdom, the number on the New Zealand Register on 31st December, 1911, being 146,991, divided among 2,210 shareholders. The value of gold and silver produced during 1911 was £679,117, and the working-expenses for the year amounted to £364,812. The value of bullion produced since the inception of the company totalled £9,785,434 up to 31st December last, and of this amount £5,071,742 was expended in working the mine. The number of men employed by the company in New Zealand on 31st December last was 1,140.

The quantity of ore treated and the value of bullion produced from the quartz-mines in each mining district of the Dominion during the years 1911 and 1910 is shown in the following table:—

District.Tons of Ore treated.Value of Bullion.
1911.1910.1911.1910.
  ££
Northern507,281556,1701,141,2351,324,582
West Coast128,244121,832228,512230,807
Southern10,46710,6585,5068,800
   Totals645,992688,6601,375,2531,564,189

Alluvial Mining.

The production from 277 alluvial claims, both large and small, amounted in value to £275,216; but, as most of these claims are privately owned, the gross amount of dividends paid is not known.

Gold-dredging.

This system of alluvial mining, which had New Zealand for its cradle, although now adopted in other countries, has probably produced about nine millions sterling of the total gold-production of this Dominion.

To enable dredge-mining to be carried out profitably, even when the ground to be operated upon is payably auriferous, it is necessary that a number of favourable conditions shall exist, the absence of any one of which may render the undertaking unprofitable. The presence of snags, or of large boulders, the hardness of the matrix surrounding the same, a hard and rough bottom from which the dredge-buckets are unable to clean up the gold, and in connection with paddock dredges the limited space of operations causing the gold to be stirred up and held in suspension in the muddy water, are all causes any one of which may render unprofitable an otherwise promising proposition. There is therefore no cause for surprise that

the system of alluvial mining by hydraulic sluicing and elevating is now being applied whenever practicable in preference to the bucket- and-ladder dredge.

During 1911 the number of working dredges decreased by 11. At the end of the year there were 93 dredges at work, 31 of which, the property of registered companies, gave an average return of £3,203, and paid in dividends an average of £1,462 per dredge. The total value of gold produced during the year by dredging was £297,900, and the number of persons ordinarily employed was 775.

Gold exported to 31st March, 1912.

The total quantity of gold entered for export during the years ended 31st March, 1911, and 31st March, 1912, for the several districts, and the total quantity and value of the gold exported from the 1st January, 1857, to the 31st March, 1912, are shown hereunder; but this does not necessarily include the whole of the gold produced, as a good deal has been used for industrial purposes:—

TABLESHOWINGTHE QUANTITYAND VALUEOF GOLDENTEREDFOR EXPORTATIONFROM NEW ZEALANDFORTHE YEARSENDEDTHE 31ST MARCH, 1911 AND 1912, AND THE TOTAL QUANTITY AND VALUEFROM JANUARY, 1857, TO 31ST MARCH, 1912.
District.Year ending 31st March, 1911.Year ending 31st March, 1912.Increase or Decrease for Year ending 31st March, 1912.Total Quantity and Value from January, 1857, to 31st March. 1912.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 Oz.£Oz.£Oz.Oz.£
Auckland279,6731,111,099257,1501,019,942-22,5235,477,16520,875,971
Wellington ........188706
Marlborough833322781,063+19590,591352,918
Nelson1,5656,2541,3375,328-2281,727,2056,847,645
West Coast97,219381,25987,037346,386-10,1825,712,31722,708,969
Canterbury ........99387
Otago103,369416,94193,201375,302-10,1687,253,79828,869,197
   Totals481,9091,915,885439,0031,748,021-42,90620,266,36379,655,793

It will be seen from the above table that there was last year a decrease in the export of gold of 42,906 oz. on the figures for the preceding twelve months.

Of the total quantity of gold exported in 1911-12 Auckland contributed 58.58 per cent.; Marlborough. 0.06 per cent.; Nelson, 0.30 per cent.; West Coast, 19.83 per cent.; and Otago, 21.23 per cent.

Gold-production of Australia and New Zealand.

The gold-yield of Australia and New Zealand (in fine ounces) for the years 1900, 1908, 1909, and 1910 was as follows:—

 1900.1908.1909.1910.
 Fine Ounces.Fine Ounces.Fine Ounces.Fine Ounces.
New South Wales252,116224,792204,708188,856
Victoria760,319670,909654,222570,363
Queensland676,026465,085455,579441,402
South Australia19,4188,53212,79612,551
Western Australia1,414,3121,617,9121,595,2701,470,633
Tasmania74,44557,08544,77737,048
New Zealand338,912471,970472,464446,431
   Totals3,535,5183,546,2853,439,8163,167,284

The value is as follows: 1900, £15,018,040; 1908, £15,063,652; 1909, £14,611,409; 1910, £13,453,762.

Gold-production of the World.

The following figures showing the world's gold production are taken from the statistical abstract of the United States:—

WORLDS GOLD PRODUCTION, 1901-1010.
Year.Fine Ounces.Year.Fine Ounces.
190112,625,527190619,471,080
190214,354,680190719,977,260
190315,852,620190821,422,244
190416,804,372190921,969,303
190518,396,451191021,996,297

Number of Gold-miners.

The total number of gold-miners employed in 1911 was 7,365, of whom 7,113 were Europeans and 252 were Chinese, as against a total of 8,081 for the previous year. In some places, more especially in Otago, Nelson, and on the West Coast, many of the miners do not depend entirely on mining, but employ a part of their time in farming and other pursuits.

From the figures given in the next table it will be observed that alluvial mining affords considerably less and quartz-mining more employment than was the case sixteen years ago. The falling-off in the number of Chinese miners indicates the exhaustion of the shallow ground.

Year.Alluvial Miners.Quartz-miners.Total.
Europeans.Chinese.Europeans.Chinese.Europeans.Chinese.
18937,2462,6562,295..9,5412,656
18987,0612,0395,098..12,1592,039
19085,5921,0213,597..9,1891,021
19083,8255104,338128,163522
19093,3733953,803..7,100395
19103,4383194,32047,758323
19112,9752524,138..7.113252

COAL.

The extent of the coal - measures in New Zealand will make coal-mining one of the large industries, especially on the west coast of the South Island, where bituminous coal exists equal, if not superior, in quality to coal of the same class in any part of the world.

The progressive increase in the output of coal from 1S78 to the end of 1911 is shown below:—

Year.Raised in New Zealand.Imported.Total raised in the Dominion and imported per Annum.Exported (excluding Coal for Fuel by Ocean Steamers).Total Consumption of Coal within the Dominion.Yearly Increase in Consumption within the Dominion.
Total.Yearly Increase.

* Decrease.

 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
1878162,218..174,148336,3663,921332,445..
1879231,21869,000158,076389,2947,195382,09949,654
1880299,92368,705123,298423,2217,021416,20034,101
1881337,26237,339129,962467,2246,626460,59844,398
1882378,27241,010129,582507,8544,245503,60943,011
1883421,76443,492123,540545,3047,172538,13234,523
1884480,83159,067148,444629,2756,354622,92184,789
1885511,06330,232130,202641,2652,371638,89415,973
1886534,35323,290119,873654,2262,862651,36412,470
1887558,62024,267107,230665,85012,951652,8991,535
1888613,89555,275101,341715,23627,678687,55834,659
1889586,44527,450*128,063714,50839,290675,21812,340
1890637,39750,952110,939748,33633,404714,93239,714
1891668,79431,397125,318794,11229,093764,01949,087
1892673,3154,521125,453798,76828,169770,5996,580
1893691,54818,233117,444808,99224,288784,70414,105
1891719,54627,998112,961832,50725,449807,05822,354
1895726,6547,108108,198834,85226,151808,7011,643
1896792,85166,197101,756894,60727,974866,63357,932
1897840,71347,862110,907951,62026,639924,98158,348
1898907,03366,320115,4271,022,46018,3481,004,11279,131
1899975,23468,20199,6551,074,88914,1461,060,74356,631
19001,093,990118,756124,0331,218,02336,6991,181,324120,581
19011,227,638133,648149,7641,377,40277,5631,299,839118,515
19021,362,702135,064127,8531,490,555110,6661,379,88980,050
19031,420,19357,491163,9231,584,11697,4611,486,655106,766
19041,537,838117,645147,1961,685,03456,5131,628,521141,866
19051,585,75647,918169,0461,754,80241,2571,713,54585,024
19061,729,536143,780207,5671,937,10362,7451,874,358160,813
19071,831,009101,473220,7492,051,75851,7901,999,968125,610
19081,860,97529,966287,8082,148,7S358,1922,090,59190,623
19091,911,24750,272258,1852,169,43269,9362,099,4968,905
19102,197,362286,115232,3782,429,74092,04.52,337,695238,199
19112,066,073-131,289*188,0682,254,14158,7692,195,372-142,323*

It will be seen from the above that, with the exception of last year and 1889, there has been a steady increase in the output of coal year after year since records have been kept by the Mines Department. The yearly increase in output is principally due to

the growing demand for consumption within the Dominion. Between 1878 and 1910 the annual consumption of coal in New Zealand increased to the extent of 2,005,250 tons.

The total output from the mines last year was 2,066,073 tons, as against 2,197,362 tons for 1910, a decrease of 131,289 tons. The coal imported from other countries was 188,068 tons, against 232,378 tons in 1910, a decrease in the importation last year of 44,310 tons. The imports were 187,911 tons from New South Wales, 154 tons from Queensland, and 3 tons from Victoria. The total export of coal was 223,918 tons, of which 223,275 tons were New Zealand produce. The coal used by direct steamers trading between New Zealand and the United Kingdom has been treated as coal consumed within the Dominion, these steamers trading wholly between New Zealand and Great Britain. Taking, therefore, the output from the mines and the coal imported, there is a total of 2,254,141 tons, of which 58,769 tons were exported, leaving the consumption within the Dominion last year 2,195,372 tons, as against 2,337,695 tons for 1910, a decreased consumption of 142,323 tons.

The quantity of coal produced in each district during the years 1911 and 1910, the increase or decrease in each case, and the total output to the end of 1911 is given in the following table:—

Name of Coalfield.Output of Coal.Increase or DecreaseApproximate Total Output of Coal up to the 31st December, 1911.
1911.1910.

(-) Decrease.

(+) Increase.

 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Kawakawa and Hikurangi105,201107,860-2,6652,126,083
Whangarei, Kamo, Ngunguru, and Whauwhau33,95846,931-12,973782,173
Waikato252,262228,962+23,3002,848,408
Mokau3,8114,40559477,798
Miranda2,64012,344-9,704117,226
Drury..1561561,196
Pelorus..120120831
Collingwood23,32528,600-5,275194,702
Buller770,291331,200-60,90910,652,523
Reefton13,89614,451-555204,840
Grey411,181166,661-55,4806,346,977
Canterbury18,81223,708-4,896640,277
Otago282,870291,441-8,5717,364,586
Southland147,826140,517+7,3091,925,579
   Totals2,066,0732,197,362-131,28933,283,199

As regards the quality of the coal, it cannot be surpassed. The late Sir John Coode, in his presidential address to the Institute of Civil Engineers, London, stated: “The bituminous coal found on the west coast of the South Island is declared by engineers to be fully

equal, if not superior, to the best description from any part of the world.”

The quantity of each class of coal produced in 1910 and 1911 was:—

Class of Coal.Output of Coal.Increase or Decrease.Approximate Total Output of Coal up to the 31st December, 1911.
1911.1910.

(-) (Decrease.

(+) Increase.

 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Bituminous and semi-bituminous1,358,3571,495,709-137,35219,908,445
Pitch4,4116,068- 1,6571,987,082
Brown601,093594,995+ 6,0989,905,417
Lignite102,212100,590+ 1,6221,482,255
   Totals2,066,0732,197,362-131,28933,283,199

The number of coal-mines working during the year 1911, the hands employed, and the output is shown by the next table.

Number of Mines working.Number of Persons employed at each Mine.Number of Persons employed.Output of Coal during 1911.Average Output per Person employed.
Above Ground.Below Ground.Below Ground.Above and below Ground.

* Excluding private pits.

 Tons. 
1111 to 20152267178,961670427
721 to 5080170126,505744506
751 to 100172390243,719624433
6101 to 250243800482,329602462
6251 and upwards716l,2961,033,550797513
137..1,3632,9232,065,064 ..
13Private pits221,009 ..
150..1,3652,9252,066,073706*681*

The economy in large scale operations is well illustrated by the above table. The superior equipment of the large mines enables a greater average quantity per man to be produced.

State Coal-mines.

There are two collieries owned and worked by the State, one at Seddonville, the other at Point Elizabeth. The former is situated twenty-nine miles in a northerly direction from the Port of Westport, and connected therewith by a railway. The colliery contains a large quantity of excellent hard coal valuable for steam and household purposes, and during 1911 produced 60,045 tons. There is in

this mine a considerable quantity of soft coal, suitable for the manufacture of briquettes, and a plant for this purpose has been erected at the port of shipment, producing an article of fuel highly recommended for household use.

The Point Elizabeth Colliery lies some five miles north of the Port of Greymouth, the connection being by a State-owned railway, and is equipped with a complete and up-to-date coal-mining and carrying plant. The coal mined is of excellent quality, containing but a small percentage of sulphur, and is largely used for steam- producing purposes on the Government railways. At the present time the mine is capable of an output of 1,500 tons per day if facilities for shipment were sufficient. During the past year 188,892 tons were won. Depots for the sale of coal to the public have been opened at Wellington, Christchurch, Wanganui, and Dunedin.

An area containing a large field of the best bituminous coal has been reserved for State coal-mines, and a second mine is now being opened up and connected with the present railway, and it is expected that the mine will place the coal on the market about December, 1912.

World's Opal-production.

The total coal produced by the principal countries of the world, so far as can be ascertained, for the years 1906-10 was as follows:—

1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.
1,000 Tons.1,000 Tons.1,000 Tons1,000 Tons.1,000 Tons

* Metric tons of 2,204 lb.

British Empire:—
   United Kingdom251,068267,831261,529263,774264,433
   British India9,78311,14712,77011,87012,047
   Canada8,7179,3859,7209,37611,425
   Australian Commonwealth8,5969,68110,1948,1869,737
   South Africa4,1844,6794,9385,5356,435
   New Zealand1,7301,8311,8611,9112,197
   Other colonies and possessions150169213250279
Foreign Countries:—
   United States of America369,783428,896371,288411,432477,854
   Germany*137,118143,186147,671148,788152,828
   France*33,45835,98936,63337,25337,116
   Belgium*23,57023,70523,55823,51823,917
   Austria*13,47313,85013,87513,71313,774
   Japan12,84513,65614,67314,98615,286

In the year 1886 the total production was 383 millions of tons, and in 1896 547 millions of tons.

Accidents.

During 1911 there were 14 fatal accidents in coal-mines in New Zealand, causing 14 deaths, and 20 non-fatal accidents, by which 20 persons were injured. Of the fatal accidents 11 were caused by falls 23—Ybk.

in mines, and 3 in various ways. Of the non-fatal accidents 8 were caused by falls in mines and 12 from various causes—11 underground and 1 on the surface. Of the average number of persons employed during the year (4,290) the fatalities were 1 in every 306, and the tonnage of coal raised for each life lost was 147,577.

IRONSANDS AND ORES OF NEW ZEALAND.

Almost every known variety of iron-ore has been discovered in New Zealand. At Parapara, near Nelson, immense quantities of brown hæmatite ore occur on the surface of the ground. When converted, the product is of the variety called white iron. Another deposit, about 60 ft. thick, is that on the west side of Mount Peel. This ore contains 56 per cent. of metallic iron, and has been traced a distance of three miles, beyond which point it is reported to swell out to as much as a mile in width. An extensive and valuable deposit (limonite and glauconite) occurs on the western slope of Mount Royal, Otago. It contains about 37 per cent. of the metal, and as regards both quality and position this deposit is of importance.

The following information on the ore deposits at Parapara is extracted from the Geological Survey Reports: The deposit occurs about a mile south-west of the Parapara River. About five miles north of this is the town of Collingwood, close to which is a mine which yields some of the best coal in New Zealand. A short tramway would enable the ore to be shipped in barges and taken to Collingwood, where there is every facility for the construction of a wharf, at which vessels of any size might lie. There is a large deposit of nearly pure crystalline limestone on the banks of the Parapara River, and the numerous streams in the neighbouring hills would give ample water-power if needed. It is estimated that the main deposit contains nearly 53 millions of tons of ore, but in the absence of any system of prospecting this estimate must not be regarded as in any way conclusive.

In the form of sand, the chief deposits are on the sea-shore of the west coast of both islands, the best known being that near New Plymouth. The Taranaki ironsand has been the subject of many experiments to determine the best method of smelting it. When mixed with clay and moulded in the form of a brick it has been readily smelted in the blast-furnace, and the iron produced is of excellent quality, suitable for steel-making processes. Cheap coal is obtainable from Mokau, a short distance from the ironsand deposits. A variety of articles have been manufactured from the product of the sand and submitted to experts, who have invariably expressed a favourable opinion as to quality and suitability.

SCHEELITE.

Scheelite, one of the principal ores of tungsten, is mined in Otago, at Macrae's Flat, Glenorchy, and Lake Wakatipu. During the year 1911 eight mines were at work, employing twenty-four

persons, and producing 13S tons of concentrates. Milling and concentrating plants have been installed, and the product finds a ready market, principally in Germany.

The uses of tungstic acid are various. It is used as a mordant in calico-printing, as a constituent in some finer grades of paint, for the manufacture of electric-light-lamp filaments, and renders clothing non-inflammable. Its greatest use, however, is in the manufacture of steel of the very highest grades, such as engineers' tool steel for turning-lathes, and steel for the inner tubes of big guns. It imparts to the steel great density, toughness, and hardness. Such steel is placed on the market by different makers under a variety of names—nickel tungsten steel, high-speed steel, self-hardening steel, &c. It has within the last few years revolutionized engineering methods.

The mineral occurs commonly in mica-schist and altered sedimentary rocks. At Macrae's it is found in bunches and stringers through the quartz. The value of the export from the mines since 1900 has been—

 £
19002,635
190183
19021,200
19031,439
1904791
19051,848
19063,407
190715,486
19086,055
19094,263
191015,070
191111,853

CINNABAR.

A bonus of 4d. per pound on the production of the first 100,000 lb. of quicksilver is offered by the Government. One third of the quantity must be produced before 31st March, 1914, and the remainder before 31st March, 1915. If there are several contributors to the output, the bonus will be divided amongst them.

A plant on a small scale was erected near Karangahake for the purpose of treating the ore deposits in that neighbourhood, and the proprietors notified their intention of claiming the bonus. During 1910 70 tons of ore were treated for a yield of 1,200 lb. of mercury, valued at £128, but the works have since closed down.

MINERAL OIL.

Indications of the existence of petroleum have been found in the Dannevirke, Taranaki, Gisborne, Grey, and Southland districts, and a considerable amount of prospecting has been done.

A bonus of £10,000 will be paid by the Government as under:—

  1. £2,500 to be paid on proof being submitted that not less than 250,000 gallons of marketable crude oil have been won.

  2. £2,500 to be paid on proof being submitted that not less than 500,000 gallons of marketable crude oil have been won.

  3. £2,500 to be paid on proof being submitted that not less than 1,000,000 gallons of marketable crude oil have been won.

  4. The balance of £2,500 to be paid to the person or company who first produces from his or their own refining-plant 500,000 gallons of refined mineral oil.

The claim must be made and the conditions fulfilled on or before the 31st March, 1915.

The first two bonuses of £2,500 each have been paid to the Taranaki Petroleum Company who up to 30th September, 1912, had won 500,000 gallons of crude oil.

PHOSPHATE ROCK.

Fairly extensive deposits of phosphate rock have been discovered as a fringe to the limestone at Clarendon, near Milton, Otago. The Ewing Phosphate Company (Limited) has been formed, and operations of quarrying and burning on a commercial scale have been undertaken. After burning, the rock is crushed and chemically treated. The value of this phosphate as a fertilizer has been satisfactorily proved, and there is every indication of a growing industry in quarrying the rock and preparing it for use. With such a valuable material at our very doors, there is no doubt that in future the importation of phosphate manures will cease, or at least be greatly reduced, whilst the question of export is within the range of possibility.

OTHER METALS OR MINERALS.

Very little has been done to prospect and develop mines other than for gold and silver. The only exports last year of metalliferous products, excluding gold and silver, were 138 tons of auriferous ore, valued at £1,419, 138 tons of scheelite-ore, valued at £11,853, 20 tons of antimony, valued at £92, and small parcels of other minerals, representing an aggregate value of £13,924.

KAURI-GUM.

The quantity of kauri-gum exported last year was 7,587 tons, as against 8,693 tons for 1910. Last year's produce (£395,707) gave an average value of about £52 3s. 1d. per ton, while for 1910 the average was £53 9s. 11d. per ton.

SCHOOLSOF MINES.

Schools of Mines have been established in New Zealand at the principal mining centres, and are of great value for the education of mining and metallurgical students. In connection with these schools the Government offers six scholarships annually, one each for Otago, two for the west coast of the South Island, and three for the North Island. These scholarships, tenable for three years, are awarded to candidates who comply with the conditions and obtain

the highest number of marks at the yearly examinations held in each December, and are of the value of £50 each per annum to successful candidates residing three miles or more beyond the town in which the school is situated, and of £30 each per annum to successful candidates residing within the three-mile limit. The Mines Department will furnish particulars to intending candidates. These scholarships now apply to coal-mining subjects.

The annual examinations were held in December, 1911, and 76 students, from seven goldfields schools, presented themselves, and contributed 148 papers on some of the twenty subjects examined into. The standard of efficiency desired is to prepare the students for the Government examinations for mine-managers' and battery- superintendents' certificates of competency in New Zealand and other countries.

The amount expended by the Government on the schools since their inauguration to 31st March, 1912, was £49,816, excluding the amounts paid to the school attached to the University of Otago.

Examinations.

Examinations are held by the Boards of Examiners annually of candidates for certificates as first and second-class mine-managers, battery superintendents, and dredge-masters under the Mining Act, 1908, and for certificates as first- and second-class mine-managers, underviewers, and firemen and deputies under the Coal Mines Act, 1908. No candidate is permitted to present himself for examination unless he holds an authority from the Secretary to the Board of Examiners stating that his certificates of service comply with the Acts and regulations, and have been accepted by the Board. All necessary information will be supplied by the Secretary to the Board of Examiners, Mines Department, on application.

PROSPECTING.

Four diamond rock-drills, with boring capacity of 2,500 ft., 1,500 ft., 1,000 ft., and 800 ft., respectively, may be hired from the Mines Department on the following conditions: The hirer to take delivery of the plant at any place decided upon by the Minister of Mines. The hirer, prior to the delivery of the plant, to make a deposit of £50, and to find approved bond and security for the payment of all charges he may become liable for, and also for the due observance of the conditions. The plant to be returned in good order and condition, less wear and tear, to the Government Store, Wellington. Any loss or damage to the plant, other than that due to fair wear and tear, to be paid for by the hirer. A superintendent appointed by the Minister shall have sole control of the plant and the workmen employed, and the hirer must comply with his requests re housing and care of the plant. The wages of the superintendent will be paid by the Department in the first instance, but will be recovered monthly from the hirer. The hirer must also pay the cost of all carbons used in boring.

All the working-expenses of the plant must be paid by the hirer direct. The Department also has two Keystone drillers—one in Otago and one on the West Coast—which are hired to the local bodies, and are available within their jurisdiction to parties wishing to use them at their own cost.

Subsidies are granted by the State to assist parties of miners prospecting for gold in localities recommended by the Inspectors of Mines. During the year 1911 the sum of £3,534 was thus expended in the various mining districts.

Arrangements have been made with the mining companies at the Thames by which the companies contribute £12,000 and the Government £6,000 to the cost of driving a prospecting tunnel at the 1,000 ft. level. Besides prospecting, this tunnel will serve to drain the whole goldfield. The work is being pushed ahead, and the prospects are very promising.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

The greater part of the following matter is taken from an article on the salient features of the economic geology of New Zealand by Dr. James Mackintosh Bell, F.G.S., formerly Director of the Geological Survey:—

COAL.

Distribution of Coal.—Perhaps in no country of the world is coal more generally distributed than it is in New Zealand, as it occurs in almost every part of the Dominion—a fact which partly makes up for the lenticulor nature of the coal-seams and the inextensiveness of the basins in which they lie, as compared with coal-deposits in other countries. The coal varies considerably in quality, both in regard to the amount of ash and the state of carbonation.

The coals of Kaitangata, Shag Point, and Nightcaps, which form thick seams in Tertiary rocks in the south-eastern part of the South Island, are lignites of good quality. The seams which are so widely distributed in the hilly country west of the Canterbury Plains are all lignites, but not generally so highly carbonized as are the southern coals. The coals of the Greymouth district, and of Westport and Puponga, in the Nelson Land District, are bituminous coals of varying degrees of purity. The coals of the North Island, which are chiefly in the Waikato district, south of Auckland, and near Whangarei, north of Auckland, are in general intermediate in state of carbonation between the bituminous coals and lignites. No extensive seams of true anthracite have as yet been found in New Zealand, though there is a very small deposit in early Tertiary sediments at Cabbage Bay, in the Hauraki Peninsula, which owes its high percentage of fixed carbon to the metamorphism produced by flows of andesite. Some of the lignite seams of Canterbury are in part altered to anthracite, as a product of contact metamorphism. Anthracite occurs also in the Fox River Valley about 20 miles south of Westport.

PETROLEUM.

In many parts of the Dominion there is abundant evidence of petroleum, though in no locality can it be said to have been proven to exist in great quantity. It has been found and exploited to some slight degree at Kotuku, near Greymouth, in Westland; near Gisborne, in the Auckland District; and more especially at New Plymouth, in Taranaki, not far from the base of the lofty cone of Mount Egmont. In the last-mentioned locality the oil seeps out on the surface along the sea-shore and at a few places in the interior, and gas issues at many points along natural crevices. Boring operations have been conducted in this locality for many years, and oil-bearing strata have been struck at depths of, roughly speaking, 1,000 ft., 2,000 ft. and 3,000 ft. The petroliferous beds consist mainly of

soft marine sandstones and claystones, having, so far as is known, a gen...... to the westward. They appear to be of Miocene age, but the overlying surface beds are probably Pliocene. Recently two of the wells have yielded considerable quantities of oil, and a government bonus has been earned.

IRON-ORE.

There are in New Zealand several interesting deposits of iron-ore. The most important of these appears at Parapara, in the rugged Cape Farewell Peninsula, lying west of Golden Bay, in the South Island; while another is visible on the shores of the Tasman Sea, near New Plymouth.

Parapara Deposits.— The rocks in which the Parapara ore occurs are meta morphic, and consist of much corrugated hornblendic and feldspathic schists, sideritic limestones, and cherty quartzites. These have been tentatively classified as Silurian by Mr. Herbert Cox, formerly a geologist on the staff of the New Zealand Geological Survey. Uncomfortably above this series of Palæozoic rocks lies a considerable thickness of coal-bearing strata—probably Early Tertiary—which consist of limestones, sandstones, grits, and coal-seams. Forming a mantle over much of the district are thick gravel deposits. These usually contain more or less gold and where reassorted by stream action have afforded some rich bonanzas.

Structurally, the iron-ore appears to occur in a complex anticline composed of banded ferruginous cherts and quartzites. In intimate connection with the cherts is a band of sideritic crystalline limestone, which is often rusty, due to the oxidation of iron-carbonate contained, The width of the actual ore-mass visible on the surface averages not less than 900 ft., though the iron-bearing horizon is much wider. Broken by several gullies filled with glacial débris, the ore-body outcrops in a north-westerly and south-westerly direction for nearly a mile and a half from the Parapara Inlet. Beyond this the iron-bearing horizon extends much farther, and contains several deposits of high-grade ore. Mr. George J. Binns, formerly Inspector of Mines for the New Zealand Government, estimates that in the large ore-body near Parapara Inlet there are not less than 51,835,600 long tons of iron-ore in actual outcrop, which could be removed in an open quarry. A conservative estimate made in 1907 by Geological Survey gives the quantity of ore in sight as 22,691,762 tons, In addition to this there is perhaps an equally large quantity of ore some miles to the south in what is known as the Onekaka Block.

The ore is in general a high-grade hydrous bæmatite, botryoidal, mamillary, and often porous in character. Apparently, manganese is a constant constituent. Phosphorus and sulphur are in general low, though there are small quantities of other impurities, principally lime, magnesia, alumina, and some silica. In places the ore contains rounded quartz pebbles, often in sufficient abundance to constitute a highly ferruginous quartz conglomerate. The conglomeratic portion of the ore is auriferous, the gold apparently being derived from the same source as that in the quartz pebbles. In depth the quartz pebbles are lacking.

The origin of this extensive deposit of iron-ore is of considerable interest. Briefly stated, the ore has resulted from the concentration of iron oxide by meteoric waters along the exposed crest of the anticline previously mentioned. The waters derived their burden of iron either directly or indirectly from the oxidation, partly of iron-carbonate, but more especially of the sulphides pyrite and marcasite.

New Plymouth Deposits.—The deposits of iron-ore occurring near New Plymouth, in the North island, are of a very different character from those at Parapara. They consist of magnetic iron-sands, all more or less titaniferous, which owe their concentration in thick beds along the sea-shore and inland for a mile or more to the action of the waves or wind. Beds of pure black sand of very fine grain are interstratified with beds of feldspathic quartz sand, containing considerable titaniferous magnetite, and with others practically free from iron. Sometimes the demarcation between the various beds is very abrupt and decided, again much more gradual. Considered longitudinally, the beds of pure black sand lense out, and are replaced by others in which the iron constituent is lacking or unimportant, and again the latter beds may

be replaced by pure black sand. The black sand is supposed to consist of an intimate mixture of magnetite and ilmenite. It occurs very widely distributed, and, there can be no doubt, in very large quantities. It appears at very frequent intervals along the coast on either side of Now Plymouth, from the mouth of the Waitara River as far south as the mouth of the Patea.

The black sand has apparently been derived in part from the disintegration of hornblende andesites and more basic volcanies—all rich in titaniferous magnetite—and in part from tufa, representing the comminuted equivalent of these volcanics. Volcanics and tufas carrying titaniferous magnetite have a wide distribution near New Plymouth around the volcanic cone of Egmont.

Iron-ores also occur at Table Hill and Mount Royal in Otago, and near Kerikeri (Whangaroa district) and other places in North Auckland.

COPPER.

Ores of copper are found in New Zealand at many localities, but there are no known deposits of any considerable size. Copper mines, however, have been worked from time to time at Kawau and Great Barrier Islands in the Hauraki Gulf, and in the Aniseed Valley, near Nelson. There has recently been discovered a mineralized horizon, containing native copper, malachite, and other ores of copper, near the Kaipara Harbour, in the North Auckland peninsula. The country is but little explored, and the exact nature of the deposit has not yet been investigated.

Perhaps the best-known deposits of ores of copper are in a heavy mineralized zone stretching from D'Urville Island southward to the Aniseed Valley, in the neighbourhood of the City of Nelson, in the South Island. The ore-bodies lie in small disconnected and generally parallel lenses occurring in serpentine. The most common ore is a cupriferous pyrrhotite, in which the copper-content is generally low. On the surface the oxidation-products—malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, cuprite, and native copper—are occasionally encountered, and in one case (the Champion Mine) are important, giving very rich, though small, bodies above the water-level. Enriched sulphides are to be seen in some of the lower workings of the United Mine above the water-level, though the ore is more or less oxidized on the surface.

GOLD.

In the past most of the gold of New Zealand was derived from placer deposits in various parts of the South Island, but more especially in the districts of Nelson, Westland, and Otago. The bonanzas, in general, occurred where older gravels had been reassorted by fluviatile or marine action. The amount of gold derived from this source is now much reduced, and the supply of the precious metal in New Zealand is to a greater extent obtained from quartz reefs. All through the ancient crystalline schists and Palæozoic argillites and grauwackes, which form such an important part of the strata of the South Island. quartz veins are common. Generally, these are disposed parallel to the stratification, but are sometimes in fissures transverse to the bedding-planes. Although quartz veins of this class are almost innumerable, many of them contain gold only in traces, and comparatively few yield it in payable quantities. The veins are in rocks which exhibit physiographically mature and sub-mature forms, and in consequence are in general merely the remnant of former veins, the upper and probably richer part having been removed in the extensive and varied denudation—sub-aerial and glacial—which the country has undergone.

At present much the most important centre of quartz-mining in the South Island is at Reefton, where a number of mines are now working—the Globe, the Progress, the Wealth of Nations, the Keep-it-Dark, the Blackwater, &c. The ore filling the veins consists chiefly of quartz. This contains a great deal of pyrites, with more or less stibnite, arsenopyrite, and rarely chalcopyrite. In all of the mines the values are irregularly distributed in the quartz gangue, even near the surface, where the yield is usually higher than from the lower levels. Often not only may the ore-shoots terminate within the quartz mass in the direction both of the strike and dip of the vein, but the quartz gangue itself frequently lenses out and is replaced by comminuted gouge, to reappear either barren or with

shoots of rich ore in the continuation of the line of reef. This occurrence of the quartz in patches is one of the most characteristic features of the veins at Reefton. The highest values are almost always along slaty selvages, which are frequently rusty, and where the quartz is of the character known as “magpie stone” by the miners. “Magpie stone” is simply quartz enclosing numerous small angular fragments of argillite of granwacke, which are the prevailing country rocks of the district.

There is a small reefing-area near the head of the Wilberforce and Arahura Rivers, known as the Westland Reefs district, in which a number of promising auriferous-quartz veins have recently been discovered, but which has been as yet very little prospected. Quartz-mining is carried on at Taitapu, in the Gape Farewell Peninsula, in reefs very much like those at Reefton. Quartz veins are also being worked at Skipper's, Arrowtown, Barewood, and various other places in Central Otago, though none is of important proportions.

The occurrence of the mineral scheelite in many of the quartz veins in Otago is interesting. The quartz with which it is associated is always somewhat auriferous, and in places payably so. The scheelite sometimes appears in a decided band running through the quartz, or again intimately intermixed. At Barewood. Glenorchy, and Macrae's, near Palmerston South, the mineral is found in sufficient quantity to pay for working.

Much more prominent than any of the centres of quartz mining in the South Island, and of widely different character, are the goldfields of the Hauraki Peninsula of the North Island, which contain the mining centres of Coromandel, Thames, Karangahake, and Waihi, in addition to many less prominent mining localities. The output of gold from Coromandel is now comparatively small. At Thames there is no mine at present date giving large returns, though many rich bonanzas have been discovered in the past. The site of the Waihi Mine —one of the greatest gold-mines of the world—is a centre of immense economic importance as well as of scientific interest. At Karangahake is situated the Talisman Mine, which is now the second gold-producer in New Zealand.

The oldest rocks of the Hauraki Goldfield apparently consist of unfossiliferous argillites and grauwackes, with interstratified igneous rocks, which are followed by argillites, grauwackes, grits, and fine conglomerates, which contain Jurassic fossils. Uncomfortably above these are early Tertiary rocks containing unimportant coal-seams, which occur as widely separated isolated remnants in the northern part of the Hauraki Peninsula. On the denuded surface of these sedimentaries have been disposed thick and widely distributed volcanic deposits, flows, breccias, and tuffs of and iti character, above which are others of rhyolitic character. By far the most important veins of the Hauraki Peninsula are in the andesitic flows or in the fine-grained andesitic tuffs. Veins occurring in the coarse andesitic agglomerates and tuffs rarely carry much gold, while those appearing in the rhyolites are decidedly unimportant as compared with those in the andesites. A few relatively unimportant veins are found in the older sedimentary rocks. The andesites are often tremendously altered, especially near the veins. In fact, the rock in places has been changed to a mass of chlorite, sericite, calcite, quartz, and pyrite, giving the so-called propylite. There were evidently at least two periods of vein-deposition, much the more important apparently being the result of the andesite extrusion while the second period of vein-formation succeeded the outpouring of the rhyolites. Sinter- deposits, widely distributed throughout the Hauraki Peninsula, testify to the enormous extent of hydro-thermal activity in the past, and a few scattered hot springs show that it has not yet ceased. The veins are apparently mainly deposits by hot siliceous solutions, carrying a great deal of hydrogen-sulphide in pre-existing fissures, greatly enlarged by replacement of the wall-rock.

Of the payable veins of the Hauraki Goldfields there are two more or less distinct types—those which occur in decided and definite veins, in which the payable ore is contained chiefly in a well-demarcated ore-shoot, with considerable horizontal continuation, and with longitudinal extension from level to level; and those in which not only is the quartz of very irregular width, but the values are almost entirely in small disjointed patches, often of the enormous richness of

“jewellery-shop” ores. Of the former class much the most conspicuous example is given by the more or less connected reefs worked in the Waihi Mine, at Waihi, though the Union, Amaranth, and Silverton veins at the same place, and the Talisman vein at Karangahake, are of the same class. Of the “jewellery-shop” class of veins, the reef-systems of the Hauraki, Kapanga, Royal Oak, and Tokatea Mines at Coromandel, and the reef-systems of the Kuranui-Caledonian, Moanataiari, and Waiotahi Mines at Thames, are good examples. The bonanzas of free gold in the veins of the Waiotahi type are apparently always at points where the vein is heavily mineralized with pyrite, with which is sometimes associated sphalerite, stibnite, and chalcopyrite, and occasionally native arsenic. The bonanzas frequently have an intimate connection with the faulting of the vein. The faults, formed subsequent to the original period of vein-deposition, may have determined the position of the bonanzas formed during a period of secondary enrichment of the vein, either by acting as barriers to migrating auriferous solutions, or by forming channels along which solutions came, reacting with those in the original vein-channel.

The great Waihi Mine is working on the complex system of branching reefs—the Martha, Welcome, Empire, Royal, Edward, and several smaller veins. Those reefs of the system which approach the surface show an oxidized capping of moderate though not of bonanza richness, which gradually is replaced in depth by sulphide ores. The gold is very rarely visible to the unaided eye, though a considerable portion exists as free gold. One of the most characteristic features of the reefs of the Waihi Mine system is the continuity of the “pay-ore,” both in horizontal and vertical extension. If there was any enrichment of these veins subsequent to the original deposition of the quartz, which seems very likely, it was probably by secondary solutions ascending along the reef-channels, excepting near the surface, where descending solutions gave a limited concentration. Some of the veins of the Waihi reef system are of immense size—the Martha reaches a width of 60 ft. on the surface, and at the levels opened at about 800 ft. beneath the surface it is, where widest, over twice that width. It is interesting to note that in general the veins of the Hauraki Peninsula show a diminution in the amount of gold in the electrum in passing from the northern to the southern portion of the field.

Very interesting evidence on the origin of gold and silver in quartz veins is given by certain hot springs in the centre of existing hydro-thermal activity in New Zealand—the Taupo volcanic zone. Sinter taken by the writer from the rim of a very ebullient spring at the Maori settlement of Whakarewarewa was found to contain, on analysis, silver to the amount of 4 oz. and 18 gr. per ton, and gold to the amount of 1 dwt. 4 gr. per ton. The sinter analysed was stained with sulphur, but showed no visible evidence of any sulphides. Analysis made from the sinter deposited in a wooden trough used to conduct water from the same spring at Whakarewarewa gave the following result in the precious metals: Gold, 12 gr.; and silver, 16 dwt. 3 gr. per ton.

The great geyser of Waimangu, which broke into action some years after the terrible Tarawera eruption of 1886, and remained active until November, 1904, deposited a blackish material, consisting chiefly of sulphides, but containing neither gold nor silver. Some mud obtained by Dr. Wohlmann, the Government Balneologist, from a hot spring in the sanatorium grounds at Rotorua gave the following somewhat remarkable analysis:—

Silica69.30
Alumina4.52
Iron-oxides2.00
Titanium-oxide0.58
Lime1.00
Magnesia0.10
Soda and potash1.30
Sulphur, combined1.40
Sulphur, free6.09
Organic matter10.01
Water3.70
 100.00

Microscopic examination of the deposit showed that it consisted mainly of quartz and amorphous silica, with a little feldspar. The mud also contained 5 gr. of gold and 6 dwt. 1 gr. of silver per ton. It is evidently not a deposit from the spring, but is merely a siliceous tufa impregnated by the thermal solutions.

PLATINUM.

Platinum has been found at many points in the South Island in the alluvial drifts, but never in sufficient quantities to be of any economic value, excepting where saved with gold. Platinum has been reported from the Queen of Beauty quartz reef at Thames, and also from an occurrence of massive pyrites at Coromandel. In 1906 a number of platiniferous quartz veins were discovered by the Geological Survey near the Teremakau River, in the district of Westland, in the South Island, in close proximity to sheets of altered magnesian eruptives—apparently originally dunite, and situated parallel to the stratification of the enclosing phyllites. The quartz is somewhat vitreous, and in general very “hungry” in appearance. Iron-pyrite and iron-oxides derived from its alteration are fairly common. In three analyses made of the platiniferous quartz the platinum was found to occur associated with silver, and always in the approximate ratio of 7 parts of silver to 1 of platinum. The following is a characteristic result, showing the amount of platinum and silver: Platinum, 3 dwt. 8 gr.; and silver, 1 oz. 4 dwt. 9 gr. per ton. It seems possible that the platinum and silver may exist in some mineralogical combination, though no data were obtained to substantiate this hypothesis.

An interesting product of metamorphism of the magnesian eruptives, near which the platinum-veins just described occur, is the mineral nephrite—the much-valued pounamu of the Maoris, and the precious “greenstone” of commerce. This mineral, which is apparently a massive actinolite or allied amphibole, occurs as segregations from a few inches to several feet in width in a talcose matrix—also a product of alteration of the magnesian eruptives. Many analyses made of the magnesian eruptives failed to show any platinum actually existing in them.

TIN, ETC.

Cassiterite has been found in the form of “stream-tin” in some of the streams amid the rugged hills of Stewart Island, and has been reported to occur actually in situ in granite.

Ores of antimony, lead, zinc, and several other metals have been discovered in New Zealand, but scarcely in sufficient quantity to deserve especial mention in this place.

Much of the wild, mountainous country of the South Island, and the thickly wooded central and northern parts of the North Island, is still unexplored, and vast mineral wealth may yet be discovered in these areas of terra incognita.

Chapter 21. SECTION XVII.—MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS.

REMARKS ON SUMMARIZED RESULTS.

IN connection with the following tables relating to census industrial statistics it should be mentioned, to avoid misunderstanding, that they do not purport to include all “factories” registered under the Factories Act. The tables, as in previous census collections, only show the results of returns collected from manufactories and works employing over two hands. In a number of cases where work was carried on by the same manufacturer in separate buildings a considerable distance from one another, each building would be registered as a distinct “factory,” but only one census return would be furnished. For instance, in the case of a butter-factory with, say, a dozen or more creameries separating and supplying cream, each creamery would be registered as a separate “factory,” but the particulars for all would be included in one census return. Certain industries also which are registered as factories (bakers, blacksmiths, &c.) do not furnish returns for census purposes. The present collection has followed as closely as possible the lines of previous census collections.

MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS, 1911 AND 1906.
 April, 1911. No.April, 1906. No.Increase 1906-11. No.

* Omitting Government Railway Workshops and Government Printing Office.

† Decrease.

Number of establishments*4,4024,186216
Hands employed—
   Males42,26744,946-2,679
   Females13,96711,4132,554
   Totals56,23456,359-125
 1910.1905.1905-10.
Wages paid—£££
   To males4,865,4263,979,593885,833
   To females706,844478,026228,818
   Totals5,572,2704,457,6191,114,651
 H.p.H.p.H.p.
Horse-power100,58760,33540,252
Total approximate value of—£££
   Land3,890,9213,264,862626,059
   Buildings5,174,8903,851,9021,322,988
   Machinery and plant7,665,5485,392,5222,273,026
   Totals16,731,35912,509,2864,222,073

The number of establishments has increased in the quinquennium by 216, but the returns show that there were 125 less hands employed in 1911 than in 1906. A remarkable feature of this is that while the number of males decreased by 2,679, or at a rate of 5.96 per cent., the females actually increased by 2,554, or 22.38 per cent. In 1906, males represented 79.75 per cent. of the hands employed, and females 20.25 per cent., while in 1911 the proportions were 75.16 per cent. and 24.84 per cent. respectively.

In spite of the decrease in the hands employed, and in the proportion of males, the wages paid in 1910 show a considerable increase on the figures for 1905. The wages paid in the factories or industrial works dealt with in the census returns were returned for 1905 at £4,457,619, and for 1910 at £5,572,270, the increase on the total sum being at the rate of 25 per cent.

The average amount of wages paid to male hands in 1905 was £88 10s. 11d., and in 1910 £115 2s. 3d.; for females, £41 17s. 8d. and £50 12s. 2d. in the respective years. It must be remembered that these are not adult wages, but those of persons of all ages.

The increase for the quinquennium in the horse-power stated in the returns was 40,252, equal to a rate of 66.71 per cent.

The approximate value of the land used for purposes of the factories was returned as £3,264,862 for 1905, and £3,890,921 for 1910. The value of the lands used for mining is not included in the above figures, and the value of Crown lands has been omitted throughout.

As in the previous quinquennium a very large increase is found in the value of machinery and plant. The figures for the censuses of 1901, 1906, and 1911 are £3,852,457, £5,392,522, and £7,665,548 respectively. The rate of increase during the first of the two five-yearly periods was 39.98 per cent., and for the second 42.15 per cent.

VALUE OF MANUFACTURES OR PRODUCE (OUTPUT).
 1905.1910.Increase in 5 Years.
Value of all manufactures or produce (including repairs)£ 23,444,235£ 31,729,002£ 8,284,767

This increase is at the rate of 35.34 per cent. for the quinquennium as against an increase of 31.31 per cent. for the preceding five years.

The development is analysed in the following statement, which includes nearly the whole increase, and has been worked down to a limit of £20,000 to show the main features. The factories or works in connection with our great primary industries, agricultural, pastoral, timber, and flax, include the greater part of the money.

PRINCIPAL INCREASES BETWEEN 1905 AND 1910.
 £
Meat freezing and preserving and boiling-down works2,493,642
Butter and cheese factories1,337,545
Sawmills, sash and door factories571,122
Tailoring establishments357,821
Iron and brass foundries, &c. (excluding Government Railway Workshops)312,077
Printing and bookbinding establishments (excluding Government Printing Office)310,099
Clothing and boot and shoe factories278,621
Dressmaking and millinery establishments243,791
Gasworks236,289
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments200,460
Grain-mills189,315
Furniture- and cabinet-making factories169,496
Breweries and malt-houses141,895
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works120,863
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments117,684
Coach building and painting works101,194
Soap and candle works90,079
Saddlery and harness factories79,551
Lime and cement works77,011
Ship- and boat-building yards76,447
Hosiery-factories72,854
Aerated-water factories61,010
Paper bag and box factories50,110
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories46,928
Electric light and supply works42,921
Fruit-preserving and jam-making factories37,474
Cooperages35,683
Tinware-factories33,434
Baking-powder factories30,602
Mattress-factories29,023
Sausage-casing factories28,233
Agricultural-implement factories22,299
Glass-works21,204

From this table has been omitted reference to electric tramways, returns of which were collected in 1911 for the first time, as well as certain industries included with others in 1906, but shown separately in 1911.

The amounts shown above are in some cases over the fact. For instance, some of the butter made is included in returns for meat-freezing establishments, as well as in the butter-factory returns; timber cut is valued under sawmilling, and some again in the furniture-making line; while leather is valued in the tanning returns, and some part of it again in the boot and saddlery items. A certain amount of duplication is unavoidable. This is admitted in the accounts of industrial statistics of the United States of America and elsewhere.

Where decreases have been found in the returns these may be referred to in a comparative statement which follows.

Particulars relating to individual industries clearly show that quantities as well as the value of manufactures have risen, so that the development is not merely a question of market prices, but of actual output.

Cost of Materials operated upon.

This information was given in case of most industries, but in some cases estimates had to be made to obtain completeness. The sum arrived at for the year 1910 is £20,810,211. The difference between this amount and the total value of all the manufacture and produce (with repairs) may be termed the net value of the manufacture in a sense, and duplications on account of the articles of any one kind becoming materials operated upon for another sort would be eliminated. But to arrive at any approximate estimate as to profit £5,572,270 spent in wages ought further to be deducted, and also interest and depreciation on £16,731,359 invested in land, buildings, machinery, and plant, together with taxes, insurance, and other incidental expenses.

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

All the various industries for which returns were received in 1911 are given in the statement below, which thus enumerates completely the manufactories and works in operation, specifying the provincial districts in which they are situated:—

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Manufactories, Works, &c.Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.Total Number of Industries.
Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.WellingtonMarlborough.Nelson.Westland.Canterbury.Otago.Southland.
Animal food—
   Meat freezing and preserving works834411..76741
   Ham- and bacon - curing establishments7323..2..714442
   Fish curing and preserving works91..4..11..3120
   Butter and cheese factories577518658104331553338
   Condensed-milk factories..............112 
Vegetable food—
   Grain-mills43..1033..2316466
   Biscuit-factories2....1..1..2219
   Fruit-preserving and jam-making works5..12..5..25222
   Sugar-boiling and confectionery works7..18..1186133
   Sugar-refining works1................1 
   Baking-powder factories5....4......11..11
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
   Breweries82510185107460
   Malthouses3..1314..87128
   Colonial-wine making5..31....12....12
   Aerated-water factories28673539415134124
   Coffee and spice works3....2..1..14112
   Tobacco and cigarette works3....6............9
   Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories4..15..1147..23
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)—
   Soap and candle works6..15......44..20
   Glue-factories1............1....2
   Sausage-casing factories2..14......32113
   Boiling-down works3425..2121323
   Bone-mills and other manure-works3....1..1....1410
Working in wood—
   Cooperages4227......41..20
   Sawmills, sash and door factories1181729123226438532347534
   Woodware and turnery factories..1..41....3....9
Vegetable produce for fodder—
   Chaff-cutting establishments....1124..5....13
   Grass-seed-dressing establishments11321....139737
Paper-manufacture—
   Paper-mills1..............113
   Paper bag and box factories6....1......14113
   Gasworks10261023284148
   Electric light and supply works151....1..51..14
   Electric tramways1....2......11..5
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—
   Lime and cement works4..12..1..18..17
   Asphalt-works1....3......3....7
   Brick, tile, and pottery works17310242431381094
   Monumental-masonry works4216..2..72226
   Glass-works4....6......11..12
   Electro-plating works1....2......3....6
   Pumice-works1..................1
   Fibrous-plaster works3....3......43..13
Metals other than gold or silver—
   Tinware-factories134412131139565
   Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.172120..221112269
   Heel- and toe-plate factories1............11..3
   Engineering-works*262623543212010120
   Electrical-engineering works4....5......42..15
Manufactories, Works, &c.Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.Total Number of Industries.
Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.WellingtonMarlborough.Nelson.Westland.Canterbury.Otago.Southland.

* Excluding Government Printing Office.

Metals—continued.
   Range-making works4....1......33..11
   Spouting and ridging works332211..32..17
   Lead-headed-nail works1....3......11..6
   Wirework-factories2....5......33114
Books and publications—
   Printing and book-binding offices*56111353679343616241
   Musical instruments—
   Musical-instrument factories1....2......21..6
Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares—
   Toy-factories2....1......1....4
   Picture-frame makers3..16..112....14
   Basket and perambulator factories6..19..1..54..26
   Lapidaries2..............2..4
Equipment for sports and games—
   Billiard-table works1..3............4 
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
   Rubber-stamp making......3........2..5
Ammunition—
   Ammunition-works1..................1
Machines, tools, and implements—
   Agricultural-implement factories....14......72519
   Brush and broom factories41..1......22..10
Carriages and vehicles—
   Coach building and painting works43121439212129208180
   Cycle-works4142323..1517271
Harness, saddlery, and leather-ware—
   Saddlery and harness factories321062233220145117
   Whip-thong factories......1............1
   Portmanteau-factories2....2......2....6
   Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments8578421289779
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
   Ship- and boat-building yards20..121..14..29 
   Block and pump factories1................1 
   Sail, tent, and oilskin factories724612173134
Manufactories, Works, &c.Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.Total Number of Industries.
Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.WellingtonMarlborough.Nelson.Westland.Canterbury.Otago.Southland.

* Included in Otago, 1906.

Furniture—
   Furniture and cabinetmaking5515175136525219207
   Venetian-blind works2............21..5
   Mattress-factories817132....64142
   Wool, rug, and mat making......3......11..5
Chemicals and by-products—
   Varnish-factories1....1........2..4
   Ink-factories..............11..2
   Starch-factories....1..........2..3
   Chemical-works4....3......24..13
   Hæmatite-paint works................2..2
   Sheep-dip works....2..............2
   Match-factories......1........1..2
   Blacking-factories......1............1
Textile fabrics—
   Woollen-mills1..11......34111
   Flock-mills......1........1..2
   Cleaning and dyeing works3..5......31214 
Dress—
   Tailoring establishments10430259782012746018448
   Dressmaking and millinery establishments761929846124775322382
   Boot and shoe factories253..14......1910374
   Clothing and waterproof factories16..123......1414169
   Corset and belt factories......1......1....2
   Hosiery-factories1....2......46114
   Umbrella-factories1..11......2....5
Fibrous materials—
   Rope and twine works1....1......3218
   Bag and sack works1............21..4
   Flax-mills142..3835434881
   Returns not included in above6..111..1..9335 
   Totals, census 1911934253251982952141077245492934,402
   Totals, census 190688524721484668229112696889*4,186

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.

The principal industries returned at the census of 1911, and particulars relating thereto, are given in detail in the following table. These industries are arranged in classes according to their nature.

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.
Nature of Industries.Total Number of Industries.Number of Hands employedWages paid.Amount of Power employed (Horsepower).Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910.Value of all Manufactures or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.*Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume.

† For full particulars respecting these industries see special tables in Census volume.

‡ Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

§ To this total of the cost of materials used should be added an amount estimated at £25,000 to cover the cost of gas fittings, pipes, &c., purchased and sold to consumers, the proceeds from which go to make up the amount of total revenue given in next column.

|| Includes £782,665 permanent-way, and £249,218 cars and other vehicles.

¶ The cost of materials used in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and pottery is not given, as the actual cost of the clay operated upon (apart from the outlay for labour) is practically nil.

 ££H.p.£££
Animal food—
   Meat freezing and pre-serving works413,954243,978444,2371,161445,39816,5316,533,3637,304,6761,741,170
   Ham- and bacon-curing establishments42200120127,0163927,055678285,354371,621103,266
   Fish curing and preserving works20572595,660735,73310918,20729,00220,724
   Butter and cheese factories3381,481231,504169,380685170,0655,9953,304,9983,919,184954,122
   Condensed-milk factories2342256......40......
Vegetable food—
   Grain-mills66419542450,77421050,9843,6241,040,7621,248,001407,720
   Biscuit-factories921017138122,3567,73630,09244898,460168,12289,974
   Fruit-preserving and jam-making works2216412528912,5484,17916,72732790,248135,50655,461
   Sugar-boiling and confectionery works3331141872930,79416,92847,722403143,831259,498141,074
   Sugar-refining works1338..338......1,313......
   Baking-powder factories113731684,4231,0015,4248126,02746,95416,223
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
   Breweries607383741109,46579109,5441,378304,062634,759499,357
   Malthouses28106110713,7275013,777114118,395152,773114,170
   Colonial-wine making1220..201,438..1,438102,4615,49817,290
   Aerated-water factories1245373357061,5781,35962,93743175,501250,571200,965
   Coffee and spice works124719664,5597705,32910821,38832,26125,977
   Tobacco and cigarette works9812207685111,2791610,96216,40310,501
   Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories2380631437,4362,64810,08410238,84662,72634,751
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)—
   Soap and candle works202232925227,1771,21328,390308197,259268,63592,609
   Glue factories29211......50......
   Sausage-casing factories13174..17419,300..19,3003937,23365,27813,101
   Boiling-down works23117..11714,252..14,25236696,117117,51175,260
   Bone-mills and other manure-works1092..9210,991..10,99118054,66380,71640,175
Working in wood—
   Cooperages20170117114,84115014,99148448,51773,80733,881
   Sawmills, sash and door factories5346,87166,877774,043359774,40219,4841,253,1532,699,8881,806,628
   Woodware and turnery factories930..303,045..3,045566,26712,6027,228
Vegetable produce for fodder—
   Chaffcutting establishments1337..372,924..2,92416739,31848,39816,266
   Grass-seed-dressing establishments37110..11011,359..11,359729238,414275,693116,011
Paper-manufacture—
   Paper-mills36931100......782......
   Paper-bag and box factories1310014024010,0608,15218,21234429,34562,05160,915
Gasworks48751675792,72142993,150..§176,306623,2091,079,387
Electric light and supply works14168217023,73573424,46916,78022,372124,951404,681
Electric tramways51,633..1,633221,229..221,229..106,187548,8421,387,635||
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—
   Lime and cement works17456..45653,934..53,9343,58680,882184,686255,614
   Asphalt-works733..333,666..3,666108,92116,8317,044
   Brick, tile, and pottery works94966..966112,328..112,3283,039..235,220326,290
   Monumental - masonry works26121112214,8235214,87510722,12647,71834,221
   Glass-works1284..848,705..8,7055911,97426,32715,070
   Electro-plating works6121131,5141041,618229554,8856,650
   Pumice-works120..20......40......
   Fibrous-plaster works13651667,242217,26354,15116,90715,445
DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.
Nature of Industries.Total Number of Industries.Number of Hands employedWages paid.Amount of Power employed (Horsepower).Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910.Value of all Manufactures or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.*Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume.

† For full particulars respecting these industries, see special tables in Census volume.

‡ Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

§ Particulars in reference to the operations of the Government Printing Office and the Government Railway Workshops are not included in the table. The total value of output at the Government Railway Workshops for the year to 31st March, 1911, was £701,175. In the Government Printing Office there were 326 male and 106 female hands employed; there were 12 electric motors and 3 steam-engines, with an aggregate horse-power of 170 4 linotypes and 7 monotypes were in operation; and the total value of output was £89,293.

 £££H.p.£££
Metals, other than gold or silver—
   Tinware-factories65414..41440,493..40,49314676,942160,58498,589
   Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.691,30411,305137,81652137,8681,179142,861374,155241,381
   Heel- and toe- plate factories36..6......7......
   Engineering-works§1202,442..2,442260,225..260,2253,333315,371751,485514,809
Electrical-engineering works15128..12810,543..10,5434940,01569,67328,576
Range-making works11271..27134,156..34,15626524,73082,60058,542
Spouting and ridging works1792..9210,290..10,2908323,76944,72820,541
Lead-headed-nail works610..10970..970243,7595,9053,650
Wirework-factories1464..646,439..6,4396815,14731,99118,708
Books and publications—
   Printing and bookbinding offices§2413,4337894,222454,81235,434490,2463,370314,7631,377,9261,302,497
Musical instruments—           
   Musical-instrument factories617..172,112..2,112101,3304,9545,274
Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares—
   Toy-factories419..191,688..1,688471,7065,1393,538
   Picture-frame makers14298373,1704753,64595,02414,13511,132
   Basket and perambulator factories261401715712,45884113,2991815,28940,02529,115
   Lapidaries46..6576..576101581,4232,747
Equipment for sports and games—
   Billiard-table works435..354,574..4,574457,91420,16513,407
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
   Rubber-stamp making56..6369..369..4131,4602,640
Ammunition—
   Ammunition-works1206585......48......
Machines, tools, and implements—
   Agricultural - implement factories19646..64681,026..81,02642681,237222,040118,631
   Brush and broom factories1090431338,8601,93910,79913917,49733,30318,714
Carriages and vehicles—
   Coach building and painting works1801,43631,439149,699107149,806657156,829396,012320,974
   Cycle-works71310531530,13722930,36623938,90492,141144,877
Harness, saddlery, and leatherware—
   Saddlery and harness factories1175415359459,2333,24962,48221114,993220,364142,974
   Whip-thong factories14..4..............
   Portmanteau-factories6327392,9783723,350..10,49616,5856,611
   Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments791,372..1,372136,875..136,8751,9271,788,7722,036,770261,456
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
   Ship- and boatbuilding yards29589..58969,415..69,41529237,059143,01974,741
   Block and pump factories11..1......4......
   Sail, tens, and oilskin factories3411311122412,5335,75418,2874361,57292,24946,593
Furniture—
   Furniture- and cabinet-making factories2071,5881011,689172,9605,082178,0421,339215,031497,681327,682
   Venetian-blind works52410342,3774112,788156,94211,3688,589
   Mattress-factories421121612811,68074212,4224924,88646,91523,978
   Wool-, rug-, and mat-making works578158593301,189111,8525,2673,950
Chemicals and by-products—
   Varnish-factories4152171,780771,8572911,71816,2608,555
   Ink-factories27..7......9......
   Starch-factories318624......60......
   Chemical-works134652985,8801,8857,7656231,34649,86636,488
   Hæmatite-paint works23..3......12......
   Sheep-dip works24..4......6......
   Match-factories228160188......113......
   Blacking-factories1123........   
Textile fabrics—
   Woollen-mills116647461,41077,78759,374137,1612,641248,187377,713289,089
   Flock-mills2437......24......
   Cleaning and dyeing works143227593,3231,4074,730371,67211,59914,141
Dress—
   Tailoring establishments4481,5812,6444,225193,957149,308343,265150364,389936,237483,719
   Dressmaking and millinery establishments382434,0854,1286,041180,407186,44895285,573575,059359,819
   Corset and belt factories2..55..............
   Boot and shoe factories741,3597132,072154,24443,549197,793680334,880619,873227,057
   Hosiery-factories14494785276,93029,77236,7029982,132140,44292,159
   Umbrella-factories51645611,4752,2763,751417,58122,8856,768
   Clothing and waterproof factories694772,4702,94752,957116,695169,652576297,913507,125194,481
Fibrous materials—
   Rope and twine works8190..19020,377..20,3771,07165,020104,32598,342
   Bag and sack works4936456741,9952,6693639,38750,87112,885
   Flax-mills811,24041,244143,676219143,8952,51673,835284,399342,638
Values for industries of which less than four of any one sort were found in the returns........69,99112,97682,967..796,689952,926422,988
Returns not included in above351287920712,9633,24416,20714967,608107,65060,458
   Totals census 19114,40242,26713,96756,2344,865,426706,8445,572,270100,58720,810,21131,729,002§16,731,359
   Totals, census 19064,18644,94611,41356,3593,979,593478,0264,457,61960,33513,163,69223,444,23512,509,286

NOTE.—Two or more distinct industries were carried on at some establishments. In such cases particulars of power, hands, and plant employed, and wages paid, unless stated separately for each branch of industry, have been treated as belonging to the most important work.

The succeeding statement shows the most important industries in operation in 1911, ranged in order of the values of their output for 1910, and compared with the results obtained for the years 1905, 1900, 1895, and 1890:—

 Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Repairs.
1910.1905.1900.1895.1890.
£££££
Meat freezing and pre serving and boiling- down works7,422,1874,928,5453,834,8911,652,2751,464,659
Butter and cheese factories3,919,1842,581,6391,535,150501,274150,957
Sawmills, sash and door factories2,699,8882,128,7661,268,689898,807832,959
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments2,036,7701,836,3101,888,1071,237,2521,026,349
Printing establishments (not including Government Printing Office)1,377,9261,067,827704,285389,124354,559
Grain-mills1,248,0011,058,686682,884874,656991,812
Clothing and boot and shoe factories1,126,998848,377897,299649,414591,943
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. (not including Government Railway Workshops)1,125,640813,563870,864302,815403,635
Tailoring establishments936,237578,416301,356....
Breweries and malthouses787,532645,637659,298418,830380,849
Gasworks623,209386,920290,567199,025178,947
Dressmaking and millinery establishments575,059331,268312,436....
Electric tramways548,842........
Furniture and cabinet-making factories497,681328,185241,02485,327131,314
Coach building and painting factories396,012294,818216,077148,969139,660
Woollen-mills377,713397,348359,382302,423279,175
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments371,621253,937159,56486,02283,435
Flax-mills284,399557,808203,49232,546234,266
Grass-seed-dressing establishments275,693270,028241,239....
Soap and candle works268,635178,556158,649152,298155,714
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works259,498138,63588,58033,23517,248
Aerated-water factories250,571189,561151,81198,60991,691
Brick, tile, and pottery works235,220216,550122,23066,14056,830
Agricultural-implement factories222,040199,741138,094102,054144,472
Saddlery and harness factories220,364140,813147,62663,73537,347
Lime and cement works184,686107,67545,14215,88119,416
Biscuit-factories168,122225,476197,989118,979127,147
Tinware-factories160,584127,15098,58763,72314,297
Ship- and boat-building yards143,01966,57245,81125,23335,847
Hosiery-factories140,44267,58831,2659,3575,650
 Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Repairs.
1910.1905.1900.1895.1890.
£££££
Fruit-preserving and jam-making135,50698,03258,09236,10827,255
Electric light and supply124,95182,03023,234....
Rope and twine works104,325100,75387,86352,40076,711
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories92,24945,32144,85430,16631,083
Cycle-works92,14175,99165,04718,8175,655
Range-making works82,60064,27153,307....
Bone-mills and other manure-works80,71666,55840,29812,2464,628
Cooperages73,80738,12437,52119,23311,540
Sausage-casing factories65,27837,04530,67413,47210,582
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories62,72656,32638,08213,4176,407
Paper bag and box factories62,05111,94114,2177,6984,497
Bag and sack factories50,871........
Chemical-works49,86695,39064,83475,32041,568
Chaffcutting establishments48,398139,060169,31378,49763,236
Monumental-masonry works47,71835,99322,313....
Baking powder factories46,95416,35218,16310,1535,637
Mattress-factories46,91517,89216,2961,850..
Spouting and ridging works44,72873,756112,69123,76233,140
Basket and perambulator factories40,02534,10317,94211,9207,381
Brush and broom factories33,30336,34521,13123,36313,340
Coffee and spice works32,26160,75845,62874,33964,024
Wirework-factories31,991........
Fish curing and preserving works29,00228,10925,17310,29219,537
Glass-works26,3275,123......
Umbrella-factories22,885........
Billiard table factories20,16510,417......
Fibrous-plaster works16,907........
Asphalt-works16,831........
Portmanteau-factories16,58512,0645,483..2,889
Tobacco and cigarette works16,403........
Varnish-factories16,260..6,732..6,850
Picture-frame making14,13516,2965,771....
Woodware and turnery factories12,602110,22537,55218,2769,050
Cleaning and dyeing works11,59910,3327,8557,53013,667

The order of the principal industries, ranged according to the number of hands employed, is as follows:—

 Number of Hands.
1911.1906.1901.1896.
Sawmills, sash and door factories6,8779,1116,8124,059
Clothing and boot and shoe factories5,0194,3575,4394,500
Tailoring establishments4,2252,9971,621..
Printing and bookbinding establishments (excluding Government Printing Office)4,2223,8983,1342,351
Dressmaking and millinery establishments4,1283,0392,888..
Meat freezing, preserving, and boiling-down works4,0953,2602,2822,037
Iron and brass foundries, machinists, &c. (excluding Government Railway Workshops)3,7473,7063,3971,642
Furniture- and cabinet-making works1,6891,5281,310496
Electric tramways1,633......
Butter and cheese factories1,5041,4841,188576
Coach building and painting works1,4391,4651,185807
Woollen-mills1,4101,5491,6931,416
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments1,3721,3361,9631,629
Flax-mills1,2444,0761,698647
Brick, tile, and pottery works9661,254838455
Breweries and malthouses848821827560
Gasworks757954572295
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works72957130569
Agricultural-implement factories646793586581
Saddlery and harness factories594544652266
Ship- and boat-building yards589237211108
Aerated-water factories570586452347
Hosiery-factories527374282133
Lime and cement works45628018479
Grain-mills424540515419
Tinware-factories414473337289
Biscuit-factories381587667425
Sugar-refining works338228256160
Cycle-works315452395125
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works289311172193
Range-making works271230193..
Soap and candle works252238232190
Paper bag and box factories2401008186
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories224163231143
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments201224196123
Rope and twine works190195192150
Match-factories188206183121
Sausage-casing factories1741519856
Cooperages17111613876
Electric light and supply works17011852..
Basket and perambulator factories15714811876
Sauce and pickle factories14321915174
Brush and broom factories13315412892
Mattress factories128535515
Grass-seed-dressing establishments11092607
Paper-mills1001169884
Chemical-works9817895114
Bone-mills and other manure-works922164746
Spouting and ridging works9215926190
Ammunition-works8513010590
Glass-works841496
Baking-powder factories68252919
Coffee and spice works6612078119
Fibrous-plaster works66......
Wirework-factories64......
Umbrella-factories61......
Cleaning and dyeing works59465158
Fish curing and preserving works5910613775
Condensed-milk factories56583310
Bag and sack factories4536622
Portmanteau-factories39642213
Chaffcutting establishments37197266212
Picture-frame makers373422..
Billiard-table factories352572
Venetian-blind works34355145
Woodware and turnery factories3030415681
Starch-manufactories24253227
Colonial-wine making20515953
Tobacco and cigarette works20133819
Pumice-works20122820

MOTIVE POWER EMPLOYED.

The following table showing for provincial districts the number of engines, &c., driven by the various kinds of motive power will be of interest. When compared with previous censuses a very large increase is apparent in the figures for electricity.

TABLE SHOWING MOTIVE POWER EMPLOYED IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Provincial DistrictNumber of Works.Motive Power employed: Number of Engines, &c., driven byAmount of Horse-power.
Steam.Water.Gas.Oil.Horse.Hand.Electricity.Total.
Auckland9344971621962..171891,00023,398
Taranaki253167672932..3493473,677
Hawke's Bay2511115722227232423,891
Wellington9824701320546..143031,05127,547
Marlborough95693157..4..981,577
Nelson214110143611....61772,293
Westland10710011271..3..1423,176
Canterbury72426741145201333881516,719
Otago549231488115..923962311,400
Southland29319912431511162876,909
 4,4022,2212308722314611,1634,782100,587
Industries not included in 1896, 1901, and 1906883311920....79102628
   Totals for 1910 (net)3,5192,2182298532314611,0844,68099,959
   Totals for 19053,4951,372197452971999552,29360,278
   Totals for 19003,1631,3592164003172..152,09439,052
   Totals for 18952,4591,201236179693..11,72328,096

NOTE.—In 1905 wind was used as the motive power in two cases; in 1900 one case, and in 1895 seven cases.

AGES OF INDUSTRIES.

The next table shows, according to industries, the numbers of works established during each of the last six years, and for various periods of years prior to 1905. Five electric tramways are excluded from the table.

TABLE SHOWING AGES OF INDUSTRIES.
Industry.Number established in
Prior to 1860.1860-9.1870-9.1880-9.1890-4.1895-9.1900-4.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.Not stated.Total.
Meat-freezing1..113555..22221241
Bacon-curing..3..5387114..16342
Fish-curing..111118......2..2320
Butter and cheese....42446575715102015303723338
Condensed milk............1............12
Grain-mills451416624141......966
Biscuits25................1....19
Fruit-preserving12132233......13122
Confectionery15242541111..2433
Sugar-refining......1....................1
Baking-powder..1232..2..1..........11
Brewing7810113310111212..60
Malting44532..1........11728
Colonial wine..3..13221............12
Aerated waters..1413151492028266411124
Coffee and spice..3231..21............12
Tobacco and cigarettes....1....12..211....19
Sauce, pickle, &c...2174251........1..23
Soap and candle..22543....11....1120
Glue....11....................2
Sausage-casings......1811..........2..13
Boiling-down..212..34121....2523
Bone-mills..21..113........1..110
Cooperages..2422..2..14......320
Sawmilling58254246577932255147363150534
Woodware and turnery........3..3....1....119
Chaffcutting....13212..1..11..113
Grass-seed dressing..235516131..11837
Paper-mills....11....1..............3
Paper bag and box..1231..22..1..1....13
Gasworks..5136261253..32..48
Electric light and supply......21..51113......14
Lime and cement works..112121..14......417
Asphalt-works........1211....2......7
Brick, tile, and pottery341214971832..2521394
Monumental masonry..3532262....11..126
Glass-works..2211111....21....12
Electro-plating......1....311..........6
Pumice-works........1..................1
Fibrous-plaster..11......3111..22113
Tinware-factories..49122810231311965
Iron and brass foundries19116489133234569
Heel and toe plates....1......2..............3
Engineering-works2917161110166644487120
Electrical engineering......1211..22212115
Range-making....6212................11
Spouting and ridging..3221232....1....117
Lead-headed nails....13........1........16
Wire-working......1431......2....314
Printing9333830272822512537517241
Musical instruments......2..1....1..1....16
Toy-factories....1......1......1....14
Picture-framers..1313..1..112....114
Basket and perambulator....257431....1..2126
Lapidaries..11..11................4
Billiard-tables........2..1..........1..4
Rubber-stamps....21..1..1............5
Ammunition......1....................1
Agricultural implements..4313..33..1......119
Brush and broom....142..............1210
Coachbuilding39303922112194354614180
Cycle-works......261316456353871
Saddlery and harness177348151214142318117
Whip-thong factories..........................11
Portmanteau............11..1..1..26
Tanning and fellmongering..45231298131123779
Ship and boat building..14635313......1229
Block and pump1..........................1
Sail, tent, and oilskin2375264..1......1334
Furniture and cabinet-making18818241938911101016926207
Venetian-blinds..1..2........2..........5
Mattress-factories237233732341..242
Wool, rug, and mat......1..11....1......15
Varnish-factories....121..................4
Ink-factories......1........1..........2
Starch......2....1..............3
Chemical-works..111431..1........113
Hæmatite paint............2..............2
Sheep-dip......2....................2
Match-factories........2..................2
Blacking..................1........1
Woollen-mills....4411..............111
Flock-mills..........1......1........2
Cleaning and dyeing..2..142..1111....114
Tailoring810224541417728282818353820448
Dressmaking413183829187017162424284439382
Corset and belt........................112
Boot and shoe..4149861511232..974
Hosiery-factories....24..212..1......214
Umbrella-factories....121........1........5
Clothing and waterproof....4137810125743569
Rope and twine....211..1............38
Bag and sack......11..1....1........4
Flax-mills..114332361132751281
Miscellaneous..115349112211435
   Totals622233695594404246701822002141942182453974,397

CAPITAL OF REGISTERED COMPANIES.

The two following tables give information as to capital of (1) private registered companies and (2) public registered companies:—

TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL OF PRIVATE REGISTERED COMPANIES.
Industry.Number of Private Companies.(a.) Amount of Subscribed Capital, including all Classes of Shares.(b.) Amount of Paid-up Capital.(c.) Amount of Loan-capital —i.e., Debentures and Fixed Loans.(d.) Amount of Paid-up Shares issued to Vendors included in (b.)).

* Capital is included in figures given for furniture-factories.

 ££££
Meat-freezing444,21134,68215,156..
Ham and bacon curing473,05559,5011,809..
Butter and cheese factories818,73110,0694,2425,141
Grain-mills13172,000156,5604,95157,300
Biscuit-factories..........
Fruit-preserving..........
Sugar-boiling and confectionery..........
Breweries6100,850100,350..49,850
Malthouses..........
Aerated-water factories731,60029,60050013,418
Coffee and spice works514,79214,7927504,000
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar works897,00096,0001,6005,000
Soap and candle works544,00030,2501,50014,000
Boiling-down works..........
Sawmilling73436,722355,629104,72297,241
Grass-seed dressing1012,50012,095405..
Paper bag and box making..........
Gasworks..........
Electric light and supply..........
Lime and cement works44,9754,975445..
Brick, tile, and pottery works962,00051,9001,800600
Glass-works42,3502,350.. 
Iron and brass foundries1598,42497,9496,03258,400
Engineering-works16263,787257,78721,27559,300
Electrical engineering510,37010,370..3,000
Printing-works37389,858309,67945,376135,650
Agricultural-implement works547,50045,62515,0003,000
Coachbuilding417,30014,728..8,577
Cycle-works660,93058,54514,21645,070
Saddlery and harness works560,00051,7341,4438,004
Tanneries and fellmongery works1154,52152,2081,50019,003
Ship and boat building..........
Sail, tent, and oilskin making..........
Furniture factories1366,61761,967..6,950
Mattress-making*6........
Woollen-mills..........
Tailoring establishments1522,35013,768..3,000
Dressmaking and millinery3926,03023,7301,5007,650
Boot and shoe factories6121,396100,1007,590..
Hosiery-factories..........
Clothing and waterproof factories1243,36541,865..1,300
Flax-milling10121,550114,51114,18145,560
Industries not included above510,08511,500..8,015
Industries, less than four of one kind63421,896381,61660,282139,021
   Totals4332,950,7652,606,435326,275798,050
TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL OF PUBLIC REGISTERED COMPANIES.
Industry.Number of Public Companies.(a.) Amount of Subscribed Capital, including all Classes of Shares.(b.) Amount of Paid-up Capital.(c.) Amount of Loan-capital —i.e., Debentures and Fixed Loans.(d.) Amount of Paid-up Shares issued to Vendors (included in (b)).

* Capital in some cases is included in the figures given for meat-freezing and boiling-down.

† Capital is included in figures given for woollen-mills.

 ££££
Meat-freezing291,664,9831,336,818233,99958,000
Ham and bacon curing417,42713,2122,059870
Butter and cheese factories110898,627625,273160,37236,517
Grain-mills8167,587144,87613,75047,507
Biscuit-factories563,00863,00822,25010,000
Fruit-preserving6119,167111,0162,750..
Sugar-boiling and confectionery541,91741,91724,084..
Breweries15925,052838,782240,784427,675
Malthouses14136,500130,0005,05012,300
Aerated-water factories1445,30025,40812,8964,000
Coffee and spice works..........
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar works..........
Soap and candle works4115,00088,5854,000..
Boiling-down works643,38242,1411,000..
Sawmilling502,212,6001,935,843179,108588,609
Grass-seed dressing10559,000259,000....
Paper bag and box making434,50034,5001,2003,500
Gasworks221,144,423837,421162,17514,100
Electric light and supply533,02533,02524,0005,300
Lime and cement works..........
Brick, tile, and pottery works12158,977146,70732,84074,562
Glass-works..........
Iron and brass foundries1055,63555,6353,45828,835
Engineering-works25197,080187,91920,90068,300
Electrical engineering..........
Printing-works36703,735591,71569,62838,920
Agricultural-implement works7122,623108,9676,95530,999
Coachbuilding6107,05477,2086,00028,927
Cycle-works..........
Saddlery and harness works678,00073,50018,00012,000
Tanneries and fellmongery works*1090,00080,00011,50060,000
Ship and boat building432,00032,000....
Sail, tent, and oilskin making43,8113,8111,000 
Furniture-factories1037,14935,9041,8806,500
Mattress-making..........
Woollen-mills71,169,5111,076,86879,350..
Tailoring establishments846,00038,500..17,950
Dressmaking and millinery1938,20038,2007,00012,100
Boot and shoe factories459,16858,302506..
Hosiery-factories5........
Clothing and waterproof factories815,38215,3822,000..
Flax-milling..........
Industries not included above695,37595,375..3,500
Industries, less than four of one kind681,265,8971,224,874387,632187,815
   Totals56612,497,09510,501,6921,738,1261,778,786

CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATION.

Of the total number of works (4,402) in operation at the census of 1911, 2,076 were under individual ownership. Public registered companies owned only 566 of the works, or 12.86 per cent. of the whole, but the value of the manufactures or products of these 566 amounted to £15,635,535, or 49.28 per. cent. of the total output. A summary is given showing figures for the various works as classified according to character of organization.

TABLE SHOWING CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATION OF MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS.
Character of Organization.Number of Works.Hands employed.Power.Cost of Materials used or operated upon.Value of Manufactures or Products.
Number.Wages.Number using.Horsepower.
 £££ ££
Individual2,07613,6541,164,13797312,4442,292,6344,498,825
Firm or limited partnership1,12611,4971,141,97974715,9332,562,0744,706,066
Public registered company56619,4802,059,36047440,99511,697,40515,635,535
Private registered company4339,118905,23833212,1042,281,1934,062,757
Co-operative and miscellaneous2012,485301,55615419,1111,976,9052,825,819
   Totals4,40256,2345,572,2702,680100,58720,810,21131,729,002

Chapter 22. SECTION XVIII.—LABOUR LAWS.

Table of Contents

The legislation passed by the General Assembly of New Zealand prior to 1908 and termed the “labour laws” was consolidated in that year. A complete schedule of the Acts now in force relating to conditions of labour is given below, having those statutes now repealed and incorporated in the existing laws:—

Acts in Force.

Accident Insurance Companies Act, 1908

Banking Act, 1908 (extracts)

Bankruptcy Act, 1908 (sections 112 and 120, re wages of employees)

Coal-mines Act, 1908 (extracts)

Coal-mines Amendment Act, 1908.

Coal-mines Amendment Act, 1909 (extracts).

Coal-mines Amendment Act, 1910 (section 5 (1)).

Companies Act, 1908 (sections 1 and 249, re wages of employees of companies that are being wound up)

Crimes Act, 1908 (sections 89 and 168, re conspiracy in trade disputes, re masters and apprentices)

Deaths by Accidents Compensation Act, 1908

Exhibitions Act, 1910 (section 9 (1a) and (2)).

Factories Act, 1908

Factories Amendment Act, 1910.

Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1908

Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1908.

Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1910.

Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1911.

Inspection of Machinery Act, 1908

Inspection of Machinery Amendment Act, 1908.

Acts Consolidated.

Accident Insurance Companies Act, 1902.

Bank Holidays Act, 1902.

Bankruptcy Act, 1892 (sections 112 and 120).

Coal-mines Compilation Act, 1905.

Companies Act, 1903 (sections 1 and 249).

Conspiracy Law Amendment Act, 1894; Criminal Code Act, 1893 (sections 150 and 213).

Deaths by Accidents Compensation Act, 1880; Legitimation Act, 1894 (section 6).

Factories Act, 1901; Factories Amendment Act, 1905; Factories Act Amendment Act, 1906; Factories Act Amendment Act, 1907.

Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Acts Compilation Act, 1905.

Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1905; Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1906.

Inspection of Machinery Act, 1902; Inspection of Machinery Act Amendment Act, 1903.

Acts in Force.

Inspection of Machinery Amendment Act, 1910.

Judicature Act, 1908 (section 100, re accidents compensation)

Kauri-gum Industry Act, 1908

Kauri-gum Industry Amendment Act, 1910.

Labour Department and Labour Day Act, 1908

Land for Settlements Act, 1908 (section 16)

Land for Settlements Administration Act, 1909 (section 9)

Legislature Act, 1908 (section 123, re holiday on election day)

Licensing Act, 1908 (extracts)

Licensing Amendment Act, 1910 (section 36).

Magistrates' Courts Amendment Act, 1909 (section 7).

Master and Apprentice Act, 1908. (See also Crimes Act, section 168)

Mining Act, 1908 (extracts)

Mining Amendment Act, 1910.

Mining Amendment Act, 1911.

Monopoly Prevention Amendment Act, 1910.

New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, sections 59 to 63, Advances to Workers.

New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act, 1910 (section 11).

Phosphorous Matches Act, 1910.

Police Offences Act, 1908 (sections 1 and 24, re combinations affecting supply of light or water

Public Contracts and Local Bodies' Contractors Act, 1908 (extracts)

Public Holidays Act, 1910 (sections 3 and 5).

Scaffolding Inspection Act, 1908

Servants' Registry Offices Act, 1908

Shearers' and Agricultural Labourers' Accommodation Act, 1908

Shipping and Seamen Act, 1908 (extracts)

Acts Consolidated.

Accidents Compensation Act, 1901.

Kauri-gum Industry Act, 1898; Kauri-gum Industry Act Amendment Act. 1899; Kauri-gum Industry Amendment Act, 1902; Kauri-gum Industry Amendment Act, 1903.

Labour Day Act, 1899; Labour Department Act, 1903.

Land for Settlements Consolidation Act. 1900 (section 13).

Electoral Act, 1905 (section 115).

Licensing Act, 1881 (section 13); Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act Amendment Act, 1895 (section 10).

Master and Apprentice Act, 1865.

Mining Act Compilation Act, 1905; Mining Act Amendment Act, 1905.

Conspiracy Law Amendment Act, 1894.

Public Contracts Act, 1900.

Scaffolding Inspection Act, 1906; Scaffolding Inspection Act Amendment Act, 1907.

Servants' Registry Offices Act, 1895.

Shearers' Accommodation Act, 1898; Agricultural Labourers' Accommodation Act, 1907.

Shipping and Seamen Act, 1903; Shipping and Seamen Act Amendment Act, 1905.

Acts in Force.

Shipping and Seamen Amendment Act, 1909 (extracts).

Shipping and Seamen Amendment Act, 1910 (section 2).

Shipping and Seamen Amendment Act, 1911.

Shops and Offices Act, 1908

Shops and Offices Amendment Act, 1910.

Stone Quarries Act, 1910.

Stone Quarries Amendment Act, 1911.

Trade-unions Act, 1908

Wages Protection and Contractors' Liens Act, 1908

Workers' Compensation Act, 1908

Workers' Compensation Amendment Act, 1909.

Workers' Compensation Amendment Act, 1911.

Workers' Dwellings Act, 1910

Acts Consolidated.

Shops and Offices Act, 1904; Shops and Offices Act Amendment Act, 1905; Shops and Offices Act Amendment Act, 1907.

Trade-union Act, 1878; Trade-union Act 1878 Amendment Act, 1896.

Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act, 1892; Threshing-machine Owners' Lien Act, 1895; Truck Act, 1891; Wages Attachment Act, 1895; Wages Protection Act, 1899; Workmen's Wages Act, 1893.

(This Act amends and repeals the Consolidated Act of 1908.)

Repealing the Workers' Dwellings Act, 1908 (consolidated).

INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION.

The most important of the labour laws both as affecting the employment of labour and from the economic point of view is the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act which was first passed in 1894; since that date it has been amended from time to time as new difficulties arose. The Act, comprising one of the statutes consolidated in 1908, now stands as the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1908, with amending Acts of 1908, 1910, and 1911, to be read with the principal Act. The main provisions are now as follows:—

Industrial Districts.—Under the regulations to the Act the Dominion of New Zealand is divided into eight industrial districts.

Registration of Industrial Unions and Associations.—Any society consisting of not less than three persons in the case of employers or fifteen in the case of workers in any specified industry or industries in an industrial district may be registered as an “Industrial union” on compliance with the requirements for registration. Any incorporated company may also be registered as an industrial union of employers. Any two or more industrial unions of either employers or workers in any industries may form an “Industrial association,” and

register the same under the Act. Industrial Associations are usually formed for the whole or greater part of New Zealand, comprising the unions registered in the various industrial districts. Such registration enables any union or association—(1) To enter into and file an industrial agreement specifying the conditions of employment agreed upon. This agreement (which is binding only on the parties to it), although required by the Act to be limited to a period of not more than three years, remains in force until superseded by another agreement or an award of the Court of Arbitration, except where the registration of the union of workers concerned is cancelled. (2) In the event of failure to arrive at an industrial agreement, to bring an industrial dispute before a Council of Conciliation set up for the purpose, and, if necessary, before the Court of Arbitration. (The constitution of Councils of Conciliation and of the Court of Arbitration is explained later on in this article.) A Council of Conciliation has no compulsory powers; it merely endeavours to bring about a settlement. If a settlement is effected it may be filed as an “Industrial agreement.” In most cases, however, it has been found that on arriving at a settlement through the Council of Conciliation the parties prefer to have the agreement made into an award of the Court of Arbitration, and in such cases the dispute is formally passed on to the Court for that purpose. If the members of the Council agree upon a unanimous recommendation, but do not get an “Industrial agreement” signed by all the parties, the recommendation is now (vide the 1911 amendment) filed for one month, and if no party disagrees with the same within that time the recommendation becomes automatically binding on the parties. If a complete settlement is not arrived at, the Council is required by the Act to refer the dispute to the Court of Arbitration, which, after hearing the parties, may make an award, and any items of the dispute that have been agreed upon before the Council may be embodied by the Court into its award without any further reference. Such an award is, like an industrial agreement, binding on all the parties concerned, and is also binding on any other employers subsequently commencing business in the same trade in the district. Unless the district is further limited by the Court in the award, the award applies to the industrial district in which it is made. Pending the sitting of the Court of Arbitration to hear the dispute, it is the duty of the Council to endeavour to bring about some provisional agreement. Awards are also required by the Act to be limited to a period of not more than three years, but, nevertheless, remain in force until superseded either by another award or by a subsequent agreement, except where the registration of the union of workers has been cancelled.

Under the Act in force from 1901 to 1908 power was given to any of the parties to a dispute, when once filed for hearing by the Board of Conciliation appointed under that Act to hear all disputes in the district, to refer the same to the Court of Arbitration direct without waiting for a hearing by the Board. This provision was

repealed in 1908, when all disputes were again required to be heard by the Conciliation tribunal before being referred to the Court of Arbitration. In 1911, however, a clause was inserted to enable an Industrial Association, party to a dispute extending over more than one industrial district (and therefore beyond the jurisdiction of a Conciliation Council), to apply direct to the Court of Arbitration for the hearing of the dispute.

Registration also enables a union or association to cite any party committing a breach of an award or industrial agreement before a Magistrate. Parties generally prefer, however, to hand over any such cases to the Labour Department to cite or otherwise dispose of as it thinks fit.

Under the Act individual employers have the same powers as unions or associations of citing other parties, although they do not exercise those powers.

Constitution of Conciliation Councils.—The Act provides for the appointment of not more than four Conciliation Commissioners to hold office for three years; three have been appointed and each of the eight industrial districts is placed under the jurisdiction of one of them.

When a dispute arises the union, association, or employer desiring to have the same heard makes application to the Commissioner in the form provided, stating the nature of the dispute, and the names of the respondents, and recommending, at its option, one, two, or three assessors to act as representatives on the Council to be set up. On receipt of the application the Commissioner notifies the respondents and calls upon them to similarly recommend an equal number of assessors to represent them. The assessors must, except in special cases at the discretion of the Commissioner, have been engaged in the industry. Councils of Conciliation are thus set up for each dispute as it arises.

Constitution of the Court of Arbitration.—The Court of Arbitration is appointed for the whole of New Zealand, and consists of three members, one of whom, the permanent Judge of the Court, possesses the same powers, privileges, &c., as a Judge of the Supreme Court. Of the other members, one is nominated by the various unions of employers throughout the Dominion, and one by the unions of workers, and their appointments are determined by a majority of the unions on each side respectively. Like the members of the former Boards of Conciliation they hold office for three years, and are eligible for reappointment. The Judge and one member constitute a quorum. All decisions of the Court are arrived at by the judgment of a majority of the members present at the sitting, or, if those members present are equally divided in opinion, the decision of the Judge is final. The Court has full power to deal with questions brought before it, and, except in the case of matters which may be ruled to be beyond the scope of the Act, there is no appeal from its decision.

Strikes and Lock-outs.—Except in special industries (see below) a strike or lock-out is illegal only if the parties concerned are bound by an award or agreement. If a strike takes place in any industry, each worker who is a party to the strike, and who is bound by an award or agreement, is liable to a penalty not exceeding £10, and in case of a lock-out each offending employer is liable to a penalty not exceeding £500. For inciting, instigating, aiding, or abetting an unlawful strike or lock-out, or its continuance, a worker is liable to a penalty of £10, and a union, association (of employers or workers), or an employer, £200. A gift of money or other valuable thing for the benefit of a party or union engaged in a strike is deemed to be aiding or abetting. There are special provisions in the case of strikes and lock-outs in industries affecting the supply of the necessaries of life, such as water, milk, meat, coal, gas, or electricity, or in the working of any ferry, tramway, or railway used for the public carriage of goods or passengers. In these industries, whether affected by an award or agreement or not, fourteen days' notice must be given within one month of an intended strike or lock-out, failing which each worker concerned is liable, on summary conviction, before a Magistrate, to a maximum fine of £25 and an employer to a maximum fine of £500. The maximum penalty for inciting, aiding, or abetting in these cases is £25 for a worker and £500 for an employer or a union or association. Strikes and lock-outs are also forbidden during the hearing of a dispute by a Council or the Court of Arbitration.

A strike is now defined as the act of any number of workers who are, or have been, in the employment, whether of the same employer or of different employers, in discontinuing that employment, whether wholly or partially, or in breaking their contract of service, or in refusing or failing after any such discontinuance to resume or return to their employment, the said discontinuance, breach, refusal, or failure being due to any combination, agreement, or common understanding, whether express or implicit, made or entered into by the said workers with intent to compel or induce any employer to agree to terms of employment, or comply with any demands made by workers, or with intent to cause loss or inconvenience to any such employer in the conduct of his business, or with intent to incite, aid, abet, instigate, or procure any other strike, or with intent to assist workers in the employment of any other employer to compel or induce the employer to agree to terms of employment, or comply with any demands made upon him by any workers. A similar definition is, mutatis mutandis, given to a lock-out.

Breaches.—Breaches of awards and industrial agreements are punishable as follows: A union, association, or employer by fine not exceeding £100 for each breach; a worker by fine not exceeding £5 for each breach. Penalties are recoverable at the suit of either an Inspector of Awards (by action in the Magistrate's

Court or the Arbitration Court), or any party to the award or agreement (by action in a Magistrate's Court), but there is a right of appeal from the Magistrate's to the Arbitration Court. Actions for the recovery of penalties must be commenced within six months after the cause of action has arisen.

FACTORIES ACT.

The Factories Act, 1908, is another consolidation of former legislation. It is now to be read in conjunction with its amendment of 1910. The Acts passed prior to 1901 dealt almost exclusively with the protection of working women and girls and boys; but the consolidated law takes cognisance also of the working-hours of men, and arranges for due payment of overtime work. The eight-and-a-quarter hour day and the forty-five hour week. with restricted overtime, which must be paid for, is insisted on for women and boys, except in woollen-mills, where forty-eight hours per week are allowed. If men are employed over eight hours and three-quarters per day or forty-eight hours in the week, overtime rates must be paid, and the amount of overtime is limited. The hours fixed for men are, however, subject to an award of the Arbitration Court. The wages of young persons, the statutory holidays (without deduction of wages therefor), the regulated hours of overtime, the sanitation and hygiene of factories, provision of fire-escapes, drinking-water, &c., are all carefully arranged for under this Act. The statutory half-holiday is fixed for Saturday, but may be altered to the day observed for shops on the carrying of a poll of the electors of the local district. Under the 1910 amendment further protection is afforded to young persons in regard to non-deduction from the week's wages. In order to prevent unfair competition on the part of Chinese and other laundry proprietors the restrictions as to working-hours in laundries is extended by the amendment to cover proprietors as well as employees. “Sweating” has almost disappeared in New Zealand through the restriction of subcontracts in the issue of textiles to be made up into garments.

Any establishment wherein two or more persons (including occupiers) work to produce articles intended for sale is a factory in New Zealand. All bakehouses, all laundries, all places wherein Asiatics are employed, and where machinery is used, are also factories, even if only one person is employed therein. This low limit is made mainly for the purpose of inspection, in order that the public should not be injured by tainted food or by clothing manufactured in filthy surroundings.

The Factories Act is probably one of the most complete and perfect laws to be found in the statute-book of any country.

The Shops and Offices Act, 1908, is a consolidation of the Shops and Offices Act, 1904, with the amending Acts of 1905 and 1907. It is the result of legislative growth on the Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1892. There is also an amending Act of 1910

The Act regulates the hours of assistants in shops, not allowing them to exceed fifty-two hours a week or more than nine hours a day, with the exception of eleven hours on one day in the week, and overtime under warrant from the Inspector; overtime to be paid for. The shops are to be kept clean and well ventilated; separate sanitary accommodation so as to ensure privacy must be provided when persons of different sexes are employed in the same establishment. A weekly half-holiday from 1 p.m. is compulsory, the day to be chosen in each district by the local authority, except where it is fixed by a poll of the electors. Compulsory closing of shops at any hour on other days is not insisted on, except that each trade in any district may fix a closing-hour by a majority vote, or the closing of all shops in any district may be effected by a majority vote of all shop-keepers. To all young persons wages of 5s. a week must be paid as a minimum, with an annual increase of 3s. per week until £1 is reached. Overtime at time-and-a-half rate must be paid for in both shops and offices, but some offices, such as banks and shipping offices, are exempt. Under the 1910 amendment all assistants employed in hotels and restaurants are brought under special provisions as to hours, holidays, &c. The hours are ten per day, and from fifty-two to fifty-eight per week for females and males under sixteen years of age to sixty-two per week for males over sixteen years of age. A feature of the holiday provisions is that the half-holidays may by mutual agreement be accumulated for three months, when a full week's holiday must be given. A wages and time book is now compulsory in all shops, including hotels and restaurants.

EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY AND WORKERS' COMPENSATION.

The Employers' Liability Acts, which were designed to protect workers from accident arising through negligence, &c., on the part of employers or their agents, were repealed by the Workers' Compensation Act, 1908. It had been found that little practical advantage accrued to injured workers or their families under the Liability Acts, as most industrial accidents have nothing to do with negligence or shortcomings of employers; such accidents are the outcome of risks incidental to every branch of enterprise and manufacture. The Workers' Compensation Act does not imply a fault on the part of any individual. It provides for compensation for injury or death in the case of any accident occurring in the course of the worker's employment, so that the hardships necessarily ensuing in case of injury may be minimized to the sufferer, or, in case of his death, to the family through the loss or disablement of the breadwinner. By means of the Workers' Compensation Act, the burden of industrial accident is borne by the profits of the business in which the accident occurred. To meet the difficulty of too great expense falling suddenly on an employer through his

being called upon to pay large compensation for accident, provision is made by the Government Accident Insurance Act, 1908, and by a State Department which insures employers against risk. There are also several private insurance companies which undertake these risks, and are regulated in some degree by the Accident Insurance Companies Act, 1908. The Workers' Compensation Act allows compensation up to £500 in case of death, according to the extent to which the relatives are dependent for support. In the case of total or partial incapacity the compensation payable is half-wages, limited to £2 10s. per week by the 1911 amendment, with a limit of £500, or six years' payments. In addition to the payment during incapacity, the second schedule to the Act fixes a specific payment for the loss of certain limbs and organs of the body, thus: “Total loss of a leg, 75 per cent. of full compensation as for total incapacity; total loss of forefinger of the right hand, 20 per cent.,” &c. “Contracting out” is permitted—that is to say, another scheme of compensation may be substituted for those in the Act if it has been approved by the Arbitration Court; the Deaths by Accident Compensation Act, 1908, and the Judicature Act, 1908, also bear on the subject of compensation. The Workers' Compensation Act was amended in 1911, provision being made for the payment of reasonable medical expenses (including first aid), but not exceeding £1; it also provides that no agreement made between an employer and worker as to the amount of compensation to be paid for injury causing permanent disablement (partial or total) shall be binding unless made in writing and approved by a Magistrate or an Inspector of Factories.

The Wages Protection and Contractors' Liens Act, 1908, is a consolidation of statutes previously known as the Truck Act, 1891; the Contractors and Workmen's Lien Act, 1892; the Workmen's Wages Act, 1893; the Threshing-machine Owners' Lien Act, 1895; the Wages Attachment Act, 1895; and the Wages Protection Act, 1899. The consolidated Act guards the interest of workers in the following directions:—

  1. It insures the regular payment of wages.

  2. It permits attachment of moneys in hand of employers when wages are in arrears.

  3. It prohibits attachment of a worker's wages except in the case of any surplus exceeding £2 per week. (This, however, has been affected by section 20 of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1908, under which, in the case of a penalty for a breach of that Act, the surplus above £1 per week earned by unmarried men may be attached by judgment in the Magistrate's Court.)

  4. It prohibits payment for wages being made in goods (truck) or in any other way than in money or by approved cheque.

  5. It entitles a contractor, or subcontractor, or worker to a lien on the lands or chattels of his employer upon giving due

  6. notice, and the employer must then retain in his hands sufficient of the contract-moneys to satisfy and guarantee payment of the claimant's dues.

  7. If the cost of threshing a crop is not paid to the workers employed in threshing it, the cost of threshing can be made a charge on the proceeds of the realization of such crop.

  8. No deduction from workers' wages may be made for purposes of insurance against compensation for accident.

Liens to be imposed as security for miners' wages or earnings are dealt with under the Mining Act, 1908, and the Coal-mines Act, 1908.

INSPECTION OF MACHINERY.

The Inspection of Machinery Act makes provision for the inspection of all steam boilers and digesters, hydraulic, electric, and other lifts, and of any prime mover such as gas, oil, and air engines used to drive machinery on land, also of machinery used on vessels afloat that are not self-propelled.

It also provides for the issue of certificates to those who pass the prescribed examination for land engineers and engine-drivers in charge of boilers and machinery, for winding-engine drivers for mining purposes, drivers employed on locomotives working on railway-lines not under the control of the Government Working Railways Department, and for the drivers of traction engines on roads. Certificates are also issued to electric-tram drivers as provided by the Tramways Amendment Act, 1910. The issue of these certificates is controlled by a Board of Examiners set up by the Act, the Chairman being the chief Inspector of Machinery.

During the year ended 31st March, 1912, the following certificates were issued:—

Boiler certificates5,968
Machinery certificates6,702
 —12,670
Extra first-class engineers' certificates6
First-class stationary-engine drivers' certificates56
Second-class stationary-engine drivers' certificates161
Locomotive and traction-engine drivers' certificates196
Winding-engine drivers' certificates27
Electric-tram drivers' certificates551
 —997
..13,667

SHIPPING AND SEAMEN.

Shipping and Seamen Act, 1908.

The law relating to shipping and seamen is contained in the Shipping and Seamen Act, 1908, the Shipping and Seamen Amendment Act, 1909, and the Shipping and Seamen Amendment Act, 1911. The following are the principal provisions of those Acts:—

A foreign-going ship is required to carry two certificated mates instead of one. Home-trade steamships of 60 tons register and upwards, and home-trade cargo sailing-ships of 100 tons register,

must carry certificated mates, and such ships of 100 tons register and upwards trading more than 300 miles between terminal ports must have second mates.

Foreign-going certificated second mates are entitled to ship as mates in the home trade, and all candidates for certificates are to be British subjects.

Any master or mate may, at any time, be required by the shipowner or by the Minister to be examined in the sight tests by Government Examiners.

No person is to be licensed to procure seamen, who are in future to be procured through the shipping offices, or by the masters, mates, engineers, owners, or the bona fide servants of the owner in his constant employment.

The engagement and discharge of whole crews of home-trade ships are to be effected before Superintendents of Mercantile Marine.

Desertion is defined, and deserters who cannot be dealt with before their ship sails can afterwards be prosecuted by the owner or agent, and copies of the agreement and of entries in the logbook are to be accepted by Courts as evidence. Forfeited wages are to be paid into the Public Account instead of to the shipowner.

Masters and officers who assault seamen on the high seas are made liable to imprisonment or fine.

The clearances of foreign-going ships which are required to pay the coastal rate of wages are to be withheld until such wages are paid.

Intercolonial, in addition to home-trade ships, are made liable to pay the wages, maintenance, and medical expenses of seamen taken ill in the service of the ship for the remainder of the agreement, not exceeding three months, and, in the case of intercolonial ships, if the agreement expires within one month from the commencement of the illness, payment is to be made for one month after the expiry. The illness which is to entitle a man to the benefits provided for, is one which requires medical treatment for fourteen days.

Provision is made for a Registrar of Seamen, who is to keep a record of the services of all seamen. Engine-room logs are to be kept on steamers which carry not less than two engineers.

Power is given to the Minister to define restricted limits for steamers and vessels propelled by oil, gas, &c.

The adjustment of compasses is to be carried out under regulations made by the Marine Department. Power is given to the Governor in Council to make regulations as to the loading and stowage of ballast, and the loading of grain cargo in bulk. It is made an offence to ship wool, flax, tow, or skins in such a condition as to be liable to spontaneous combustion.

The law as to inquiries into shipping casualties has been remodelled on the lines of the Imperial Merchant Shipping Act, and provision is made for rehearings, for Superintendents of Mercantile

Marine taking part in such inquiries, for Magistrates ordering a change of venue, that the inquiries are not to be held in Police Courts unless other suitable buildings are not available; and that, in cases where there has been loss of life, but no injury to the ship, the inquiries may be held by Coroners.

Alteration is made as to the liability of shipowners as regards cargo lost, and they are authorized to make special freight-charges for valuables. Provision is made against owners inserting certain clauses in bills of lading exempting themselves from liability for damage to cargo.

Provision is made for the registration of New Zealand ships by incorporating into our law certain of the provisions of the Imperial Merchant Shipping Act.

Intercolonial ships are exempted from the necessity of carrying a doctor.

Provision is made for issuing certificates of competency to second mates of home-trade ships, and for recognizing as valid in the Dominion certificates of competency as skipper of fishing-boats, granted by the Board of Trade.

Intercolonial and home-trade agreements are to be transmitted to a Superintendent of Mercantile Marine within twenty-one days of their expiration.

It is declared to be an offence for the master or owner of a ship to engage a certificated officer for the purpose only of enabling a ship to clear, and not for the purpose of making the voyage.

Shipping and Seamen Amendment Act, 1909.

This Act was reserved for the Royal assent, and did not come into force until 1st May, 1911. The Act embodies several of the provisions of the Imperial Merchant Shipping Act, 1906, gives effect to certain of the resolutions of the Colonial Merchant Shipping Conference held in London in 1907, and makes amendments in the Act of 1908 in other directions which experience has shown to be necessary.

The main provisions of the amending Act are as follows:—

The definition of “home trade” is altered; provision is made for recognizing certificates of masters, mates, and engineers granted in any part of the British Dominions, and certain other alterations as regards certificates are made.

It is made unlawful for any person other than the owner, master, mate, or engineer of a ship, or a Superintendent of Mercantile Marine, to engage or supply seamen for ships, and only such seamen as have a knowledge of the English language are to be allowed to ship. The period of service for the rating of A.B. is reduced, and training-ships are allowed to carry less able seamen than required in the case of ordinary ships, apprentices being allowed to take their place to a certain extent.

British foreign-going ships of not less than 1,000 tons gross register are to carry certificated cooks, and the space provided for

seamen is increased. Sanitary, hospital, and lavatory accommodation, including bathrooms, with an adequate supply of hot water for the crew employed in connection with the engines, is to be provided.

Where a seaman receives an advance note or an advance in cash, and having negotiated the note, or having received the cash, wilfully or through misconduct fails to join his ship, or deserts before the note becomes payable, he is liable to fine or imprisonment; and in any case of desertion power is given to the Minister to withhold a seaman's discharge for such period as he thinks fit.

Under the Act of 1908 boats under 5 tons register propelled by mechanical power other than steam were exempt from carrying certificated officers; this exemption is done away with, and provision is made that such boats, up to 6 tons register, when carrying passengers or plying for hire, are to carry either a certificated master or engineer.

In cases where restricted limits are reduced, provision is made to enable masters and engineers to continue to act in their respective capacities within the old limits; and special provision is also made for fixing the load-lines of all ships employed in river and extended river limits and all home-trade ships under 20 tons register carrying cargoes of sand, shingle, gravel, cement, or other dead weight.

In the case of ships over 25 tons gross tonnage built in New Zealand after the coming into operation of the Act of 1909, plans and specifications are to be submitted to the Minister for approval before the construction is commenced.

Provision is made for the inspection of wool, flax, tow, skins, and other goods liable to spontaneous combusion before shipment on any foreign-going ship.

Shipping and Seamen Amendment Act, 1911.

This Act came into force on the 1st May, 1912. It remodels and amends the provisions of Section 119 of the Act of 1908 relating to sick and disabled seamen and makes a few other small amendments.

OTHER LAWS RELATING TO LABOUR.

The Public Contracts and Local Bodies' Contractors Act, 1908 (extracts from), provides that in every contract let by a public body, such as His Majesty's Government, an Education Board, Harbour Board, municipality, &c., the contractor must observe such length for the working-day, and pay such rates to his employees for wages, overtime, holidays, &c., as are generally considered usual and fair in that locality, or as fixed by the Court of Arbitration for the industrial district, whether the contractor is or is not a party to the award.

Priority of payment for wages or salaries in preference to other debts is insured by the Companies Act, 1908, in the event of the winding-up of a company.

The Shearers' and Agricultural Labourers' Accommodation Act, 1908, authorizes the inspection of shearing-sheds and homesteads on farms, runs, and stations throughout the Dominion. Proper sleeping and dining accommodation, ventilation, sanitation, &c., must be provided both for shearers and harvest hands, also for the farm-assistants employed the whole year round. If no provision is made, or if the accommodation is insufficient, formal notice may be served on the owner or occupier in regard to the improvements to be effected, and, if the notice is disregarded or not fully complied with, the offender can be brought before a Magistrate for enforcement of the notice.

The licenses of registry offices for all classes of servants are regulated by the Servants' Registry Offices Act, 1908. This Act prevents friendless or uneducated servants from becoming the prey of unscrupulous persons so far as engagements for employment, &c., are concerned. Applicants for licenses as registry-office keepers pay a small fee to the Government, and must present a certificate of good character. Proper ledgers and account-books, open to inspection, must be provided. Registry-office keepers are not allowed to keep lodginghouses for servants, nor to have any interest in such houses.

The Labour Department and Labour Day Act, 1908, defines the statutory existence of the Labour Department. The duties of that Department are to administer the labour laws, and to furnish information on all industrial matters, while power is given to certain of its officers to collect statistics with the authority wherewith a Crown Commissioner is invested. “Labour Day” is a public holiday, fixed as being the fourth Monday in October of each year.

The Master and Apprentice Act, 1908, applies mainly to the indenturing of young persons to employers. Special sections of the Act apply to the punishment of apprentices for absenting themselves from duty, and to the fine of a master for neglecting or ill-using his apprentice. This Act is, however, somewhat obsolete, and the employment of apprentices is now largely controlled by the awards and agreements under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act.

The Crimes Act, 1908, in some sections relates to the proper care of apprentices by their masters; but this Act also refers to the position of legal and illegal combinations for trade purposes, and thus partly supersedes the Conspiracy Law Amendment Act, 1894. The real position of combinations among employers or workmen in restraint of trade, however, is more effectively dealt with by the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1908.

The Trade-unions Act, 1908, although unrepealed, is not largely availed of, because most of the trade-unions have become industrial

unions under the Arbitration Act, the few remaining on the Trade-union Register continuing to do so mostly on account of having friendly society benefits under their old rules.

The Police Offences Act, 1908, also contains certain restrictive measures dealing with conspiracy in regard to supply of light and water.

The Scaffolding Inspection Act, 1908, gives power for the appointment of Inspectors to examine scaffolding and gear used in the erection or repair of buildings, ships, &c., and to see that all due precaution is used for the prevention of accidents, and to insure safety of workers' lives and limbs.

WORK OF ARBITRATION COURT AND CONCILIATION COUNCILS.

Arbitration Court.

The work of the Court during the year ended 31st March, 1912, may be summarized as follows.—

Work of the Court of Arbitration, 1911-12.
Cause.Number of Cases.
Awards made80
Enforcement of awards (cases conducted by Labour Department)17
Interpretation of awards26
Other decisions (amending awards, adding parties, &c.)45
Appeals from decisions of Stipendiary Magistrates in enforcement cases3
Applications for awards refused3
Cases under the Workers Compensation Act22

The following is the number of cases brought before Magistrates during the year ended 31st March, 1912:—

Cause.Number of Cases.
Enforcement of awards464
Enforcement of the law re strikes2
Enforcement of the law re lock-outsNil

Of 444 cases for breaches of awards in which the proceedings were taken by the Labour Department, 403 were decided in favour of the Department, and forty-one were dismissed. In twenty cases conducted by unions, twelve convictions were recorded, and eight cases were dismissed.

Councils of Conciliation.

Up to the 31st March, 1912, the number of industrial disputes brought under the notice of the Commissioners was one hundred and nineteen. Eighty-six disputes were settled by mutual agree-

ment, nineteen were partly settled, and fourteen were wholly referred to the Arbitration Court.

Industrial Disputes dealt with by Conciliation Commissioners and Councils during the Year ended 31st March, 1912.

District.Total Number of Disputes dealt with.Number of Disputes.
Fully settled.Partially settled.Wholly referred to the Arbitration Court.
Northern and Taranaki291775
Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough and Westland544581
Canterbury, Otago, and Southland362448
   Totals119861914

Partial settlements represent cases in which there was failure to agree on one or more of the points in dispute, and these undecided questions were referred to the Arbitration Court for judgment. The cases wholly referred to the Court are those in which substantially no agreement could be arrived at.

Cost of Administration.

The cost of administration of the Act by the Arbitration Court and Councils of Conciliation during the year 1911-12 was £7,089 14s. 5d., made up as follows:—

 £s.d.
Salaries of members of Arbitration Court2,80000
Salaries of Conciliation Commissioners1,50000
Salaries of Arbitration Court officers16500
Fees paid to Assessors, Councils of Conciliation1,524120
Travelling, &c., expenses of Arbitration Court512711
Travelling, &c., expenses of Conciliation Commissioners181198
Travelling, &c., expenses of Conciliation Assessors4051410
 £7,089145

INDUSTRIAL UNIONS.

Returns of the number and membership of industrial unions of employers and workers are compiled for the calendar year. The number under each heading on 31st December of each year from 1902 to 1911 inclusive is shown in the following table:—

NUMBER OF UNIONS, AND MEMBERSHIP, 1902-11.
Year.Employers.Workers.
Unions.Membership.Unions.Membership.
1902842,49723223,816
19031033,00025827,640
19041093,29227330,271
19051133,27626129,869
19061093,33727434,978
19071213,63031045,614
19081223,91832549,347
19091203,70230854,519
19101184,26230857,091
19111184,25130755,629

It will be seen that during the year 1911 there has been a decrease of 11 members in employers' unions and 1,462 in workers' unions. The actual number of unions on the register has remained stationary in regard to employers, and there has been a decrease of one in regard to workers.

The roll of membership of industrial unions of workers has increased by 20,651 members during the last five years.

In the following table the unions are shown in trade-groups, with their respective increases during the period of eight years from 1903-11:—

MEMBERSHIP OF UNIONS IN TRADE-GROUPS, 1903 AND 1911.
Trade.Number of Members.
1903.1911.Increase per Cent. over Figures for 1903.

* Decrease.

Agriculture1,2354,531266.8
Building3,7178,730134.8
Clothing and textile3,1584,73349.8
Engineering and shipbuilding1,4413,898170.5
Food-supply2,2978,382264.9
Mining4,1452,69834.9*
Printing7081,24675.9
Transport7,74913,50174.2
Other trades3,1907,910147.9
   Totals27,64055,629 
Increase of unionists..27,989101.2

The following statement giving particulars as to all strikes which have occurred in New Zealand since the inception of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act has been prepared by §he Labour Department:—

SUMMARY OF STRIKES IN NEW ZEALAND SINCE INCEPTION OF INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION ACT (1894) TO 31ST MARCH, 1912.

SUMMARY OF STRIKES IN NEW ZEALAND SINCE INCEPTION OF INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION ACT (1894) TO 31ST MARCH, 1912.

* Of this total twelve strikes were of slaughtermen—practically one sympathetic dispute spread over the whole of the Dominion. Six were within the scope of the Act, and six outside it.

† Slaughtermen only.

Number of strikes coming within scope of the Act30
Number of strikes outside the Act33
Total number of strikes*63
Number of disputes included in total which may be classed as trivial or unimportant34
Men fully successful in (cases)21
Employers successful in14
Compromise effected in28
Average duration of all strikes (trivial cases not included), (days)10
Total number of strikers (trivial cases not included)2,460
Total number of men rendered idle by strikes (trivial cases not included)4,508
Approximate loss in wages to workmen concerned (average, £6 10s)£29,132
Approximate loss to employers concerned£37,134
Total amount of fines inflicted on strikers£1,904
Total amount collected to date (78 per cent.)£1,490
Total number of strikes from year to year—
1894 to 1905Nil.
19061
190712
190812
19094
191011
191115
19128
       Total*63
Average per year
Total Number of Strikers.Total Number of Men rendered Idle by Strike.Cause of Strike.Duration.In favour ofHow settled.

* ot ascertainable; estimated at 100 men.

29/6/08.—Bakers (Wellington).
4150Demand for an absolute minimum wage of £3 per week of forty-eight hours being refused. A new award fixing the rates at £2 8s., £2 13s., and £3 3s. per fifty-one-hours week (giving a 3s. increase) took effect a week before the strike. The men also contended that the hours should be forty-eight per week, as was the case for all bakers in the Wellington Industrial District (except Wellington City).About 76 days; the strike gradually “fizzled out”EmployersThe employers were hard pushed for labour for a few days, but managed to keep business going, and soon obtained sufficient labour. The union was fined £100 for proposing the strike, and a conviction recorded against each of the strikers. The strike gradually “fizzled out,” the strikers obtaining other employment. Fine paid in full.
27/2/08.—Coal-miners (Blackball).
120140Dismissal of seven hands without notice. A deputation from the union asked the mine-manager for an explanation why the men were dismissed, the reply being that as in future the mine would work only eight hours a day he could do without the men in question. This course, the men considered, was not in accordance with the award. The union therefore decided that unless the dismissed ones were reinstated the men would refuse to return to work.11 weeksWorkmenBy agreement between the union and the company. The latter conceded the former's demands in so far as the seven men dismissed were to be reinstated and thirty minutes crib-time allowed (instead of quarter of an hour). The only point in difference between the parties was the matter of working two truckers ten-hour shifts, when required, and miners to do the trucking for two extra hours when working ten hours. On account of the flooding of a neighbouring mine, the difficulty was overcome, as the company decided to work two shifts per day (in order to enable those unemployed from the flooded mine to obtain employment without going elsewhere, thus obviating the necessity of truckers working ten hours). The union was fined £75 for striking. Fine paid in full.
2/10/11.—Coastal Ships' Officers (Wellington).
25550Dissatisfaction with rates of pay and hours of work, particularly re overtime, fixed by an award of the Arbitration Court, which came into force on the day the men struck.5 weeksWorkmenBy conference between the shipowners and the union to which the men belonged, the former agreeing to increase the rates of pay 20s. per month (with a few exceptions) above that fixed by the award, and also to restrict the working of overtime to a minimum. The union was fined £100 by the Stipendiary Magistrate's Court for instigating the strike, but, on appeal, the Arbitration Court reversed that decision, holding that it had not been proved the union was responsible for the action of its officers. Proceedings were not then taken against the men, as the period of six months, within which action may be commenced after an alleged offence has been committed, had expired.
10/8/08.—Coal-miners (Truckers), (Kaitangata).
3780Discharge of a trucker who refused to truck in a level owing to the presence of smoke, black-damp, and water on the road. The other workmen ceased work, refusing to resume unless the discharged one was reinstated2 daysIndefiniteAll the men returned to work, and the dismissed one was reinstated. Thirty-seven strikers were fined £30 for the offence. Amount of fines paid to date, £25 3s.
14/11/06.—Electric Tramways (Auckland).
6680Dismissal of two conductors without notice. There had for some time been dissatisfaction among the motormen in regard to teaching learners, and the dismissal of two conductors for alleged offences (either not committed or not inquired into) brought the trouble to a point. The men refused to work unless the two dismissed ones were reinstated.3 hoursWorkmenBy mutual agreement. The dismissed ones were reinstated, and other conditions re future dismissals, favourable to the men, were agreed upon. The company was fined £5 for the offence of dismissing the hands without notice, and two employees were fined 10s. each for striking. Fines paid in full.
21/5/08.—Electric Tramways (Auckland).
222247Dismissal of a tram conductor without notice. The company offered no reason for his dismissal, and the union decided that unless he were reinstated or given a reason for his dismissal by noon the following day (21/5/08) the men on the cars would cease work. The company did not reply and the men accordingly ceased work.4 days 4 hoursWorkmenBy special Board of Conciliation, by whose award the dismissed conductor was reinstated and other conditions in favour of the men were agreed upon. The workers' union was fined £60 for the offence of proposing the strike, and the company had a breach of award recorded against it for failing to give a week's notice of dismissal or a week's wages in lieu thereof. Fine paid in full. The Board was a purely voluntary one, and it was agreed by both sides to accept its finding.
31/1/12.—Electric Tramways (Wellington).
358413Demand of workers' union for the removal from office of an alleged incompetent and unpopular ticket-inspector being refused.4½ daysWorkmenThe City Council agreed to remove the inspector to a position where he would have no dealings with members of the Tramways Union, and the men returned to work. The union was fined £100 for instigating the strike. Fine paid in full.
9/2/12.—Meat-workers (Wellington).
160320Demands re payment for overtime and for preference of employment to unionists being refused. The strikers were labourers assisting slaughtermen, and belonged to a union not registered under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act.14 daysWorkmenBy agreement between the parties as to conditions of employment, the chief concession to the men being preference to unionists. One of the conditions of settlement was that the union should register under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act and the agreement be filed as an industrial agreement to be in force for three years. (The strike was not illegal, there being no award or industrial agreement in force.)
24/10/11.—General Labourers (Auckland).
310330A contractor letting a sub-contract to six members of the union.1 weekWorkmenBy agreement; the Drainage Board, for which the work was being done, undertaking to insert a clause in all future contracts prohibiting sub-contractings. The workers' union was fined £60 for instigating the strike.
7/10/11.—General Labourers (Onehunga).
2323Demand for increase of wages being refused. The men were receiving 1s. 6d. per hour, part of their work being to attend to drainage leading to the sea, which could be done only when the tide allowed. The men asked for 5s. for tidal work, irrespective of the time worked, which was usually not more than two hours per day.2 daysWorkmenThe contractor conceded the demand as other men could not be obtained to carry on the work. No action was taken against the strikers as it was shown that they had acted under the wrong impression that the cancellation of their union, which had been applied for, had been effected, and that the award governing them had expired, in which case they would not have been liable under the Act for striking.
28/2/10.—Slaughtermen's Assistants (Southdown).
27*Demand for increase of wages from 11¼d. to 1s. 3d. per hour being refused. The assistants had been working under an award and also under an industrial agreement, which were still in force pending the filing of an industrial agreement which had recently been arrived at. The new agreement made no provision for slaughtermen's assistants, in consequence of which the men thought they were free to make their own terms, and demanded an increase as mentioned above. Their request was refused, and they ceased work. New assistants were put on in their places, and the slaughtermen then ceased work, refusing to work with non-unionists. When the new assistants were put on those on strike offered to resume work under old conditions if the company would promise to consider their claim for higher wages. This the company declined to do, and consequently the strike was resumed17 daysEmployersThe works were idle for a few days, but men were gradually obtained and work was resumed. Twenty-one strikers were each fined £2 for the offence. £10 of fines remains unpaid.
15/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Belfast).
58237Demand for increase of wages, from £1 per 100 with 1s. per day bonus for killing sheep to £1 5s. per 100 without bonus, being refused.17 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement between the company and the union to work for increased rate of £1 3s. per 100 without bonus. The strikers were each fined £5 for the offence. £46 1s. 6d. of fines remains unpaid.
15/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Fairfield).
46130Demand for increase of wages, from £1 per 100 with 1s. per day bonus for killing sheep to £1 5s. per 100 without bonus, being refused17 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement between the company and the union to work for increased rate of £1 3s. per 100 without bonus. The strikers were each fined £5 for the offence. £77 6s. 5d. of fines remains unpaid.
27/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Gisborne).
48134Demand for increase from £1 per 100 for killing sheep to £1 5s. per 100 being refused5 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By compromise at the rate of £1 3s. per 100. The strikers were each fined £5 for the offence. The company had 15,000 sheep on the road, which had to be returned to the stations on account of the strike and brought back again, thus causing decrease in value owing to loss of condition. £25 2s. 6d. of fines remains unpaid.
15/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Islington).
70211Demand for increase of wages, from £1 per 100 with 1s. per day bonus for killing sheep to £1 5s. per 100 without bonus, being refused17 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement between the company and the union to work for increased rate of £1 3s. per 100 without bonus. The strikers were each fined £5 for the offence. £55 9s. 10d. of fines remains unpaid.
26/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Mataura).
1543Demand for increase in wages, for killing sheep, from £1 per 100 to £1 5s. per 100, being refused8 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement to work at the increased rate of £1 3s. per 100. No award was in force, therefore no action was taken.
26/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Ocean Beach).
1183Demand for increase in wages, for killing sheep, from £1 per 100 to £1 5s. per 100, being refused16 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement to work at the increased rate of £1 3s. per 100. No award was in force, therefore no action was taken.
15/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Pareora).
43165Demand for increase of wages, from £1 per 100 with 1s. per day bonus for killing sheep to £1 5s. per 100 without bonus, being refused.20 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement between the company and the union to work for an increased rate of £1 3s. per 100 without bonus. The strikers were each fined £5 for the offence. £95 2s. 6d. of fines remains unpaid.
13/2/08.—Slaughtermen (Pareora).
47131Dismissal of a slaughterman for smoking on the board. The offending slaughterman had been warned on several occasions to desist, but took no heed and was consequently discharged. The men instantly ceased work.1 dayWorkmenThe company took the offending slaughterman on again the following morning, and work was resumed. The men sent delegates to their solicitor, on whose advice they returned to work. No action was taken, as the matter was not considered serious.
27/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Picton).
1161Demand for increase of wages, from £1 per 100 with 1s. per day bonus for killing sheep to £1 5s. per 100 without bonus, being refused16 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement between the company and the union to work for increased rate of £1 3s. per 100 without bonus. No award was in force, therefore no action was taken.
15/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Smithfield).
43166Demand for increase of wages, from £1 per 100 with 1s. per day bonus for killing sheep to £1 5s. per 100 without bonus, being refused17 daysWork men (by compromise)By agreement between the company and the union to work for increased rate of £1 3s. per 100 without bonus. The strikers were each fined £5 for the offence. £5 of fines remains unpaid.
26/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Wallacetown).
1733Demand for increase in wages, for killing sheep, from £1 per 100 to £1 5s. per 100, being refused16 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement to work at the increased rate of £1 3s. per 100. No award was in force, therefore no action was taken.
12/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Wellington).
141360Demand for increase of pay, from £1 per 100 for killing sheep to £1 5s. per 100, being refused.5 daysWorkmen (by compromise)By agreement to work at £1 3s. per 100. The strikers were cited before the Arbitration Court, but the cases were dismissed as the industrial agreement under which they had been working was held to be invalid.
27/2/07.—Slaughtermen (Burnside).
1414Demand for increase of wages, for killing sheep, from £1 per 100 with bonus to £1 5s. per 100 without bonus, being refused1 day 7 hoursWorkmen (by compromise)There was no award in force; the men returned to work at the rate of £1 3s. per 100 without bonus, subject to the rates fixed by the Arbitration Court being made retrospective to the time of resuming killing. The strike was not illegal.
29/7/10.—Coal-miners (Paparoa, Westland).
100100On account of accidents occurring in the mine, caused through alleged negligence on the part of some of the men, work had, at intervals, been considerably delayed. The management therefore decided that in future any one responsible for accidents would be suspended. Shortly afterwards the compressed-air pipe in the mine was blown away through the alleged carelessness of two men when firing a shot, which again caused a stoppage of work. The two men were accordingly suspended, and the remainder of the men refused to resume work unless the two men were reinstated and paid compensation for loss of time. This the company declined to do, and work was not resumed.9 daysWorkmenA conference was held, and upon the company conceding the demands for compensation pending an inquiry into the cases of alleged negligence the men started work again. There was no award or industrial agreement in operation, and therefore the men's action in ceasing work was not illegal.
30/1/11.—Tunnel-workers (Otira).
260260The men desired to submit to the contractors certain claims in respect to their conditions of employment, and asked the contractors to meet them through their representative, the secretary of the union. The contractors declined, however, to so meet the men, as the union secretary was not one of their employees, and on this account forty-eight men, constituting the 4 o'clock afternoon shift, refused to work. The rest of the workers joined in the strike, 260 men being idle.3 daysWorkmenBy conference, the contractors stipulating that when a dispute arose the matter should be laid before them first by the men, and in the event of the latter being dissatisfied with the decision arrived at, they (the men) should then have the right to refer the matter to the union, whose officials would be recognized by the contractors. As the main item in dispute—i.e., the recognition of the union had been conceded—the men returned to work. No proceedings were taken against the men.
20/12/10.—Waterside Workers (Patea).
1414Fourteen members of a newly-formed union, registered under the Act, demanded an increase in the overtime rate of pay from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per hour, the rate ruling in other ports. The shipping company refused the request, contending that the men should place their demands before the Arbitration Court in the usual way, and the men ceased work.2 monthsWorkmen (by compromise)By conference. It was agreed that the company should grant preference of employment to members of the union, and the question of overtime payment should be referred to arbitrators, one of whom was to be appointed by the workers, the other by the employers, and the two so appointed to select a third party to act as referee. Work was resumed on these conditions. During the strike most of the strikers found other employment, and the work of discharging and loading the company's vessels was not delayed to any great extent. As there was no award or industrial agreement in force in the district, the strike was not illegal, and no action was taken against the men.
17/2/11.—Waterside Workers (Wellington).
1414Acting in sympathy with the Patea strikers, fourteen unionists declined to handle the cargo of one of the boats belonging to the shipping company affected by that strike1 dayWorkmen (by compromise)Work was resumed the following day, a settlement of the Patea strike having been effected (see above). It was held that a technical breach of the Act had been committed by the men in refusing to work, but no action was taken as the strike was of very short duration, and the employers did not desire prosecution.
26/3/12.—Shop Butchers (Gisborne).
1919The men, who were members of the Gisborne Branch of the Auckland Butchers' Industrial Union of Workers, had, prior to the strike, met in conference with the employers, and had come to an agreement as to conditions of employment. The employers, however, afterwards refused to sign the agreement, alleging that it contained certain undesirable clauses. The union thereupon demanded that the agreement be signed by 3 p.m. on 26th March, and failing this they struck.18 daysWorkmen (by compromise)The employers signed an agreement, satisfactory to both parties, which was to be filed as an “Industrial agreement,” and all the strikers resumed work, except five, who had left the district. The remaining thirteen were proceeded against for striking work whilst employed in an industry for the supply of meat for domestic consumption without having given their employers fourteen days' notice in writing of their intention to do so, as required by section 9 (e) of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1908. Under this section a strike, as indicated, is illegal whether an award or agreement is in force or not. Seven were fined £3 each, whilst in the case of one, who was secretary of the union, a fine of £10 was imposed, as it was shown in evidence that he had been warned by the Inspector of Awards of his liability under the Act if he struck without having given the required notice, but the evidence further showed that the other men were not so aware of the provisions of the Act. Two cases were dismissed, the Court holding that it was proved the employers had told the two men concerned to cease work. For the same reason three cases were withdrawn. In one instance proceedings are pending, defendant being ill in hospital. Of the total amount of fines inflicted—£31—£28 has been paid in full, and a distress warrant has been issued for the recovery of the balance.

The following are “strikes” of a comparatively trivial nature, involving in the majority of cases very little loss of employment or monetary loss:—

13/4/08.—Bakers' Drivers (Hastings).

Eight non-unionists demanded an increase of wages from £2 2s. to £2 10a. per week with payment for overtime, the men considering that the rate of £2 2s. was insufficient to live on. The employers refused the request, and the men struck. They were idle for one day. On the advice of the Inspector of Factories, they agreed to return to work. They also agreed to join the union and make application to the Court of Arbitration in the proper way for an increase of wages, if the present rate was deemed insufficient. The strike was not illegal, as the employers concerned were not parties to the industrial agreement.

13/1/09.—Fellmongers (Pakipaki).

No “smoke-oh” being provided for in the award, twenty men demanded ten minutes off during the mornings and afternoons. The request was at first refused, and the men ceased work in batches of five. The demand of the men was subsequently conceded, and work was resumed. The strikers were fined £1 each for the offence. The time lost amounted to one hour each per man.

—/2/08.—Fellmongers and Meal-preservers (Petone).

Fifty-four men demanded an increase in wages. The rates averaged from 1s. 0¾d. to 1s. 2d. per hour. The men were idle only three-quarters of an hour when the company conceded the demand, increasing the rates from 1s. 1½d. to 1s. 3d. per hour. There was no award in force, therefore the strike was not illegal.

22/2/08.—Fellmongery Hands (Wanganui).

Nineteen men demanded an increase of wages from 7s. to 8s. per day. The request was at first refused, and the men struck. After about half an hour's delay, however, the employers granted the increase. The strikers were cited for the offence, but the citations were withdrawn, as it was subsequently ascertained that the award under which they had been working had expired.

26/2/08.—Freezing-chamber Hands (Wanganui).

In this case nine chambermen demanded an increase from 1s. to 1s. 3d. per hour. The request was at first refused, and the men ceased work; but after about half an hour's delay the employers granted the increase. The strikers were cited for the offence, but the citations were withdrawn, as it was subsequently ascertained that the award under which they had been working had expired.

11/6/08.—General Labourers (engaged laying tram-lines), (Wanganui).

Eleven non-unionist labourers struck for an increase of wages from 8s, to 9s. per day. The demand was refused; the men did not resume work, and were paid off. The contractors decided to engage the best men, and pay 9s. per day. The strike delayed work for about one week. The men's action was not illegal, as there was no award in force.

10/0/08.—Gold-miners (Blackwater).

On account of a contractor obtaining contracts in addition to those already in hand at higher price than was tendered for by some of the workers, three men working for him on old contract ceased work. The men were idle for two days, after which the contractor surrendered the extra contracts, and the men resumed work. No action was taken, as the matter was considered trivial.

21/12/09.—Shearers (Queenstown).

In this case seven men demanded an increase from 18s. per 100 (award rate to £1 per 100. No specific arrangement had been made in regard to the rate of pay when the men commenced work, it being understood by the employers that the minimum wage under the award—viz., 18s. per 100—would be paid. On the following day, however, the men complained that the sheep were difficult to shear, and asked for an increase to £1 per 100. The demand was refused; the men discontinued work, and were paid off. Other hands were engaged at 18s. per 100, and work resumed after a delay of five days. Five of the strikers were each fined £5 for the offence.

3/1/10.—Bakers' Carters (Gisborne).

Eleven men demanded a holiday on the 3rd January, which day was generally observed as a holiday by all the business people in the town. One master baker, however, decided to bake, and the two other employers also requested their hands to work. The men, with the exception of two, refused; but all save four, who left the district, were taken on again next day. The strike was not illegal, as no award or industrial agreement was in force.

7/2/10.—General Labourers (Tokomaru, Poverty Bay).

Twenty-six labourers employed in connection with the erection of freezing- works, who had been receiving 8s. per day of eight hours, struck for an increase of wages to 9s. for eight hours' labour. The contractors refused to give the increase asked for, and paid off the strikers. Other men were available, and were engaged. As no award was in existence, the action of the men was not illegal.

9/2/10.—Mill Employees (Flourmill), (Christchurch).

In this case the hands asked for an increase from 1s. to 1s. 1½d. per hour for grain-carrying. They ceased work as usual at the end of the day, but, on account of the demand being refused, six of them did not commence work the following morning. Other men were engaged in their places. It was held that the “strike” was not illegal, as the men's employment was an hourly one (the work being of a casual nature), and that consequently it could not be proved that they had acted in concert.

4/2/10.—Mill Employees (Grain-threshing), (Timaru).

The crop was a very light one, and the men demanded to be paid by the hour instead of at so-much per 1,000 bushels, as they considered they were not getting a fair remuneration for their work. The millowner endeavoured to make fresh arrangements with the farmer, but the latter would not depart from the original terms, consequently the men ceased work. The millowner then pulled out his mill and secured another more advantageous contract, and all hands except three returned to work with him. The strike was not illegal, there being no concerted action on the part of the men.

12/3/10.—Mill Employees (Grain-threshing), (Timaru).

The men in this case ceased work until the employer agreed to supply meals free or give an extra 2s. per 1,000 bushels. The crops had been rather poor, and the men were working short-handed. They lost a good deal of time through bad weather and break-down of machinery. After a few hours' deliberation, however, the men returned to work, and agreed to finish off the paddock in which they were working at 14s. per 1,000 bushels (wheat from stack), the men to have 6d. each for shifting from stack to stack, and the estimated pay for one man during the period they were working short-handed was to be divided amongst the stack- men and the bag-men.

5/4/09.—Slaughtermen's Assistants (Picton).

Twelve assistants who were receiving 10½d. per hour struck for an increase to 1s. per hour. After two days, during which time the men were idle, the company offered 11¼d. per hour, at which rave the men agreed to return to work. As no award was in force, the action of the men in ceasing work was not illegal.

13/7/09.—Stevedores (Napier).

Eleven men refused to handle a sixth load of frozen meat sent out to an ocean liner lying in the roadstead, a mutual arrangement having previously been come to between the employers and the men to handle five cargoes only, the remainder to be worked the following day. Owing to a mishap to one of the lighters, work had been delayed, and the fifth cargo was finished at 9 30 p.m. As it was decided to despatch the liner that night in order that she could catch the tide at Gisborne, a sixth cargo was sent out to her, and the men refused to touch it as they considered it unreasonable to be asked to work any longer, and as they were prepared to carry out their part of the agreement to work the remaining cargo (after the five loads) on the following morning. The liner was, however, despatched without much delay, the crew working the load in dispute. Under the circumstances it was decided that no strike had occurred.

6/10/08.—Tunnel Workers (Otira).

In this instance thirty men working on six-hour shift demanded an interval for meal (crib-time). It appears that eight-hour shifts with crib-time were usually worked, but in wet weather six-hours without crib constituted the shift. The employers would not allow the interval asked for, and the men ceased work. They resumed the following day. The strike was not illegal, as no award or industrial agreement was in existence.

4/10/10.—Shearers (Muriwai, Gisborne).

Six men (unionists) engaged to shear at £1 per 100 and 3s. per 100 extra in lieu of rations, demanded £1 per 100, with rations, the rate fixed by awards recently made in Canterbury and Wellington. The demand was refused, and the men ceased work. Shearing was not delayed as other men (non-unionists) accepted work at the rate offered by the employers. The strike was not illegal, as there was no award or industrial agreement in existence in the district.

12/5/10.—Slaughtermen's Assistants (Eveline, Oamaru).

In this case the assistants asked for an increase from 11d. to 1s. 1d. per hour, the ruling rate in other freezing-works. The demand was not conceded, and the men refused to start work at the usual time in the morning, so that killing operations were suspended. As, however, much delay would have caused serious loss to the company, the strikers” places were filled by other men at 1s. per hour, and work was resumed after only a few hours' cessation. As there was no award or industrial agreement in force in the. district, the strike was not illegal.

20/2/10.—Waterside Workers (Wellington).

On account of the use of hooks being prohibited in handling a cargo of cement, fifty men engaged discharging the cargo ceased work. As the bags had not been carefully stowed the work was severe on the men, the lugs of the bags being in some cases hidden and the bags interlocked. On this account the men claimed that they should have some aid in handling the bags. The strike lasted one day, after which work was resumed without the use of hooks upon the company agreeing to put on two extra men to work in each hold. Proceedings were taken by the Labour Department against the men for a breach of the strike provisions of the Act. The Department was non-suited on the ground that it had not been proved that a strike within the meaning of the Act had occurred, inasmuch as the evidence did not disclose that the men ceased work in pursuance of an agreement or common understanding between them, and with the intention of compelling or inducing the company to agree to the use of hooks, or to put on extra men.

1/12/11.—Costume-makers (Auckland).

In this instance thirteen female workers ceased work, their demand for the dismissal of four alleged objectionable fellow-workers being refused. They did not resume work, their places being filled by others. Under the circumstances no action was taken, as it was not considered unreasonable for the girls to leave their employment.

12/12/11.—Dredge Hands (Gisborne).

Ten men employed on the Harbour Board's dredge ceased work, their demand for an increase of wages being refused. Other men were obtained to replace them, and work was resumed after little delay. The strike was not illegal, as there was no award or industrial agreement in force governing these workers.

4/1/12.—Dredge Hands (Gold-mining), (Southland).

In this case five men asked for an increase of wages from 8s. to 9s. per shift. and, on their request being refused, with an intimation from the dredgemaster that if they were not satisfied they could leave, they ceased work. Other hands were engaged to fill their places, and work was resumed. Under the circumstances it was decided that “no strike” within the meaning of the Act had occurred.

13/1/12.—Freezing-chamber Hands (Moturoa, Taranaki).

Five men demanded an increase from 8s. to 9s, per day, and, en being refused, ceased work. The strikers were not taken on again, and other hands were engaged, without much loss of time, to fill their places. As there was no award or industrial agreement in force governing these workers the strike was not illegal. and consequently no action was taken against them.

8/3/12.—Hotel. Workers (Rotorua).

Eight workers struck because they objected to the tactics of their employer, who had treated one of their number, they alleged, in a very unfair manner. Upon their demand that the employer should apologize to the injured one being refused they ceased work. Other servants were engaged the following day to fill their places, and work was resumed. It was held that, technically, a strike had occurred, but as it was considered to be somewhat trivial, and also not to have been with a view to compelling the emlpoyer to agree to improved terms of employment for the workers, no action was taken.

9/5/11.—Labourers (Hastings).

In this case, sixty men employed on Borough Council sewer-excavation work struck, owing to a decision of the Council to have the balance of the work done by day labour at 9s. per day for trenchmen and 8s. per day for surfacemen, instead of at piecework rates, as were agreed upon when the work was commenced. It was shown, however, that the decision of the Council to change the conditions of work and pay was clue to a misunderstanding, so they decided to allow the men to continue at piecework rates, and they resumed accordingly, after being idle for only a few hours. It was decided that there had been no “strike,” as it was legal for the men to refuse to accept work at the newly proposed rates.

1/9/11.—Labourers (Hastings).

On this occasion the secretary of the workers' union came to the job and commenced interviewing the men at their work. His action was resented by the foreman, who ordered the men, numbering thirty-nine, to cease work until the secretary quitted. This they did, but complained of their losing time thereby. A meeting of the men was held, and it was decided not to resume work until certain demands were conceded. A conference between the parties was held. and the dispute settled by compromise. The men were idle for only a few hours, and it was decided that it was not a case in which proceedings should be taken against the men for their action.

29/3/12.—Labourers and Carpenters (Wairoa).

Five labourers and four carpenters ceased work on account of their employers resenting the action of one of their number in bringing intoxicating liquor on to the job. The men were paid off, and did not resume work. The circumstances showed that there had been no “strike” within the meaning of the Act, and therefore no action was taken.

8/12/11.—Shearers (Masterton).

Eight shearers asked for an increase of 2s. 6d. per hundred sheep shorn, on account of the sheep being (they alleged) dirty. The employer refused the demand, and the men would not go on with their work. Others were obtained with very little difficulty or delay, and shearing was resumed. As there was no concerted action on the part of the men, it was decided that no “strike” had occurred.

24/11/11.—Shearers (Otago).

In this case five shed hands demanded an increase from £1 7s. 6d. and £1 10s. per week to £2, having been wrongly advised by letter from the secretary of the union that the latter rate was that fixed by a new award recently given by the Arbitration Court. On the demand being refused they left work. It was shown, however, that the rates fixed by the new award were the same as those which the men were being paid, and in view of the fact that their action was the result of misleading advice, and that they expressed regret for what they had done, and desired to return to work, no action was taken. Fresh hands were engaged to take the places of the strikers.

1/4/12.—Threshing-millers (Morven).

In this case seven men who had apparently been averaging good earnings commenced work on a farm where the stacks were rather poor. After threshing one stack they demanded to be paid by the hour (1s. 3d.) whilst working on poor stacks, and by piecework (as usual) when on good ones. The mill-owner refused the men's request, whereupon they ceased work, and did not return.

They were summoned before the Magistrate's Court for a breach of the strike provisions of the Act; four of them who attended were fined 10s. each, and have paid. The other three, who left the district before the cases were heard, were each fined £1. Endeavour is being made to trace their whereabouts.

21/11/11.—Waterside Workers (Auckland).

Thirty-four men engaged in unloading a cargo (part of which included superphosphates) from an oversea steamer demanded an increase of 3d. per hour above the award rate of 1s. 3d. On the request being refused the men declined to proceed with the work. After half an hour, however, the demand was conceded, and work resumed. The secretary of the union was fined £20 for instigating the “strike.” Twenty-four of the men who could be traced were also summoned for taking part in the strike. Four were each fined £1, one was fined £5, whilst ten cases were dismissed, as the Court held it had not been proved that the men concerned struck. Nine cases were withdrawn. Fines paid in full.

7/6/11.—Waterside Workers (Timaru).

In this case, forty men struck work, owing to five active members of their union being allegedly victimized by the employers in not being engaged for work. After a delay of four hours the employers conceded the demand of the men, agreeing to engage the five men referred to, and the strikers resumed work. No action was taken against them, as the matter was considered trivial.

11/12/11.—Waterside Workers (Timaru).

Twenty-five men demanded an increase of wages from 1s. 6d. per hour for ordinary time and 2s. per hour for overtime to 1s. 9d. and 2s. 6d. per hour

respectively. The shipping agents refused the request, and the men ceased work. They were idle for three days, after which they returned to their work, their demands being conceded in full. No action was taken against the men, as the strike was not illegal, there being no award or industrial agreement in force.

3/7/11.—Woollen-mill Employees (Roslyn).

Seventy female workers struck on account of alleged favouritism shown by the management of the mill to two fellow-workers. After being idle for seven days all the girls returned to work, the employer agreeing to transfer the two workers to another department. As there was no award or industrial agreement in force governing these workers the strike was not illegal.

LOCKOUTS.

The following are cases of lockouts under sections 4 and 5 of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act. 1908. They are all of a trivial nature.

6/5/07.—A Reefton gold-mining company was proceeded against for an alleged lockout. The dispute arose on the “eight-hours bank-to-bank” question and the arrangement of overtime payment. The Court held that the company had not closed down the work of the mine in order to lock out its men so as to compel them to meet the company on the above matter, but to make the necessary connection with another shaft in a neighbouring mine so as to reduce the time taken by the miners to reach the face.

12/3/08.—In connection with the Blackball strike, the Blackball Coal-miners' Union proceeded against the Blackball Coal Company for an alleged lockout in dismissing the men, which action caused a strike. The Court held that, as only seven men out of eighty were dismissed, and the company was willing and anxious to carry on operations with the remaining seventy-three, it was clear no lockout had occurred.

9/2/10.—A case under the Wellington Shearers' award was taken against a Dannevirke sheepowner. The men refused to shear, alleging that the sheep were wet, and in consequence the employer dismissed them. Action was taken by the Department, and the case was dismissed by the Magistrate, who held that on the evidence the sheep were dry, and therefore no offence had been committed.

4/10/10.—A case under the Hawke's Bay Fishermen's industrial agreement was taken against a Napier trawling company. A trawler had been running at a loss, and the owners asked for a conference with the crew in reference to a proposed charter and partnership scheme. Ostensibly to allow of this conference being held the boat was laid up for two days, and it was alleged that this was done with the intention of compelling the crew to agree to the proposed scheme. The Magistrate held that the evidence was insufficiently convincing to impute such an intention to the defendant company, and dismissed the case

CO-OPERATIVE PUBLIC WORKS.

The construction of public works under the co-operative system was adopted by the central government in 1891, and has continued to this date. Works such as railroad and ordinary road formation, requiring no special skill, are well adapted to the system, though artisan labour is sometimes employed in like manner.

The method is somewhat as follows: When a length of railway is to be constructed on the co-operative principle the formation-work is divided into sections, the size of which will depend upon the difficulty of the work. Plans and a simple specification of the work are prepared, also an estimate of the cost, based on the current rate of wages ruling in the district for similar work. The work, at a price of so much per unit of quantity or measurement, is offered to a

party of men, who, if they accept, become the contractors. The work done is measured periodically and full payment made to the party, who divide the money among themselves according to the time worked by each. The engineers in charge of the works have a certain amount of discretion and control in respect of the character of the men employed, the progress of the work, hours of labour, &c. So long has the system been in use that the methods have become stereotyped, the workmen being as fully alive to their own interests as the engineers are to the interests of the State. Any dispute as to the value of the work is usually easily settled upon the spot, and serious friction is almost unknown.

The number of men employed varies according to the supply of labour available and the amount of work to be performed. The number engaged during each month of the year ended 31st March, 1912, was as follows:—

Month.Roads Department.Public Works Department.Total.
April,19113,1993,6876,886
May,19113,0653,5526,617
June,19113,2233,3116,534
July,19112,8293,3906,219
August,19112,7893.5936,382
September,19112,5253,4836,008
October,19112,6073,4936,100
November,19112,5253,4425,967
December,19113,0053,3286,333
January,19123,2763,2686,544
February,19113,9343,2677,201
March,19114,5663,1997,765

The average number of men employed in each year was as follows:—

Year.Roads Department.Public Works Department.Total.
1891-92261527788
1892-932808421,122
1893-949331,0151,948
1894-951,1039622,065
1895-961,5727642,336
1896-971,4598542,313
1897-981,5528902,442
1898-991,6131,1942,807
1899-19001,8251,2433,068
1900-11,8202,0903,910
1901-21,8942,6734,567
1902-31,3191,7333,052
1903-41,4932,3053,798
1904-51,4072,1193,526
1905-63,4402,3455,785
1906-72,3934,6147,007
1907-82,1323,0005,132
1908-93,4824,0317,513
1909-101,7623,9295,691
1910-111,9203,4505,370
1911-123,1283,4186,546

LABOUR DEPARTMENT—EMPLOYMENT BRANCHES.

Men's Branches.

The total number of men for whom employment has been found by the Department of Labour up to the end of March, 1912, is given below. The statement also shows the number of persons dependent upon the men assisted:—

 Men.Dependants.
June, 1891, to 3lst March, 18922,5934,729
1st April, 1892, to 31st March, 18933,8747,802
1st April, 1893, to 31st March, 18943,3417,942
1st April, 1894, to 31st March, 18953,0308,883
1st April, 1895, to 31st March, 18962,8718,424
1st April, 1896, to 31st March, 18971,7184,719
1st April, 1897, to 31st March, 18982,0354,928
1st April, 1898, to 31st March, 18992,1154,759
1st April, 1899, to 31st March, 19002,1474,471
1st April, 1900, to 31st March, 19013,1245,432
1st April, 1901, to 31st March, 19021,8302,747
1st April, 1902, to 31st March, 19033,7045,934
1st April, 1903, to 31st March, 19042,8603,085
1st April, 1904, to 31st March, 19053,1303,425
1st April, 1905, to 31st March, 19066,7127,351
1st April, 1906, to 31st March, 19077,3934,187
1st April, 1907, to 31st March, 19086,3054,408
1st April, 1908, to 31st March, 190910,3917,510
1st April, 1909, to 31st March, 19108,50610,164
1st April, 1910, to 31st March, 19117,1028,454
1st April, 1911, to 31st March. 19125,7354,233
 90,516123,587

Women's Branches.

In each of the four chief centres of population—Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin—women's employment branches of the Labour Department were established in June, 1908. In January, 1909, a branch was opened at Nelson, and in October, 1910, a branch was established at Masterton, Each branch is in charge of an experienced female officer, and every assistance is given, free of charge, to women seeking employment. During the year ended 31st March, 1912, work was found for 445 married and 1,770 single women; making a total of 9,865 women assisted since the initiation of the system. In most cases the employment was domestic service.

Chapter 23. SECTION XIX.—STATE AID TO SETTLERS AND WORKERS.

ADVANCES TO SETTLERS.

THE Advances to Settlers Office was established by an Act passed in 1894. An administrative officer called the Superintendent was appointed early in the following year, and a Board set up to advise and co-operate with the Superintendent. Advances can be granted only with the consent of the Board.

The capital fund was limited to £3,000,000, which was to be raised within two years from the passing of the Act, at an annual rate of interest not higher than 4 per cent. The first issue of £1,500,000 realized £94 8s. 9d. per £100 stock. The minimum advance was fixed at £25, and the maximum at £2,500, repayable in thirty-six years and a half by half-yearly instalments of 3 per cent. on the amount borrowed.

The legislation has been amended at different times, and is now embodied in the State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909. It authorizes the borrowing of moneys for the purpose of lending to settlers, workers, and local authorities. Each year there may be borrowed for advances to settlers £1,500,000, to workers £750,000, and to local authorities £1,000,000.

Money is advanced to settlers on first mortgage of lands and improvements held under the following classes of tenure, free from all encumbrances, liens, and interests other than leasehold interests, that is to say,—

  1. (1.) Freehold land in fee-simple under the Land Transfer Act, 1908. (2.) Freehold land in fee-simple the title to which is registered under the Deeds Registration Act, 1908.

  2. Crown land on perpetual lease under the Land Act, 1885.

  3. Crown land held under Part III or Part IV of the Land Act, 1892, or of the Land Act, 1908.

  4. Crown land held on lease as a small grazing-run under the Land Act, 1885, or under the Land Act, 1892, or the Land Act, 1908.

  5. Crown land held on agricultural lease under the Mining Act, 1891.

  6. Crown land held on lease (not being for mining purposes) under the Westland and Nelson Coalfields Administration Act, 1877.

  7. Native land held on lease under the West Coast Settlement Reserves Act, 1881, or under the West Coast Settlement Reserves Act, 1892.

  8. Land held on lease under the Westland and Nelson Native Reserves Act, 1887.

  9. Land held under the Thermal Springs Districts Act, 1881, or the Thermal Springs Districts Act, 1908.

  10. Educational and other reserves held under leases administered by the Land Boards.

  11. Crown land held by license on the deferred-payment system under Part III of the Land Act, 1885.

  12. Land held under lease from a leasing authority as defined by the Public Bodies' Leasing-powers Act, 1908, or the Public Bodies' Leases Act, 1908, and providing for the payment by the incoming tenant of valuation for improvements made upon the land.

  13. Land held under lease from a Maori Land Board under the Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905.

  14. Crown lands held on lease for agricultural purposes under the Mining Districts Land Occupation Act, 1894.

  15. Crown lands held on license-for-residence sites under the Mining Act, 1891, or the Mining Act, 1905.

  16. Crown land held on lease under section 45, Part III, of the Mining Act, 1898, and section 45, Part III, of the Mining Act, 1908.

  17. Maori lands which have been transferred in trust for leasing to and are held under leases from a Maori Land Board under the powers contained in the Maori Lands Administration Act, 1900, and its amendments.

If the land offered as the security for the desired advance is of any one of the classes of land lettered (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (i), (j), (k), or (n), the applicant must, before despatching his application, post to the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district in which the land is situated a notice of his application, in order that the Commissioner may at once furnish the Superintendent with a report respecting the leasehold. A copy of the form of notice can be obtained from any post-office.

NOTE.—Envelopes for posting applications to the Superintendent may be obtained at any post-office in New Zealand, together with application forms.

Loans can be granted only on the instalment system fully described hereafter):—

  1. On all freeholds, up to three-fifths of the value of the security: Provided that in the case of first-class agricultural freeholds loans may be made up to two-thirds of the value.

  2. On leaseholds, up to three-fifths of the value of the lessee's interest in the lease.

  3. On securities classified by the Board as first class, loans shall be granted for a term of thirty-six and a half years.

  4. On securities classified by the Board as second class, loans shall be granted, for a term of thirty years.

  5. On securities classified by the Board as third class, loans shall be granted for a term of twenty years.

A security for a loan to a settler may be considered first class when the value of the land or the applicant's interest therein, apart from improvements, is not less than three-fourths of the amount of the loan, and the property is in the opinion of the Board otherwise satisfactory; second class when the value of the land or the applicant's interest therein, apart from improvements, exceeds one-third but does not equal three-fourths of the amount of the loan, and the property is deemed by the Board otherwise satisfactory; and third class when the value of the land or the applicant's interest therein, apart from improvements, does not exceed one-third of the amount of the loan, and the property is deemed by the Board otherwise satisfactory.

The classifying of securities, the granting of advances, and the determining of what shall be considered first-class agricultural land shall rest solely with the Board of the office.

Where an advance is required for the purpose of erecting a building, the amount of the loan granted by the Board may either be paid over in one sum when the building is completed, or, if the applicant desires it, may be advanced in progress payments from time to time as the erection of the building proceeds. An inspection and report must be made by an officer of the Valuation Department prior to payment of any progress payment on account of the loan, and for each such inspection a fee as per scale below shall be paid by the applicant.

Every applicant after lodging an application for a loan should await the decision of the Board before proceeding with the erection of the building.

No loan of less than £25 or more than £3,000 can be granted. Applications for loans not exceeding £500 shall have priority over applications for larger sums. If the applicant has already obtained any advance under this Act and is desirous of obtaining a further advance, either on the same security or on a separate security, the amount of the application, added to the amount of the advances already obtained, must not exceed £3.000. The security which the

applicant offers for the loan must consist of one or more holdings of the several classes of tenure mentioned above, and must, of course, be of the necessary value; and, if the security is leasehold, all the covenants and conditions of the lease, including the payment of rent, must have been regularly complied with.

All applications must be accompanied by a valuation fee according to the following scale:—

Advances to Settlers Scale of Valuation Fees.

On an application for a loan not exceeding£s.d.
£1000106
Exceeding £100 but not exceeding £250110
Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £5001116
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £3,000220

Mortgages are repayable by half-yearly payments of principal and interest combined. They may also be wholly repaid at any time. Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4½ per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date and no arrears in respect of instalments or other payments under the mortgage remain outstanding.

The following tables show, taking a loan of £100 as an instance, how much of each instalment is applied to repaying the principal and how much is in payment of interest. They show also the amount of rebate in respect of each instalment, and the balance of principal remaining due after payment of the respective instalments until the loan is entirely repaid:—

TABLE A.—TERM, THIRTY-SIX YEARS AND A HALF.

TABLEOK PRESCRIBED HALF-YEARLY INSTALMENTSFOREVERY £100 OFTHE LOAN.
Half-year.Half-yearly Instalment.Apportioned thus:½ per Cent Rebate of Interest.Balance of Principal owing.
On Account of Interest at 5 per Cent.On Account of Principal.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.s.d.£s.d.
1300210001005099100
230029901035098199
330029601064119893
4300293010941197186
530029001104119776
6300288011441096162
730028501174109647
83002810111141095128
930027100122499506
103002760126499480
11300272012104993152
1230026110131489321
133002670135489288
14300263013947911411
1530025100142479109
163002560146479063
17300252014104689115
1830024901534688162
193002450157458807
203002400160458747
213002370165448682
22300232016104485114
2330022901734384141
2430022401784383165
25300211101814282184
26300216018642811910
2730021001904181010
283002060196418014
29300200100407914
30300119610631178010
313001190110311761910
32300118611631075184
33300118012031074164
3430011751273973139
35300116101323872107
3630011631393771610
373001158144377026
38300115114113668177
3930011451573567120
40300113101623566510
41300113216103464190
4230011261763363116
433001119183326233
44300111118113160144
453001104198305948
46300197110521157143
47300181011122115631
483001811111121054112
Half-year.Half-yearly Instalment.Apportioned thus:½ per Cent Rebate of Interest.Balance of Principal owing.
On Account of Interest at 5 per Cent.On Account of Principal.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.s.d.£s.d.
4930017311292952185
5030016611362851411
5130015811442749107
5230014911532647154
53300131111612545193
543001301170244423
5530012111711224244
5630011111811214055
5730010211910203857
58300019220101113649
593000181211111034210
603000171221118311911
61300016024017291511
623000141125116271010
633000139263142547
6430001272751322172
653000115287122087
66300010329910171810
67300090211001115710
6830007821240912156
6930006521370810111
703000512141106770
713000382164044108
723000242178031130
73113100010113001......

TABLE B.—TERM, THIRTY YEARS.

TABLEOF PRESCRIBED HALF-YEARLY INSTALMENTSFOREVERY £100 OFTHE LOAN.
Half-year.Half-yearly Instalment.Apportioned thus:½ per Cent Rebate of Interest.Balance of Principal owing.
On Account of Interest at 5 per Cent.On Account of Principal.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.s.d.£s.d.
134821000148509954
2348297015141198103
3348292015641197149
4348281001510411961811
534828501634109628
634828001684109560
734827701714994811
834827201764993115
9348269017114892136
1034826401844891152
113482510018104790164
Half-year.Half-yearly Instalment.Apportioned thus:½ per Cent Rebate of Interest.Balance of Principal owing.
On Account of Interest at 5 per Cent.On Account of Principal.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.s.d.£s.d.
1234825401944689170
13348241101994688173
143482451034587170
1534823111094586163
1634823411444851411
17348221011104384131
183482231254383108
193482191211428279
20348212136418143
21348207141418002
223482001484078156
23348119415431177102
24348118915113107643
25348118116731074178
263481175..733973105
2734811691711387226
28348116018837701310
293481154194366946
30348114711013567145
313481131011010356637
32348113111173464120
33348112311253362197
3434811151133326164
35348110711413159123
38348199114113057174
37348181111592115617
38348180116821054411
393481711177285274
4034816211862750810
413481521196264894
423481422062546810
43348132216244474
443481222262342410
45048111237214013
463481002482037167
4734801810251011135109
48348017926111933310
4934801672811830159
503480154294162865
513480141210715251510
523480121021110132340
533480117213112201011
54348010321451017166
553480810215100111508
563480762172091236
573480602188079410
5834804730106649
5934803131704332
6034801633202......

TABLE C, TERM, TWENTY YEARS.

TABLEOF PRESCRIBED HALF-YEARLY INSTALMENTSFOREVERY £100 OFTHE LOAN,
Half-year.Half-yearly Instalment.Apportioned thus:½ per Cent Rebate of Interest.Balance of Principal owing.
On Account of Interest at 5 per Cent.On Account of Principal.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.s.d.£s.d.
1319821001985098104
231982931105411961911
3319828611124109589
431982791111149931610
5319826111129489241
6319826111374790106
7319825311454688161
8319824511534587010
931982361162448548
1031982271171438377
1131982181180428197
123198209118114179108
1331981199119114077109
1431981189201131075910
153198117921113973711
16319811682303871411
17319811572413769010
18319811462523566158
1931981135263346495
2031981123275336220
21319811112873159135
22319S19102910305737
233198187211121054126
24319S1742124295202
2531981602138274966
26319814821502646116
27319813321652443151
2831981110217102240173
29319810521932037180
3031980181130911134173
31319801753231931150
323198015113391728113
33319801433551525510
343198012837013211810
35319801103881118102
363198093310501114199
3731980763122091177
3831980583140077137
393198031031510053179
40319S0111317902......

Thus on the twenty-years term the payments on a loan of £450 (the maximum obtainable) the weekly payment amounts to only 12s. 11d. per week, or less than 1½ per cent. per annum, including repayment of principal. On the thirty-years term it amounts to about to 10s. 4d. per week, or less than 6 per cent., including repayment

of principal. On the thirty-six-and-a-half-years term it amounts to about 9s: 6d. per week or 5½ per cent. including repayment of principal.

The mortgagor may pay to the Superintendent at any time the whole balance of principal owing with interest to date of payment, and obtain a discharge of the mortgage on payment of the fee prescribed for such discharge.

The mortgagor may also from time to time pay to the Superintendent, in addition to the half-yearly payments, sums of £5 or a multiple of £5, which, at the next instalment due date, may be applied in one of the following methods, according as he directs:—

  1. In payment of the half-yearly instalments (consisting partly of interest and partly of principal) as they fall due, until the deposit is exhausted; or

  2. In payment of as many future half-yearly instalments of principal (but not of interest) as it will cover, and, as far as such instalments are concerned, the corresponding interest will not be charged. On the next half-yearly date, however, the mortgagor will be required to continue his payments as before, the advance payment having the effect of reducing the period during which he would have to pay such instalments. For instance, a mortgagor has a loan of £100 for a term of 36£ years. On the due date of his eight half-yearly instalment he pays, in addition to the amount due, a sum of £5. This is applied in payment of his ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth instalments of principal 12s. 2d., 12s. 6d., 12s. 10d., 13s, 1d., 13s, 5d., 13s, 9d., 14s. 2d. (see table), making a total of £4 11s. 11d.; and the corresponding interest—£2 7s. 10d., £2 7s. 6d., £2 7s. 2d., £2 6s. 11d., £2 6s. 7d., £2 6s. 3d., £2 5s. 10d. (which has not begun to accrue)—is not charged. A balance of 8s. 1d. remains in his favour. Then, on the next due date he has to make the half-yearly payment as usual (less 8s. 1d.), but, instead of being the ninth, it counts as the sixteenth instalment, and by this means the whole loan is repaid three years and a half earlier (seven half-yearly payments) than it otherwise would be.

  3. It may be applied as provided in the next paragraph.

Readjustment of Loans.

On the due date of any instalment, after at least one-tenth of the loan has been repaid by means of the half-yearly instalments or of moneys repaid in advance, or both, the mortgagor (provided he is not in arrear with any instalment or other payment due under the mortgage) may, with the consent of the Superintendent, readjust the loan by treating the balance of principal then unpaid as

a fresh loan duly granted on that date for a fresh term. But no readjustment is allowed unless the balance of unpaid principal amounts to at least £100. Under this arrangement the mortgagor will be relieved of paying interest on the original amount of the loan, and will pay only on the balance of principal owing.

Following is the scale of fees payable for preparation of mortgages:—

Mortgages under the Land Transfer Act, 1908.

Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance):—

 £s.d.
If advance be not exceeding £250076
Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £5000100
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £7500150
Exceeding £750 but not exceeding £1,000110
Exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £1,500160
Exceeding £1,500 but not exceeding £2,0001116
Exceeding £2,000 but not exceeding £3,0001176

With cash disbursements, which are the same in every case, namely:—

Search fee (with an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first)£s.d.
 020
Registration (with an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first)0100

Mortgages tinder the Deeds Registration Act, 1908.

Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance):—

 £s.d.
If advance be not exceeding £1500180
Exceeding £150 but not exceeding £250106
Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £500150
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £7501130
Exceeding £750 but not exceeding £1,000230
Exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £1,5002130
Exceeding £1,500 but not exceeding £2,0003130
Exceeding £2,000 but not exceeding £3,0004130
With cash disbursements:—
Fee chargeable by solicitor not residing in registration centre for employing agent to register mortgage050
Fee for partial or total discharge of mortgage050
Fee for execution of consent by the Superintendent of any document050
Fee for production of title-deeds held by the Superintendent050

Valuation reports on the securities offered are made on behalf of the Department by expert land-valuers permanently employed by

the Government Valuation of Land Department; and these reports, together with the corresponding valuations appearing in the district valuation rolls, prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, and reports from the Commissioners of Crown Lands in the case of Crown leaseholds, are considered by the General Board. Board meetings are held weekly, or as occasion requires, and the Superintendent is bound by the resolutions of the Board. A resolution is taken with regard to every application placed before the General Board, so that on the Board rests the responsibility of granting loans or of refusing to grant them.

Some applicants offer securities which are obviously not eligible; and in that event the valuation fees paid are returned, the securities are not reported on, and the applications do not go before the Board.

By arrangements made with the Post Office, mortgagors are enabled to pay their instalments and interest to the credit of the Superintendent at any money-order office, and free of all costs for remitting the money to Wellington. This is an arrangement at once convenient and economical for the large number of persons scattered all over New Zealand who have financial dealings with the Advances Office. Loans may also be repaid in part or in full through the Post Office, and advances also are made through the Post Office. The total amount advanced to settlers since the establishment of the Department (including moneys repaid and again advanced) was, up to the 31st March, 1912, £12,722,055.

Transactions during 1911-12.

During the year ended 31st March, 1912, applications for 5,355 loans were received, amounting to £2,593,084. The advances granted during the year numbered 4,136, aggregating £2,174,085. The number of borrowers and the sums actually advanced during the year, classified according to amount, were,—

Category.Number of Advances.Amount advanced.
 £
Not exceeding £5002,872801,030
Exceeding £500, but not exceeding £1,000797584,890
Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding £22,000380559,260
Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding £3,00087228,905
   Totals4,136£2,174,085

The nature of the security upon which these advances were made was as follows:—

Security.Number of Advances.Amount advanced.
 £
Freehold2,5611,351,320
Leasehold1,530781,495
Freehold and leasehold combined4541,270
   Totals4,136£2,174,085

The total loans authorized to the 31st March, 1912, classified according to provincial districts, are shown in tabular form:—

Provincial Districts.Number of Applications.Amount of Advances authorized.
 £
Auckland10,5703,596,013
Taranaki4,6222,134,914
Hawke's Bay1,821570,615
Wellington9,3383,644,018
Marlborough1,057447,265
Nelson609190,190
Westland757188,935
Canterbury3,4571,154,670
Otago—
   Otago portion2,107832,220
   Southland portion2,578960,575
   Totals36,91613,719,445

Of the total advances authorized, 4,133 applicants declined the grants (£1,668,065) offered them, so that the net advances to the 31st March, 1912, numbered 32,783, and amounted to £12,031,380.

The total sum raised by the Government for investment on mortgage is £7,747,880. Seventeen thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven mortgagors are indebted to the Department to the extent of £7,301,028 in respect of principal moneys.

The advances outstanding, classified according to amount, are as follows:—

Category.Number of Advances.Amount outstanding.
 £
Not exceeding £50013,6332,834,305
Exceeding £500, but not exceeding £1,0002,7352,062,386
Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding £2,0001,2941,882,308
Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding £3,000205522,029
   Totals17,897£7,301,028

The nature of the security for the total amount of advances outstanding on 31st March, 1912, was,—

Security.Number of Advances.Amount outstanding.
 £
Freehold10,8025,274,035
Leasehold6,8281,865,468
Freehold and leasehold combined267161,525
   Totals17,897£7,301,028

The following table shows the transactions of the Advances to Settlers Office during each of the financial years ended 31st March, 1907-12, and the total transactions to the latter date

ADVANCES TO SETTLERS.—TRANSACTIONS DURING EACH OF THE SIX FINANCIAL YEARS 1907-12, AND THE TOTAL TO 31ST MARCH. 1912.
Transactions.7906-7.1907-8.1908-9.1909-10.1910-11.1911-12.Total to 31st March, 1912.
Loans raised£150,000550,000903,800610,0001,351,135652,9467,747,880
Applications receivedNo.2,4203,1834,4714,1314,9575,35546,310
Amount£999,4611,668,1352,050,2521,539,1502.122,7492.593.08418,878,980
Applications grantedNo.2,0982,9553,0783,2013,5714,61036,916
Amount£819,1901,355,4501,202,9951,038,3401,282,8802,191,30013,719,445
Amounts advanced£767,7301,197,4161,493,8361,095,1201,204,3102,174,08512,722,055
Amounts repaid£340,111568,655559,163545,528726,7141,018,2665,421,027

The gross profits for the year ended the 31st March, 1912, were £75,216 5s. 9d., and the cost of management £11,087, being 0.14 per cent., or 2s. 10d. per £100 on the capital employed. The net profits amounted to £63,276.

The liabilities and assets at 31st March, 1912, of the Government Advances to Settlers Office were.—

 £s.d.
Liabilities.
3-per-cent. loans, redeemable 1st April, 19452,000,00000
Sundry loans5,747,88117
Accrued interest payable on deposits937
Accrued interest payable on loans53,05457
Reserve Fund50,00000
Suspense Account5,03073
Advances Suspense Account35,86000
Fire Loss Suspense Account5,36918
Temporary transfer from Public Debt Sinking Fund Branch83,47500
Profit and Loss Account208,602107
 £8,189,281103
Assets.
Investment Account—
Advances on
mortgage 12,722,05500
Less repayments 5,426,28725
 7,295,767177
Mortgage instalments receivable—Overdue5,26071
Interest receivable — Overdue 18,82137
Interest receivable—Accrued 67,535 7 11
 86,356116
Loan Charges Account20,00000
Amounts, transferred to Workers' Branch330,00000
Insurance Premiums Account3421910
Office Furniture Account56703
Sinking Fund Account261,5841611
Cash in hand and in bank189,401171
 £8,189,281103

ADVANCES TO WORKERS.

The Superintendent of the State-guaranteed Advances Office is authorized to lend money, for the purpose of purchasing or erecting a dwelling, to any person employed in manual or clerical work who is not in receipt of an income of more than £200 per annum, and is not the owner of any land other than the allotment on which it is proposed to build. The sum advanced shall not exceed £450, nor may any advance be granted exceeding the value of the dwelling- house to be erected, or exceeding three-fourths of the value of the security in the case of freehold land, or three-fourths of the lessee's interest in the lease in the case of leasehold land. The advance is secured by a mortgage over the whole property.

The interest is payable half-yearly, together with an instalment of the principal, which by this means is fully repaid in thirty-six and a half years, when the mortgage is released. Valuation fees and the cost of preparing and registering the necessary deeds are fixed by regulation on an exceedingly low scale, and are payable by the borrower.

  1. A. worker is defined as a person of either sex engaged (whether as an employee or on his or her own account) in manual or clerical work, who is not in receipt of an income of more than £200 per annum, and is not the owner of any land other than that offered as security.

  2. Not more than £450 may be granted to any one borrower; and an advance shall not be made exceeding three-fourths of the total value of the security in the case of freehold land, or three- fourths of the value of the lessee's interest in the case of leasehold land, or be made to any applicants who do not take up their permanent residence on the security. A valuation fee of 7s. 6d. must accompany each application.

  3. The amount of the loan granted by the Board may either be paid over in one sum, or, when the dwelling is to be erected, may be advanced in progress payments as the erection of the building proceeds. An inspection and report must be made by an officer of the Valuation Department prior to any progress payment being made on account of the loan, and for each such inspection a fee of 7s. 6d. shall be paid by the applicant. Every applicant after lodging an application for a loan should await the decision of the Board before proceeding with the erection of the building.

  4. On securities classified by the Board as first class, loans shall be granted for a term of thirty-six and a half years; on securities classified by the Board as second class, loans shall be granted for a term of thirty years; on securities classified by the Board as third class, loans shall be granted for a term of twenty years. A security for a loan to a worker may be considered first class when the value of the land or the applicant's interest therein, apart from improvements, equals or exceeds the amount of the loan, and the property is deemed by the Board otherwise satisfactory; second class when the value of the land or the applicant's interest therein, apart from improvements, exceeds one-half but does not equal the amount of the loan, and the property is deemed by the Board otherwise satisfactory; and third class when the value of the land or the applicant's interest therein, apart from improvements, does not exceed one-half of the amount of the loan, and the property is deemed by the Board otherwise satisfactory.

  5. Loans are granted only on the instalment system, and may be repaid or readjusted as in the case of a loan from the Advances to Settlers Branch. Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4½ per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date, and no arrears or other payment under the mortgage remain outstanding.

No procuration fee, commission, or charge for obtaining a loan should be paid to any person.

Any person desiring an advance should make a written application on the form provided for the purpose, a copy of which can be obtained from any Postmaster in the Dominion. The Postmaster will also supply an envelope in which the application may be for-warded,

and will give the applicant any explanation which may be required respecting the filling-in of the form. Application for a loan may also be made to representatives of the Valuation of Lands Department, who, together with Postmasters, only, act as agents for the office throughout the Dominion. No professional assistance is necessary, and no charge is authorized for the filling- in of the application form. The Department has no agents authorized to act on its behalf in this respect.

The total of the advances to workers up to 31st March, 1912 (including moneys repaid and again advanced), was £1,821,605, The Department supplies applicants with plans and specifications free of charge. Eighteen different types of homes, containing from two rooms to eight rooms, are covered by the plans. They are drawn with a view to getting the maximum of room and convenience for a reasonable price. The cost of the buildings varies according to the size from £120 to £640. The plans may be inspected at the Chief Post-offices in the Dominion, and at the Valuation Offices at Invereargill, Dunedin, Christchurch, and Auckland.

The reason for including a type of building to cost £200 above the maximum authorized to be lent to workers is that an applicant may have some money saved and would wish to expend the amount on a better building than could be erected for the sum borrowed.

Transactions during 1911-12.

The applications received for loans during the year ended 31st March. 1912, numbered 2,223, the aggregate amount required being £750,772. The advances actually granted during the year numbered 1,624 for an aggregate of £543,840. The tenures upon which these loans were made were,—

Tenure.Number of Loans.Aggregate Amount.
Freehold1,555528,315
Leasehold6915,525
   Totals1,624543,840

The total number of loans and the aggregate amount authorized in each provincial district from the inception of the system to the 31st March. 1912, is as follows:—

Provincial District.Number of Applications.Amount of Advances Authorized.
 £
Auckland1,941516,735
Taranaki22460,195
Hawke's Bay469129,915
Wellington1,896557,845
Marlborough24770,885
Nelson15838,505
Westland17537,830
Canterbury1,752529,110
Otago—
   Otago portion540149,945
   Southland portion27269,700
   Totals7,6742,160,665

Six hundred and eighty-six grants, amounting to £158,290, were declined, so that the net authorizations numbered 6,988 for an aggregate amount of £2,002,375.

The total amount advanced to the end of the financial year was £1,821,605, and the net amount outstanding at the same date was £1,643,428, secured upon the following tenures:—

TenureNumber of Loans outstanding.Aggregate Amount outstanding.
 £
Freehold5,2061,572,668
Leasehold39370,760
   Totals5,5991,643,428

The following table gives particulars of the transactions for each of the past four years and the total transactions since the passing of the Act on 29th October, 1906:—

ADVANCES TO WORKERS.—TRANSACTIONSDURINGEACH FINANCIAL YEAR 1908-9 TO 1911-12.
Transactions.1908-9.1909-10.1910-11.1911-12.Total to 31st March, 1912.
Loans raised£268,500350,000346,265146,1691,315,934
Applications receivedNo.1,7842,0282,1252,2239,470
Applications received, amount£472,989550,651656,757750,7722,782,779
Applications grantedNo.1,2201,8541,5211,9007,674
Applications granted, amount£307,495470,425473,530612,9102,160,665
Amount advanced£298,184362,353407,760543,8401,821,605
Amount repaid£18,79226.29547,92578,852178,177

The financial position of the Advances to Workers Office as on 31st March, 1912, is shown in the following table:—

ADVANCES TO WORKERS BRANCH: LIABILITIESAND ASSETS, 31ST MARCH, 1912.
 £s.d.
Liabilities.
Sundry loans1,315,933127
Temporary Advances from Settlers Branch330,00000
Accrued interest payable on loans15,33257
Advances Suspense Account24,86600
Fire Loss Suspense Account2100
Suspense Account4561311
Reserve Fund11,27984
 £1,697,88905
Assets.
Investment Account—
Advances on mortgage1,821,60500
Less repayments 179,472 0 1
 1,642,132198
Mortgage instalments receivable—Overdue1,295210
Interest receivable—Overdue4,0821210
Interest receivable—Accrued14,10240
Insurance Premiums Account8462
Loan notation charges4,451210
Sinking Fund Account30,52594
Cash in hand and in bank 31st March, 1913......1,21529
 £1,697,88905

ADVANCES TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

Loans are granted to Municipal Corporations, County Councils, Road Boards, or any other local body empowered to strike rates for the security of loans. There is no limit to the amount which may be advanced to any local authority. The loans must be granted at the same rate of interest as that at which the money is borrowed. Thus, if money is borrowed at 3½ per cent. it must be lent to the local body at 3½ per cent. The only charge made is 10s. per cent. commission. If a local body borrows £1,000 the only charge is one of £5. For this the Department has to do all the work of raising the money, keeping accounts, paying for printing, stationery, &c. Loans are repayable, principal and interest, in thirty- six years and a half. Power is given to lend for a term up to fifty years, but loans for a longer term than thirty-six years and a half are not favoured by the Board. The procedure for obtaining loans has been greatly simplified. Full instructions as to how to proceed are given in a pamphlet issued by the Department. After the poll by the ratepayers is taken the Department does all that is necessary. The loans may be obtained by instalments (not exceeding five) as the work proceeds, and so payment of interest on unused moneys avoided, as interest is charged by the Department only on moneys paid out. Tables are issued as in the case of advances to settlers and workers, so that the borrowing authority can ascertain the exact amount owing at any time.

total of the loans provisionally approved and inclusive of those finally granted to local bodies for the year ending 31st March, 1912, was £1,042,543.

WORKERS DWELLINGS.

The Workers' Dwellings Act, 1910, which supersedes an Act of similar title passed in 1905 and consolidated in 1908, makes provision for setting apart Crown Land, or acquiring private land, and for the erection of dwellings for workers thereon. The purchase of a dwelling is effected by a deposit of £10, and the payment of the balance in instalments ranging over twenty-five years and a-half. Under this system workers are enabled to secure their own homes by the payment to what amounts to ordinary rent, there being a considerable saving of expense in interest, in the cost of land, in the erection of the dwellings in convenient groups, in a minimum of legal charges, &c., and while the dwellings are erected to suit the requirements of the workers concerned, they are thoroughly up to date in design, and at the same time they show no indication of a “brand.” Workers' dwellings may also be disposed of on lease and tenancy. A “worker” under the Act is one whose earnings do not exceed £175 per annum, and who is landless.

On the 31st March, 1912, the number of houses erected (under the original Act of 1905) was 126, of which four were then unoccupied. The following table shows the average cost of the land

and of the dwellings, including fencing, drainage, and water-supply, charge for administration and contingencies; also the average gross weekly rental, including insurance and local rates. The number of rooms excludes scullery, wash-house, and bathroom.

WORKERS' DWELLINGSBUILTUNDER 1905 ACTOCCUPIED, 31ST MARCH, 1912.
Locality.Number ofAverage Cost ofAverage Gross Weekly Rental.
Dwellings.Rooms per Dwelling.Allotment.Dwelling.
 ££s.d.
Ellerslie and Otahuhu, Auckland5196432125
305114425128
Petone, Wellington265100435123
Petone, Wellington34253444153
55221500159
46258539175
Sydenham and Addington, Christchurch6472430110
23580456118
2685503127
Windle, Dunedin18591407111

Up to the 31st March, 1912, no dwellings had been erected under the 1910 Act, but fifty-nine were in course of erection, particulars of which are contained in the following table. Land was available for the purposes of the Act in the following cities and towns: Auckland, Huntly, Rangataua, Napier, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Levin, Wellington, Blenheim, Christchurch, Timaru, Temuka, and Dunedin:—

WORKERS' DWELLINGSUNDER 1910 ACTIN COURSEOF ERECTION. 31ST MARCH, 1912.
Locality.Number ofAverage Cost ofAverage Annual Instalments (including Five Insurance).
Dwellings.Rooms per DwellingAt.Dwelling.
 £££s.d.
Ellerslie and Otahuhu, Auckland 231072632651
11413036635114
8513711339110
1611047141160
Island Bay, Wellington5410533237104
1751034154145
1..854294433
Sydenham and Addington, Christchurch34733673145
1158741135911

Chapter 24. SECTION XX.—ACCUMULATION, PRICES, AND WAGES.

BANKS OF ISSUE.

EACH bank doing business in New Zealand has its private Act, the provisions of which govern the issue of notes by each respective bank, except the Bank of Australasia, whose Royal Charter is equivalent to an Act of the New Zealand Parliament. The deeds of settlement of the Bank of New Zealand and the private Act of the National Bank of New Zealand (Limited) provide that in the event of the assets being insufficient to meet the engagements no proprietor shall be responsible beyond the extent of twice the amount of his or her subscribed shares, only (that is to say) for the amount subscribed, and for a further additional amount equal thereto; and the private Acts of the same two banks contain the following clause; “That the total amount of promissory notes payable on demand, issued and in circulation within the Dominion, shall not at any time exceed the amount of coin, bullion, and public securities which shall for the time being be held by the same corporation within the Dominion; nor shall the proportion of coin be less than one-third part of the amount of the coin, bullion, and public securities so held by the said corporation within the Dominion.”

The Banking Act, 1908, consolidates the law of New Zealand relating to the general business of banking in the Dominion. The Act provides that the incorporation of banks by Royal Charter shall be as effectual within New Zealand as Acts of the General Assembly. The number of directors is prescribed, and authority given to any bank to increase its capital on a resolution of the shareholders. Transfers of shares on which there is any liability must be approved by the directors, or their duly appointed attorney or attorneys. The Governor may empower any bank to issue and circulate notes, subject to the provisions and restrictions contained in the charter or letters patent under which such bank is incorporated, all such notes to be payable in gold only at the office of the bank at the place of issue, such notes to be a first charge on all assets of the bank. Defacing bank-notes is an offence punishable by fine. Every bank trading in the Dominion is required to furnish quarterly statements of its business, for publication in the Gazette. A sworn copy of an entry in the books of a bank shall in all legal proceedings be evidence of such entry, and a bank is not required in any legal proceedings to which it is not a party to produce its books before a Court, unless ordered by a Judge, for special cause. Provision is made for bank holidays and for the destruction of cheques, drafts, bills of exchange, or promissory notes, after the expiration of ten years from the date or due date of such documents.

Part II of the Bills of Exchange Act, 1908, consolidates the law relating to cheques on a bank.

The Companies Act, 1908, with the exception of Part IX (as to companies incorporated outside New Zealand), and also of the provisions relating to branch registers, does not apply to companies

formed within and carrying on business within the Dominion, but the whole Act applies to companies incorporated outside the Dominion.

THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND ACT, 1903.

This Act was passed in anticipation of guaranteed shares or stock issued under the authority of the Act of 1894, to the extent of two million pounds sterling, reaching maturity on the 19th July of the year 1904, and of the expiry of the term of currency of the debentures issued by the Assets Realization Board (31st March, 1904). It also makes provisions under which the remaining liability of the proprietors of the Bank, under section 21 of the Banking Act, 1861, ranks as ordinary uncalled capital, and for the issue of fresh shares to the Government in lieu of the preferred shares originally issued to the Crown, but afterwards repurchased by the Bank. Besides the above, the Act deals with other matters affecting the business of the Bank and the Assets Realization Board.

Ordinary Shares.

Every ordinary share in the Bank is deemed to be a share of the nominal value of £6 13s. 4d., paid up to the extent only of the amount actually paid on account of instalments of the call in respect of such share, leaving a liability of the balance of instalments, and the further liability of £3 6s. 8d. per share, but no more.

New Guaranteed Stock.

The guaranteed stock issued under the Share Guarantee Act, 1894, to the extent of two million pounds, matured on the 19th July, 1904, and has been redeemed by the Bank, and a new issue of guaranteed stock, representing the sum of one million pounds sterling, having a currency not exceeding ten years, has been made in lieu thereof.

Preference Shares.

The preferred shares, representing £500,000 new capital, issued under the authority of the Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act, 1895, and subsequently repurchased by the Bank, have been cancelled; and in lieu thereof the Government of New Zealand purchased 75,000 preference shares of the Bank, fully paid, representing £500,000 new capital. These shares rank for dividend purposes in priority to ordinary shares to the extent of 5 per cent. per annum (non-cumulative), and for dividends in excess of 5 per cent. they are entitled to only half the rate payable on ordinary shares; so that where, for example, the dividend on the ordinary shares is at the rate of 6 per cent. the dividend on the preference shares will be at the rate of 5½ per cent. The maximum rate of dividend payable on preference shares is 10 per cent., while that payable on ordinary shares is not limited. Otherwise the preference shares confer the same rights and privileges as ordinary shares.

Assets Realization Board. (Since defunct; see last paragraph.)

The Act empowered the Assets Board, for the purpose of redeeming such of its debentures as might be outstanding at maturity, to issue fresh debentures, with currency of five years, for a sum not exceeding in all the face value of the residue of the outstanding debt, and bearing interest at a rate not higher than 3½ per cent. per annum.

The properties vested in the Assets Board were to be valued at appointed times, and the actual deficiency between such value and the amount of outstanding debentures ascertained. When the assets were found to be sufficient to meet liabilities, the Governor by Order in Council declared that the Board should cease to exist, its properties being handed over to the Bank, which thereupon was empowered to redeem all the outstanding debentures of the Board.

A Proclamation by the Governor in Council was published in a supplement to the New Zealand Gazette, dated 7th December, 1906, to the effect that valuations in the terms of the above provisions having been duly made and confirmed

by the Valuer-General, the assets were found to be sufficient to meet the outstanding liabilities, and the Assets Realization Board, from the 17th December, 1906, should cease to exist.

Other Provisions.

December and June, as the dates for holding the half-yearly and annual meetings, are substituted for February and August. Special provision for voting at elections of directors (by papers forwarded and returned through the post) is made, and the date of election of the chairman is altered from January to April.

THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND ACT, 1904.

The capital stock of one million pounds sterling issued by the Bank under authority of the Act of 1903, is to have priority, both as to capital and dividend, as against the assets of the Bank, over all existing shares of the Bank, whether preference or ordinary. Further provisions of this Act deal with the form in which the stock may he issued, the issue of fresh certificates on transfer, loss, or destruction of certificates or warrants, also as to the countersigning of certificates or warrants.

The appointment and term of office of Auditors is also dealt with.

There are five banks of issue trading in New Zealand, two of these institutions, the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand, being incorporated by special Acts of the General Assembly of the Dominion. The Bank of New Zealand has branches in London, Australia, and Fiji, while its branches and agencies within the Dominion number 177, the other four banks having between them 195 such establishments, a total of 372, being an average of one bank to every 2,781 inhabitants, as against one bank to every 2,250 inhabitants in the Commonwealth of Australia.

The paid-up capital of the above banks, their reserve funds, the rate and amount of their last dividend as on the 31st December, 1911, was as follows:—

Bank.Paid-up Capital.Rate per Cent. per Annum of Last Dividend and Bonus.Amount of Last Half-yearly Dividend and Bonus.Reserve Fund.

* Interest on stock.

† For twelve months.

 £Per Cent.££
Bank of New Zealand—
   4-per-cent. stock guaranteed by Government of New Zealand1,000,0004*40,000*..
   Preferred shares subscribed for by Government of New Zealand500,0001050.0001,034,405
   Capital payable by shareholders500,00012 and bonus 3 per cent.75,000
Union Bank of Australia (Limited)1,500,00010 and bonus 4 per cent.105,0001,497,189
Bank of New South Wales3,000,00010150,0002,025,000
Bank of Australasia1,600,00012 and bonus 4 per cent.128,0001,876,100
National Bank of New Zealand (Limited)500,00012 and bonus 2 per cent.35,000538,005
 8,600,000....6,970,699

The development of banking in New Zealand since the year 1857 has been very great. Taking for each year the average of the four quarters' returns made by the banks of issue, the figures for 1857, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, and 1911 are.—

Year.Deposits.Advances.Assets.Liabilities.
 ££££
1857343,316..419,860432,494
18703,127,7694,547,2176,315,3543,819,670
18808,538,93511,300,40414,220,2759,550,177
189012,368,61014,096,44617,735,25913,356,598
190015,570,61012,084,74417,314,53516,964,582
191024,968,76119,772,65626,398,92726,742,081
191126,765,12222,601,86329,433,61428,625,803

In 1880 the deposits of these banks were £18 per head of the mean population; in 1890 they were £19.92 per head; in 1900 they were £20.39, in 1910, £25.15, and in 1911, £26.37. The ratio of advances to deposits, which was 132.34 per cent. in 1880, reached its maximum in 1883, when it stood at 173.35 per cent. The proportion since that year fell, till in 1903 it was only 75.96 per cent. In 1904 the ratio stood at 82.20 per cent., in 1906 at 79.54 per cent., in 1908 at 103.08 per cent., in 1910 at 79.19 per cent., and in 1911 at 84.45 per cent.

In 1886 the average amount of advances made by the banks was £15,853,420, equal to £27.23 per head of the mean population. The advances gradually declined in amount and proportion to population until 1891, when they were in value £11,549,145, or £18.34 per head. In 1897 advances stood at £10,892,111, or £15.09 per head, which is the lowest average since the year 1872. From thence there was continuous rise both in amounts of advances and rates per head of population until 1908, for which year the figures were £22,495,576, or £23.80 per head. In 1909 they stood at £20,386,367, or £20.98 per head; in 1910, £19,772,656, or £19.92 per head, and in 1911, £22,601,863, or £22.27 per head. The discounts in 1908 amounted to £2,235,209, or £2.37 per head of mean population, and in 1911 to £1,792,261, or £1.77 per head. The largest amount of discounts in any year was £6,061,959 in 1879, a rate of £13.53 per head. From 1879 there was a fall year by year until 1896, when the sum was £1,756,791, or £2.49 per head, since when the ratio has fluctuated between £2.45 and £1.75 per head, the last three years showing the lowest figures, the rate per head being less than £2 in each of the three.

Liabilities.

The liabilities of the five banks, taking an average of the four quarters of each of the past 10 years, are shown in the next table. The figures which follow refer to the New Zealand business only.

Year.Notes in Circulation.Bills in Circulation.Balances due to other Banks.Deposits.Total Liabilities.
 £££££
19021,375,78857,10736,40017,231,76818,701,063
19031,450,26756,16246,33619,011,11420,563,879
19041,468,16154,40945,82919,074,96020,643,359
19051,468,97777,05552,53320,545,60122,144,166
19061,574,25491,96951,54222,422,24324,143,008
19071,644,64597,72774,86523,517,11125,334,348
19081,615,10993,30081,74121,821,75323,611,903
19091,577,55893,58260,56521,006,62123,728,326
19101,626,09493,60353,62224,968,76126,742,080
19111,677,842113,58269,25726,765,12228,625,803

Assets.

The average assets, as shown below, for the periods corresponding to those above, include Colonial Government securities, which in 1911 amounted to £21,287,121.

Year.Coin and Bullion.Notes and Bills discounted.Debts due, exclusive of Bad Debts.All other Assets.Total Assets.
 £££££
19023,201,8241,814,63910,933,1353,049,58218,999,180
19033,608,9411,893,80811,542,1852,868,61219,013,546
19043,896,1952,072,35612,578,8422,345,70320,893,096
19054,006,1082,125,51113,370,8852,268,02121,770,525
19064,593,9542,068,40414,580,0252,586,65023,829,933
19074,836,7182,014,84816,499,1973,233,47626,584,239
19084,840,9422,235,20918,937,5993,084,81729,098,567
19094,947,0961,928,17817,149,8542,912,13726,937,265
19105,035,7641,741,98416,698,0152,923,16426,398,927
19115,195,3331,792,26119,467,4672,978,55329,433,614

Deposits and Advances.

The total amount of deposits, the amount per head of population, the total advances, and the ratio of advances to deposits, taking the average of the four quarters for each of the past ten years, is as follows:—

Year.Deposits.Advances.
Total Amount.Per Head of Population.Total Amount.Ratio to Deposits.
 ££s.d.£Per Cent.
190217,231,7682112013,666,45779.31
190319,011,114233714,440,40375.96
190419,074,9602211515,661,25382.10
190520,545,6012312516,595,15680.77
190622,422,2432501017,833,64079.54
190723,517,11125111019,838,79984.35
190821,821,7532311022,495,576103.08
190921,996,6212210220,386,36792.68
191024,968,761253019,772,65679.19
191126,765,122267522,601,86384.45

SAVINGS-BANKS.

The number of post-offices open for the transaction of savings- bank business at the end of 1911 was 687.

There were 85,912 new accounts opened in the year, and 60,931 accounts were closed. The total number of open accounts at the end of 1911 was 405,566, or 1 in every 2.53 of the population.

The deposits received during the year amounted to £11,627,368, and the withdrawals to £10,662,046, the excess of deposits over withdrawals having thus been £965,322. The total sum standing at credit of all accounts on the 31st December, 1911, was £15,543,187, which gave an average of £38 6s. 6d. to the credit of each open account.

The number of open accounts (as on the 31st December) for five years are classified according to amounts at credit of each:—

 1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.

* Exceeding £400 and not exceeding £600, 3,262 depositors; exceeding £600, 816 depositors.

† Exceeding £500 and not exceeding £600, 1,980 depositors; exceeding £600, 1,639 depositors.

Not exceeding £20226,012244,459257,174270,812290,157
Exceeding £20 and up to £5034,70837,06938,99840,93142,266
Exceeding £50 and up to £10023,83024,02125,40926,96628,061
Exceeding £100 and up to £20019,00519,79020,57722,07023,162
Exceeding £200 and up to £3008,2198,5918,9029,53610,277
Exceeding £300 and up to £4003,9213,8724,2594,7615,274
Exceeding £400 and up to £5004,078*1,9882,0882,5442,750
Exceeding £500 2,2872,3072,9653,619
   Totals319,773342,077359,714380,585405,566

The following were the securities standing in the name of the Postmaster-General on account of the Post-Office Savings-Bank Fund on the 31st December, 1911:—

Description of Securities.Nominal Value.Value at Cost- price.
 £s.d.£s.d.
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1899 Debentures, 3½ per cent.125,00000125,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent.2000020000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement, Act 1900 Debentures, 3½ per cent.56,5000056,50000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1901 Debentures, 3½ per cent.32,6000032,60000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1901 Debentures, 3½ per cent.2,500002,50000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1902 Debentures, 4 per cent.3,000003,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1902 Debentures, 3½ per cent.125,00000125,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 4 per cent.1,000001,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 4 per cent.170,10000170,10000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 3½ per cent.61,5250061,52500
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1906 Debentures, 4 per cent.51,7500051,75000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1906 Debentures, 3½ per cent.500,00000500,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1907 Debentures, 3½ per cent.200,00000200,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1909 Debentures, 4 per cent.3000030000
Canadian Stock, 3 per cent.5,000004,80000
Canadian Stock, 2½ per cent.12,666151110,13389
The Capo of Good Hope Consolidated Stock, 3½ per cent.2000018613
The Coal-mines Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.40,0000040,00000
The Consolidated Loan Act 1867 Debentures, 4 per cent.13,0000012,48000
The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3½ per cent.194,20000194,20000
The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3½ per cent.283,50000283,50000
The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3½ per cent.165,00000165,00000
The Dairy Industry Act 1898 Debentures, 3½ per cent.4380023800
The Dairy Industry Act 1898 Debentures, 3½ per cent.1,343001,34300
The Defence and other Purposes Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 4 per cent.75,0000072,60000
The Defence and other Purposes Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 3½ per cent.8,100008,10000
Description of Securities.Nominal Value.Value at Cost- price.
 £s.d.£s.d.
Dunedin Garrison Hall Debentures, 4½ per cent.4,500004,50000
The General Purposes Loan Act 1873 Debentures, 4 per cent.5,200004,34200
The Government Advances to Settlers Act 1894 Debentures, 3½ per cent.300,00000300,00000
The Government Advances to Settlers Act 1906 Debentures, 3½ per cent.555,00000555,00000
The Government Advances to Settlers Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.12,9000012,964100
The Government Advances to Settlers Extension Act 1901 Debentures, 3½ per cent.80,0000080,00000
The Government Advances to Workers Act 1906 Debentures, 3½ per cent.25,0000025,00000
The Government Advances to Workers Act 1906 Debentures, 3½ per cent.205,00000205,00000
The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act 1886 Debentures, 3½ per cent.231,50000231,50000
The Government Railways Act 1908 Debentures, 3£ per cent.85,0000085,00000
The Government Railways Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00000
The Government Railways Act 1908 and Finance Act 1909 Debentures, 4 per cent.1000010000
The Government Railways Act 1908 and Finance Act 1909 Debentures, 3½ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3½ per cent.50,3500050,35000
The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3½ per cent.11.1500011,15000
Greymouth Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.220,00000220,00000
Hamilton Borough Debentures, 4£ per cent.3,000003,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Acts 1903 and 1905 Debentures, 3½ per cent.100,00000100,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1905 Debentures, 3½ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 3½ per cent.67,0000067,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 3£ per cent.27,5900027,59000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1910 Debentures, 3½ per cent.15,0000015,00000
The Immigration and Public Works Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 1£ per cent.20,9000020,527100
The Immigration and Public Works Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 4 per cent.175,30000168,37200
India Stock, 3½ per cent.216145213189
India Stock, 3 per cent.5213945150
Inscribed Stock, 3½ per cent.618,00000618,00000
Inscribed Stock, 3 per cent.2,260,4951112,244,582180
Irish Land Stock, 2¾ per cent.1000089150
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.3000030000
Description of Securities.Nominal Value.Value at Cost- price.
 £s.d.£s.d.
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures. 4 per cent.4000040000
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.76,1500076,15000
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures. 3½ per cent.62,0000062,00000
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.27,0000027,00000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3½ per cent.741,06600741,06600
The Lands for Settlement Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent.9,550009,55000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent.2,400002,40000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent.20,0000020,00000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3½ per cent.10,6500010,65000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3½ per cent.5,000005,00000
The Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act 1894 Debentures, 3½ per cent.339,00000339,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1901 Debentures, 3½ per cent.100,00000100,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.785,00000785,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.150,00000150,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.786,00000786,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Maori Land Settlement Act 1905 Debentures, 3½ per cent.25,6500025,05000
The Maori Land Settlement Act Amendment Act 1907 Debentures, 3½ per cent.50,0000050,00000
New South Wales Stock, 3½ per cent.27,0000026,86500
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 Debentures, 3½ per cent.400,00000400,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 Debentures, 3½ per cent.1,918,600001,918,60000
The New Zealand Land for Settlements Act 1908 and State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3½ per cent.44,9250044,92500
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3½ per cent.99,0000099,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3£ per cent8,000008,00000
The Oamaru Borough Consolidated Loan Debentures, 5 per cent.13,8000013,80000
Patea Harbour Board Debentures, 4½ per cent.30,0000030,00000
The Post Office Savings-Bank Fund Investment Act 1907 Debentures, 3½ per cent.125,00000125,00000
Description of Securities.Nominal Value.Value at Cost- price.
 £s.d.£s.d.
The Post and Telegraph Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ per cent.75,0000075,00000
The Railways Improvement Authorization Act 1907 Debentures, 3½ per cent.25,0000025,00000
The Reserve Fund Securities Act 1907 Debentures, 3½ per cent.800,00000800,00000
The Scenery Preservation Act 1908 Debentures. 3½ per cent.40.0000040,00000
South Australian Stock, 4 per cent.1,7721621,86190
South Australian Stock, 3½ per cent.12,0000011,76000
The State Coal-mines Act 1901 Debentures, 3½ per cent.100,00000100,00000
The State Fire Insurance Act 1908 Debentures, 3½ pet cent.2,000002,00000
Thames Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00009
Timaru Borough Council Debentures, 4 per cent.4,000004,00000
The Public Revenues Act 1910 Treasury Bills, 3£ per cent.200,00000200,00000
Victorian Stock, 3 per cent.12,379191010,7081310
The Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement Act 1910 Debentures, 3½ per cent.100,00000100,00000
Wellington City Council Debentures, 4 per cent.100,0000099,00000
Wellington City Council Debentures, 4 per cent.25,0000024,50000
Wellington Harbour Board Debentures, 4¼ pet cent.28,9000028,90000
Westport Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.489,50000489,50000
   Totals15,303,32111215,209,569197

Most of this fund is invested in securities of the New Zealand General Government. A summary of the investments is as follows:—

 £s.d.
In New Zealand Government securities14,303,232111
In local bodies' securities924,20000
In other securities75,88901
       Total£15,303,321112

There are five savings-banks not connected with the Post Office. The total amount deposited in them in 1911 was £1,420,321, of which the deposits by Maoris comprised £514. The withdrawals reached the sum of £1,337,586, or £82.735 less than the deposits. The total amount to the credit of the depositors at the end of the year was £1,651,275, of which sum £296 belonged to Maoris.

The deposits in the savings-banks of New South Wales on 31st December, 1910, of the other States of the Commonwealth on 30th June, 1911, and of New Zealand on 31st December, 1911, were

as given below. The figures for Australian States are taken from the Official Year-book of the Commonwealth:—

State.Number of Depositors.Amount on Deposit at End of Year.Average Amount per Depositor at End of Year.Deposits to Credit per Head of Population
££s.d.£s.d.

* Inclusive of 8,436 depositors in school penny savings-banks.

† Inclusive of 9,578 depositors in school penny savings-banks.

New South Wales498,65822,453,924450713132
Victoria595,42417,274,42329031356
Queensland127,2196,376,9695026101211
South Australia*216,4807,435,77234701827
Western Australia99,0174,092,504416714158
Tasmania63,3141,760,09027160919
Commonwealth1,609,11259,393,68237241385
New Zealand459,60217,194,461378316154

SUMMARY OF ALL DEPOSITS.

If the total deposits in the banks of issue at the end of the year be assumed to be equal to the average deposits for the four quarters of the year, then it may be affirmed that, exclusive of Government moneys, the deposits in the said banks of issue and in the two classes of savings-banks amounted at the end of 1911 to £40,969,105. In addition, there are the deposits with building societies, which in 1910 were £475,830, and it is known that there were also deposits with financial companies of which no particulars have been supplied. The ascertained deposits reach an average of £40 8s. 4d. per head of the population, exclusive of Maoris.

BUILDING SOCIETIES.

There were 106 registered building societies in operation on the 31st March, 1911. Of these, 71 were terminable societies, and 35 were permanent.

The dates upon which these societies close their accounts vary considerably within the year, but the figures given below may be taken as corresponding to the periods stated. The liabilities and assets of all the societies at the close of each of five financial years were as follows:—

LIABILITIESOF BUILDINGAND INVESTMENT SOCIETIES, 1906-7 TO 1910-11.
Year.To Shareholders (including Reserve Funds and Undivided Profits).Deposits.To Bankers and other Creditors.Total Liabilities.
 ££££
1906-71,429,254484,99177,9551,992,200
1907-81,588,606523,54493,6962,205,846
1908-91,731,567505,68089,7372,326,954
1909-101,779,745460,376104,1712,344,292
1910-111,895,425475,830132,4612,503,716
ASSETSOF BUILDINGAND INVESTMENT SOCIETIES, 1906-7 TO 1910-11.
Year.Advances on Mortgage.Other Investments.Cash in Hand and on Deposit.Total Assets.
 ££££
1906-71,867,21344,54380,4441,992,200
1907-82,065,16356,98383,7002,205,346
1908-92,187,44443,50596,0342,326,983
1909-102,180,05350,072114,1672,344,292
1910-112,327,29960,001116,4162,503,716

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES.

During the year ended 31st December, 1911, 327 joint-stock companies were registered, with a total nominal capital of £3,673,759, including 139 private companies, with a nominal capital of £1,151,209. The following table gives the total number of companies and the aggregate nominal capital registered during each of the five years 1907-11:—

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIESREGISTERED, 1907-11.
Year.Number of Companies registered.Aggregate Nominal Capital.
 £
19072906,405,295
19082834,364,952
19092903,224,656
19102832,663,968
19113273,673,759

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.

The Registrar of Friendly Societies received returns for the year 1911 from 658 lodges, courts, tents, &c, having a membership at the end of the year of 71,771.

The total value of the assets of these societies was £1,441,353, of which the value of the sick and funeral benefit funds was £1,333,999.

The receipts during the year on account of the sick and funeral funds amounted to £206,366, and the expenditure to £126,064, of which the sick-pay to members reached the sum of £70,015. In addition to the sick-pay, the sum of £67,115 was paid out of the medical and management expenses fund for attendance given and medicine supplied to the members and their families.

The total membership and funds of the 658 lodges, courts, &c., and of the various orders at 31st December, 1911, was,—

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—MEMBERSHIPAND FUNDS, 1911.
Name of Order.Number of Members.Total Worth of Funds.
 £
Independent Order of Oddfellows, M.U.23,123672,976
Independent Order of Oddfellows of N.Z.5,64288,688
National Independent Order of Oddfellows4875,299
British United Order of Oddfellows1462,862
Ancient Order of Foresters16,583340,973
Ancient Order of Shepherds891,252
United Ancient Order of Druids17,425189,072
Independent Order of Rechabites3,59868,600
Sons and Daughters of Temperance68218,422
Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society3,00529,396
Protestant Alliance Friendly Society of Australasia88719,490
Railway Employees' Benefit Society672,274
Eden Temperance Benefit Friendly Society372,049
   Totals71,7711,441,353

The next table shows the progress of the Friendly Societies of New Zealand during ten years:—

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—MEMBERSHIPAND FUNDS, 1902-11.
Year.Number of Lodges tabulated.Number of Members.Total Funds.Average Capital.
££s.d.
190246243,408846,31519911
190346545,255883,75119107
190447947,302936,388191511
190550151,103996,22419911
190650053,7591,057,82119136
190751656,8171,118,21719137
190850558,5171,123,8861941
190956764,4281,26629719131
191060968,0061,367,2822021
191165871,7711,441.3532018

The value of the various funds and the way in which they are invested will be seen by the following table. The funds include those of the central bodies:—

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—FUNDSAND ASSETSON 31ST DECEMBER, 1911.
Funds.Assets.
 £ £
Sick and Funeral Funds1,285,032Investments at interest1,198,648
Surplus Appropriation Funds, &c.48,967Value of land and buildings168,040
Management Funds, goods,72,590Cash not bearing interest49,148
Value of goods13,292 
Widow and Orphans' Funds11,989Other assets10,763
Distress, Benevolent Funds, &c.22,775Owing by Management Fund1,462
       Total1,441,353       Total1,441,353

Interest-bearing investments form 83 per cent. of the total assets. The net income from investments credited to the Sick and Funeral Funds during the year 1911 was £59,599, the average rate of interest earned being £4 18s. 1d. per cent., as compared with £4 18s. in 1910.

Particulars of the number of members, the amount of their accumulated capital, and the average capital per member of the friendly societies in Australasia, according to the latest published statistics, are arranged in order of membership:—

FRIENDLY SOCIETIESIN AUSTRALASIA.—MEMBERSHIPAND FUNDS
State.Date of Return.Number of Lodges.Number of Members.Amount of Funds.Capital per Member.
££s.d.
New South Wales31st Dec., 19101,681151,4011,437,7979911
Victoria31st Dec., 19101,475142,2752,122,00214185
New Zealand31st Dec., 191165871,7711,441,3532018
South Australia31st Dec., 190650652,165743,7951452
Queensland31st Dec., 191046442,246546,43012188
Tasmania31st Dec., 191017321,063198,079981
Western Australia31st Dec., 191026216,397163,6699198

MORTGAGES.

In a return prepared for the House of Representatives it is stated that during the year ended 31st March, 1912, mortgages to the value of £22,808,367 were registered in the several land registration districts, while the monetary value of those paid off amounted to £15,384,889. Compared with a similar return for the year 1910-11 the mortgages registered show an increase of £1,809,745, the total amount for the earlier year having been £20,998,622.

The amounts shown in the following tables do not represent the true amounts of advances secured by deed. In cases where the property mortgaged is situated in more than one registration district the deed is registered for the full amount in each district, thus there is some degree of duplication. On the other hand, mortgages are not all registered, such given in security for temporary loans, stock, and crop liens, bills of sale, and chattels transfers being not included in the figures.

The total amounts represented in the mortgages registered and paid off in each registration district during 1910-11 and 1911-12 were,—

District.1910-11.1911-12.
Mortgages registered.Mortgages paid off.Mortgages registered.Mortgages paid off.
 ££££
Auckland3,866,0782,117,7434,816,8332,746,514
Poverty Bay823,597640,913835,565565,766
Taranaki1,542,1611,045,8551,642,3751,181,607
Hawke's Bay1,990,7841,147,0882,048,7781,535,098
Wellington5,558,9323,757,2115,429,6643,993,036
Marlborough341,985473,858354,037225,573
Nelson366,077221,114478,990282,216
Westland73,63042,462108,44849,500
Canterbury4,081,7172,807,0944,297,9432,994,912
Otago1,352,761988,9101,469,2361,023,443
Southland1,000,900567,2031,326,498787,224
   Totals£20,998,622£13,829,457£22,808,367£15,384,889

Classified according to the various rates of interest, the amounts in the mortgage deeds registered during the two years were,—

1910-11.1911-12Rate of Interest.

(a) Including £1,350 at 4 1/54; per cent., £4,402 at 4¼ per cent., and £100 at 4⅓ per cent.

(b) Including £1,500 at 4⅔ per cent.

(c) Including £9,300 at 5 1/10; per cent., and £12,606 at 5⅓ per cent.

(d) Including £77,283 at 6 1/20 per cent.

(e) Including £275 at 6 6/11 per cent.

(f) Including £1,000 at 7⅕ per cent.

(g) Including £1,800 at 7¼ per cent.

(h) Including £7,050 at 7¾ per cent., £300 at 8¼ per cent., and £120 at 8⅓ per cent.

(i) Including £2.500 at 4⅛ per cent., and £1,827 at 4¼ per cent.

(j) Including £11,000 at 4⅝ per cent., and £11,700 at 4⅔ per cent.

(k) Including £5,750 at 5⅛ per cent., and £28,815 at 5⅓ per cent.

(l) Including £200 at 7¼ per cent.

(m) Including £500 at 8¼ per cent.

££ 
20,54310,544free of interest.
126,299137,853at 4 per cent. or under.
1,519,104 (a)2,421,993 (i)at 4½ per cent.
515,876 (b)648,448 (j)at 4¾ per cent.
7,902,3079,061,446at 5 per cent.
234,480 (c)208,471 (k)at 5¼ per cent.
2,669,9281,874,867at 5½ per cent.
51,21785,597at 5¾ per cent.
2,488,775 (d)1,952,342at 6 per cent.
16,0955,579at 6¼ per cent.
273,085 (e)318,003at 6½ per cent.
3,88016,300at 6¾ per cent.
670,881 (f)769,797at 7 per cent.
60,287 (g)70,729 (l)at 7½ per cent.
457,314 (h)360,415 (m)at 8 per cent.
151,956143,522at 8½ per cent. and over.
3,836,5954,722,461at rates not specified.
£20,998,622£22,808,367 

Comparison of the foregoing with the amounts at the various rates of interest in the mortgages registered during 1895-96 shows the lowering of the rates that has taken place:—

Year 1895-96.
£ 
26,285in small sums at less than 5 per cent.
833,226at from 5 per cent. to 5¼ per cent.
732,764at 5½ per cent.
116,600at 5¾ per cent.
1,372,261at from 6 per cent. to 6¼ per cent.
371,896at from 6½ per cent. to 6¾ per cent.
599,542at from 7 per cent. to 7¼ per cent.
111,651at 7½ per cent.
382,348at 8 per cent.
173,416in small sums, at rates above 8 per cent.
853,801at rates which are not specified.
£5,573,790 

LIFE ASSURANCE.

At the close of the year 1910 the following life-assurance offices were represented in New Zealand:—

The Australian Temperance and General Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited).

The Australian Mutual Provident Society.

The Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited).

The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States.

The Mutual Life and Citizens' Assurance Company (Limited).

The National Mutual Life Association of Australasia (Limited).

The New York Life Insurance Company.

The Norwich Union Life Insurance Company.

The Provident Life Assurance Company.

The Yorkshire Insurance Company.

The Life Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government.

The New Zealand Government and the Provident are the only purely New Zealand institutions, five of the societies having their head offices in Australia, two in England, and two in the United States of America. One office, the Equitable of the United States, has ceased to issue policies in the Dominion. During the year 1910 an amalgamation of the Mutual Life and Citizens' Company and the Australian Widows' Fund Society was arranged whereby the latter became absorbed in the former.

Four of the Australian offices transact both ordinary life and industrial business, while the Provident of New Zealand confines its operations solely to the latter. Several of the companies, including the New Zealand Government Office, have branches for assurance against accident.

The following table shows the total ordinary life-assurance business in force in the Dominion at the end of each of the ten years from 1901 to 1910:—

ORDINARY LIFE ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS, 1901-10.
Year.Number of Policies in Force, including Annuities.Amount insured.Annuities per Annum.Annual Premium Income, including Annuities.
 £££
190194,42923,567,42738,988743,709
190299,90824,697,80745,668789,925
1903104,98225,878,90949,080832,851
1904110,22727,074,17154,835873,588
1905114,55328,087,34960,583908,349
1906118,26529,036,04765,754935,068
1907122,92430,207,13471,291970,216
1908127,72131,447,10132,7591,005,984
1909133,55832,629,73434,3691,040,303
1910137,51433,816,73634,6861,073,010

Similar information to the above is given respecting the industrial business of the companies operating in New Zealand.

INDUSTRIAL ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS, 1901-10.
Year.Number of Policies in Force, including Annuities.Amount insured.Annuities per Annum.Annual Premium Income, including Annuities.
 £££
190126,111570,792..26,743
190227,418632,378..30,081
190330,714756,051..36,250
190434,364851,688..42,367
190536,502877,871..46,096
190640,613981,086..53,382
190743,8891,053,874..59,258
190849,4351,188,92088869,822
190956,2691,366,985..81,999
191064,1191,608,7931696,394

The increase in number of ordinary life policies issued during the ten years was 46 per cent., and in the industrial business the number of policies increased 146 per cent. in the period. Taking both classes of life assurance together the policies increased in number by 67 per cent. in the decennium, as compared with an increase in the total population of 30.5 per cent. during the same period. A statement of the income and outgo of all the companies operating in the Dominion further illustrates the large increase in the business for the ten years.

ORDINARY LIFE ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS.—INCOMEAND OUTGO.
Year.Receipts and Expenditure.Expenses of Management.
Total Receipts, excluding Transfers.Total Expenditure, excluding Transfers.Excess of Receipts.Total.Proportion to Premium Receipts.Proportion to Gross Receipts.
 ££££Per Cent.Per Cent
19011,094,062710,389383,673139,41619.1512.74
19021,159,457733,339426,118151,41419.6013.06
19031,191,779765,730420,043164,73520.1413.82
19041,263,257755,038508,219163,08118.9612.91
19051,329,378789,906539,472168,38918.7812.67
19001,382,262846,218536,044165,96718.0212.01
19071,427,033866,789560,244160,80816.8411.27
19081,488,975933,060555,909167,18816.7711.23
19091,556,282970,808585,474172,32516.8311.07
19101,717,820961,198756,622166,36715.789.68

The general expense rate, which in 1910 fell for the first time below 10 per cent., shows throughout the ten years the decrease which might be expected to accompany the growing volume of the business, and in the premium expense rate there is even a more marked decline, the rate having decreased from 20.4 in 1903 to 15.78 in 1910. Results under similar headings are given in the next table for industrial assurance.

INDUSTRIAL ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS.—INCOMEAND OUTGO.
Year.Receipts and Expenditure.Expenses of Management.
Total Receipts, excluding Transfers.Total Expenditure, excluding Transfers.Excess of Receipts.Total.Proportion to Premium Receipts.Proportion to Gross Receipts.
 ££££Per Cent.Per Cent.
190126,04619,1986,84815,66265.4460.13
190226,87219,7967,07615,32559.3857.03
190332,17725,6756,50219,54763.8560.75
190438,28927,45510,83421,02158.0654.90
190544,38530,90813,47722,67656.1551.09
190049,14634,85014,29626,90458.4154.74
190755,40137,37918,08228,90354.2152.11
190877,89446,73431,16034,45556.2844.23
190976,76355,18521,57840,12155.5752.26
191093,97160,87133,10043,55451.6246.35

This class of business has only recently attained any magnitude in the Dominion. The expense rate is exceedingly high, as is common with industrial assurance.

Liabilities and Assets.

The New Zealand liabilities of all the institutions in respect of their ordinary life business at the end of 1910 were as follows:—

 £
Life Assurance and annuity funds11,779,377
Depreciation, reserve, and other special funds108,339
Other liabilities135,661
       Total£12,023,377

At the same date the liabilities of the Provident Life Assurance Company and of the New Zealand industrial branch of the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society were,—

 £
Capital and funds37,563
Other liabilities7,665
       Total£45,228

The three other companies transacting both ordinary life and accident assurance business did not show separate returns for their accident branches.

The assets balance the liabilities in every case and are stated as follows:—

 Ordinary Assurance.Industrial Assurance.
 ££
Mortgages on property6,813,74521,007
Loans on policies1,947,808216
Government securities761,117..
Other investments1,275,38510,169
Cash257,4191,278
Other assets967,90312,558
       Total£12,023,377£45,228

ACCIDENT INSURANCE.

At the close of the year 1911 there were twenty-six insurance offices doing accident business in the Dominion. Returns of receipts and expenditure have been submitted by each office, and the figures are given in the next table. The table relates only to the accident business transacted by the various offices within the Dominion.

ACCIDENT INSURANCEIN NEW ZEALAND. RECEIPTSAND EXENDITURE, 1911.
Office.Receipts.Expenditure.
Premiums.Other Receipts.Total.Claims paid.Other Payments.Total.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Alliance1,783147......1,78314736829951601,31989
Australian Temperance and General356120138357158111402552836668
Colonial Mutual2,758155691552,828101067823810451,48868
Commercial Union12,60946......12,609467,8331994,23418412,068181
Farmers' Co-operative1,203102......1,203102833774871971,32172
Guardian2,70251......2,702511,6481731,8041423,453115
Liverpool and London and Globe3,59227......3,592275781131,924612,502174
London and Lancashire5,0041473241765,3291212,332791,9592114,291108
Mutual Life and Citizens7,587710 ....7,5877103,0861051,775714,861176
National9,68885......9,688854,632143,3901608,022174
New Zealand70,792101......70,79210137,466121021,6999059,166110
Northern1,2327102891131,521191234125543166778811
Norwich and London10,42415934210010,767593,5541314,3551007,91031
Ocean31,384902,0458333,42917 17,73718415,8509333,58877
Phœnix1,98294......1,982941,59128821632,412811
Queensland6,174115375006,5491154,144882,4529116,596187
Royal11,461109......11,4611095,439853,4841558,924310
Royal Exchange5,39651......5,396512,123612,336594,4591110
South British39,216173......39,21617322,4684912,29681034,764137
Standard10,939139......10,9391393,5481004,253677,801167
Union2,60667......2,60667894566531491,53803
United1,86983......1,86983334928261611,16153
Victoria1,6691111......1,66911112441355227176706
Wairarapa Sawmillers1,536693101061,8461734191239413351456
Yorkshire1,12859......1,128592371050119073906
Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government20,756042,8562223,6122610,497466,89311517,3901511
   Totals265,858506,614189272,47339133,02971195,180164228,21043

GOVERNMENT ACCIDENT INSURANCE.

The Accident Branch of the Government insurance Department was opened in 1901. General accident business is undertaken, but the branch was opened more especially with a view to relieve employers of labour of the liability imposed upon them by the Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900. This Act greatly extended the liability of employers, and gave to a workman the right of compensation for all injuries arising out of, and in the course of, his employment, not attributable to his own serious and wilful misconduct.

This liability has been more or less extended by subsequent Acts, and under the Workers' Compensation Act, 1908, (which came into operation on the 1st January, 1909), and its amendments, the scale of compensation is as follows:—

  1. Where death results from the injury and the workman leaves dependants wholly dependent upon his earnings, the compensation is one hundred and fifty-six times his average weekly earnings, but not to be less than £200, nor to exceed £500.

  2. If the dependants are only partially dependent upon the workman's earnings, the compensation is to be such sum as is reasonable, and proportionate to the injury to such dependants, not exceeding the amount payable under paragraph (a).

  3. In either of the above cases the employer is also liable for medical and burial expenses not exceeding £20, and an amount not exceeding this sum can be claimed where there are no dependants.

  4. Where a workman is totally incapacitated for work, he is entitled to a weekly payment of one-half his average weekly earnings, not exceeding the sum of £2 10s. per week, but the weekly compensation is not to be less than £1 in cases where the worker's earnings at the time of the accident are not less than 30s. per week.

  5. Where the workman is partially incapacitated only, the compensation is one-half the loss of wages.

  6. In addition to the weekly allowance medical or surgical expenses, not exceeding £1, may be claimed.

The compensation is payable from the date of the accident where the incapacity lasts for fourteen days or more, but if the duration of the incapacity is less then fourteen days, no payment is made for the first week.

Weekly payments are not to extend over a longer period than six years, and the aggregate amount is not to exceed £500.

Special provision is made in the case of wharf labourers, and also for increased compensation to persons under the age of twenty-one, who are permanently incapacitated.

Certain diseases due to the nature of the trade, such as anthrax. lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, &c, are regarded as accidents.

If the accident occurs in the course of employment in or about a mine, building, factory, or ship, the compensation becomes a charge on the employer's interest in the property. In nearly all cases this charge takes precedence of all existing or subsequent charges or encumbrances howsoever created.

The Department's policies cover the full liability of an employer to his workmen under the Workers' Compensation Act, and the liability under common law to the extent of £500 per man.

The premiums are assessed on the wages, and vary from 4s. and 5s. 6d. per £100 of wages for the lightest occupations to 20s. per cent. for building trades, 56s. per cent. for coal-mines to cover accidents only, and 105s. 6d. per cent. for bushfelling.

Policies protecting mortgagees from loss through the charge of an injured workman taking precedence of a mortgage are issued at premiums varying from 1s. per cent. of the mortgage for small mortgages to 6d. per cent. for large mortgages.

Personal-accident policies are also issued securing amounts for accidental death and permanent total or partial disablement, and weekly allowances during temporary disablement.

The premium income and claims of the Accident Branch since the commencement of business have been as follows:—

Year.Premium Income.Claims.
 ££
7th June to 31st December, 190111,8562,428
Year ending 31st December, 190214,1007,364
Year ending 31st December, 190324,38113,230
Year ending 31st December, 190423,76812,105
Year ending 31st December, 190523,97011,242
Year ending 31st December, 190620,81513,720
Year ending 31st December, 190721,47711,288
Year ending 31st December, 190820,89811,926
Year ending 31st December, 190926,33712,805
Year ending 31st December, 191021,36412,522
Year ending 31st December, 191120,75610,497

The funds, assets, and liabilities of the Government Insurance Department belonging to its Accident Insurance Branch are kept separate and distinct from the main life-insurance business, and powers are vested in the Governor to make regulations in regard to tables fixing rates of premium and other details for the conduct of the Accident Insurance Branch. The assets and liabilities on 31st December, 1911, were as follows:—

 £s.d.
Liabilities.
Accident Funds as per Revenue Account17,250157
Claims admitted (proofs not yet completed).11,50000
Commission.143143
Premium and other deposits3535
Reserve for unearned premiums10,65200
Investment Fluctuation Reserve2,00000
Reserve Fund constituted under section 20 of the Government Accident Insurance Act, 190821,785011
 £63,566142
Assets.
Mortgages on property59,03500
Overdue interestNil.  
Outstanding interest due but not overdue£81113
Interest accrued but not due711179
 79390
Agents' balances81796
Sundry accounts owing1,274113
Cash in hand and on current account1.64645
 £63,566142

FIRE INSURANCE.

At the end of the year 1911, twenty-nine companies, besides the New Zealand State Fire Insurance Office, were carrying on the business of fire insurance in the Dominion, seven of the companies being New Zealand institutions. The full list is as follows:—

Alliance Assurance Company (Limited).

Atlas Assurance Company (Limited).

Australian Alliance Assurance Company.

British Dominions General Insurance Company (Limited).

Commercial Fire and Marine Insurance Company.

Commercial Union Assurance Company (Limited).

Farmers' Co-operative Fire and Marine Insurance Association of New Zealand (Limited).

Guardian Assurance Company (Limited).

Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company.

London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Company.

National Insurance Company of New Zealand (Limited).

New Zealand Insurance Company.

North British and Mercantile Insurance Company.

Northern Assurance Company (Limited).

Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society (Limited).

Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation (Limited).

Oceanic Fire and Marine Insurance Company.

Phœnix Assurance Company (Limited).

Queensland Insurance Company (Limited).

Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation of London.

Royal Insurance Company (Limited).

South British Insurance Company (Limited).

Standard Fire and Marine Insurance Company of New Zealand (Limited).

State Fire Insurance Office.

Sun Insurance Office.

Union Assurance Society of London (Limited).

United Insurance Company (Limited).

Victoria Insurance Company (Limited).

Yorkshire Insurance Company (Limited).

Zealandia Fire and Marine Insurance Company.

STATE PIKE INSURANCE.

In the year 1903 an Act was passed “to establish a State Fire Insurance Office and to make other provisions for the insurance and protection of insurable property in New Zealand against loss or damage by fire.”

The statute provides for the establishment of an office to be administered by a General Manager appointed by the Governor, and for the necessary staff—not subject to the laws regulating the Civil Service.

There is provision for the constitution of a Board, to consist of the Minister of Finance, the General Manager, the Government Insurance Commissioner, and two other persons (not being in the Civil Service) appointed by the Governor. The latter hold office for two years, with eligibility for reappointment, and are to be remunerated according to appropriation by Parliament.

In order to provide capital for the business, the Minister of Finance, on being authorized by the Governor in Council, is empowered to raise from time to time such sums as he thinks fit, not exceeding in the whole £100,000, any of which may, if found convenient, be raised in New Zealand.

In the event of such capital not being found sufficient, the Minister of Finance, on being authorized by the Government, is empowered to raise additional capital as required. To enable this to be done the General Manager must, if the Board approves, apply to the Minister for supplementary capital (not exceeding £20,000 at a time) to carry on business until the pleasure of Parliament is signified.

The rate of interest on debentures, scrip, or other security issued in respect of any sum raised under the Act may not be higher than 4½ per cent.

All moneys payable to the General Manager are to be paid to the credit of the State Fire Insurance Account, out of which shall be payable, without further appropriation than the Act under notice, all costs and expenses, salaries, fire losses, and other outgoings of the business—including interest payable on securities issued.

Provision is made for the General Manager, with consent of the Board, to buy, sell, or lease land, with or without buildings for the purposes of the office.

On the 4th January, 1905, the State Fire Insurance Office opened for public business, and at the end of that year the public support accorded resulted in insurances therein to the extent of £3,000,000. At the end of the year 1911 the gross amount at risk had increased to £11,764,209.

As a consequence of the operations of the State Fire Office, the rates on trade risks and the like have been reduced by 10 per cent., and those on dwellings, offices, and similar risks by 33⅓ per cent.

The premium income after deducting premiums on reinsurances during the seven years 1905-11 was as follows:—

Year.Amount of Premium Income.
190513,128
190620,962
190723,195
190826,657
190933,281
191040,552
191147,745

The premium rates have remained unaltered during the above years. Only £2,000 of the authorized capital has been raised, and the office has the sum of £25,000 invested in Government securities.

FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANIES.

Every foreign company—i.e., a company registered or established out of New Zealand, and including a local company whose chief office is situate out of the Dominion—which proposes to commence in New Zealand the business of life insurance, whether conjointly or not with any other class of business, must deposit with the Public Trustee a sum of not less than £5,000 nor more than £50,000 in cash or approved securities. The amount of deposit is calculated on the total amount assured by current policies at the rate of £5,000 deposit for every £100,000 assured until the maximum deposit is reached.

A foreign company proposing to carry on fire and marine insurance business in the Dominion must first obtain from the Public Trustee a certificate in the form prescribed authorizing the company to transact its business for a period of twelve months from the date of the certificate. The certificate is renewable annually provided the Public Trustee is satisfied that the company is financially sound.

Accident insurance or insurance business of any class not previously mentioned may be transacted in New Zealand by a foreign company, provided the company deposit with the Public Trustee the sum of £10,000 in cash or approved securities. If the company carries on a life-assurance business as well as accident insurance the last mentioned deposit must be made in addition to that described in the first paragraph.

All cash deposited with the Public Trustee as deposit shall bear interest, which is payable to the company making the deposit.

THE PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE OF NEW ZEALAND.

Functions.

The Public Trust Office is established by Act of the New Zealand Parliament, with very wide and extensive powers and functions.

The Public Trustee discharges all the duties that may, by will or deed, be imposed upon a private executor, trustee, attorney, or agent.

He may be appointed by will executor. Any one desirous of nominating an attorney to execute documents, manage property,

collect rents during the absence of the owner. &c., can appoint the Public Trustee, instead of a private individual, to do these things.

Where there is no will the next-of-kin of deceased instead of taking out letters of administration may appoint the Public Trustee to do so.

Where there is a will the executor named therein may get the Public Trustee to take his place. Those who have had any experience of the worries and difficulties incidental to such matters will appreciate the convenience of having the whole of the work done by a public office, the fidelity of which is guaranteed by the State. Its large experience in such business enables the office to do the work without any trouble to the person for whom it is acting.

When the Public Trustee acts no law costs are incurred in proving the will, or obtaining letters of administration and passing the stamp accounts.

The estates of lunatics are by statute placed in the Public Trust Office where no committee is appointed. Where the estate is of a complicated nature, an expert may be appointed by the Supreme Court to assist the Public Trustee in dealing with it.

State Guarantee against Loss.

Not the least of the many advantages offered by the Office is an absolute security against loss. If an estate is left to be looked after by a private trustee it may be mismanaged or dishonestly administered, and if there is a loss the widow or children suffer. On the other hand, if the Public Trustee is appointed trustee and the investment of the funds is left to his discretion, every penny of the capital and interest is safe, as the State guarantees this by statute. Trust-moneys are invested in securities fixed by law, and they bear interest from the time of coming into the Office. There is thus no loss of interest through delays in investment, as often happens when private trustees are acting.

Special Powers of the Public Trustee.

The formalities required by Courts in the case of private trustees, which are necessary for the protection of estates, and also of the interests of creditors, are largely dispensed with when the Public Trustee is acting. Being a public officer, whose integrity is guaranteed by statute, these restrictions would be superfluous.

His powers are also much larger than those of other trustees, and in his discretion he may do many things that would require in the case of others a Court order. This is particularly the case when there is a widow with children whose interests have to be looked after, or where, for the purposes of improving or protecting the estate, property has to be sold, mortgaged, or exchanged.

The absence of formalities, and the power to do many things without orders of Court, save considerable expense and much delay.

In private trusteeships, death and absence render necessary numerous and expensive deeds which are not required when the Public Trustee is acting. Moreover the Office Solicitor's advice is always available without expense to the estates.

By all who know or have experienced the contingencies and expenses of private trusteeships these advantages must be appreciated.

Draft. Wills and Deeds.

The draft of any will, deed of settlement, or power of attorney appointing the Public Trustee executor, &c., is examined by the Office Solicitor free of charge.

Office Charges.

The fees charged by the office are fixed by regulations. Any one before placing his estate in the office may ascertain from the Public Trustee, or any of his agents, exactly what it will cost. No charge whatever is made for correspondence, consultations, &c., no matter how complicated the matter dealt with may be. The charges are not made with a view to profit, but to insure the office against loss in the expenses of working. As the business increases these fees will be reduced. The charges are,—

(a.) Upon the gross capital of any estate (other than that of an in testate or a lunatic) realized by the Public Trustee,—
On any sum up to £10,000£2½ per cent.
On all in excess of £10,000£1½ per cent.
(b.) Upon such of the capital of any estate realized by a former executor, trustee, or administrator, or person acting in a fiduciary character, as becomes vested in the Public Trustee£1 per cent.
Provided that such charge shall be payable by the beneficiaries at the period of distribution. 
Minimum charge under (a) and (b)£1
(c.) Where money is the subject of a deed of trust or of a settlement, ante-nuptial or otherwise, then upon such money being distributed among the beneficiaries (not being the settlor, his executors, administrators, or assigns), on their becoming absolutely entitled thereto in possession, the only charge shall be£1 per cent.
(d.) Upon the gross capital of any estate in which the Public Trustee is acting as attorney or agent, the charge shall be as arranged between the Public Trustee and his principal, with the consent of the Board. 
(e.) Upon the gross capital of intestate or lunatics' estate realized by the Public Trustee,—
On any sum up to £250£5 per cent.
On the next £9,750£2½ per cent.
On all over £10,000£1½ per cent.
Provided that with respect to all assets consisting of cash, or of balances to credit of any current accounts in any institution, or with respect to any fixed deposits in any institution, or with respect to moneys received under any policy of life or accident assurance, or mortgages, bonds, and debentures, and compensation-moneys received into an estate, under any Act, the charge shall be½ per cent.
Minimum charge under (c), (d), and (e)10s.
(f.) Upon the gross income of any estate or agency, realized or unrealized,—
On the first £2,000 per annum£5 per cent.
On all over £2,000 per annum£2½ per cent.
Provided that on all interest from debentures and dividends from shares the charge shall be only£2½ per cent.
(g.) Upon unrealized real or personal property (not being money) transferred or delivered in kind to any person entitled thereto, being a devisee, legatee, next of-kin, cestui que trust, beneficiary, or other person of a like character, but not including a person entitled as principal under any power of attorney or agency, upon the value of such property as fixed by the Public Trustee,—
Up to £10,000£1½ per cent.
On all in excess of £10,00010s. per cent.
Minimum charge£1.

Any of the foregoing charges may, in special cases, be reduced by the Public Trustee, and this is not infrequently done where the estates are small and the beneficiaries are widows and children.

Safe-deposits.

A safe-deposit system is established at the Head Office in Wellington, and will in course of time be extended to the Branch Offices in the other cities throughout the Dominion.

The advantages of this system are well recognized in Europe, America, and Australia, and there is no doubt that the safe-deposits in the Public Trust Offices of New Zealand will prove a great convenience to those desiring to use them.

For an annual fee of from £1 to £5, a person can obtain the exclusive use of a specially built and self-contained steel safe.

To open the safe, two keys must be used—one is kept by the lessee, and the other, the master key, by the Office.

By this means a person can easily and cheaply provide himself with a place of absolute security for the deposit of debentures, deeds, documents of importance and value, articles of jewellery, &c., whilst having full and exclusive access to them himself.

General.

The Office makes and receives payment through the Post Office. This is a great convenience to clients, as payment can be made, free of any deduction for exchange, anywhere in the Dominion where there is a money-order post-office.

The Public Trustee has branches and agencies in different parts of the Dominion as per subjoined list, where full details of the working of the Office can be obtained.

Money to lend.

The office advances money on first mortgage of freehold lands (town or country), also on certain classes of Crown leaseholds, at lowest current rates of interest, with liberal terms for repayment of principal.

Growth of the Office.

The following table shows, for each of the years named, the number of estates in the office, and the amount of the invested funds:—

Year ended 31st March.Wills and Trusts including Sinking Funds.Intestate Estates.Mental Patients' Estates.Funds invested.
 No.Value.£No.Value.£No.Value.££
1896447673,47881286,13243473,995757,573
1897466744,74278188,75151088,133841,974
1898493789,16279797,14055885,890912,971
1899538865,446821133,409507111,793942,641
1900576933,567903136,697555113,5251,028,988
19016641,022,838867134,820626159,0871,618,379
19026511,122,404923163,304728163,3061,723,450
19037441,279,743989197,368802170,5851,861,308
19048361,605,1431,062232,695854208,5731,595,330
19059551,922,3031,070277,779940256,6451,813,709
19061,0912,252,8131,092318,4901,031280,4021,851,396
19071,2402,608,9421,164343,3761,082284,0042,117,924
19081,5642,974,0531,270353,7601,037323,5422,444,712
19091,6023,670,6141,389370,4841,128364,9852,834,370
19101,8314,242,6011,558397,6401,238395,6423,196,138
19111,9534,968,3571,788385,0901,422429,9584,128,222
19122,4075,611,2041,747457,3661,520462,1494,928,873

The capital funds of the Public Trust Office invested amounted, on the 31st March, 1912, to £4,928,873. The investments are as follows:—

 £
New Zealand Government securities189,208
Land Settlement Finance Act debentures215,664
Local bodies' debentures265,784
Mortgages of freehold property4,125,116
Freehold property64,149
Advances to Estates68,421
Fixed Deposits531
       Total£4,928,873

BRANCHES AND AGENCIESOF THE PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE . NORTHISLAND.

NORTHISLAND.
Branches.
AucklandDistrict ManagerE. F. Warren.
NapierDistrict ManagerE. B. Burdekin.
New Plymouth and HaweraDistrict ManagerE. Barns.
WanganuiDistrict ManagerT. R. Saywell.
Wellington.C. Zachariah. 
Agencies.
CartertonAgentJ. Laurenson.
DannevirkeAgentW. Rose.
GisborneAgentH. W. Jackson.
HamiltonAgentJ.S.Bond.
KawhiaAgentJ. K. Newton.
MastertonAgentW. B. Chennells.
Northern Wairoa, AratapuAgentT. C. French.
OpotikiAgentChief Police Officer.
PahiatuaAgentG. C. Miller.
Palmerston NorthAgentW. Rutherfurd.
RaurimuAgentChief Police Officer.
RaweneAgentChief Police Officer.
RotoruaAgentL. C. Ryan.
TaihapeAgentJ. P. Aldridgo.
TaurangaAgentA. F. Tunks.
WaihiAgentJ. Murray.
WaipawaAgentE.J. O'Brien.
WairoaAgentW. F. Shaw.
WhangareiAgentW. A. Carruth.
SOUTHISLAND.
Branches.
ChristchurchDistrict ManagerM. C. Barnett.
DunedinDistrict ManagerT. D. Kendall.
GreymouthDistrict ManagerC. W. Cooke.
InvercargillDistrict ManagerS. W. Smith.
Agencies.
NelsonAgentJ.E.Allen.
AkaroaAgentH. W. Wilkins.
Alexandra SouthAgentC. E. Richards.
AshburtonAgentA. A. Fooks.
BalcluthaAgentJ. D. Stewart.
BlenheimAgentJ. White.
HokitikaAgentW. Duncan.
KaikouraAgentJ.N. Flower.
LawrenceAgentA. McLean.
MotuekaAgentT. Boyes.
OamaruAgentA. Woodward.
QueenstownAgentC. E. Gudgeon.
TapanuiAgentW. Quin.
TimaruAgentF. A. Raymond.
WestportAgentW. T. Slee.

DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH.

The estimation of private wealth, hitherto made on the basis of deceased persons' estates finally certified for duty, has for the present been abandoned. The reason lies in the existence of certain defects in the basis of the calculation. Under the New Zealand law relating to death duties previous to 1910 all estates under £100 net value, and those passing from husband to widow or wife to widower, were exempt from taxation, and were excluded from the total value of estates passing at death.

An assumption that the average wealth possessed by the living is equal to that left by the dying is not altogether justifiable when no consideration is taken of age-constitution, and the average is

applied to the total adult population, regardless of the fact that the younger and more numerous section do not possess the same amount of accumulated wealth as those at the more mature ages. The material requisite for the adoption of a method which will include these factors is being collected.

If, however, an estimate of the Dominion's private wealth as at 31st December last were made on the old basis, it would be found to work out at an aggregate of £457,000,000, or an average of about £766 per head of adult European population, which appears to be excessive. Including minors, it would give an average of £446 per head.

The number and value of estates finally certified for taxation during the nineteen years 1893-1911 is given below, but the table must be regarded as subject to the defects mentioned above.

Category.Number of Estates,1893-1911.Aggregate Net Value on which Duty was paid.
£No.£
   Under 50014,1152,048,522
      £500 and under 1,0004,5133,218,802
   £1,000 and under 2,0003,4334,845,783
   £2,000 and under 3,0001,4433,530,341
   £3,000 and under 4,0008432,918,040
   £4,000 and under 5,0005232,340,632
   £5,000 and under 7,5007334,485,253
   £7,500 and under 10,0004153,564,931
   £10,000 and under 15,0003774,606,118
   £15,000 and under 20,0002063,554,837
   £20,000 and over42222,660,359
   Totals27,02358,679,684

PUBLIC PROPERTY.

A statement has been prepared by the Valuer-General showing the value of public lands and improvement thereon, including public- buildings, but excluding lessees' interests, as at 31st March, 1911.

The following table gives this information together with similar figures as at 31st March, 1908. The value of Government Railways and other public works (taken at cost) is also shown.

TABLESHOWING VALUEOF PUBLIC PROPERTYASAT 31ST MARCH, 1908 AND 1911.
 31st March, 1908.31st March, 1911.
 ££
Crown lands21,511,65325,432,145
Local authorities' lands7,163,7227,901,969
Educational lands5,038,6153,685,819
Church and other lands3,555,2714,623,214
 37,269,26141,643,147
Government railways open and under construction26,735,14031,509,900
Other public works—viz., telegraphs, lighthouses, harbours, and water- supply on goldfields5,428,0005,750,000
      Totals£69,432,401£78,903,107

A total increase of £9,470,706 is shown for the three years. The decrease in educational lands is due to the abolition of the School Commissioners and the vesting of their lands in the Crown, which also accounts for a considerable portion of the increase of nearly £4,000,000 in the value of Crown lands.

In addition to the items enumerated above there must be taken into account the value of such public undertakings by local authorities as water-supply, lighting and power, tramways, and harbours. Excluding buildings, these works, apart from streets, footways, or bridges, have cost approximately £9,000,000.

NATIVE PROPERTY.

The value of Native lands and improvements, exclusive of the value of lessees' interests, on 31st March, 1908, was £11,413,545, and on 31st March 1911, £10,860,815. The decrease is due to purchase of Native lands by private individuals and by the Crown.

PRODUCTION.

The value of the total production of New Zealand has been estimated for the year 1907-8, and the result is given. In regard to the last item, the amount has been arrived at by an indirect though recognized method, but it may be regarded as an approximation.

1907-8.
 £
Agricultural and pastoral produce23,808,159
Mining produce3,775,835
Manufactures7,240,913
Miscellaneous (including fisheries and forestry)1,766,815
 £36,591,722
Value of building trade, industries not included in manufactories, and general labour (1900-6)6,838,380
      Total£43,430,102

PRICES AND WAGES.

The following tables, compiled from returns furnished by police officers, show the range of average prices of the principal articles of food and drink at the chief centres of population in each provincial district during the last month of the year 1911, as well as of the average rates of wages ruling at the same localities during the year.

RANGEOF AVERAGE PRICESOP PRODUCE, LIVESTOCK, PROVISIONS, ETC., INEACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICTOF NEW ZEALANDDURING DECEMBER, 1911.
Articles.Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland (Goldfield).CanterburyOtago (Part Goldfield).
I. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.
Wheatper bushel (60 lb.)4/4 to 5/64/9 to 5/4/6 to 5/33/10 to 5/63/6 to 5/4/9 to 5/4/9 to 5/63/6 to 4/63/3 to 4/6
Barleyper bushel (47 lb.)3/3 to 4/93/9 to 4/3/6 to 4/33/6 to 4/63/6 to 4/63/3 to 3/64/3 to 4/63/6 to 4/62/9 to 4/6
Oatsper bushel (40 lb.)3/4 to 4/63/8 to 3/103/9 to 4/33/6 to 4/33/ to 4/63/9 to 4/33/9 to 4/2/8 to 3/32/4 to 3/6
Maizeper bushel (56 lb.)3/9 to 4/64/9 to 5/3/6 to 5/4/ to 5/63/9 to 6/4/9 to 5/5/ to 5/63/ to 4/94/3 to 5/
Branper bushel (20 lb.)1/3 to 2/1/61/4 to 1/61/1 to 1/81/3 to 1/81/6 to 1/71/3 to 1/91/ to 1/41/ to 1/6
Hayper ton£3/10 to £5£6 to £7,10£3/10 to £4/15£3/10 to £6£2 to £3/10£4/10 to £0£3 to £5/10£2/10 to £4/10£2/5 to £4/10
II. FLOURAND BREAD.
Flour, wholesaleper ton of 2,000 lb.£9 to £12£9/10£10 to £11/10£9/10 to £11£8/15 to£8/10 to£10 to£8/10 to£8/10 to
      £10/10£9/10£11/10£12/10£12/10
Flour, retailper bag of 50 lb5/9 to 6/96/ to 6/65/9 to 6/35/3 to 6/65/6 to 6/65/6 to 5/96/5/3 to 6/05/3 to 7/
Breadper 4 lb. loaf7d. to 8d.7d.6d. to 7d.5d. to 8d.6d. to 7d.7d.6d. to 8d.6d. to 7d.6d. to 7½d.
III. LIVE-STOCKAND MEAT.
Horses, draughtper head£30 to £50£30 to £35£30 to £60£25 to £45£25 to £30£25 to £30£30 to £60£25 to £45£25 to £45
Horses, saddle and harnessper head£7 to £18£15£12 to £20£8 to £15£10 to £15£10 to £15£15 to £25£8 to £30£8 to £25
Cattle, fatper head£8 to £9/10£8 to £8/10£6 to £8/10£7 to £9£6 to £9£8 to £10/10£11 to £13£6/10 to £10£8 to £13/10
Cattle, milch cowsper head£7 to £10£7/10 to £10£6 to £7£5/10 to £8£6 to £8£6 to £8£7 to £8 j£6 to £10£7 to £10/10
Sheep, fatper head10/ to 22/14/ to 22/126/ to 15/12/ to 15/13/ to 17/614/ to 17/19/ to 22/13/6 to 22/16/6 to 25/
Lambs, fatper head10/ to 16/11/6 to 13/612/ to 13/11/ to 12/610/ to 12/11/ to 14/612/ to 15/13/ to 21/12/ to 15/
Butchers' meat:—
   Beefper lb.4½d. to 6d5d. to 6d.4½d. to 5d.4d. to 6d.5d. to 6d.6.d.6d. to 8d.5d. to 9d.4d. to 9d.
   Muttonper lb.4½d. to 6d.4½d. to 5Ad.3d. to 4½d.3½d. to 5d.4d. to 5d.6d.6d. to 7d.4d. to 6d.4d. to 6d.
   Vealper lb.5d. to 7d.4d. to 7d.4½d. to 6d.4d. to 6d.5d. to 6c1.5d. to 6d.6d. to 7d.4d. to 6d.4d. to 7d.
   Porkper lb.6d. to 7d.6d. to 6½d.6d. to 7d.6d. to 7½d.5d. to 6d.6d. to 7d.8d.5d. to 8d.6d. to 8d.
   Lambper lb.6d. to 8d.7d. to 9d.5d. to 6d.6d. to 7½d.5d. to 7d.7d.7d. to 8d.5d. to 7d.5d. to 8d.
IV. DAIRY-PRODUCE.
Butter, fresh, factoryper lb...1/2 to 1/31/1 to 1/31/2 to 1/31/21/2..1/2 to 1/31/1 to 1/3
Butter, fresh, dairyper lb.1/ to 1/310d.1/110d. to 1/10d. to 1/11d.1/ to 1/11/10d. to 1/3
Butter, saltper lb.9d. to 1/9d. to 1/10d. to 1/28d. to 1/10d.9d.1/10d. to 1/9d. to 1/1
Cheese, colonialper lb.7d. to 10d.8d. to 9d.8d. to 8½d.7d. to 8d.8d.8d.8d.7d. to 8d.8d. to 9d.
Cheese, importedper lb.1/1/21/ to 3/1/6 to 3/6..1/6..1/1 to 1/101/ to 1/6
Milkper quart3d. to 4d.3d. to 4d.3d. to 3½d.3d. to 4d.4d.4d. to 5d.4d. to 5d.3d. to 4d.3d. to 4d.
V. FARM-YARD PRODUCE.
Geeseper pair8/ to 12/7/ to 9/8/ to 10/65/6 to 9/8/ to 10/6/ to 7/8/6 to 12/65/ to 14/6/ to 9/
Ducksper pair3/ to 7/3/6 to 5/64/ to 6/4/6 to 5/64/ to 8/5/5/6 to 7/4/6 to 6/4/3 to 6/
Fowlsper pair3/ to 6/3/62/6 to 4/62/6 to 4/2/6 to 6/4/4/ to 6/2/3 to 6/2/6 to 5/6
Turkeysper head7/ to 10/6/6 to 7/6/ to 10/5/ to 12/7/6 to 12/7/ to 8/10/66/ to 9/5/6 to 12/
Baconper lb.8d. to 11d.9½d. to 11d.8d. to 1/8.½d. to 1/9d. to 1/10½d. to 11d10d.8d. to 11d.10d. to 11d.
Hamper lb.9d. to 11d.10d to 11d.9d. to 11d.9d. to 1/10d. to 1/10d. to 11d.10d.9d. to 11d.10d. to 1/1
Eggsper doz.1/ to 1/21/9d. to 1/61/ to 1/210d. to 1/21/2 to 1/41/ to 1/610d. to 1/10d. to 1/3
VI. GARDEN PRODUCE.
Potatoes (old), wholesale per ton£4 to £8/10£5 to £8£5/15 to £7/10£3/10 to £6/10£5 to £8/10£4/10 to £8£6 to £8£5 to £8£2 to £12/10 
Potatoes (old), retail per cwt.5/ to 8/G7/6 to 9/6/6 to 8/65/ to 7/6/6 to 8/66/6 to 10/8/ to 9/5/6 to 9/2/ to 14/3 
Onionsper lb.1¼d. to 3d.2d. to 3½d.2d. to 3d.1d. to 3d.1d. to 3d.2d.2d. to 2½d.1½d. to 3d.1d. to 3d.
Carrotsper doz. bnchs.1/ to 2/1/6 to 2/1/ to 3/1/ to 2/31/ to 2/2/ to 4/3/1/ to 2/1/ to 2/
Turnipsper doz. bnchs.1/ to 2/1/ to 2/1/ to 3/1/ to 2/3l/to 2/2/ to 4/3/1/ to 2/1/ to 2/
Cabbagesper doz.1/6 to 3/2/ to 2/62/ to 4/1/6 to 3/2/ to 4/2/ to 3/3/ to 4/2/ to 4/1/ to 4/
VII. MISCELLANEOUSARTICLES.
Teaper lb.1/6 to 2/1/6 to 2/1/6 to 1/101/2 to 2/1/6 to 2/1/ to 2/1/6 to 2/1/6 to 2/31/ to 2/4
Coffeeper lb.1/7 to 1/91/8 to 1/101/9 to 1/101/4 to 2/1/91/8 to 1/101/6 to 2/1/6 to 2/1/6 to 1/10
Sugarper lb.2¼d. to 3d.2¾d. to 3d.2½d. to 3d.2½d. to 3d.2½d. to 3d.2½d.2½d. to 3d.2¼d. to 3d.2.½d. to 3½d.
Riceper lb.2d. to 3d.2½d. to 3d.2½d. to 3d.2d. to 3d.2½d. to 3d.2½d.2½d. to 3d.2d. to 2½d2¼d. to 3d.
Saltper lb.Id.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d. to 1½d.
Soapper cwt.9/ to 32/16/6 to 29/13/6 to 30/13/6 to 25/24/ to 26/17/ to 26/19/ to 21/22/ to 27/12/ to 30/
Candlesper lb.6d. to 8d.8d.7d. to 7½d.5½d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.6d. to 8d.5½d. to 8d
Tobaccoper lb.5/6 to 6/6/5/6 to 6/35/3 to 6/65/3 to 6/85/6 to 6/6/5/3 to 8/5/6 to 7/6
Coalper ton24/ to 33/32/ to 45/29/6 to 52/29/ to 45/35/ to 50/22/ to 35/20/ to 28/32/ to 43/18/ to 36/6
Firewoodper cord10/ to 25/38/ to 40/20/ to 40/25/ to 50/22/ to 35/16/ to 44/15/ to 20/22/6 to 40/23/ to 35/
VIII. BEER, WINES, SPIRITS.
Beer, colonialper hhd.£4/ to£4 to £4/5£4 to £5/8£4 to £6/6£3/12 to£4 to £4/10£3/18 to£3/15 to£3/15 to
 ..£4/12/0......£4/4..£4/10£4/10£5/6
Beer, English, bottl'd per doz. qts.12/6 to 18/15/ to 16/12/ to 18/14/ to 18/12/ to 18/14/14/ to 16/13/6 to 15/13/6 to 18/ 
Brandyper gallon25/ to 30/30/ to 32/623/6 to 36/24/6 to 40/25/ to 30/26/6 to 28/24/ to 26/26/ to 30/24/6 to 36/
Rumper gallon25/ to 30/25/24/6 to 30/24/ to 33/25/ to 30/23/6 to 24/23/ to 26/24/ to 34/23/6 to 32/6
Whiskyper gallon25 to 30/30/25/ to 32/24/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/ to 27/24/ to 26/25/ to 36/24/6 to 30/
Ginper gallon23/ to 27/22/ to 35/20/6 to 30/622/ to 30/24/ to 37/618/ to 23/621/ to 26/24/ to 32/22/ to 30/
Wine, Australianper gallon12/6 to 24/12/ to 18/16/ to 30/16/ to 21/16/ to 30/14/15/13/6 to 33/16/ to 26/
Wine, Europeanper gallon15/ to 30/13/ to 22/19/6 to 30/16/6 to 30/16/ to 30/15/ to 21/15/ to 18/16/ to 35/18/6 to 36/
RANGEOF AVERAGE RATESOF WAGESINEACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICTOF NEW ZEALANDDURINGTHE YEAR 1911.
Description of Labour.Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland (Goldfield).Canterbury.Otago (Part Goldfield).
1. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.
Farm labourers:
   With board, per week25/ to 30/20/ to 30/20/ to 30/20/ to 30/25/ to 30/15/ to 25/25/ to 30/20/ to 27/620/ to 30/
   Without board, per day8/ to 10/8/8/ to 9/9/ to 10/8/....8/ to 10/7/ to 8/
Ploughmen:
   With board, per week25/ to 30/25/ to 40/30/25/ to 35/25/ to 35/25/25/ to 30/22/6 to 30/22/ to 30/
   Without board, per day8/ to 11/8/8/ to 10/10/......9/ to 10/9/
Harvesters:
   With board, per week40/ to 60/50/25/ to 55/25/ to 30/40/..35/40/ to 50/30/ to 50/
   Without board, per hour1/ to 1/3..1/1/ to 1/31/31/..1/ to 1/31/ to 1/2
Men cooks on farms:
   With board, per week25/ to 30/20/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/20/..25/ to 40/20/ to 40/
Female farm servants:         
   With board, per week12/ to 20/10/ to 15/15/ to 20/12/ to 20/12/ to 25/15/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/12/6 to 20/
2. PASTORAL LABOUR.
Shepherds, with board, per annum£60 to £80£65 to £80£80 to £90£65 to £80£70£78£75£65 to £90£50 to £90
Stock-keepers, with board, perannum£52 to £80£65 to £80£80 to £90£65 to £78£80£78£75£65 to £80£50 to £90
Station labourers:
   With board, per week20/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/ to 30/20/ to 25/22/6 to 25/20/25/20/ to 32/620/ to 30/
Shearers, with board, per 100 sheep shorn20/ to 25/20/20/20/ to 25/20/25/..20/18/ to 20/
Men cooks on stations, with board, per week25/ to 30/20/ to 30/25/ to 30/30/27/625/35/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/
3. ARTISAN LABOUR (per day, without food).
Masons12/ to 14/10/ to 12/10/ to 14/12/ to 14/12/ to 14/12/ to 13/12/ to 14/12/ to 14/11/ to 14/
Plasterers12/ to 15/11/ to 15/12/8 to 15/12/ to 14/12/ to 14/14/ to 15/12/ to 14/12/ to 14/11/ to 16/
Bricklayers12/ to 14/12/ to 15/12/ to 15/11/ to 14/12/12/6 to 15/12/12/ to 14/10/ to 15/
Cabinetmakers10/ to 12/8/ to 11/10/ to 12/10/ to 11/10/9/ to 11/12/10/ to 14/10/ to 12/
Carpenters10/ to 12/8/ to 11/1.0/ to 11/10/ to 12/10/10/ to 11/12/ to 13/410/8 to 12/10/8 to 12/
Boilermakers11/ to 12/9/ to 10/10/ to 11/11/ to 12/11/10/6 to 11/10/ to 12/10/ to 11/10/ to 11/4
Blacksmiths10/ to 11/9/ to 12/10/ to 11/10/ to 11/39/ to 11/10/ to 12/10/ to 13/410/ to 12/68/ to 12/
Tinsmiths9/6 to 11/410/9/ to 11/10/ to 11/9/4 to 10/10/ to 11/10/ to 11/9/ to 10/3/ to 10/
Wheelwrights9/ to 11/8/ to 11/10/ to 11/10/ to 12/10/ to 12/9/ to 12/10/ to 12/10/ to 11/9/ to 12/
Shipwrights9/ to 10/10/ to 12/10/10/ to 12/10/12/10/ to 12/10/10/
Plumbers10/ to 12/8/ to 11/11/ to 11/410/ to 12/10/10/ to 11/10/ to 11/10/8 to 12/9/ to 12/
Painters10/ to 12/8/ to 11/10/ to 12/10/ to 11/10/ to 12/10/ to 12/10/10/ to 11/9/ to 11/
Saddlers8/8 to 11/7/6 to 9/68/ to 9/8/ to 10/8/ to 8/88/6 to 9/10/8/6 to 10/8/ to 10/
Shoemakers8/ to 10/8/ to 10/8/ to 9/28/ to 10/9/ to 10/9/ to 10/10/8/4 to 10/8/ to 10/
Coopers10/8/ to 10/9/ to 10/10/ to 11/..13/10/ to 12/8/4 to 10/9/ to 10/
Watchmakers10/10/ to 14/10/10/8/1 to 12/610/10/ to 13/49/ to 13/48/ to 10/
4. SERVANTS.
Married couples without family, with board, per annum£85 to £100£80 to £100£90 to £100£70 to £100£80 to £100£75£100£80 to £100£75 to £100
Married couples with family, with board, per annum£80£70 to £90£90 to £100£65 to £100£78 to £90..£90£60 to £90£65 to £100
Grooms, with board, per week25/ to 30/20/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/ to 25/30/30/20/ to 30/20/ to 30/
Gardeners:
   With board, per week20/ to 30/20/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/30/30/25/ to 30/20/ to 40/
   Without board, per day7/ to 8/7/ to 9/8/8/ to 9/8/ to 10/8/8/8/ to 9/8/
Cooks, with board, per week20/ to 40/25/ to 40/20/ to 30/20/ to 40/20/ to 40/20/ to 25/25/ to 40/20/ to 40/20/ to 30/
Laundresses, with board, per week20/ to 30/15/ to 25/17/ to 25/15/ to 30/20/ to 25/20/20/ to 35/20/ to 25/15/ to 30/
General house servants, with board, per week12/ to 20/10/ to 20/15/ to 20/10/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/12/6 to 20/12/ to 20/
Housemaids, with board, per week12/ to 22/610/ to 15/15/ to 20/12/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/17/6 to 20/15/ to 20/12/ to 20/
Nursemaids, with board, per week6/ to 15/8/ to 12/10/ to 15/8/ to 15/7/6 to 15/5/ to 12/12/69/ to 15/5/ to 12
Needlewomen:
   With board, per week15/ to 20/15/25/20/20/..30/15/ to 25/17/6 to 20/
   Without board, per day (lunch always provided)5/ to 7/3/ to 4/4/6 to 7/63/4 to 6/66/5/6/4/6 to 5/4/ to 5/
Description of LabourAuckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland (Goldfield).Canterbury.Otago (Part Goldfield).
5. MISCELLANEOUS.
General labourers, without board, per clay8/ to 10/8/ to 9/8/ to 9/8/ to 9/8/ to 9/8/ to 10/10/8/ to 9/8/ to 9/
Stonebreakers, without board, per cubic yard3/6 to 4/103/ to 4/6..3/6..5/4/6 to 5/..2/6 to 3/6
Seamen, with board, per month£5 to £8£8£8£7 to £7/10£8£7/10 to £8£6 to £7£7 to £8£5 to £8/10
Miners, without board, per day8/ to 10/..10/..10/ to 12/9/ to 10/610/ to 11/9/9/ to 10/
Engine-drivers, without board, per day9/ to 12/68/4 to 11/88/ to 10/9/ to 10/10/ to 12/10/ to 11/10/ to 12/9/ to 12/69/ to 12/
Tailors, without board, per day9/ to 10/68/4 to 10/8/4 to 10/9/2 to 11/9/ to 12/10/10/8/ to 12/8/ to 10/
Tailoresses, without board, per week20/ to 30/20/ to 35/21/ to 36/25/ to 40/30/ to 36/27/ to 30/24/ to 40/25/ to 30/27/6 to 35/
Dressmakers, without board, per week20/ to 30/25/ to 40/24/ to 50/20/ to 48/36/ to 40/20/ to 36/30/ to 35/20/ to 48/20/ to 40/
Milliners, without board, per week20/ to 40/30/ to 45/40/ to 50/20/ to 48/30/ to 60/30/ to 50/30/ to 50/25/ to 48/25/ to 60/
Machinists (sewing), without board, per week20/ to 30/25/ to 35/25/ to 30/25/ to 42/30/ to 40/30/20/ to 30/25/ to 36/20/ to 30/
Storekeepers, without board, per week48/ to 75/60/50/ to 80/45/ to 60/50/ to 60/55/60/ to 80/54/ to 80/45/ to 80/
Storekeepers, assistants, without board, per week36/ to 50/25/ to 45/42/ to 50/40/ to 50/40/ to 48/35/ to 60/50/ to 60/45/ to 50/30/ to 50/
Drapers' assistants, without board, per week33/ to 60/30/ to 60/45/ to 54/40/ to 80/48/ to 60/30/ to 72/45/ to 60/40/ to 55/30/ to 50/
Grocers' assistants, without board, per week36/ to 50/30/ to 60/42/ to 50/40/ to 55/42/ to 50/35/ to 60/50/ to 60/45/ to 50/25/ to 55/
Butchers' assistants, without board, per week36/ to 65/40/ to 60/48/ to 60/47/6 to 65/50/ to GO/54/ to 60/50/ to 60/51/ to 70/45/ to 60/
Bakers, without board, per week36/ to 65/40/ to 60/48/ to 00/55/ to 60/60/ to 70/55/ to 57/50/ to 60/45/ to 60/45/ to 60/
Storemen, without board, per week36/ to 60/45/ to 65/45/ to 50/40/ to 60/45/ to 55/51/ to 60/50/ to 60/54/ to 60/35/ to 60/
Compositors, without board, per week48/ to 70/50/ to 60/45/ to 57/50/ to 65/50/ to 70/55/ to 60/55/ to 60/44/ to 65/40/ to 75/
Sawmill hands, without board, per week42/ to 72/48/ to 72/48/ to 72/56/ to 72/54 to 70/48/ to 72/60/ to 78/48/ to 60/48/ to 66/
Flax-mill hands, without board, per week48/ to 54/48/ to 72/60/48/ to 84/48/ to 54/42/ to 66/60/ to 72/36/ to 54/30/ to 54/

The following table shows the average weekly rents paid for dwellings in selected boroughs according to the census returns of April, 1911.

AVERAGE WEEKLY RENTSPAIDFOR DWELLINGSIN SELECTED BOROUGHSATTHE CENSUSOF APRIL, 1911.
Name of borough.Three Booms.Four Booms.Five Booms.Six Booms.Seven Booms.Eight Booms.Nine Booms.Ten Booms.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Whangarei074.20089.110111.070129.780136.50018.3.670179.33100
Birkenhead0710.55097.390112.590121.370153.3301760192100
Northcote060.86091001210.3701411.6101640189.78166..  
Devonport083.860119.1501411.370175.760186.20123.47139.24128
Auckland085.880109.940135.480162.8001810.51124.08148.4611110.32
Gray Lynn0107.640116.290144.930168.740190.5801910............
Newmarket093.330107.330131.780165.740187.03115.251174.50142
Mount Edon09901111.910150.610174.7901911.641010.92125.30137
Mount Albert087.860124.310143.480161.6401711.59120.92163.20..  
Parnell098.1001011.720133.280157.200197.22134.96187.361103.61
Onehunga0600811.2801011.730122.890132.540162.920130136.33
Waihi067.78086.760910.230117.420135.25..  ..  ..  
Gisborne082.770120.770147.040163.14101.20100.35109161.77
Now Plymouth066.40091.590108.620137.630164.890159.960168130
Napier0810.720112.160143.6701710.18105.26142136.86159.25
Dannevirke0610.28085.38098.970124.490156.260189.9201410.50166
Wanganui082.790911.460126.8001410.010175.940196.490195.201511.53
Wanganui East070.83094.320101.7901110.950133.43......      
Palmerston North080.490103120126.620148.990181.160193.510182.89155.80
Masterton074.450711.910109.470122.840145.7501510.910188.56..  
Lower Hutt081.800113.270132.640155.16130.36145..  1102.50
Petone089.2401010.920126.840139.750148.050177.71..  150
Onslow092.400115.050131.410167.69101.200189.66....    
Wellington0115.830144.260171.881011.58151.15193.961158.991195.10
Karori01200110.050145.050175.330177.50102....    
Miramar0911.080118.060151130162.680152.20100....    
Nelson068.33087.050109.950125.170147.470157.1201910.30103.80
AVERAGE WEEKLY RENTSPAIDFOR DWELLINGSIN SELECTED BOROUGHS, ETCcontinued.
Name of BoroughThroe Rooms.Four Rooms.Five RoomsSix Rooms.Seven Rooms.Eight Rooms.Nine Rooms.Ten Rooms.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Greymonth071.790100.730125.290134.720168.490187.500194.50..  
Lyttelton060.91083.980911.090126.200153.3601510.170180..  
Christchurch0711.160105.970132.880155.2201810.48108.821211.69166.75
Woolston076.60099.640120.200123.30..  0166....    
Spreydon075.5501010.930128.710154.460178.291100....    
New Brighton093.070111101310.070141.490161.850150....    
Sumner0100.6701311.660169.230166.331310.59160100..  
Timaru074.440105.170138.2701711.07119.32135.22..  181
Oamaru0560711.500105.830123.610154.74108.460197.50..  
Dunedin079.290106.010131.0401511.210191.29140.22166.50178.87
West Harbour0720710.55090.800122.040146100....    
Maori Hill073.71099.430129.5201211.160184.25107.33..  1100
Roslyn072.30099.6501211.7301610.48111.1401911.71120.86188
Mornington0611.4500100122.2701411.770189.970192.38128.75..  
St. Kilda087.910111.530142.1101611430187.06105......   
Green Island0510.500711.33099.02010609100131043......   
Invercargill0611.92088.470115.0801311.020164.020198.70103.87105.75
Invercargill South0560S4.44093.29086.310123.330162......   
Campbelltown0510.25095.580911.9701110.1201140123130..  

The Government offers facilities for men with moderate incomes to obtain homes for themselves on easy terms. The system is described in this book under the heading “State Aid to Settlers and Workers.”

Chapter 25. SECTION XXI.—PUBLIC FINANCE.

SUBSECTION A—REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT.

THE various Acts relating to the custody and administration of the public moneys and securities are now consolidated in the Public Revenues Act, 1908. All public moneys, excepting those payable to or received by the Post Office, the Government Insurance Office, the Public Trust Office, the Commissioners of the Public Debts Sinking Funds, the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office, the State Fire Insurance Office, and the deposits under the New Zealand Consols Act, are paid into one account at the bank called the “Public Account,” and are carried to one or other of the following accounts or funds in the books of the Treasury—

I. The Consolidated Fund.

II. The Public Works Fund.

III. Separate accounts or funds created under any special Act.

The main' Consolidated Fund Account records the ordinary public revenue and expenditure. There are certain subsidiary accounts to this fund which come under the third head in the above category. The Public Works Fund Account contains receipts from loans or aids from the Consolidated Fund and the expenditure on public works, immigration, or special services legally chargeable to that account.

The financial year commences on the 1st day of April and ends on the 31st day of March. The revenue of any financial year is the money received into the Public Account at the bank at Wellington within the year; the expenditure is the money paid at the Treasury within the year, and the money paid by imprestees, of which accounts are received at the Treasury within the year. Imprests not accounted for at the end of a financial year are included in the accounts of the following year.

At the end of each financial year the Appropriation Acts lapse, but the Minister of Finance is authorized for a period of three months from the commencement of the next financial year to pay money in respect of any service, provided the amount does not exceed the unexpended balance voted for that purpose in the previous year, together with an amount equal to one-fourth of such vote.

The usual practice is for Parliament to meet at the end of June in each year, and vote supplies from month to month until the estimated expenditure for the year has been approved and the annual Appropriation Act is passed.

In the audit of expenditure both the pre-audit and post-audit systems are in operation. Pre-audit is applied to payments on the Civil List, interest, civil and military pensions, subsidies to local

authorities, purchase of estates, salaries, permanent charges, and all expenditure out of separate accounts. Post-audit is applied to all payments out of departmental appropriations, Imprest Accounts. Old-age Pensions, Post and Telegraph expenditure, and Railway wages and salaries outside of the Head Office.

Vouchers must be certified as correct by the proper officer, and forwarded by him to the Head of his Department for approval. Vouchers subject to pre-audit are then forwarded to the Audit Office, and on being found correct are sent on to the Treasury to be entered on requisitions for payment. Vouchers subject to post- audit are transmitted by the Head of the Department direct to the Treasury. Payment is made by the Treasury, and the claim is afterwards submitted for audit.

The total revenue and expenditure of the Consolidated Fund Account for the financial years ended the 31st March, 1903 to 1912, is shown in the following table, together with the excess of revenue for each year and the amount of such excess transferred to the Public Works Fund in the succeeding year :—

Year ended 31st March.Revenue.Expenditure.Excess of Revenue over Expenditure.Amount of Excess transferred to the Public Works Fund.
 ££££
19036,447,4356,214,019233,416200,000
19047,130,1176,434,281695,836350,000
19057,347,1976,635,902711,295600,000
19067,650,0987,122,340527,758500,000
19078,478,9567,774,926704,030775,000
19089,063,9898,213,965850,024800,000
19099,001,9868,785,513216,473800,000
19109,238,9178,990,922217,995..
191110,297,2739,343,106954,167800,000
191211,061,16110,340,368720,793500,000
      Totals, 10 years85,717,12979,855,3425,861,7875,325,000

To the amount of excess revenue for the ten years must be added the sum of £270,489 brought forward from the financial year ended 31st March, 1902, making a total of £6,132,276. Deducting the total amount transferred to the Public Works Fund, there remains a balance of £807,276, which has been carried forward to the current year's account.

The total amount of excess revenue transferred to the Public Works Fund during the twenty-one financial years ended 31st March, 1912, was £8,630,000. The Minister of Finance proposes to transfer £750,000 during the year ending 31st March, 1913.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—REVENUE.

An analysis of the revenue received during each of ten financial years is made in the next table.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—REVENUE, 1902-3 TO 1911-12.
Year ended 31st March.Revenue derived fromTotal Revenue.
Taxation.Services.Crown Lands.Other Sources
 £££££
19033,277,9642,661,332252,278255,8616,447,435
19043,649,6012,910,894247,842321,7807,130,117
19053,754,3793,014,212260,021318,5857,347,197
19063,841,5963,195,849260,789351,8647,650,098
19074,264,5353,558,616250,900404,8858,478,956
19084,645,7543,793,356239,603335,2769,063,989
19094,377,7614,047,034222,857354,3349,001,986
19104,180,5164,420,096269,730368,5759,238,917
19114,837,3224,743,056310,894406,00110,297,273
19125,296,5904,937,088311,156466,32711,061,161
   Totals, 10 years42,126,03337,331,5332,676,0703,583,48885,717,129

Revenue under the head of “Taxation” includes Customs and Excise duties, land-tax, income-tax, bank-note issue, and totalizator taxes. Revenue from “Services” consists of Railway, Post and Telegraph receipts, and certain fees paid in return for special services. Revenue from “Crown Lands” includes proceeds of sales and rents. The amounts shown as “Other Sources” include miscellaneous revenue and sundry amounts recovered in respect of expenditure of previous years which are classed as revenue although, strictly speaking, they do not come under that head.

The total revenue per head of population, and the amounts per head derived from taxation and from other sources, during the past ten years are shown in the following table:—

REVENUEPER HEADOF POPULATION,' TEN YEARS.
Year.Revenue per Head derived fromTotal Revenue per Head.
Taxation.Other Sources.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
1902-34183190808
1903-44844418125
1904-54824448126
1905-64774698144
1906-741474135980
1907-8504415691510
1903-94111141709811
1909-104555359811
1910-11416115951064
1911-1253105131101611

CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITURE.

Expenditure out of the Consolidated Fund is grouped under two main headings by the Treasury, “Permanent” and “Annual.” Permanent appropriations, as the name implies, are those fixed by special Acts of the Legislature. Annual appropriations are voted each year by resolution of Parliament, and include the cost of the business undertakings of the State. In the following table this grouping has not been adopted, as it is considered more desirable to show the growth of the main items of expenditure during the last ten financial years:—

Year ended 31st March.Amount expended onTotal Expenditure.
Working Railways.Post and Telegraph.EducationInterest, &c., on Public Debt.Other Expenses.
 ££££££
19031,357,385485,860566,5681,900,9791,903,2276,214,019
19041,451,954524,500588,8601,957,9631,911,0046,434,281
19051,471,844557,535653,2721,993,7291,959,5226,635,902
19061,594,954577,115714,0712,087,2042,148,9967,122,340
19071,850,047617,270813,5802,172,0922,321,9377,774,926
19081,963,428707,146843,3112,187,4192,512,6618,213,965
19092,120,987806,293874,8182,258,3652,725,0508,785,513
19102,168,189855,862936,8752,397,4622,632,5348,990,922
19112,270,851911,529984,8542,458,4522,717,4209,343,106
19122,467,718986,5271,029,3362,656,3443,200,44310,340,368
   Totals, 10 years18,717,3577,029,6378,005,54522,070,00924,032,79479,855,342

Among the items included in “Other Expenses” is old-age pensions, which amounted to £212,962 in 1902-3 and to £386,962 in 1911-12. After deducting the amounts received by alienation of Crown lands the charges of the public debt are found to have absorbed 29.69 per cent. of the revenue in 1902-3 and 24.16 per cent. in 1911-12.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE DURING THE YEAR 1911-12.

The total receipts of the Consolidated Fund for the financial year 1911-12, including a balance of £586,483 brought forward from the previous year, were £11,647,644, and the total expenditure for the same period was £10,340,368, excluding £500,000 transferred to the Public Works Fund, leaving a balance of £807,276 to carry forward.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—RECEIPTS. 1911-12.
 £££
From taxation—
   Customs..3,279,012 
   Excise..119,131 
   Land—
      Ordinary439,398  
      Graduated205,114  
      Absentee2,503647,015 
   Income-tax..448,935 
   Death duties..361,186 
   Bank note-issue tax..48,996 
   Other taxes..392,3155,296,590
From services —
   Railways..3,665,613 
   Postal..613,252 
   Telegraph..295,334 
   Telephone..179,124 
   Other services..233,7654,987,088
Land revenue—
   Alienation..66,505 
   Rents, Crown lands..182,286 
   Net revenue from National Endowment lands (1910-11)62,365311,156 
Miscellaneous....466,327
      Total....£11,061,161

Taxation represented 47.88 per cent. of the total revenue for the year 1911-12, and services contributed 45.09 per cent. For the previous financial year the proportions were 46.98 per cent. and 4606 per cent. respectively.

The amount shown as net revenue from National Endowment lands represents the money received from that source during the previous financial year. The method adopted is to place the amount received under this head each year to a separate account, and, after deducting necessary expenses, to transfer the balance to the Consolidated Fund Account. Seventy per cent. of this balance is expended on education, and thirty per cent. on old-age pensions.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITURE, 1911-12.
Charges of the public debt (excluding interest and sinking fund charges paid out of separate accounts)££
 ..2,656,344
Pensions and allowances—
   Old-age pensions386,962 
   Widows' Pensions1,962 
   Civil and military pensions and allowances47,126 
   Civil Service, Railway, and Teachers' Superannuation Funds55,000 
  491,050
Payment to local bodies—
   Subsidies130,435 
   Endowments revenue90,407 
   Thirds and fourths rents of Crown lands32,962 
   Timber and flax royalties5,515 
   Other payments928260,247
CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITURE. 1911-12—continued.
 ££
Public instruction—
   Elementary649,268 
   Secondary and higher99,197 
   Manual and technical56,465 
   Training of teachers36,903 
   Native schools28,975 
   Industrial schools29,576 
   School buildings107,739 
   Departmental and miscellaneous21,2131,029,336
Judicial and legal—
   Administration of justice122,981 
   Police185,027 
   Prisons44,074352,082
Railways, working-expenses..2,467,718
Postal and Telegraph services..986,527
Defence (including naval defence, £100,000)..508,043
Other expenditure—
   Departmental1,527,351 
   Miscellaneous61,670 
  1,589,021
      Total..£10,340,368

A comparison of the revenue of the Consolidated Fund for the year 1911-12 with that for the previous year, the percentage of each item to the totals and the increase or decrease, as the case may be, is given in the following table:—

CONSOLIDATED FUND—REVENUEFOR 1911-12, COMPAREDWITH 1910-11.
Head of Revenue.Revenue of Consolidated Fund.Increase during 1911-12.
1910-11.Per Cent. of Total.1911-12.Per Cent. of Total.NumericalPer Cent.
 £ £ £ 
Taxation—
   Customs and Excise3,145,92930.553,398,14330.72252,2148.02
   Land628,7236.11647,0155.8518,2922.91
   Income407,2353.95448,9354.0641,70010.24
   Death duties323,7833.14361,1863.2737,40311.55
   Other taxes331,6523.22441,3113.99109,65933.06
Services—
   Railways3,483,75533.833,665,61333.14181,8585.22
   Postal603,1505.86613,2525.5410,1021.67
   Telegraph272,9132.65295,3342.6722,3918.20
   Telephone161,1731.57179,1241.6217,95111.14
   Other services222,035216233,7652.1111,7305.28
Land revenue310,8943.02311,1562.812620.08
Miscellaneous406,0013.94466,3274.2260,32614.86
   Totals10,297,273100.0011,061,161100.00763,8887.42

The expenditure of the Consolidated Fund Account for the last two financial years is presented in the next table in similar form to the above.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITUREFOR 1911-12, COMPAREDWITH 1910-11,
Head of Expenditure.Expenditure of Consolidated Fund.Increase or Decrease during 1911-12*
1910-11.Per Cent of Total.1911-12.Per Cent. of Total.Numerical.Per Cent.

*Minus sign (-) signifies decrease.

 £ £ £ 
Charges of the public debt2,453,45220.312,656,34425.69197,8928.05
Pensions and allowances486,8775.21491,0504.754,1730.86
Payment to local bodies270,3282.89260,2472.52-10,081-3.73
Public instruction984,85410.541,029,3369.9544,4824.52
Judicial and legal339,9773.64352,0523.4112,1053.56
Railways, working- expenses2,270,85124.312,467,71823.86196,8678.67
Postal and Telegraph services911,5299.76986,5279.5474,9988.23
Defence (including naval)312,2813.34508,0434.91195,76262.69
Other expenditure1,307,95714.001,589,02115.37281,06421.49
   Totals9,343,106100.0010,340,368100.00997,26210.67

PUBLIC WORKS FUND—RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE.

The receipts of this account mainly consist of the proceeds of loans raised for the construction of public works. From time to time the fund has been aided by substantial transfers of surplus revenue from the Consolidated Fund Account. The receipts for the last ten years are shown in the next table.

PUBLIC WORKS FUND.—RECEIPTS. TEN YEARS.
Financial Year.Amounts received.Total Receipts.
From Loans.Transfers from Consolidated Fund.Other Sources.
 ££££
1902-31,197,333200,0001,6171,398,950
1903-41,523,950350,0001,6641,875,614
1904-51,297,050600,00011,6331,908,683
1905-61,052,574500,0003,1941,555,768
1906-71,125,686775,00017,3951,918,081
1907-81,029,600800,00016,4541,846.054
1908-92,813,790800,00014,4803,628,270
1909-102,091,090..2,6072,093,697
1910-112,590,140800,0006,5083,396,648
1911-12744,307500,00012,1491,256,456

During the year 1908-9 the Wellington-Manawatu Railway was taken over by the Government, and a loan of £1,000,000 was raised for that purpose. In addition to the amount shown above, the sum of £3,205,000 was transferred during the years 1891-1902 from the

Consolidated Fund Account to the Public Works Fund. The next table shows the expenditure each year since 1884 upon services which are charged to the Fund. As will be seen further on the whole of what may be termed public works are not included in this account.

EXPENDITUREON SERVICESPROVIDEDFORBYTHE PUBLIC WORKS FUND.
Year.Immigration.Railways.Roads.Development of Goldfields.Telegraph Extension.Public Buildings.Lighthouses, &c.Other Services.Totals
 £££££££££
1884-8557,148663,063317,0438,02925,799117,36134,033114,2511,336,727
1885-8611,675725,496335,9049.03236,01086,859133,975136,4351,475,386
1886-8712,454615,265278,6177,66518,95289,598148,705162,2281,333,484
1887-8815,598403,726219,5191,01622,98490,52976,825135,962966,159
1888-898,791272,077106,4405512,04734,59247,593132,344613,939
1889-90867289,57284,12628116,34635,4739,43446,362482,464
1890-911,823180,02071,28982116,29222,8192,66639,026334,756
1891-92817154,416101,6052,25727,77331,7917,34762,495391,501
1892-93242220,894105,5063,81129,24531,10111,20560,502462,506
1893-94343176,304147,4185,27216,12744,0326,58810,713406,797
1894-95101247,545164,8335,86519,22954,1903,1459,578504,486
1895-90Cr. 10197,105229,5319,34535,53876,5297,41019,639575,087
1896-97301207,231237,65010,50836,79170,57911,60026,683601,343
1897-9870351,600290,77733,11729,38473,5855,29581,715865,543
1898-99105374,141295,53417,35428,551107,26715,66277,713916,327
1899-1900385417,937,53221,81526,771115,4279,026116,330993,223
1900-1214717,723315,79115,90750,101121,3646,51781,4041,309,021
1901-21401,333,941403,69015,32531,729145,60012,159200,6682,143,252
1902-3142759,753283,16924,21368,578197,45513,581167,5541,514,445
1903-4Cr. 7978,704361,84216,27847,227216,19210,863165,7281,796,841
1904-56,482811,994230,0126,25879,298116,6785,99097,4461,354,158
1905-68,7531,077,978360,76618,53377,186160,2144,946103,4431,811,819
1906-714,3531,326,792366,58111,064114,068226,9184,504104,6142,168,894
1907-89,1311,272,828331,1078,632155,491226,0356,86399,7972,109,882
1908-915,0772,278,327481,97632,859163,033285,52119,21787,8853,363,895
1909-1017,0021,279,807367,23018,598123,422276,91916,683116,7062,216,397
1910-119,4411,184,083270,64810,845111,868325,6138,427137,7662,058,691
1911-1211,6811,178,969430,64721,245147,692349,65512,576187,9152,340,380

The receipts and expenditure of the fund, including the renewal of loans maturing, during the financial year ended 31st March, 1912, were as under:—

PUBLIC WORKS FUND—RECEIPTSAND EXPENDITURE, 1911-12.
 ££
Receipts—
   Balance, 31st March, 1911..1,263,006
   Proceeds of debentures issued under Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Acts281,650 
   Temporary advances on security of debentures issued Sale of 3½-per-cent. stock350,000 66,950
   Proceeds of debentures issued under the Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act, 19105,190 
   Proceeds of debentures issued under the Government Railways Amendment Act, 191058,850 
   Receipts under sections 17 and 18 of the Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement Act, 19106,667744,307
   Other receipts..12,149
   Debentures issued for redemptions and renewals..1,027,650
   Transfer from Consolidated Fund..500,000
   Total..£3,547,112
Expenditure—
   Railways1,173,969 
   Roads430,647 
   Public buildings349,655 
   Telegraph extension147,692 
   Contingent Defence10,437 
   Immigration11,681 
   Development of Goldfields21,245 
   Lighthouses, harbour works, and harbour defences12,576 
   Tourist and Health resorts13,361 
   Lands Improvement20,876 
   Development of Water power9,082 
   Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers improvement6,996 
   Departmental49,863 
   Charges and expenses of raising and renewing loans73,506 
   Miscellaneous3,794 
 ..2,340,380
   Debentures redeemed and renewed..1,021,614
   Balance, 31st March, 1912..185,118
       Total..£3,547,112

The expenditure on roads out of the Public Works Fund does not comprise all of the moneys spent under that head by the general Government. Between 1896-97 and 1910-11 the sum of £469,236 was expended on construction of roads to open up Crown lands out of the moneys raised for loans to local bodies. The amount charged each year to the account is as follows:—

EXPENDITUREOUTOF LOANSTO LOCAL BODIES ACCOUNTON CONSTRUCTIONOF ROADS 1896-97 to 1910-11.
Year.Amount expended.
 £
1897-9818,770
1898-9916,972
1899-1000.31,363
1900-137,390
1901-231,979
1902-318,578
1903-425,753
1904-528,895
1905-638,801
1906-747,371
1907-838,524
1908-954,713
1909-1040,307
1910-1139,820
   Total£469,236

Further expenditure on the construction of roads to open up Crown Lands includes amounts of £45,690 in 1910-11 and £19,739 in 1911-12 charged to the Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account.

The roading of lands purchased for closer settlement is made a charge upon the Land for Settlements Account, and is included in the value upon which the rentals of those lands are based. The reclamation by drainage and opening up by means of roads of an area of the Hauraki Plains is provided for out of moneys borrowed for that purpose and shown in a separate account.

SEPARATE ACCOUNTS OF FUNDS.

The accounts included under this heading in some cases comprise revenue of different kinds mixed up with loan-money, while others' are merely records of transactions which of their nature cannot be considered as properly belonging to the Public Account. Among the former may be counted the State Forests and State Coal-mines Accounts, and among the latter the accounts of local bodies, which consist of revenue collected on behalf of and paid over to local authorities, and the Deposit Accounts, consisting partly of moneys held in trust and partly of moneys held in suspense for various reasons. The transactions of these accounts or funds are shown in the tables following.

The Hauraki Plains Settlement Account.

An Act of the General Assembly passed in 1908, authorizes the construction of works necessary for the drainage, reclamation, and opening up for settlement of a block of swampy land, part of the Hauraki Plains. The Act provides for borrowing the funds required to carry out the work, and that the future revenues of the land recovered shall be applied to the repayment of the moneys so raised. The transactions for the last four years and the total to date are given in the following table:—

HeadYear ended 31st March,Total to 31st March,1912.
1909.1910.1911.1912.
 £££££
Receipts—
   Land Sales, Leases, &c.....6,0144,66010,674
   Transfers from Local Bodies Account12,00019,000....31,000
   Advances made by New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office..10,00040,00020,00070,000
   Totals12,00029,00046,01424,660111,674
Expenditure—
   Reclamation, drainage, and road- construction11,67222,23529,60737,142100,656
   Payment of principal and interest....8342,6623,496
   Totals11,67222,23530,44139,804104,152

Land for Settlements Account.

The operations of this account during each of the five financial years ended 31st March, 1908-12, and the total transactions to the latter date, are shown in the following table:—

PUBLIC FINANCE
Head.Year ended 31st March.Total to 31st March,1912.
1908.1909.1910.1911.1912.
 ££££££
Receipts—
   Loans raised390,690566,020915,735....5,877,912
   Advances made by New Zealand State- guaranteed Advances Office......33,000407,500440,500
   Rents, &c.249,273276,480281,359285,543293,8692,570,417
      Total receipts639,963842,5001,197,094318,543701,3698,888,829
Expenditure—
   Land purchases565,728339,630260,793158,790381,4835,948,071
   Roading, &c.47,96742,36735,43125,62324,140537,875
   Interest on loans209,061215,535217,164224,144223,1491,996,437
   Payment to sinking fund54,46557,96358,77959,07963,151343,605
      Total expenditure877,221655,495572,167467,642691,9208,825,988

The annual contributions to the sinking fund are paid to the Public Trustee for investment. The amount accrued on 31st March, 1912, was £378,710.

Native Land Settlement Account, 1911-12.
 £
Receipts.
Amount received from State- guaranteed Advances Office254,500
Amount received for surveys8,185
Rents, &c.2,116
       Total£264,801
Expenditure.
Native land purchases383
Expenditure under the Act284,109
Interest and sinking fund9,783
Advances to Maori Land Boards (sec. 274 of Act)10,500
       Total£304,775
Loans to Local Bodies Account.
Receipts.£
Receipts.
Proceeds, sale of debentures for redemption of debentures matured50,000
Refunds, unexpended balance of loans1,797
   Total£51,797
Expenditure.
Advances to local authorities13,405
Debentures matured and redeemed50,000
   Total£63,405
Opening up Grown Lands for Settlement Account.
 £
Receipts.
Advances made by State- guaranteed Advances Office61,250
   Total£61,250
Expenditure.
Roads to open up Crown lands49,739
   Total£49,739

Notional Endowment Account.

Under the Land Act, 1908, the net revenues from certain areas of Crown lands are to be applied to educational purposes and to payment of old-age pensions in the proportion of 70 per cent. and 30 per cent. in each case respectively. From the gross revenue is to be deducted any expenditure which may be incurred in the construction of roads, and also any sums which by law have been appropriated to local authorities out of the rents. The method adopted in dealing with the funds is to keep a separate account of all receipts and disbursements during the financial year, and at the end of that period to allocate the balance to the purposes stated above. The transactions during the year ended 31st March, 1912, were,—

 £
Receipts.
Rents, &c.91,096
   Total£91,096
Expenditure.
Construction of roads6,554
Payment to local authorities, &c.87,245
   Total£93,799
Treasury Bills Account.
 £
Dr.
Treasury Bills outstanding at beginning of year
Issued during year500,000
Renewed during year200,000
   Total£700,000
Cr.
Treasury Bills renewed during year200,000
Paid off during year500,000
Outstanding at end of year..
   Total£700,000
State Forests Account.
 £
Receipts.
Rents from lands set apart1,583
Timber royalties and miscellaneous receipts33,615
Contribution from Consolidated Fund5,000
   Total£40,198
Expenditure.
Expenses of nurseries, tree- planting and forest conservation22,811
   Total£22,811
Naval Defence Act Account.
 £
Receipts.
Naval Defence Act, 1909—
   Advances on the security of debentures issued under the Act150,000
   Instalments received in respect of £1,250,000 loan authorized129,750
   Interest on overdue instalments2
   3½ - per - cent. Inscribed Stock to cover expenses of loan47,822
   Total£327,574
Expenditure.
Expenditure under the Act605,711
The New Zealand Loans Act, 1908—
   Charges and expenses48,030
   Total£653,741
Scenery Preservation Account.
 £
Receipts.
Debentures issued5,000
Debentures matured and renewed30,000
   Total35,000
Expenditure.
Purchase of land, survey, and incidental expenses5,758
Debentures matured and renewed30,000
   Total£35,758
Local Bodies Account.
 £
Receipts.
Revenue received on account of local bodies—
   Fees, fines, &c.12,825
   Endowments of laud, &c.20,099
   Goldfields revenue17,460
   Gold duty25,931
Counties separate account ..65
Advance Account—
   Amounts repaid by local bodies40,723
   Total£117,103
Expenditure.
Revenue paid over to local bodies78,801
Counties separate account44
Advance Account—
   Sundry payments made on behalf of local bodies27,439
   Total£106,284

This account deals with revenue collected for and paid over to local authorities, also sundry payments made on behalf of such authorities and refunded by them.

Deposit Accounts.
 £
Receipts.
Lodgments435,437
   Total£435,437
Expenditure.
Withdrawals389,392
   Total£389,392

This account consists of moneys to be applied to specific purposes under various Acts, collections on behalf of local institutions, and miscellaneous items in suspense.

Conversion Account.
 £
Dr.
3½-per-cent. Inscribed Stock—
   Issued for conversion of debentures449,720
   Issued for expenses of conversion713
   Total£ 450,433
Cr.
Scrip a nd Debentures converted into 3½-per-cent. Inscribed Stock—
   Amount converted438,700
   Premiums11,020
Expenses Account—
   Brokerage and commission39
   Stamp duty2,973
   Discount579
   Rent and office expenses507
   Total£453,818
Rangitaiki Land Drainage Account.
 £
Receipts.
Receipts under the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Act, 1910605
   Total£605
Expenditure.
Expenditure under the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Act 191012,140
   Total£12,140
Bank of New Zealand Act, 1903, Account
 £
Dr.
Investment Account500,000
   Total£500,000
Cr.
75,000 preference shares issued by the Bank of New Zealand500,000
   Total£500,000
Reserve Fund Account.
 £
Dr.
Investment Account800,000
   Total£800,000
Cr.
Securities800,000
   Total£600,000
New Zealand Consols Account.
 £
Dr.
Cash in Deposit Account2
Investment Account462,165
Deposits inscribed during year 1911-1211,945
   Total£474,112
Cr.
Cash in Deposit Account7
Investment Account474,105
   Total£474,112
Cheviot Estate Account.
 £
Receipts.
Rents from land14,375
   Total£14,375
Expenditure.
Interest on loan8,866
Roading, &c.39
   Total£8,905
State Coal-mines.
 £
Receipts.
Proceeds of sale of coal213,921
Debentures issued20,000
   Total£233,921
Expenditure.
Working-expenses and development233,461
Interest on debentures4,550
   Total£238,011

The working account of the State coal-mines and trading account of the depots, and the capital account, are shown further on in this section.

STATEMENT OF BALANCES ON 31ST MARCH, 1912.

The cash balances and investments of the foregoing accounts, as on 31st March, 1912, are shown in the following table:—

Account.Cash.Investments.Total.
£££
Cr.
Consolidated Fund, ordinary revenue807,276..807,276
State Forests31,587..31,587
State Coal-mines23,479..23,479
Scenery-preservation2,164..2,164
Naval Defence Act304,303..301,363
Local Bodies7,812..7,812
Deposit Accounts226,216..226,216
Public Works Fund (proper)82,580..82,580
Hutt Railway and Road Improvement2,299..2,299
Railways Improvements567..567
Waihou and Oninemuri Rivers Improvement39,67160,00099,671
Native Land Settlement4,348..4,348
Land for Settlements66,040..66,040
Maori Land Settlement Act3,844..3,844
Cheviot Estate18,24250,00068,242
Loans to Local Bodies7,257..7,257
Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement20,086..20,086
Hauraki Plains Settlement7,522..7,522
National Endowment Account63,446..63,446
Rangitaiki Land Drainage14,180..14,180
Conversion AccountDr. 1,231..Dr. 1,231
New Zealand Consols7474,105474,112
Reserve Fund..800,000800,000
Bank of New Zealand (preference shares)..500,000500,000
   Totals1,731,7551,884,1053,615,860

The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances, State Fire and Accident Accounts are not included in the above statement. These funds, as well as those of the Government Life Insurance Department, the Commissioners of the Public Debts Sinking Funds, and Public Trust Office, are administered directly by the Boards or officials of the Departments concerned.

STATE COAL-MINES.

STATEMENT showing the TRANSACTIONS in connection with the working of. STATE COAL-MINES and DEPOTS for the Year ended 31st March, 1912.

Point Elizabeth Colliery
 £
Dr.
Sales154,743
Stocks at mine and afloat2,351
Rents21
 157,115
Cr.
Stocks on hand, 1st April, 19112,747
Working-expenses73,066
Marine freights, wharfage, and railway haulage, &c.74,189
Depreciation3,149
 153,151
Seddonville Colliery.
 £
Dr.
Sales40,371
Stocks at wharf and afloat693
 41,064
Cr.
Stocks, 1st April, 1911678
Working-expenses16,979
Marine freight, wharfage, and railway haulage, &c.21,342
Depreciation1,202
 40,201
Briquette Plant
 £
Dr.
Sales3,442
 3,442
Cr.
Stocks, 1st April, 191152
Working-expenses2,570
Haulage and freight, &c.1,709
Depreciation728
 5,059
Wellington Depot.
 £
Dr.
Sales36,630
Stocks on hand1,259
 37,889
Cr.
Stocks, 1st April, 19111,619
Purchase coal, coke, and wood27,074
Trading-expenses9,994
Depreciation150
 38,837
Christchurch Depot.
 £
Dr.
Sales35,205
Stocks on hand1,695
 36,900
Cr.
Stocks, 1st April, 19112,842
   Purchase coal, coke, and wood26,398
Trading-expenses9,015
Depreciation289
 38,544
Wanganui Depot.
 £
Dr.
Sales10,098
Stocks on hand802
 10,900
Cr.
Stocks, 1st April, 19111,149
Purchase coal, coke, and wood6,984
Trading-expenses2,652
Depreciation82
 10,867
Dunedin Depot.
 £
Dr.
Sales7,570
Stocks on hand1,033
 8,603
Grand total all accounts£295,913
Cr.
Stocks, 1st April, 1911848
Purchase coal, coke, and wood5,634
Trading-expenses2,582
Depreciation94
 9,158
All accounts295,817
Profit96
Grand total all accounts£295,913
STATE COAL-MINESAND DEPOTS. RECEIPTS and EXPENDITURE for the Year ended 31st March, 1912.
 £
Receipts.
Cash in hand and Public Account at 31st March, 191127,511
Debentures issued20,000
Sales of coal, &c.219,332
Refunds9
 £266,852
Expenditure.
Development and plant, No. 2 Mine, at Point Elizabeth32,536
Wages, mines and briquette- works78,943
Freight and haulage81,805
Other expenditure59,597
Balance, 31st March, 191213,971
 £266,852
LIABILITIES and ASSETS as on 31st March, 1912.
 £
Liabilities.
Debenture loans150,000
Sundry creditors17,550
Accrued interest2,389
Debenture Sinking Fund13,200
Reserve Fund10,227
Balance50,648
 £244,014
Assets.
Point Elizabeth Colliery No. 1— Property58,771
   Stores and stock on hand4,106
Point Elizabeth Colliery No. 2—
   Colliery property90,146
Seddonville Colliery—
   Colliery property21,675
   Briquette plant13,111
   Stores and stock on hand1,007
   Boring and prospecting2,966
Hulks1,386
Depots—
   Property11,253
   Stocks on hand4,790
Sundry debtors20,832
Cash in hand and Public Account, less unpresented cheques13,971
 £ 244,014

AID TO PUBLIC WORKS AND LAND SETTLEMENT.

The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1910, authorized the raising of sums not exceeding £1,750,000 altogether, by debentures or scrip, or by the creation or issue of inscribed stock, under the provisions of the New Zealand Loans Act, 1908, in the Dominion or elsewhere.

Instalments amounting to £1,568,350, in respect of the loan authorized were received during the financial year ending 31st March, 1911, and the balance, £181,650, during 1911-12.

The money obtained under this Act is applied to the following purposes:—

 £
1. Railways—
   Railway-construction800,000
   Additional rolling-stock, &c, for open lines350,000
2. Land-settlement and goldfields-development—
   Construction of roads, tracks, and bridges to open up backblocks, developing goldfields, and other work in connection therewith500,000
3. For other public works100,000
 £1,750,000

SUBSECTION B.-TAXATION.

TOTAL TAXATION.

ALL revenue collected by means of taxation is applied to general purposes. Customs duties on imported goods, excise duties on beer, and also on a few minor items, constitute the indirect taxation, land and income taxes, death duties, a tax on bank-note issues, duty on cheques and receipts for payments being the main source of revenue by direct taxation. Particulars of the collections during the past ten years, under the main headings, are shown in the following table:—

Year.Amount of Taxation derived fromTotal.
Customs and Excise Duties.Land-taxIncome- tax.Death Duties.Other Taxes.
 ££££££
1902-32,426,043296,062200,684118,003237,1723,277,964
1903-42,698,046334,991221,369142,917252,2783,649,601
1904-52,728,193352,854253,952174,805241,5753,754,379
1905-62,795,516385,756261,816127,174271,3043,841,596
1906-73,048,622447,342277,867191,509299,2154,264,555
1907-83,217,538537,846304,905246,032339,4334,645,754
1908-92,917,462604,901321,044260,238274,1164,377,761
1909-102,786,490642,270310,835192,014242,9074,180,516
1910-113,145,929628,723407,235323,783331,6524,837,322
1911-123,398,143647,015448,935361,186441,3115,296,590

The percentage under each heading to the total amount collected for each year is as under :—

Year.Proportion per Cent. derived from
Customs and Excise Duties.Land-tax.Income-tax.Death Duties.Other Direct Taxes.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
1902-374.019.036.123.607.24
1903-473.939.186.063.926.91
1904-572.679.406.764.666.51
1905-672.7710.046.823.317.06
1906-771.4910.496.514.497.02
1907-869.2611.586.565.297.31
1908-966.6413.827.335.956.26
1909-1065.6315.137.464.527.26
1910-1165.0313.008.426.696.86
1911-1264.1012.218.486.828.33

INDIRECT TAXATION.

During the year ended 31st March, 1912, the sum of £3,279,012 was collected, after deduction of drawbacks, for duty on imported goods, and £119,131 for excise duties, a total of £3,398,143. The amount of revenue derived from these sources for each of the past ten years is shown below.

Year.Customs Duties.Excise Duties.Total.
 £££
1902-32,335,64390,4002,426,043
1903-42,601,32596,7212,698,046
1904-52,631,98396,2102,728,193
1905-62,697,41198,1352,795,546
1906-72,941,040107,5823,048,622
1907-83,103,565113,9733,217,538
1908-92,801,248116,2142,917,462
1909-102,671,121115,3692,786,490
1910-113,027,829118,1003,145,929
1911-123,279,012119,1313,398,143

The increase for the period shown above is £972.100 or 40.07 per cent. There was an increase in the collection for 1911-12 as compared with the previous year of 802 per cent.

Classification of Customs Duties.

Statistics of the various kinds of goods imported are available only for the calendar year, so that in order to present a classification of the duties levied on imports under separate headings it is necessary to adopt the figures for that period. The tables hereunder show the amounts collected at intervals of five years, 1891-1906, and for the years 1908, 1909, 1910 and 1911, also the proportion that each class bears to the total.

PRINCIPAL CLASSICSOF IMPORTSFROMWHICH CUSTOMS REVENUEDERIVED.
Year.Amount of Duty derived fromTotal.
Foods and Nonalcoholic Drinks.Clothing and Textiles.Alcoholic Drinks and Tobacco.All other Articles.
 £££££
1891312,809276,072651,680320,1411,560,702
1896329,622322,947715,019400,2641,707,852
1901321,625434,112928,176512,8532,196,766
1906369,964610,8731,130,837787,4292,899,103
1908130,116621,7701,233,297917,9032,903,086
1909104,374562,2341,205,691781,3172,053,616
1910127,329620,8881,255,886950,8862,954,989
1911147,456682,7101,286,6011,048,8903,165,657
PERCENTAGEOFEACH CLASSTOTHE TOTAL DUTYCOLLECTED.
Year.Percentage of Total Duty collected on
Food and Nonalcoholic Drinks.Clothing and Textiles.Alcoholic Drinks and Tobacco.All other Articles.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
189120.0517.6041.7520.51
189618.6418.2740.4522.64
190114.6419.7642.2523.35
190612.7621.0739.0127.16
19084.4821.4242.4831.62
19093.9321.1945.4429.44
19104.3121.0142.5032.18
19114.6621.5740.6433.13

The customs tariff was revised in 1907, and it will be noticed that since then there has been a great decrease in the duties levied on foods and non-alcoholic drinks. Of the total for 1911 classed under this heading the items confectionery, preserved fish, flour, bottled and preserved fruits, jams and jellies, sauces, cocoa, and chocolate account for £91,651, or 62 per cent. of the duty collected.

DIRECT TAXATION.

Revenue by direct taxation is partly derived from a land-tax, ordinary, graduated, and absentee, levied on the unimproved value, and partly from a tax on all incomes above £300 per annum. The operation of these taxes is fully described in Part III of this volume. Death duties form the principal item of the total taxation collected by means of stamps. Particulars of the revenue derived from these sources during the past ten years are given in the next table.

REVENUEDERIVEDFROM DIRECT TAXATION, TEN YEARS.
Year.Revenue derived fromTotal
Land-tax.Income- tax.Other Taxes.
Ordinary.Graduated.Absentee.
 ££££££
1902-3217,30777,832923200,684355,175851,921
1903-1232,77498,6813,536221,369395,195951,555
1904-5254,72694,7033,425253,952419,3801,026,186
1905-6277,144104,9493,663261,816398,4781,046,050
1906-7317,176125,9294,237277,867490,7241,215,933
1907-8346,166186,0005,680304,905585,4651,428,216
1908-9389,844209,2485,809321,044534,3541,460,299
1909-10417,668220,0444,558316,835434,9211,394,026
1910-11416,426209,4932,804407,235655,4351,691,393
1911-12439,398205,1142,503448,935802,4971,898,447

During the above period the total amount of revenue from direct taxation increased by £1,046,526 or 122.84 per cent., land-tax increased by £350,953 or 118.54 per cent., income-tax by £248,251 or 12370 per cent., and other taxes by £447,322 or 125.94 per cent.

The total number of land- and income-tax payers for each of the past ten years was,—

NUMBEROF TAXPAYERS.
Year.Land-tax.Income-tax.
1902-318,8697,589
1903-420,8658,258
1904-523,8958,934
1905-624,2468,993
1906-727,4029,540
1907-828,99110,420
1903-930,85510,839
1909-1033,16211,175
1910-1133,51611,303
1911-1235,27312,207

Land-tax payers increased by 16,404 or 86.94 per cent, and income - tax payers by 4,618 or 6085 per cent. during the period shown.

DEATH DUTIES.

Estate Duty.

Under the Death Duties Act, 1909, an estate duty is levied upon the final balance of all property of a deceased person which is situated in New Zealand at his death in excess of the value of £500. In the case of any estate the final balance of which does not exceed £10,000, any interest acquired by the wife of the deceased up to the value of £5,000 is exempt from estate duty, but the rate of duty on the whole estate must be determined before the deduction is made. The following is the scale of duties:—

Net Value of Estate.Kate of Duty.
      £500 but not exceeding £1,0001 per cent.
   £1,000 but not exceeding £2,0002 per cent.
   £2,000 but not exceeding £3,0002½ per cent.
   £3,000 but not exceeding £4,0003 per cent.
   £4,000 but not exceeding £5,0003⅓ per cent.
   £5,000 but not exceeding £6,0003⅔ per cent.
   £6,000 but not exceeding £7,0004 per cent.
   £7,000 but not exceeding £8,0004⅓ per cent.
   £8,000 but not exceeding £9,0004⅔ per cent.
   £9,000 but not exceeding £10,0005 per cent.
£10,000 but not exceeding £12,0005⅓ per cent.
£12,000 but not exceeding £14,0005⅔ per cent.
£14,000 but not exceeding £16,0006 per cent.
£16,000 but not exceeding £18,0006⅓. per cent.
£18,000 but not exceeding £20,0006⅔ per cent.
£20,000 but not exceeding £25,0007 per cent.

On estates exceeding £25,000 the rate of duty progresses by one- third of one per cent. for each successive £5,000, but the maximum rate shall not exceed 15 per cent. Personal property of persons domiciled in New Zealand is liable to estate duty wherever situated.

Succession Duty.

Succession duty is payable by any person who acquires a beneficial interest in the estate of a deceased person either by will or by intestacy, according to the following scale:—

  1. By wife, child, grandchild, or other descendant of deceased. If the value of the succession does not exceed £20,000 no duty is payable, but if the value is in excess of that amount a tax of 2 per cent. is levied on the total value, but the duty payable shall not be greater than the amount by which the succession exceeds £20,000.

  2. By husband, 2 per cent.

  3. By relatives in any degree more remote than the fourth, 5 per cent.

  4. In all other cases 10 per cent.

In regard to the last three mentioned cases no duty shall be payable in respect of any succession the value of which does not exceed £200, and the duty payable on any succession in excess of that sum shall not be greater than the amount by which the succession exceeds £200.

Excepting in the first case mentioned above, if the value of the succession exceeds £20,000, any such excess is charged with double the rate of the ordinary duty. Charitable trusts are exempt from succession duty.

Gift Duty.

A gift means any disposition of property which is made otherwise than by will, whether with or without an instrument in writing, without fully adequate consideration in money or its equivalent. The duty payable is as follows:—

  1. On a gift which together with the value of all other gifts made at the same time, or within twelve months previously or subsequently by the same donor to the same or any other beneficiary, otherwise than by way of a charitable trust, does not exceed the value of £1,000, no duty shall be charged.

  2. On gifts exceeding the value of £1,000, 5 percent. Antenuptial marriage settlements and charitable gifts are exempt from duty.

Death duties are due and payable to the Commissioner of Stamps within six months from the death of the deceased, and gift duties at the time the gift is made.

LOCAL TAXATION.

Local governing authorities have power, under various Acts of the legislature, to impose taxes for general or special purposes. These powers are fully set out in Section IX of this book. The

amount of revenue collected for local purposes during ten years is shown below.

Year.Local Revenue derived fromTotal.
General Rates.Special and Separate Rates.Licenses and other Taxes.
 ££££
1901-2548,859251,61196,354800,824
1902-3581,463265,252103,197949,912
1903-4640,475309,675100,7861,050,936
1904-5704,315315,116101,0471,121,378
1905-6817,443333,777106,0051,258,125
1906-7889,711343,337105,4881,338,536
1907-8949,139407,119110,3401,466,598
1908-9970,225420,473111,1051,501,803
1909-101,058,447467,860108,4701,634,777
1910-111,118,112474,489108,2341,700,835

The period comprehended in the above table was marked by exceptional activity in local enterprise, the necessary funds being provided partly out of general rates, but mainly by borrowing, interest on loans and payments to sinking funds being secured in most cases by special rates. The increase in the amount of general rates collected during the ten years was £569,253 or 10372 per cent., special and separate rates increased by £222,878 or 88.58 per cent., and total rates by £792,131 or 98.96 per cent. Licenses and other taxes show an increase for the ten years of £11,880 or 12.33 per cent.

SUBSECTION C—PUBLIC DEBT.

EARLY in the history of the settlement of New Zealand the necessity for financial assistance to open up the forest-clad, rugged country was made apparent. In the year 1856 the first Loan Act was passed by the General Assembly, and under that authority £500,000 was raised. In addition to the requirements for necessary initial public works, the opposition to settlement by the Maoris, resulting in active hostilities, compelled considerable borrowing. At the conclusion of the Maori war the work of road and railway construction was mainly carried on under the administration of Provincial Councils, who exercised control over expenditure within their respective districts, the General Government being responsible for undertakings of a national character. Under this system of divided responsibility no general and comprehensive scheme of public works could be carried out.

Up to the end of the year 1870 the General Government had borrowed £4,543,316, while the debt of the Provincial Councils amounted to £3,298,575. In that year the General Government brought forward a public works and immigration policy, by which it was proposed to raise a loan of ten millions for the construction of main trunk railways, roads, and other public works of importance to the country as a whole, as well as for the promotion of settlement on a large scale, the expenditure to be spread over a period of ten years. This policy was accepted by the Legislature, and embodied in the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870. The necessity for local railways and other works soon caused the original proposals to be exceeded and to a far greater amount than was at first contemplated. Broadly stated, the system of opening up the lands in advance of settlement was adopted, the State retaining the ownership and control of facilities for transport and communication.

In 1892 the General Government began the repurchase of lands already alienated. The money required for this purpose has been borrowed, but the rentals obtained by the leasing of the lands are sufficient for the payment of interest and sinking fund on the amount raised. In 1894 the Advances to Settlers Act was passed, authorizing the raising of loans for advances on the security of real estate. This was followed by the Advances to Workers Act in 1894. A considerable amount has been borrowed for these purposes, but both interest and sinking funds are derived from the special revenues, and thus are not a charge upon the Consolidated Fund. In order to assist local governing bodies to obtain money at low rates of interest the General Government has borrowed nearly five millions. Under this scheme the advances are repaid to the State by instalments.

The money composing the debt has been borrowed on the security of the public revenues. No portion of the public estate is pledged for payment of either principal or interest.

The Minister of Finance may raise loans when authorized by Parliament so to do, by the issue of debentures, or scrip, or stock, in New Zealand or elsewhere at his discretion, and may prescribe the mode and conditions of repayment of loans, the rates of interest (not exceeding the maximum rate fixed by the authorizing Act), and the times and places of the payment of principal and interest respectively. Power is given to convert debentures or scrip into consolidated stock, and the Minister may specify the terms of conversion at the time when a loan is raised, or arrange that terms shall be subsequently agreed upon. For the purpose of paying off or renewing at maturity any debenture, scrip, or other security, new debentures or other securities may be issued and disposed of if necessary. The purposes for which loans have been raised may be classed under four heads, viz.:—

  1. Directly reproductive undertakings of the State.

  2. Investments,

  3. Indirectly productive public utilities, and

  4. Unproductive.

The amounts expended on or allocated to each item included in the above category to the 31st March, 1912, are as follows:—

EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC DEBT.

 ££
(a.) Directly Reproductive undertakings,—
   Railways26,154,97028,641,796
   Telegraphs and telephones1,601,767
   Lighthouses and harbours586,942
   State coal-mines150,000
   Tourist and health resorts142,197
   Development of water-power3,920
   State fire insurance2,000
(b.) Investments,—
   New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances—
      Lands for Settlements Branch6,318,63825,556,881
      Advances to Settlers Branch7,767,881
      Advances to Workers Branch1,435,934
      Local Authorities Branch1,597,000
      Native Land Settlement Branch436,100
      Guaranteed Mining Advances Branch5,000
   Purchase of Native lands2,715,217
   Loans to Local Bodies3,507,000
   Investment of New Zealand consols474,111
   Bank of New Zealand preference shares500,000
   Reserve Fund securities800,000
(c.) Indirectly productive,—
   Roads, bridges, and land-improvement7,240,67610,599,00
   Immigration2,477,119
   Development of goldfields and coal-mines881,210
(d.) Unproductive,—
   Public buildings5,643,91219,556,231
   Maori war2,357,000
   Defence3,369,952
   Scenery-preservation45,000
   Deficiencies in revenue, charges, and expenses of raising loans, increase by conversion, &c, provincial liabilities, and miscellaneous8,140,367
      Total£84,353,913

Only a portion of the expenditure of the Old Provincial Councils on railways became public debt. The estimated total expenditure on railway-construction by the Provincial and General Governments to the 31st March, 1912, was £32,689,179, which includes £1,104,281 spent by the Provincial Councils, £82,259 being for the Dunedin and Port Chalmers line.

In the above table any unexpended balances have been allocated to those purposes for which the loans were raised or to those purposes on which the money will be most probably expended. The proportion per cent. of each class to the total debt is as follows:—

Class.Amount.Percentage of Total.
 £ 
(a.) Reproductive expenditure28,641,79633.95
(b.) Investments25,556,88130.30
(c.) Indirectly productive expenditure10,599,00512.57
(d.) Unproductive expenditure19,556,23123.18
      Total84,353,913100.00

The directly interest-earning portion represents 64.25 per cent. of the total debt, and is represented by assets which are of much greater value than the amount of borrowed money spent upon them, a considerable amount of surplus ordinary revenue having been expended from time to time on railways and other public services, as well as other moneys of the nature of special receipts.

The gross and net indebtedness of the General Government, the amount of sinking fund accrued, and the rate of indebtedness per

head of population, for each of the past twenty-two years, is given in the following table:—

31st March.Estimated or Census Population.Amount of Debentures and Stock in Circulation.Gross Indebtedness per Head of European Population.Amount of Sinking Fund accrued.Net Indebtedness.Net Indebtedness per Head of European Population.
 ££s.d.£££s.d.
1891626,65838,830,350611941,487,04237,343,308591110
1892637,17238,713,068601481,037,86237,675,2065920
1893656,18739,257,840591671,113,77038,144,0705827
1894676,74739,826,41558170951,92438,874,49157810
1895689,47540,386,96458116751,93239,635,0325799
1896703,18743,050,7806145778,89142,271,8896024
1897717,64944,366,61861165814,29443,552,32460139
1898731,71344,963,4246190881,90344,081,52160411
1899746,67346,938,00662173857,27946,080,72761144
1900758,61647,874,4526322914,37546,930,07761173
1901772,71949,591,24564371,033,49448,557,751621610
1902789,09452,966,447670111,128,81651,837,63165124
1903814,84255,899,019681201,357,73954,541,28066188
1904838,95457,522,215681141,500,68756,021,52866156
1905864,97159,912,00069541,650,71858,201,2826772
1906899,96862,191,040691771,661,51960,529,5216803
1907913,87364,179,04070472,042,06862,136,972671910
1908937,58766,453,897701761,268,36165,185,53669106
1909968,31370,938,53473521,479,22469,459,31071148
1910987,48174,890,6457516101,503,22573,387,4207464
19111,008,46831,078,122807111,754,48679,323,63678132
19121,031,50084,353,913811572,160,60382,193,31079138

In previous issues of the Year-book, in addition to the customary deduction made for sinking funds accrued, the gross debt was further reduced for the years 1903 to 1911 by taking off the amount of Government securities in which the New Zealand Consols deposits are invested, as well as the value of the preference shares held by the Government in the Bank of. New Zealand (£500,000); for the years 1908 to 1911, the cost-price of securities (£800,000 purchased for a reserve to meet any unexpected financial contingency was also similarly deducted from the gross debt. For 1912, however, the Government has decided that as these items are not strictly sinking funds proper they should not be included in official statements of the Dominion's sinking funds, and they are now accordingly omitted. In order that the above table may show a proper comparison of the growth of the accrued sinking fund, the total net indebtedness, and the net indebtedness per head of population, the last three columns have been recast for the years 1903 to 1911, the figures for all the years shown being thus put on the same basis.

In regard to the investments of New Zealand Consols deposits in Government securities, it may be stated that the amounts so invested during the past ten years were as follows:—

Year ended 31st March,Amount.
 £
1903455,500
1904457,200
1905357,650
1906359,050
1907360,425
1908360,575
1909377,765
1910308,840
1911335,240
1912347,180

These sums represent the amount of the public debt held by the New Zealand Government itself for those years.

INCREASE OF PUBLIC DEBT.

The increase of the public debt during 1911-12 was £3,275,791, as shown in the next table.

ALLOCATIONOF LOANSRAISEDDURING 1911-12.
 ££
(a) Directly reproductive undertakings—
   Railways362,687438,607
   Telegraphs and telephones45,202
   Lighthouses and harbours3,849
   Tourist and health resorts4,089
   State coal-mines20,000
   Water-power development2,780
(b) Investments—
   New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances—
      Land for Settlements Branch410,7002,167,810
      Advances to Settlers Branch792,946
      Advances to Workers Branch471,169
      Local Authorities Branch222,000
      Native Land Settlement Branch254,050
      Guaranteed Mining Advances Branch5,000
   New Zealand Consols11,945
(c) Indirectly productive works—
      Roads and bridges and land improvement137,834147,911
      Immigration3,575
      Development of goldfields and coal-mines6,502
(d) Unproductive—
      Public buildings107,014521,463
      Defence282,944
      Scenery-preservation5,000
      Cost of loan conversions126,505
 £3,275,791

Increase of Debt, 1891-1912.

The financial year 1890-91 has been selected as the basis of comparison, because that year marks the beginning of a period during which the functions of the State have been widely extended, most notably as regards financial assistance to settlers and workers, the repurchase of alienated lands, the working of coalmines, and the establishment of State fire and accident insurance offices. In every department these new activities, as well as the

old, have been directly successful, while the indirect benefits, though admittedly great, are incapable of measurement.

While the annual interest-charge per head of population has not increased during the past twenty-one years, the burden is more easily borne owing to the increased proportion of producers in the population, and also to the greater ability of the taxpayer. A considerable portion of the annual interest on the debt, although paid out of the Consolidated Fund, does not fall upon the whole taxpaying community, the net revenue of the railways being sufficient to meet the interest on the money borrowed for their construction and equipment.

The increase of the gross public debt since the 31st March, 1891, amounts to £45,523,563. A schedule of items composing this sum is subjoined. It shows the purposes to which the money raised has been or is being devoted. One of the largest items is £7,767,881 raised for advances to settlers, which represents investments by the Government bearing interest and lent on continually improving security, the principal being repaid by instalments. Other items which may be considered as interest-bearing investments are those under the heads “Land-settlement,” “Native-land purchases,” “Loans to local bodies,” “Lands improvement,” “N.Z. Consols,” “Advances to workers,” “Bank of N.Z. preferred shares,” and “Reserve Fund securities.”

 ££
Gross public debt, 31st March, 191284,353,913
Gross public debt, 31st March, 189138,830,350
   Increase£45,523,563
Railways11,574,970 
Advances to settlers7,767,881
Lands for settlements6,318,638
Loans to local bodies4,779,000
Public buildings3,843,912
Roads and bridges2,134,676
Defence1,731,952
Advances to workers1,435,934
Purchase of Native lands1,169,217
Telegraphs and telephones832,767
Reserve Fund securities800,000
Bank of New Zealand shares500,000
New Zealand Consols474,111
Native Land Settlement436,100
Goldfields and coalfields development315,210
State coal-mines150,000
Tourist and health resorts142,197
Harbours and lighthouses102,942
Scenery-preservation45,000
Immigration18,119
Development of water-power3,920
State fire insurance2,000
Costs of raising loans, discounts, and conversion into stock, &c.945,017
 45,523,563

CHARACTER OF STOCK.

The whole of the public debt as stated in the foregoing tables comprises inscribed stocks and debentures with varying periods of currency. Treasury bills issued in anticipation of revenue have not been included in the total. The following table shows the relative increase of the different classes of securities during the past ten financial years:—

Year ended 31st March.Inscribed Stock.Debentures.Total.Treasury Bills outstanding not previously included.
 ££££
190345,297,02210,601,99755,809,019700,000
190445,302,84212,219,37357,522,215700,000
190545,015,83914,296,16159,912,000700,000
190647,306,02914,885,01162,191,040700,000
190748,235,51415,943,52664,179,040550,000
190348,869,40517,584,49266,453,897400,000
190950,109,25720,829,27770,938,534250,000
191051,364,86823,525,77774,890,645100,000
191154,832,57026,245,55281,078,122..
191255,626,23528,727,67884,353,913..

FLOTATION OF LOANS.

Until comparatively recent years the large proportion of the productive power of the Dominion diverted to the construction of railways, roads, &c., and engaged in the preparation of land for farming necessitated the borrowing of capital from abroad; but of late the accumulation of savings, chiefly of small sums deposited in the savings-banks, has enabled the Government to raise considerable amounts from time to time locally. Australian investors have greatly increased their investments in New Zealand securities within the last seven years. The following table shows the amount raised in London, Australia, and New Zealand for each of the past ten years:—

PUBLIC DEBT, WHERERAISED.
Year ended 31st March.Inscribed Stock.Debentures.Total.
London.New Zealand.London.Australia.New Zealand.
 ££££££
190344,824,466472,5563,067,900568,1006,965,99755,899,019
190444,828,566474,2763,220,276793,9008,205,19757,522,215
190545,140,105473,7344,239,5141,209,5508,847,09759,912,000
190646,829,178476,8514,081,8142,586,4508,216,74762,191,040
190747,757,279478,2353,830,5143,087,8509,025,16264,179,040
190848,390,956478,4492,767,7143,554,70011,262,07866,453,897
190949,630,084478,5735,000,4143,869,80011,959,06370,938,534
191050,954,744410,1246,778,9144,113,98512,632,87874,890,645
191154,370,404462,1667,851,4144,213,98514,180,15381,078,122
191255,152,124474,1118,852,7504,213,98515,660,94384,353,913

The percentage of the total debt raised in each of the markets as in 1903 and 1912 was,—

 1903.1012.
Market.Per Cent.Per Cent.
London85.6875.88
New Zealand13.3119.13
Australia1.014.99
 100.00100.00

This remarkable change in the relative positions of the State creditors may be partly ascribed to the ability of the mass of the wage- earning population in the Dominion to save, and to the general appreciation of the manner in which their savings are invested.

DATES OF MATURITY OF LOANS.

A summary of the loans outstanding on 31st March, 1912, showing the amounts falling due in each financial year, is given:—

Due Date: Year ending 31st March.Amount

*Debentures not presented at due date.

 £
1912*3,200
19134,986,466
19141,277,700
19155,330,865
19164,259,702
19171,835,240
1918724,290
19191,400,015
1920115,500
1921581,700
19222,326,950
1923908,150
1924517,300
1925551,111
1926100,000
193029,150,302
194016,341,842
19469,659,980
1948895,000
19491,423,600
1950629,500
Temporary advances1,285,500
 £84,353,913

The amounts that have matured or will mature during the current financial year, with their due dates, are as follows:—

£ 
1,639,500Due 1st April, 1912.
   48,300Due 1st May, 1912.
   800,000Due 1st August 1912.
   750,000Due 23rd October, 1912.
   939,766Due 31st 1912.
   708,900Due 1st December, 1912.
   100,000Due 31st March, 1913.
   3,200Debentures not presented.
£4,989,666 

INTEREST.

Of the total amount of outstanding public debt at the end of March, 1912 nearly thirty-nine millions and a half bore interest at the rate of 4 per cent., over thirty-two millions and a quarter at 3½ per cent., and nearly ten millions at 3 per cent. The following are the rates of interest payable on the whole public- debt:—

Rates of Interest.Amount at each Rate.
 £
   6 per cent.15,200
   5 per cent.321,000
   4½ per cent.27,900
   4 per cent.39,489,763
   3¾ per cent.2.397,000
   3½ per cent.32,303,344
   3 per cent.9,799,706
   Total£84,353,913

The total amount of interest payable to bondholders on the full amount of the public debt as quoted above is £3,112,304, which gives an average rate of £3 13s. 9d. per £100. On the total public debt outstanding on the 31st March, 1891, the average interest charge was £4 10s. 3d. per £100. During the period 1891-1912, therefore, the average rate is found to have declined by 16s. 6d. per £100.

The foregoing refers to interest payable to bondholders only, and has nothing to do with sinking-fund requirements, which are included in the whole annual charge of the public debt.

The actual payments during the past eighteen years for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund are shown in the following table, together with the rate per head of population and the percentage of ordinary and territorial revenue absorbed by the public-debt charges:—

Year ended 31st March.Amounts actually paid for Interest and Sinking Fund out of the Consolidated Fund.Rate per Head of Mean Population.Percentage of Revenue absorbed by Public Debt Charges.
Public Debt.Treasury Bills.Total
Interest.Kinking Fund.Total.Interest.
 ££££££s.d. 
18951,619,92557,9791,677,90438,9851,716,889210338.96
18961,602,93341,1831,644,11639,6591,683,77528436.96
18971,630,57741,8581,672,43537,0341,709,46928235.62
18981,668,69743,3801,712,07729,3361,741,41328134.28
18991,689,74944,6511,734,40033,0681,767,468271033.61
19001,674,61846,0731,720,69128,7031,749,39426631.07
19011,671,55246,3641,717,91627,7001,745,61625629.83
19021,722,81947,7241,770,54333,3961,803,93926229.80
19031,817,70150,4641,868,16532,8141,900,97927529.77
19041,875,37653,4081,928,78429,1791,957,96327427.89
19051,914,29654,9331,969,22924,5001,993,729261027.38
19062,006,53756,1672,062,70424,5002,087,20427727.52
19072,048,99097,3512,146,34125,7512,172,09228225.86
19082,085,01881,8422,166,86020,5592,187,41927324.15
19092,149,73991,4382,241,17717,1882,258,36527525.09
19102,282,18295,1242,377,30620,1562,397,46229025.95
19112,381,00054,1042,435,10423,3482,458,45229323.87
19122,446,493198,3832,044,88111,4592,656,340212124.02

NOTE.—The alteration made in 1891-95 of the system which previously obtained in dealing with the drawing loan of 1867 has affected the comparison of the later figures with those preceding. The total amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund in 1889-90 was, under the old system, £1,897,602. The figures for each of the years ended March, 1890 to 1891 inclusive, will be found in the Year-book for 1899.

The above amounts shown as interest and sinking fund do not comprise the whole of the interest and sinking fund paid by the Government in respect of moneys raised by way of loans. Thus, for loans raised under the Land for Settlements Acts, the Government Advances to Settlers and Workers Acts, and for the purchase of the Cheviot Estate, the interest, although made a charge upon the Consolidated Fund, is recovered from the receipts derived from the leasing of the lands, or from instalments paid by borrowers. The amount of interest thus charged and recovered during last year was £561,285 (under the Land for Settlements Acts, £222,213; Advances to Settlers and Workers Acts, £276,900 ; Cheviot Estate, £8,866; Local Authorities, £44,657; Native Land Settlement, £5,422; and Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement, £3,227. Such interest does not become a burden upon the taxpayer, and consequently is not included in the figures upon which the rate per head of mean population is calculated.

The amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund during 1911-12 was £197,888 more than that for the previous year, and the rate of charge per head of population shows an increase of 2s. 3d.

SINKING FUNDS.

From time to time in the financial history of the Dominion sinking funds have been created in respect of various loans. Some of these funds have matured and been applied to their legitimate purposes ; in other cases the pressing needs of the country justified their diversion to other and comparatively more useful purposes. Of the existing funds one, attached to a loan of £15,200 borrowed under the Canterbury Loan Ordinance, 1862, now amounts to £22,720, and one, to provide for a loan of £266,300, under the New Zealand Loan Act, 1863, amounts to £238,778. The first- mentioned loan matures partly in 1915 and partly in 1916, and the last-mentioned in 1914. More recently provision was made for the repayment of loans raised for local bodies and for war and defence purposes. The whole of these funds are invested.

Another class of sinking fund may more correctly be termed an “internal reserve fund,” because the accumulations are immediately converted into capital, although kept apart in the accounts. These are funds belonging to the State-guaranteed Advances Office, consisting of an annual contribution out of the surplus revenue equal to 1 per cent. of the loan liabilities of the office in each financial year. On the 31st March, 1912, the following was the position of the various funds and reserves:—

 Amount accrued
purpose.£
Under the Canterbury Loan Ordinance, 136222,720
Under the New Zealand Loan Act, 1863238,778
Loans to local bodies799,601
War and defence loans192,691
Naval Defence Act, 190950,000
State-garanteed advances711,928
Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910144,885
 £2,160,603

The nature of the investment of the accrued sinking funds, excluding those under the State-guaranteed Advances Act and the Public Debt Extinction Act, is shown in the following table:—

STATEMENT of the SECURITIES in which the SINKING FUNDS of the several LOANS were invested on the 31st March, 1912.
 £s.d.
New Zealand 5-per-cent. Debentures3,47000
New Zealand 4½-per-cent. Debentures1,70000
New Zealand 4-per-cent. Debentures11,37100
New Zealand 3¾ per cent. Debentures7,60000
New Zealand 3½-per-cent. Debentures2,31000
New Zealand 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock129,754196
New Zealand 3½-per-cent. Inscribed Stock24,82363
New Zealand 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock19,80992
New Zealand Consols Act, 1908, 4 per cent.59500
New South Wales 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock4,386184
Victoria 3-per cent. Inscribed Stock1,42941
Tasmania 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock6,645151
Queensland 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock1,43388
Straits Settlement 3½-per-cent. Stock4,902126
India 3½-per-cent. Stock28,97435
Cape of Good Hope 3½-per-cent. Stock1,50000
Bank of New Zealand Guaranteed Stock, 4 per cent.4,80000
Southern Nigeria 4-per-cent. Debentures2,70000
County of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures6000
Borough of Brunner 6-per-cent. Debentures99000
Borough of Palmerston North 4½-per-cent. Debentures53000
Borough of Patea 4½-per-cent. Debentures42000
Borough of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures20000
Westport Harbour Board 4-per-cent. Debentures66000
Waimakariri-Ashley Water-supply Board 5-per-cent. Debentures32000
 261,385170
Invested with Public Trustee:—
   Local Bodies Loans Act, 1908799,600120
   The War and Defence Loans192,690 127
   Naval Defence Act, 190950,00597
Cash balance, 31st March, 1912112132
       Total£1,303,79544

Of the total amount, £13,895 is represented by stock and debentures of the Australian States, and £38,077 by those of Straits Settlement, India, and Africa; £201,434 is invested in similar securities of the New Zealand Government; £3,180 in debentures of various local governing bodies; and £4,800 in Bank of New Zealand guaranteed stock ; while £1,042,297 is in the hands of the Public Trustee.

PUBLIC DEBT EXTINCTION.

A scheme making provision to repay the existing public debt, with application to future borrowings, was embodied in the Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910. This Act provides for the setting apart each

year on the certificate of the Controller and Auditor-General out of the Consolidated Fund an amount equal to the sum which, if invested at compound interest at four per cent. per annum for seventy-five years, would repay the whole of the public debt as at the preceding 31st March. In this manner for every loan raised in the future an additional proportional amount will be contributed to the fund to enable such new loan to be extinguished at the expiry of seventy-five years from the date of issue.

The annual payment will be increased, (a) for every new loan, by an amount needed to extinguish it in seventy-five years; (b) in case the fund at any time fails to earn 4 per cent., by an amount which will supply the deficiency.

The fund is administered by a Board constituted under the Act, and must be invested in loans to settlers, to workers, and to local authorities. It is expressly forbidden to invest any of the moneys in New Zealand Government securities. If at any time the funds cannot be invested as above stated, the Board may purchase at or below par, and cancel, any New Zealand Government stock or debentures charged upon the consolidated revenue. In order to preserve the continuity of the fund it is provided that in the event of any stock or debentures being redeemed before the expiry of the seventy-five years there shall be paid annually out of the Consolidated Fund into the Sinking Fund Account a sum sufficient to compensate for the loss of earnings of the money so expended. There is also a provision that if the earnings of the fund should fall below 4 per cent., any deficiency must be made good out of the Consolidated Fund Account.

The most prominent features of the scheme are the mode of investment, which is intended to prevent any improper use being made of the accumulations; the provision for preserving the continuity of the fund by the adjustment of the annual contributions; and the automatic action of the fund whereby the total debt will be extinguished in seventy-five years from any date on which the liability exists.

No further payments are to be made to the Public Trustee on account of the sinking funds of the war and defence and local bodies' loans, but the accumulated capital of these funds is to remain invested with him as at present, the interest being paid by him to the Consolidated Fund each year.

The initial contribution during 1911-12 to the new fund was £144,885; and, according to the report of the Board, £61,410 of this amount was invested in mortgages of freehold and leasehold securities at 4½ per cent., and the balance, £83,475, temporarily invested at 4¼ per cent. No portion of the public debt was repaid during the year, and the expense of administering the Act was nil. The contribution for the year 1912-13 will be £149,343.

PRICES OF NEW ZEALAND STOCK.

The highest and lowest London prices for the New Zealand 4, 3½ and 3 per cent. stock, taken over a range of twenty years, are quoted:—

QUOTATIONS, NEW ZEALAND STOCK.
Year.4-pcr-cents. (1929)3½-per-cents. (1940)3-per-cents. (1945)
Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.
1892106⅝1009891½....
1893107¼9797½90....
1894109⅞105⅜103½96¼....
1895113½105⅝107½10095¾91
1896118¼106½110⅜101½103½90
1897117112⅜111104¾10299½
1898116⅞108109⅞103101½96½
1899116½105½10910299¼94¼
1900113¼109106¾103⅜98½95¼
1901115⅜110¾109¾104⅛99½93⅛
1902113¼109109½102⅛9793⅝
1903110⅛105104¾99½9688
1904107½104½101½96¾9086¼
1905110¼105¼100⅛97⅝89⅞89½
1906110¾104⅝102½98⅜91¼87¼
1907108¾103¼1019889¾84
1908109⅝105⅛10198¼90½85¾
1909108⅜104¾99¾97⅜88⅜85⅝
1910106¾1039994¼88⅜84¾
1911106¾102⅛98½95¼87⅛85

PUBLIC DEBT OF AUSTRALASIA.

The following figures show the public debt of each State of the Australian Commonwealth on 30th June, 1911, and of New Zealand on 31st March, 1911:—

State.Fixed Debt.Floating Debt.Total Public Debt.Amount per Head of Population.
DebenturesInscribed Stock.

* Includes an advance of £750,030 from South Australian Government to Victorian Government.

 £££££s.d.
New South Wales2,197,25092,910,760415,91695,523,92657157
Victoria8,761,18241,888,7226,583,860*57,983,704431310
Queensland14,280,58029,202,6171,130,00044,613,1977258
South Australia2,798,10027,451,0033,975,55034,224,6538382
Western Australia396,80022,590,153711,00023,703,9538271
Tasmania2,711,2508,293,92969,61111,077,790581310
Total, Commonwealth31,118,162222,343,18412,885,937267,127,28359106
New Zealand26,245,55254,832,570..81,078,12280711

With the exception of Queensland each of the Australian States and New Zealand had accumulated sinking funds to set against the gross debt shown above, making in some cases an appreciable difference in the amount per head. The net indebtedness per head of population is as follows :—

 £s.d.
New South Wales5796
Victoria42186
Queensland7258
South Australia81181
Western Australia7265
Tasmania56911
   Commonwealth5863
New Zealand78132

Queensland is the only one of the Australian States in which the net liability per head is greater than that of New Zealand.

Chapter 26. SECTION XXII.—STATISTICAL VIEW OF FIFTY YEARS' PROGRESS IN NEW ZEALAND, 1862-1911.

I.—POPULATION.

Year.Population (exclusive of Maoris and for Annexed Pacific Islands) on 31st December.Births.Deaths.Marriages.
Males.Females.Totals.
186279,68046,132125,8124,0641,2311,091
1863105,97858,070164,0485,1151,9831,485
1864106,58065,578172,1586,5012,9211,878
1865117,37673,231190,6077,4902,7571,908
1866125,08079,034204,1148,4662,5402,038
1867131,92986,739218,6688,9182,7022,050
1868134,62191,997226,6189,3912,6622,085
1869140,11297,137237,2499,7182,7211,931
1870145,732102,668248,40010,2772,7031,851
1871156,431110,555266,98610,5922,0421,864
1872162,404117,156279,56010,7953,1921,873
1873170,406125,540295,94611,2223,6452,276
1874194,349147,511341,86012,8444,1612,828
1875213,294162,562375,85614,4385,7123,209
1876225,580173,495399,07516,1684,9043,196
1877227,681180,937408,61816,8564,6853,114
1878240,627191,892432,51917,7704,6453,377
1879257,894205,835463,72918,0705,5833,352
1880268,364216,500484,86419,3415,4373,181
1881274,986225,924500,91018,7325,4913,277
1882283,303234,404517,70719,0095,7013,600
1883294,665246,212540,87719,2026,0613,612
1884306,667257,637564,30419,8465,7403,800
1885312,125263,101575,22619,6936,0813,813
1886317,646271,740589,38619,2996,1353,488
1887324,558278,803603,36119,1356,1373,563
1888324,948282,432607,38018,9025,7083,617
1889328,588287,464616,05218,4575,7723,632
1890332,557292,951625,50818,2785,9943,797
1891336,174297,884634,05818,2736,5183,805
1892345,146305,287650,43317,8766,4594,002
1893357,635314,630672,26518,1876,7674,115
1894363,763322,365686,12818,5286,9184,178
1895369,725328,981698,70618,5466,8634,110
1896376,987337,175714,16218,6126,4324,843
1897384,703344,353729,05618,7376,5954,928
1898392,124351,339743,46318,9557,2445,091
1899398,679357,826756,50518,8357,6805,461
1900403,628364,650768,27819,5467,2005,860
1901414,223373,434787,65720,4917,6346,095
1902425,908382,021807,92920,6558,3756,394
1903439,674392,831832,50521,8298,5286,748
1904453,992403,547857,53922,7668,0876,983
1905467,366415,096882,46223,6828,0617,200
1906481,651427,075908,72624,2528,3397,592
1907492,649436,835929,48425,09410,0568,192
1908510,329450,313960,64225,9409,0438,339
1909520,406462,520982,92626,5248,9598,094
1910529,928472,7511,002,67925,9849,6398,236
1911539,729485,6771,025,40626,3549,5348,825

NOTE.—Maori population excluded from above was 49,844 in 1911, and that of Cook and other Islands. 12,598 persons

II.—LAND AND STOCK.

Year.Occupied and Cultivated Holdings over One Acre in Extent.Land (including Sown Grasses) under Cultivation.Live-stock.
Horses.Horned Cattle.Sheep.Pigs.

*Not ascertained.

 Number.Acres. 
1862............
1863............
1864..382,65549,409249,7604,937,27361,276
1865............
1856............
1867..676,90965,715312,8358,418,579115,104
1868............
186911,932783,435........
187013,476997,477........
187110,2111,140,27981,028436,5929,700,629151,460
187214,8741,226,222........
187315,3041,416,933........
187415,8831,651,71299,859494,91711,704,853123,921
187516,0921,943,653........
187617,2502,377,402........
187718,7502,940,711........
187820,5193,523,277137,768578,43013,069,338207,337
187921,0543,982,866........
188023,1294,506,889........
188124,1774,768,192161,736698,63712,985,085200,083
188226,2985,189,104........
188327,3525,651,255........
188428,5876,072,949........
188529,8146,550,399........
188631,7636,668,920187,382853,35816,564,595277,901
188733,3326,845,177........
188834,7437,284,752........
188935,7477,670,167........
189038,1788,015,426........
189138,0838,462,495211,040788,91917,865,423222,553
189241,2248,893,225....18,570,752..
189342,7689,713,745....19,380,369..
189445,29010,063,051..385,30520,230,829..
189546,67610,128,076..964,03419,826,604..
1896..10,698,869237,4181,047,90119,138,493239,778
189758,94011,550,075249,8131,138,06719,687,954209,834
189860,75911,444,563252,8341,209,16519,673,725186,027
189961,63911,984,606258,1151,203,02419,348,506193,512
190062,48512,474,511261,9311,222,13919,355,195249,751
190162,78612,636,035266,2451,256,68020,233,099250,975
190263,98213,083,971279,6721,361,78420,342,727224,024
190365,03413,357,700286,9551,460,66318,954,553193,740
190466,09213,504,004298,7141,593,54718,280,806226,591
190568,68013,868,074314,3221,736,85019,130,875255,320
190669,94214,114,925326,5371,810,93620,108,471249,727
190772,33814,382,787342,6081,851,75020,983,772242,273
190873,36714,884,617352,8321,816,29922,449,053241,128
190975,15215,566,308363,2591,773,32623,480,707245,092
1910****24,269,60*
191173,87616,154,218404,2842,020,17123,996,126348,754

III.—TRADE.

Exports (the Produce of New Zealand)
Year.Wool.Grain.Frozen Meat.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 lb.£Bushels.£Cwt.£
18629,839,265674,2266,6021,821....
186312,585,980830,4953,2381,160....
186416,691,6661,070,9973,580722....
186519,180,5001,141,76125,4476,076....
186622,810,7761,354,15232,6107,297....
186727,152,9661,580,608158,81126,986....
186828,875,1631,516,548632,556114,125....
186927,765,6361,371,230520,55696,441....
187037,039,7631,703,944854,399141,135....
187137,793,7341,606,1441,032,902164,087....
187241,886,9972,537,9191,058,480178,886....
187341,535,1852,702,471598,431136,832....
187446,848,7352,834,6951,162,782291,103....
187554,401,5403,398,1551,276,927231,417....
187659,853,4543,395,8162,172,098337,878....
187764,481,3243,658,9381,323,910276,452....
187859,270,2563,292,8072,112,214508,767....
187962,220,8103,126,4393,470,344660,557....
188066,860,1503,169,3005,540,445898,997....
188159,415,9402,909,7605,815,960986,072....
188265,322,7073,118,5544,310,984907,96115,24419,339
188368,149,4303,014,2116,723,3031,286,72437,975118,328
188481,139,0283,267,5275,489,635766,824254,069345,090
188586,507,4313,205,2754,597,645513,697296,473373,857
188690,853,7443,072,9713,523,324463,549346,055427,193
188788,824,3823,321,0744,126,836443,780402,107455,870
188883,225,7333,115,0085,101,167668,859552,298628,800
1889102,227,3543,976,3756,120,202985,224656,822783,374
1800102,817,0774,150,5998,287,0241,030,415898,8941,087,617
1891106,187,1144,129,6865,877,059676,3381,000,3071,194,724
1892118,180,9124,313,3076,625,525816,272869,6001,033,377
1893109,719,6843,774,7384,855,368583,397903,8361,085,167
1894144,295,1544,827,0162,434,295226,1831,025,2431,194,545
1895116,015,1703,662,1312,381,837215,7831,134,0971,262,711
1896129,151,6244,391,8482,941,821346,1971,103,3621,251,993
1897135,835,1174,443,1441,919,887235,4291,407,9211,566,286
.1898149,385,8154,645,8041,045,980136,1201,551,7731,698,750
1899147,169,4974,324,6276,985,999721,8171,865,8272,088,856
1900140,706,4864,749,1969,529,8471,034,0141,844,8312,123,881
1901146,820,0793,699,10313,373,5151,285,8111,857,5472,253,262
1902160,419,0233,354,5635,865,562786,5482,138,5572,718,763
1903155,128,3814,041,2745,362,748533,8652,378,6503,197,043
1904144,647,3764,673,8263,775,978392,3461,912,9792,793,599
1905139,912,7375,381,3332,282,853294,5741,690,6842,694,432
1906154,384,5686,765,6551,006,825139,4742,025,5072,877,031
1907171,635,5957,657,278229,59353,2052,354,8083,420,664
1908162,518,4815,332,7811,114,332143,2232,120,3033,188,515
1909189,683,7036,305,8886,951,926823,1492,572,6043,601,093
1910204,368,9578,308,4101,985,616319,0732,654,1963,850,777
1911169,424,8116,491,7071,763,509330,1862,250,5653,503,406
Year.Butter.Cheese.Phormium Fibre.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 Cwt.£Cwt.£Tons.£
1862Butter and cheese not separately given for years 1862 to 1865. The total export for this period was 617 cwt., value £2,97613261
186313251
18647170
1865375
18662321,590136545996
186738192903621264,256
18681385323351,2405348,137
18592,70514,6792,3318,0402,02845,245
18703,43512,9952,7359,3275,471132,578
18714,34212,4261,6194,0234,24890,611
18721,6294,4621,3624,3793,98599,405
18737222,3421,9936,6256,454143,799
18743571,1681,3264,4082,03837,690
18751046604421,86263911,742
18768713,9108853,48889718,285
18775,20623,4584,99916,7131,05318,826
18783,10612,1113,0199,36862210,606
18793391,6311726284457,874
18802,7178,3507171,98389415,617
18812,4268,4963,0566,1124,30826,285
188211,26452,0883,55310,1302,04041,955
18838,86942,0202,5196,8922,01336,761
188415,76666,59310,34225,0741,52523,475
188524,923102,38715,24535,7421,06316,316
188623,175105,53716,42945,6571,11215,922
188717,01854,92123,91354,5621,57825,094
188829,995118,25236,68278,9184,04275,269
188937,955146,84026,55867,10517,084361,182
189034,816122,70140,45184,98621,158381,789
189139,430150,25839,77086,67515,809281,514
189253,930227,16241,49391,04212,793214,542
189358,149254,64546,20199,62612,587219,375
189460,771251,28055,655115,2034,67766,256
189557,964227,60176,743150,9091,80621,040
189671,353281,71671,372130,1662,96832,985
189799,002402,60577,683150,5172,76930,674
189896,801403,69068,711135,7764,85074,556
1899136,086571,79969,440141,81810,371184,411
1900172,583740,620102,849229,11115,906332,182
1901201,591882,406104,294238,68510,171195,728
1902253,9981,205,80274,746503,53920,852534,031
1903285,1061,318,06774,780194,99822,652595,684
1904314,3601,380,46084,526185,48626,936710,281
1905305,7221,408,55788,562205,17127,877696,467
1906320,2251,560,235131,206341,00227,779776,106
1907328,4411,615,345236,833662,35528,547832,068
1908229,9711,171,182280,798783,41917,403396,288
1909321,1081,639,380400,6071,105,39014,318306,979
1910356,5351,811,975451,9151,195,37320,645448,414
1911302,3871,576,917439,1741,192,05717,366300,209
Year.Gold.Gum (Kauri).Provisions, Tallow, Timber, &c.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Value.
 Oz.£Tons.££
1862410,8621,591,3891,10311,10777,835
1863628,4502,431,7231,40027,02752,105
1864480,1711,857,8472,22860,59059,089
1865574,5742,226,4741,86746,06082,729
1866735,3762,844,5172,53570,572116,901
1867686,7532,700,2752,68577,49189,294
1868637,4742,504,3262,69072,49351,361
1869614,2812,362,9952,850111,30780,197
1870544,8802,157,5854,391175,074212,044
1871730,0292,787,5205,054167,958338,335
1872445,3701,730,9924,811154,167396,976
1873505,3371,987,4252,83385,816412,660
1874376,3881,505,3312,56679,986397,762
1875355,3221,407,7703,230138,523285,715
1876318,3671,268,5592,888109,234351,731
1877366,9551,476,3123,632118,348469,670
1878311,4371,244,1903,445132,975573,735
1879284,1001,134,6413,228147,535484,150
1880303,2151,220,2634,725242,817544,973
1881250,683996,8675,460253,778574,880
1882230,893921,6645,533260,369921,290
1883222,899892,4456,518336,6061,121,257
1884246,392988,9536,393342,1511,116,799
1885222,732890,0565,876299,7621,154,819
1886235,578939,6484,920257,6531,058,552
1887187,938747,8786,790362,4341,085,468
1888229,608914,3098,482380,9331,274,780
1889197,492785,4907,519329,5901,606,828
1890187,641751,3607,438378,5631,440,731
1891251,1611,007,1728,388437,0561,436,671
1892237,393951,9638,705517,6781,200,525
1893227,502915,9218,317510,7751,113,799
1894221,614887,8058,338404,5671,112,233
1895293,4931,162,1817,425418,7661,269,031
1896263,6941,041,4287,126314,3231,269,680
1897251,647980,2046,641398,0101,389,398
1898280,1751,080,6919,905586,7671,562,834
1899389,5701,513,18011,116607,9191,645,313
1900373,6141,439,60210,159622,2931,784,350
1901455,5581,753,7847,541446,1141,935,567
1902507,8521,951,4267,430450,2232,333,704
1903533,3142,037,8329,357631,1022,288,327
1904520,3231,987,5019,203501,8171,976,471
1905520,4852,093,93610,883561,4442,167,616
1906563,8432,270,9049,154522,4862,587,453
1907508,2102,027,4908,708579,8882,934,845
1908506,3812,004,7995,530372,7982,501,525
1909506,3712,006,9008,250552,6983,112,465
1910478,2861,896,3188,693465,0443,648,779
1911454,8371,815,2517,587335,7073,176,458
Year.Exports (the Produce of New Zealand).Imports.Coal-mines, Output from.
Total Value.Total Value.From United States (included in previous Column).
 £££Tons.
18622,358,0204,626,08289,806Prior to 1878, 709,931
18633,342,8917,024,674109,998 
18643,050,6347,000,655109,222 
18653.503,4215,594,97745,084 
18664,396,0905,894,863129,300 
18674,479,4645,344,60792,590 
18684,268,7624,985,748117,326 
18694,090,1344,976,12669,109 
18704,544,6824,639,01560,497 
18715,171,1044,078,19359,345 
18725,107,1865,142,95190,657 
18735,477,9706,464,687143,273..
18745,152,1438,121,812191,539..
18755,475,8448,029,172213,492..
18765,488,9016,905,171192,287..
18776,058,7176,973,418269,656..
18785,784,6198,755,663432,572162,218
18795,563,4558,374,585438,399231,218
18506,102,3006,162,011238,011299,923
18815,762,2507,457,045343,645337,262
18526,253,3508,609,270463,493378,272
18836,855,2447,974,038419,250421,764
18846,942,4867,663,888348,557480,831
18856,591,9117,479,921401,532511,063
18866,386,6826,759,013337,322534,353
18876,551,0816,245,515298,736558,620
18887,255,1285,941,900323,069613,895
18899,042,0086,308,863342,436586,445
18909,428,7616,260,525355,395637,397
18919,400,0946,503,849361,795668,794
18929,365,8686,943,056381,627673,315
18938,557,4436,911,515379,378691,548
18949,085,1486,788,020394,691719,546
18958,390,1536,400,129394,233726,654
18969,177,3367,137,320492,840792,851
18979,596,2678,055,223628,044840,713
189810,324,9888,230,600800,411907,033
189911,799,7408,739,633775,309975,234
190013,055,24910,646,0961,061,8731,093,990
190112,690,46011,817,9151,415,2601,227,638
190213,498,59911,326,7231,318,9371,362,702
190314,838,19212,788,6751,441,3581,420,193
190414,601,78713,291,6941,527,9151,537,838
190515,503,53012,828,8571,438,5011,585,756
190617,840,34615,211,4031,405,7811,729,536
190719,783,13817,302,8611,425,5961,831,009
190815,894,53017,471,2841,643,9371,860,975
190919,462,93615,674,7191,166,0631,911,247
191021,944,16317,051,5831,399,7372,197,362
191118,781,89819,545,8791,682,1292,066,073

IV—TRANSPORT.

Year.Shipping.
Inwards.Outwards.Registered Vessels belonging to New Zealand.
 Tonnage.Tonnage.Gross Tonnage.
1862301,365288,64710,825
1863419,935394,66515,189
1864426,004433,25322,573
1865295,625283,02024,484
1866330,303306,97926,787
1867309,568308,16923,240
1868277,105287,71024,539
1869250,731247,76425,990
1870273,151265,40726,743
1871274,643265,61827,107
1872300,302285,36623,963
1873289,297281,84730,035
1874399,296385,53338,935
1875416,727417,82042,025
1876393,180393,33444,401
1877388,568400,60942,479
1878456,490428,49346,965
1879473,940475,75264,457
1880395,675424,04166,316
1881420,134413,48772,387
1882461,285438,55176,196
1883494,926507,56584,903
1884529,188534,24292,696
1885519,700513,00095,887
1886502,572488,33194,196
1887489,754493,58394,027
1888526,435531,47886,132
1889602,634593,25287,411
1890662,769649,70598,907
1891618,515625,807102,068
1892675,223656,100101,156
1893615,604642,466100,388
1894631,100631,25099,588
1895672,951648,946100,988
1896614,097627,659105,553
1897686,899675,333119,713
1898765,255765,793126,113
1899811,183807,866129,583
1900854,632825,275137,767
19011,063,2741,075,906143,183
19021,089,1791,048,770147,822
19031,102,0641,113,165150,909
19041,154,5691,144,764157,334
19051,139,4101,141,552170,957
19061,243,6521,238,214180,124
19071,254,2061,225,382197,001
19081,361,0471,331,305228,399
19091.263,9351,253,878230,614
19101,389,0311,367,207233,531
19111,482,3781,467,402234,084
Year.Government Railways. (Figures to 31st March following.)Electric Telegraph.
Miles open for Traffic.Miles under Construction.Railway Receipts.Miles of Line.Number of Messages.Cash and Cash Values, including Telephones.
 £ £
1862............
1865............
1864............
1865............
1866......69948,2319,114
1867......71487,43614,295
1868......1,471134,64726,224
1869......1,611173,74632,649
1870......1,887238,19527,422
1871......2,015369,08537,203
1872......2,312491,20544,669
1873145434..2,389637,94155,195
187420962121,1982,632844,30162,322
187554246472,0733,156993,32374,420
1876718427469,0513,1701,100,59980,841
18771,052251569,8983,3071,182,95585,589
18781,089142758,0963,4341,260,32492,433
18791,171284762,5723,5121,448,943112,351
18801,288192836,0773,7581,304,712100,023
18811,333187892,0263,8241,438,772101,566
18821,371171953,3473,9741,570,189102,378
18831,404224961,3044,0741,599,400102,958
18841,4791581,045,7124,2641,654,305101,482
18851,6131791,047,4184,4631,774,273112,778
18861,721171998,7684,5461,836,266115,666
18871,753169994,8434,6461,835,394116,211
18881,777163997,6154,7901,765,860104,116
18891,8091761,095,5694,8741,802,987106,462
18907,8421321,121,7015,0601,961,161110,697
18911,8691701,115,4325,3491,968,264117,634
18921,8861881,181,5225,4791,904,143103,813
18931,9481481,172,7925,5132,069,791112,466
18941,9931271,150,8515,8232,046,839114,510
18952,0141141,183,0416,2452,124,211123,112
18962,0181241,286,1586,2852,520,169129,635
18972,055921,376,0086,4842,696,233136,221
18982,0901131,469,6656,7362,960,738145,295
18992,1041111,623,8916,9103,469,631162,945
19002,2122081,727,2367,2493,898,128186,978
19012,2352121,874,5867,4694,167,981207,476
19022,2911941,974,0387,7494,559,304222,495
19032,3281752,180,6417,7794,965,197237,564
19042,3741732,209,2317,9445,159,745250,063
19052,4072222,349,7048,3555,640,219273,911
19062,45s2082,624,6008,9536,396,332307,521
19072,4742552,761,9389,6567,042,923344,251
19082,6741882,929,52610,4047,425,693369,353
19092,7171843,249,79010,9017,846,890394,510
19102,7531923,494,18211,3168,360,647434,116
19112,7982053,676,50911,8059,063,133474,458
Year.Banks. (Average of Four Quarters.)Savings-Banks (Post Office and private).Post Office Money Orders issued.
Deposits.Assets.Liabilities.Number of DepositorsBalance to credit on 31st Dec.Number.Amount.
 £££££ £
18621,596,4462,691,1172,092,4971,49629,7681,4106,590
18632,092,0904,028,7662,962,5852,37144,11711,58655,703
18642,480,3035,063,4583,343,1724,66994,24816,59178,556
18652,638,4145,455,2893,522,1464,30487,40017,23678,576
18663,097,4735,891,5324,010,1104,51391,86322,710108,779
18672,904,5945,947,1603,737,6956,579156,85524,473115,610
18683,102,7275,734,7453,838,2208,121243,61525,854118,211
18693,174,8316,231,4163,863,00610,103320,38328,427127,218
18703,127,7696,315,3543,819,67012,137388,80431,864140,454
18713,334,6725,871,8883,988,40014,275454,96636,291157,397
18723,919,8385,429,7474,628,81917,289597,00244,660191,009
18734,713,8067,267,7205,538,03021,807812,14452,351219,258
18745,564,4349,954,2166,490,50427,215943,75362,712263,164
18755,967,20510,987,1786,987,31830,310897,32673,027293,481
18766,238,47111,776,0707,221,39932,577905,14680,255310,268
18777,185,10612,992,1048,152,23035,709964,43090,672334,973
18788,960,36915,393,65010,031,00939,9261,043,204101,017368,255
18798,021,07316,054,2959,057,46342,679990,337117,999428,673
18808,538,93514,220,2759,550,17747,4621,148,992135,648465,405
18819,069,37714,863,64510,083,18861,0541,549,515135,556452,182
18828,945,34617,162,23410,015,27368,3581,832,047148,162499,368
18838,659,47717,794,7619,706,70073,5461,784,631172,556541,133
18849,643,21418,442,13910,691,59979,5141,926,759186,052572,666
188510,083,29618,811,56711,130,24485,7692,142,560188,622581,395
188610,579,71119,041,82711,603,19491,2962,133,861155,680547,755
188711,031,61418,799,84711,995,49597,4962,407,776159,579555,744
188811,155,77818,709,44412,108,353103,0462,691,693162,387555,996
188911,528,42417,652,91512,486,717110,5662,858,644172,076589,545
189012,368,61017,735,25913,356,598118,3443,137,023176,427602,077
189112,796,09816,814,51813,820,458126,8863,406,949195,239651,990
189213,587,06217,558,16814,623,335135,8273,580,544199,438694,847
189314,433,77718,255,53415,489,633147,1993,966,849210,957750,929
189413,927,21717,746,42114,930,791154,4054,066,594222,678776,783
189513,544,41518,159,78114,491,627163,5134,620,696243,497812,604
189614,490,82716,900,19915,520,431175,1735,065,864269,566902,160
189714,290,51217,276,77115,380,248187,9545,520,080293,659970,831
189814,143,22917,013,40415,299,058199,4645,746,887318,3701,029,241
189914,591,22317,190,43315,834,858213,1726,128,297344,6641,118,808
190015,570,61017,314,53516,964,582228,8836,665,344369,8341,214,853
190116,034,84818,422,27417,490,035245,0247,268,103405,9671,286,508
190217,231,76718,999,18018,701,063261,9487,876,877367,2071,277,059
190319,011,11419,913,54620,563,879280,0118,432,958396,3121,416,224
190419,074,96020,893,09620,643,359297,5698,839,307407,7831,476,887
190520,545,60121,770,52522,144,166316,3769,773,954417,4411,541,712
190622,422,24323,829,93324,143,008341,11411,170,025439,0201,686,232
190723,517,11126,584,23925,334,348364,42212,825,063441,4871,773,591
190821,821,75329,098,56723,611,903388,94513,512,266488,0842,050,684
190921,996,62126,937,26523,728,326408,77014,065,410538,7402,307,593
191024,968,76126,398,92726,742,081432,11915,620,515569,6572,457,523
191126,765,12229,433,61428,625,803459,60217,194,461507,7642,759,393
Year.Insurances in Force in the Government Life Insurance Department at End of Year.Old-age Pensions, 31st March of following Year.Friendly Societies from which Returns received.Public Trust Office.
No. of Policies.Sums Assured and Bonuses.No. of Pensions in Force.Amount represented.No. of Lodges, &c.No. of Members.Number of Estates.Value of Estates.

* From here figures are for year ended 31st March.

  £ £  £
1862................
1863................
1864................
1865................
1866................
1867................
1868................
1869................
18705930,250............
1871454200,611............
18721,689625,421............
18732,634995,986........25717,500
18743,9531,453,496........29328,930
18754,9891,836,859........34742,163
18766,1532,282,129....898,56041259,720
18777,1492,716,907....888,82857567,675
18788,7113,251,220....1109,75962773,940
187910,2233,726,330....13813,16571396,315
188011,6564,171,504....17914,484770117,980
188112,4114,471,182....27218,634836150,750
188215,8925,273,164....27318,700911204,545
188319,9175,992,111....27518,8481,024317,680
188421,0036,224,571....28121,1441,082392,315
188523,2186,552,242....30222,7941,190457,620
188624,7157,053,276....29021,6791,293576,010
188725,4397,136,944....34724,9281,304715,860
188826,1687,362,488....35324,9381,483954,675
188927,2187,600,537....36526,0131,5611,130,960
189028,1027,807,792....35726,3791,6781,240,097
189129,2268,390,803....36427,3721,8251,252,625
189230,3168,580,817....37928,7541,9121,284,745
189331,7098,821,255....37229,7632,0221,450,918
189432,9079,232,543....36929,963**
189533,9689,345,229....37630,9052,0861,562,269
189634,7729,415,693....39231,8252,2361,806,953
1897,1749,857,010....38832,6702,3341,898,163
189837,84810,124,2277,443128,08241035,5012,4131,950,314
189939,36610,341,70211,285193,71843338,2022,4912,110,316
190040,36810,639,97812,405211,96544340,2572,6672,192,594
190141,29110,627,26312,776217,19244541,2362,8982,226,954
190242,40611,024,73412,481211,59546243,4083,0492,467,614
190343,11611,111,80711,926200,91546545,2553,3142,706,785
190444,19411,261,08011,770199,08147947,3023,4703,152,882
190545,13711,725,97712,582313,01850151,1033,6853,577,355
190645,98111,851,49113-257326,08453553,7593,9774,009,992
190746,94511,980,12313,569333,34055256,8174,2764,590,157
190847,03312,024,69914,396353,34353958,5174,7184,065,989
190948,01612,447,74815,320374,69956764,4284,9464,644,795
191048,93212,586,79816,020403,02060968,0065,4665,184,840
191149,37612,683,27716,649416,53065871,7715,9665,477,675
Year.Scholars at Primary Schools.Scholars at Secondary or High Schools.Scholars at Private Schools.New Zealand University Graduates. (Direct Degrees).

* In addition to these there were in December, 1911, 4.557 children attending the Native Schools, nearly all maintained by the Government, and 601 at Industrial Schools.

† Including 1.341 secondary pupils attending Technical Day Schools.

NOTE.—Statistics of schools and scholars not being complete for years prior to 1874, no figures are entered.

1862........
1863........
1864........
1865........
1866........
1867........
1868........
1869........
1870........
1871........
1872........
1873........
187438,215..8,237..
187545,562..7,316..
187651,9646549,357..
187756,2397169,992..
187865,0408689,206..
187975,5561,41710,234..
188082,4011,63111,238..
188183,5601,8199,987..
188287,1791,89910,002..
188392,4762,38411,255..
188497,2382,64212,203..
1885102,4072,65911,989103
1886106,3282,35812,497117
1887110,9192,24213,417145
1888112,6852,12013,893168
1889115,4562,14713,458199
1890117,9122,11713,626230
1891119,5232,20514,142279
1892122,6202,26214,456323
1893124,6902,25114,922366
1894127,3002,45414,627410
1895129,8562,52514,659464
1896131,0372,61413,947501
1897132,1972,70914,447546
1898131,6212,70614,782603
1899131,3152,72315,295641
1900130,7242,79215,555699
1901131,3512,89915,344757
1902132,2623,07215,624814
1903133,5683,72215,609869
1904135,4754,03816,378929
1905137,6234,06016,639992
1906139,3024,27017,1311,083
1907141,0714,19618,0881,157
1908147,4286,32718,3671,252
1009152,4167,06317,9301,327
1910156,3247,97018,9811,424
1911161,648*6,80619,8681,515

PART III.—ARTICLES ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS.

Table of Contents

Chapter 27. SECTION I. AGRICULTURE IN NEW ZEALAND.

[By M. MURPHY, F.L.S.]

IT is generally admitted that there is no part of the British dominions where agriculture, in its widest sense, can be carried on with so much certainty and with such good results as in New Zealand. The range of latitude, extending as it does from 34° to 47° south, secures a diversity of climate suitable for all the products of subtropical and temperate zones, while an insular position is a protection from the continuous and parching droughts which periodically inflict such terrible losses on the agriculturist and pastoralist of Australia and South America.

Again, the climate, although somewhat variable, never reaches the extremes of heat or cold. So genial, indeed, is it that most animals and plants, when first introduced, assume a vigour unknown to them before.

NORTH ISLAND.

All the best forage-plants and grasses thrive most admirably, continuing to grow throughout the year with little intermission. Stock of every sort thrive and fatten rapidly on the pastures, coming to maturity at an early age without the aid of roots or condimental foods. All cereals flourish equally well, more especially Indian corn, which produces from fifty to eighty bushels per acre.

So full is the soil of plant-food that several continuous crops of potatoes or cereals may be taken with little apparent exhaustion. Wheat, oats, and barley thrive where the soil is not too rich ; otherwise they produce enormous crops of straw, without a corresponding yield of corn. The tobacco-plant does well, as do also hops and sorghum, broom-corn, peanut, hemp, ramee or rhea (China grass), together with a large variety of economic plants, the growth of which will one day afford employment for a large population. In addition to these, all the British, Chinese, and Japanese fruits, with oranges, lemons, limes, olives, and vines (in the northern part) flourish abundantly, requiring but ordinary care. Potatoes are largely grown, and yield heavy crops.

Most of the country along the south-west and west coast is now taken up, and the primeval forest is fast disappearing before the settler's axe. For the most part the soil is fertile, and the growth of grass and clover is extremely rapid and vigorous when

sown on the surface after the felled timber has been destroyed by fire.

To the British husbandman it will seem almost incredible that the best pasture-grasses grow as they do with no other preparation than the ashes resulting from the burnt timber—no ploughing and no previous loosening of the soil—yet, in less than a year from the date of scattering the seed, this same land will fatten from five to six sheep per acre.

So rapidly are these fertile forest-ands being cleared and converted into pastures that the demand for stock (principally dairy) has greatly increased, and this demand must continue for a number of years before it is fully met.

Those who in the past have watched the progress of New Zealand, especially of the North Island, have always maintained that when the Maori difficulties and other impediments to settlement were overcome, the prosperity of the country would advance at a very rapid rate. This prediction has now been realized, and all that is required to make the present prosperity continuous is the more rapid settlement of our lands with a thrifty class of settlers.

There are millions of acres yet unoccupied, a great portion of which is of good quality, and only waiting the hand of man to make it carry, with very little cost, large herds of dairy stock, with flocks of long-wool and crossbred sheep. The west coast of the North Island is essentially a cattle-country. Considerable areas in the midland districts are adapted to long-wool sheep, as is also the country along the east coast. Much of the country may be described as being good sheep-land, a large portion of which is quite capable of carrying two sheep to the acre, and some of it as many as three or four for several months in each year.

SOUTH ISLAND.

If the North Island has a splendid inheritance in her forests, the South Island can boast of her magnificent plain-lands, rolling downs, and vast mountain ranges, all of which, to a greater or less degree, have already been made to contribute to the wealth of the Dominion.

The central portion of the South Island presented to the first- comers a vast plain, covered only with waving tussock-grass, offering little or no obstruction to the plough.

Travelling south, the country assumes a different character: easy, undulating downs, well watered, here and there interspersed with fertile plains, the greater portion admirably adapted for agriculture, and all of it suitable for pastoral purposes.

The climate of the South Island is not so warm in summer nor so mild in winter as that experienced in the North Island. However, as has already been stated, there are no extremes of heat or cold.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

The following résumé of the statistics for 1911-12 as published in the Gazette are sufficient to indicate the trend of the agricultural and pastoral industries, detailed particulars of which will be found in the statistical portion of this work.

Area under the various crops grown in 1911-12. with averages per acre in bushels, pounds, and tons:—

Wheat215,528average yield per acre33.69 bushels
Oats403,668average yield per acre48.71 bushels
Barley31,644average yield per acre39.65 bushels
Maize6,094average yield per acre45.66 bushels
Peas19,946average yield per acre32.38 bushels
Rye-grass77,535average yield per acre567.13 lb.
Cocksfoot38,297average yield per acre182.12 bushels
Red Clover ..6,610average yield per acre158.40 bushels
Potatoes28,248average yield per acre5.13 tons
Turnips440,202average yield per acre13.95 bushels
Mangolds19,764average yield per acre22.41 bushels

The population of the Dominion in 1901 was 772,719, of which 390,786 were in the North Island, and 381,933 in the South Island. The census of 1911 gives the total population 1,008,468, of whom 563,991 were in the North Island, and 441,477 in the South Island.

Cheese and Butter.—The export of cheese for the year ending 31st March, 1912, was 465,610 cwt., valued at £l,297,088, an increase of 7,239 cwt. in weight and £80,951 in value over the total for the previous year. The total amount of butter and cheese exported was 790,892 cwt., valued at £3,074,528, as compared with 824,220 cwt., valued at £3,076,683, for the previous year,

Sheep—Returns made up to 30th April. 1912.

Total for the Dominion in 191123,996,126
Total for the Dominion in 191223,464,132
Decrease531,994
Decrease for the North Island196,264531,994
Decrease for the South Island335,730
 

This decrease is principally accounted for by the shortage of breeding-ewes—approximating 200,000, as compared with the previous year, with its corresponding decrease in the number of lambs produced—which was further accentuated by a smaller lambing than in the previous year. This shortage may to some extent be accounted for by the shortage of feed and the partial destruction of the root and forage crops from the ravages of grubs and other insect pests.

Frozen Meat.—The number of mutton carcases exported in 1911-10 was 2,107,782, as compared with 1,804,307 exported in 1911-12, showing a decrease for the latter year of 303,175.

The export of lambs for 1910-11 was 3,839,922, as compared with 3,093,091 exported in 1911-12, the latter year showing a decrease of 746,831.

The total export of beef for the year ended 30th June, 1912, amounted to 27,264,720 1b.

THE FARMING OUTLOOK.

Before the advent of the freezing-chamber, sheep-farming could only be carried on profitably on large areas with large flocks, for the reason that wool and tallow were the only marketable products, the sale of fat sheep and lambs being confined to supplying the demand for local consumption. The development of the meat- export trade which began in 1880 has completely altered the condition of things from an agricultural point of view. Almost every farmer, small and large, now keeps his flock of breeding-ewes for the production of lambs for freezing, thereby necessitating the growth of large areas of root and forage crops, and so bringing about a greatly improved system of farming when compared with the previous system of universal corn-growing and boiling-down.

The season of 1911-12 may be considered a record one as compared with its predecessors for several years past. The long- continued drought during the early summer months of 1911 and the ravages of the grass-grub and other farm pests had a trying effect on all kinds of vegetation, grass in particular, but for a few timely showers the cereal crops would have been a comparative failure. The average yield of wheat did not exceed 25 bushels per acre, while that of oats was very little better. The harvest of 1912 was almost phenomenal, the wheat crops at Lincoln Agricultural College averaged from 43 to 70 bushels per acre. And there are several recorded instances where the yield reached a higher level, in one or two cases 80 to 90 bushels were threshed. The crops of oats exceeded any previous year in the decade, being from 50 to 90, and in some cases over 100, bushels per acre. Owing to the abundant rainfall during the growing-season forage and root crops were most abundant. The growth of grass was such as to furnish an abundance of feed for all kinds of stock throughout the past winter. In some cases farmers were hard set to get rid of their turnips, stock not being available at prices which could be made to yield a fair margin of profit. These phenominal yields cannot be claimed as the result of any extra cultivation, but rather to the rest which farm lands experienced by the destruction of the grass and root crops and the meagre corn crops. The month of July—admittedly the wettest in the year—has excelled itself in the present instance. Referring to Canterbury, farmers are quite behind hand with wheat-sowing. The rainfall for the seven months ended July, 1912, totalled 19 in. as compared with 13.74 in. and 12.15 in. for the corresponding periods of 1911 and 1910. Flock-masters are looking anxiously for a favourable change in the weather, as the lambing season is rapidly approaching. As a result, the water-logged soil has driven grass- grubs and caterpillars to the surface in millions, which are being devoured, dead and alive, wholesale by huge flocks of sea-gulls, starlings, and other birds. A practical farmer has given it as his

opinion that the prolongued term of wet weather which the Dominion has been subjected to during the past four weeks (July) will confer an inestimable boon on the country by clearing the ground of insect pests of all kinds, and will more than compensate for the inconvenience and expense in the way of hand feeding stock which farmers have had to bear. Many years of close observation has shown that a wet July and August is invariably followed by a bountiful harvest.

THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.

The development of this industry and the advent of an efficient milking-machine—now assured—has caused the demand for land to go on increasing in all parts of the Dominion, with a corresponding increase in prices of suitable dairy farms and dairy stock. As an instance of this, we may refer to a block of reclaimed swamp land, part of the Cashmere Estate, near Christchurch, which was sold in farms ranging from 10 to 100 and 150 acres, and which sold readily at from £50 to £100 per acre, the bulk averaging over £70. It might be asked how 5 per cent. can be made on the outlay. The answer is found in the fact that, with the aid of hay and mangels, that land will carry two cows to three acres, yielding from £12 to £15 per cow from the sale of new milk in Christchurch.

The abnormally high price of land, particularly that suitable for dairy-farming, is forcing farmers who previously trusted to wheat and stock to consider if it is possible to carry on that class of farming at a profit. Many are of opinion that it cannot. What, then, is the remedy? The answer is found in the number of farmers who are turning their attention to dairying, and to the fact that factories and creameries are springing up in Canterbury. It is more than probable that in the course of a few years it will be the leading industry wherever the land is suitable. Sheep will be relegated to the lighter soils best adapted for turnip-growing. To carry on dairy-farming successfully, in Canterbury at least, a supply of succulent fodder must be on hand to supplement the pastures and to help to carry on the stock during dry periods, which sometimes occur in the summer months. This can best be done by the growth of such plants as lucerne and the harder varieties of maize. Enormous crops of these plants can be secured by high cultivation. One acre of each would suffice for a dairy of 25 cows during the hottest of the summer months. These plants respond readily to irrigation. Chou Moellier (French marrow cabbage), a comparatively new introduction, is likely to prove of great value as feed for dairy stock. With high cultivation it produces enormous crops of leaves and stems, which latter are tender, hence the term marrow cabbage. It is perfectly hardy.

The area of land under occupation in New Zealand in 1910-11 was 40,238,126 acres; the area under cereals and pulse amounted to 1,015,822 acres; under green crops for the same period was

713,682 acres: total area under crops for 1910-11, 1,729,504 acres. In sown grasses on ploughed land, 5,000,226 acres; on land not ploughed, 9,214,515 acres; in tussock or native grass and unimproved land, 23,972,236 acres; in fallow, 209,073 acres; in plantations. orchards, and gardens, 110,892 acres; and vineyards, 780 acres.

WHEAT.

The Canterbury Plains, the great wheat-growing district of the South Island, extend 150 miles north and south, running inland from the sea for forty miles, the whole forming an area of over 3,000,000 acres. A great portion of this vast plain is admirably adapted for the growth of wheat, barley, and oats, and all the best cultivated grasses and forage plants, the growing of which has been carried on extensively since the earliest settlement of New Zealand. The total area under wheat in New Zealand for the season 1911-12 was 215,528 acres (exclusive of that cut for chaff and feeding). The average yield per acre in bushels was 33.69. The land in Canterbury is for the most part free from stones or impediments of any kind. Single-furrow ploughs are now rarely seen, double- and three-furrows being in general use, and an occasional motor and steam plough. Three horses, sometimes four, with a man or a boy, can turn over three acres per day on the plains, at a cost of 5s. or 6s. per acre. A stroke of the disc or other harrow, followed by the seed-drill and light harrows, completes the operation of sowing.

Seed-sowing commences in May, and can be continued as weather permits through the winter, and in the heavy swamp land (drained) on into September and even October. From 1¼ to 1½ and 2 bushels of seed per acre are usually sown, the quantity increasing as the season advances.

The following paper from the pen of Professor Lowrie, formerly Director of Canterbury Agricultural College, now Director of Agriculture for South Australia, is a valuable contribution to our wheat- growing literature:—

Wheat, as the bread com of civilization, will always hold a place of high importance among the world's farm crops, though, as the result of the opening up of new countries where, as far as conditions allow, it has been made the pioneer's main crop—often his only crop—the position of wheat in highly farmed countries has become less prominent.

PREPARATORY CULTIVATION.

Wheat can be taken almost anywhere in a rotation, though, of course, the success of the crop is modified by the crop preceding it, and the cultivation necessary in preparation, for the seed varies widely according to its position on a rotation. It likes a firm, compact seed-bed; in fact, a seed-bed with a good tilth, but well consolidated, is almost a fundamental condition of success. Accordingly, the cultivation of ploughing immediately preceding the crop should be shallow, say, 3 in to 4 in deep, though if the land has been ploughed deeply 6 in or 7 in for the preceding crop, such as rape, so much the better for the wheat to follow it. In Autumn the seed-bed should not be made too fine; so long as there is a fair tilth to receive the seed the presence of a fair amount

of small clods is an advantage, as by crumbling through the action of frost they prevent the surface setting too hard in the spring, and they offer a certain amount of shelter in the winter. The very heaviest yields of wheat are obtained after a summer bare fallow, as might be anticipated from the effect of the repeated workings given to the land in encouraging nitrification, in mellowing the soil, in retaining moisture, and in thoroughly cleaning the land of weeds. But the practice is too expensive in these days of forage and fallow crops, where the rainfall is adequate, and is only likely to be resorted to when necessary to clean land very foul, or infested with noxious weeds.

After peas, beans, or other nitrogen restoring crop, wheat is ever found to thrive well. After peas it will often suffice to give the land a double cut with the disc harrows set with deep cut. Pea stubble is generally loose, or relatively free, and ploughing is therefore unnecessary, and only to be adopted on land too stiff for the disc harrows to work. This discing should be done as soon after harvest as practicable, that the seeds of weeds may be germinated to be cleaned with the scarifier preliminary to sowing. The effect of following a leguminous crop on the character and quality of the grain is very marked as well as on the yield.

After potatoes, wheat almost invariably does well, as the working of the land which potatoes necessitate leaves it in excellent condition, and there is further available a considerable residue of the manure applied. In this case, as after peas, ploughing, even shallow has no advantage over the disc harrow in preparing a seed-bed, and generally when the tops have been raked off the spring-tooth cultivator gives quite sufficient seed-bed. After rape is another favourite position for wheat, as the land is enriched by the residue of the manure applied to the rape, and the dung of the sheep consuming the crop. The large number of subordinate roots and the depth to which they penetrate have also an effect on the soil and subsoil beneficial to the succeeding wheat.

After clover, lucerne, or lea, more care and good judgment is necessary in preparing for wheat than in any other position. To lift the land in the end of May or beginning of June, disc harrow, and sow right away, invariably results in a return far below the possible. Such land is never consolidated sufficiently, and the turf is not killed. Compared with this practice it will pay handsomely to have the field skim-ploughed in early autumn, let it lie for a while, then harrow and cross plough about 5 in deep, and at seed time harrow well to give increased consolidation. For best results after lea it is imperative that the seeding be done on a stale furrow, and the land is all the better for having a heavy roller over it. When the lea is lifted immediately before sowing, the wheat gets comparatively little advantage from the humus except, perhaps, in the conservation of moisture, as the nitrifying ferments are practically dormant by the time the land is ploughed, and do not regain activity until early summer, when the wheat is well forward. The greater part of the material constituting cereals, be it remembered, is assimilated between the periods of tillering and the close of the blooming, and therefore if, by lifting the lea earlier in the autumn, more nitrogen is available in the spring, one of the reasons accounting for the fact that the crop on land so treated, more than pays by extra yield for the sacrifice of feed is evident. Indeed, it often happens that on land lifted from lea in early winter the second successive wheat crop is better than the first, as the intervening summer has allowed of the nitrification of most of the organic matter constituting the turf.

MANURING.

Wheat is proverbial for making the best use of the inherent fertility of the land in the absence of manure directly applied. It is this characteristic that led to the practice in Britain of manuring wheat indirectly through the preceding crops—roots, potatoes, pulse or forage crops, heavy dressings of dung, artificial manures, or dung and artificials in various proportions are applied to these crops with the aim of getting correspondingly heavy returns from them, and leaving a considerable residuum well incorporated with the soil for the succeeding wheat crop to utilize. In the case of dung, the seeds of weeds have germinated, and have been destroyed, and the organic matter has had time for further decomposition and blending with the soil before the seed is sown, with the result that

the wheat benefits from the residue of the dung more than if a corresponding amount had been applied with the seed. On our good wheat lands, however, the conditions are very different. Farm-yard manure in quantity is not available, and in our warmer climate is less useful for wheat, even if it were available. The land is not under-drained, or if under-drained at all, the drains are much less frequent, and consequently the leaching of nitrates is less, and the need for nitrogenous manures less. The growth of herbage on the pastures is much denser and more luxuriant, and there is a correspondingly greater proportion of organic matter, when the land is lifted after a given time in pasture. The activity of the nitrifying ferments is increased by the higher temperature we experience, and is continued through most months of the year. Consequently with more humus, nitrification more rapid and more prolonged, and withal, less leaching of nitrates taking place, it is to be anticipated that nitrogen is less in demand for wheat, and every-day experience on this farm confirms the expectation. On lighter lands, or lands with an open subsoil, the position is different, and if wheat be attempted on such it will probably be found that the application of a nitrogenous manure, as part of the dressing, is desirable, but lighter lands can be used to better purpose under other crops. On good wheat land exuberance of vegetation often injuriously affects the yield of grain by favouring rust, by increasing the risk of lodging, and by bringing about a condition of the crop more liable to blight. This last consequence is important, for bursts of hot weather, which occasionally occur at the time when the grain is filling, compromise the yield most seriously in crops the most luxuriant. The movement of elaborated material from the leaves and stems to the cars is suddenly arrested, the crop yellows off too quickly, and a more or less shrivelled sample of grain results. Therefore, as the effect of nitrogenous manure is to increase vegetative luxuriance, and to produce a soft plethoric plant which succumbs more readily to sudden heat waves, or pinches of drought, it should be applied with caution under our conditions.

Phosphatic manures are believed to be of much more importance in the production of wheat in Canterbury than nitrogenous manures. Indeed, there seems good reason for the hypothesis that, if wheat be not grown too frequently, and a judicious rotation of forage crops, roots, leguminous crops and temporary pastures in which clovers are prominent, be adopted, it will be found that if the requirements of the soil in the matter of phosphates be met liberally, nature will go far to maintain the nitrates, except for such crops as mangels, kale, and rape, for which dried blood or other nitrogenous manure is indispensable, or at least an advantage. But phosphatic manures are beneficial beyond question, and their application is particularly to be recommended. In the case of land that has been badly farmed—submitted to exhaustive cropping without any effort to maintain fertility—they are indispensable to good yields. Dressings of phosphates, however, will be found almost invariably to produce a profitable response in the crop when applied with the seed, in the autumn or in the spring, for their influenco is manifold. For example, rapid [root growth is encouraged; tillering is promoted; maturity is hastened; spells of drought which often prevail in the spring are better withstood; and the quality of the sample is improved, the grain being better filled, and of a better colour. The fact that the transpiration of water necessary for the production of a certain weight of dry matter in cereals is less when saline manures have been applied, is of capital importance, and explains why phosphates, if other saline matters necessary be present in sufficiency, help the plant to resist periods of droughts. Of the phosphates on the market superphosphate may be taken as the most generally useful. On land with a high percentage of organic matter, or soil. somewhat sour, basis slag would be probably most useful, but, like nitrate of soda, it has not been put on the market so far at a price to justify its use. The superphosphate, as a rule, does not run altogether satisfactorily through the drill, and accordingly it is generally advisable to mix with it thoroughly a little of the freezing companies' manure, say, one in six, or to mix it with wood ashes, shortly before application in such quantities as will suffice to make the mixtures run wall. When a rotation of crops is practised, it will be found that a dressing of 1½ cwt.

to 2 cwt. per acre of superphosphate with the mixed material added proportionally, when such mixing has been required, will produce heavy crops, and, on the average, be sufficient. When wheat is grown after wheat superphosphate straight will scarcely suffice, or even when wheat is grown after oats. In that case it will be found advisable to mix superphosphate and kale manure from half and half to two of superphosphate to one of kale manure according to the degree of exhaustion of the field or the frequency with which it has been cropped. On lighter lands generally a mixture of dried blood and superphosphate one to two, or of kale manure and superphosphate half and half, will give better results than superphosphate alone, but on all wheat-growing land proper superphosphate alone will suffice, if it be dry enough to run through the drill freely. Further, it will be found that the influence of such direct manuring of wheat will tell favourably on the land when under grass or other crops.

QUANTITY OF SEED PER ACRE.

The quantity of seed to sow varies of course with the climatic conditions, the nature of the soil, the time of sowing, the size of the grain, and the habit of growth of the variety to be sown, and extends from one bushel per acre to two bushels. In a dry climate one bushel per acre is ample, but on good wheat lands in Canterbury from one and a quarter bushels to one and three-quarter bushels per acre should be sown. Lighter lands are sown more thinly than good strong soils, and the earlier the date of sowing the lighter should the seeding be in both cases. Wheats also that tiller freely may be sown more thinly than wheats which run quickly with fewer stems, such as the spring wheats. The careful selection and preparation of seed wheat is ever well repaid. For example, it should be graded, and the lighter or shrivelled grains taken out. Careful experiments conducted in France by Desprez proved that the gain in yield resulting from grading the wheat with the “Trieur” varied from 22 to 28 per cent. in favour of the large plump grains as compared with the yield of the smaller or shrivelled grains sown under similar conditions.

CULTIVATION.

Harrowing wheat in the spring is almost invariably an advantage to the crop. and on heavy lands it can scarcely be overdone. On thick crops it is an important, almost necessary, operation for the very best results. The horse-hoeing of wheat is now almost generally abandoned in favour of good harrowing, which is almost as efficient, and is much cheaper. Rolling has not so much to recommend it as harrowing, though in light lands it is useful. On heavy land, however, there is no manifest advantage to repay the cost of rolling in the spring, unless where the young wheat has been badly thrown out by severe frosts. Feeding down early crops with sheep is often beneficial to them, but occasionally it is injurious. When a dry season supervenes, on a crop fed down somewhat late, the yield will be diminished, and, as a rule, it is well to feed down only the early crops which, in a favourable season, might lodge before harvest.

TIME OF CUTTING.

For flour, wheat is better for being cut before it is dead ripe; for seed, it is to be preferred when it has been allowed to ripen completely. The rule then is to cut wheat when the grain is in the dough state for milling—when it ceases to show a milky fluid in section, and has a consistency similar to dough or cheese. However, as the grain fills from the outside inwards it is possible to cut too early, with the result that the inner starch cells of the grain are not fully developed, and the sample weighs less per bushel, but in view of the risk of shaking, and on the knowledge that in this climate the grain continues to fill in the stook, it is well to cut just as the milky stage of ripening is being completed.

VARIETIES.

New Zealand wheat in Mark Lane ranks much as English-grown wheat in quality. It works soft and weak as a rule; does not yield with the miller so much flour as Australian; and in purity of colour comes lower. In bread-making

capacity, or strength of flour, it is classed as low to fair, while Australian ranks as fair, and famous qualities such as Manitoban No. 1 are described as good to full, and No. 1 Hard Dulluth and No. 1 Northern Spring (United State) as full. The quality in the matter of strength of flour is, unfortunately not to be controlled to any great extent by the skill of the farmer in selecting varieties, or in breeding strains to yield strong flour: the chief determining factor is undoubtedly the climate, in the question of strength, and it is found that in countries where the ripening process is most rapid, through high summer temperature, long daylight, and clear dry weather, that wheats yielding the strongest flour are grown. If some of the wheats yielding strongest flour were introduced here, such, for example, as the Fife types, it would be found that in a few seasons the character of the grain in this characteristic would degenerate, though, at the same time, the matter well deserves the attention of farmers, as intelligent effort no doubt would result in improvement. There is also of course, the practical and financial aspect of the question to be considered. Wheats of the strong type grown in the States and Canada never, in the writer's experience at least, equal in yield the best soft white wheats that are now grown in New Zealand, and it may pay to grow the heavier yielder for a lower price per bushel. For example, 50 bushels per acre at 3s. 4d. (£8 6s. 8d.) will pay a farmer better than 45 bushels at 3s. 7d. (£8 1s. 3d.). A characteristic indispensable to varieties to be grown here, and always to have first consideration, is resistance to shelling out or threshing by wind, and in this particular many of the strong flour wheats are weak. The best soft white wheats of Europe yield most profitable returns here, but, of course, it does not follow that improvements in the matter of strength cannot be gained by careful selection or by cross-breeding.

OATS.

Otago and Southland districts excel in the production of oats, which is their principal cereal crop. The total area under this cereal in New Zealand for the season 1911-12 was 403,668 acres, averaging 48.71 bushels per acre. These figures do not include the area reserved for chaffing and feeding-down.

The growth of wheat in Southland is extending, and will continue to do so as the land becomes sweetened by tillage and warmed by drainage. In 1911-12, 8,939 acres of wheat were grown, as against 3,510 grown in 1908-9. The yield of oats in Otago and Southland varies from 40 to 80 bushels, and even 100 bushels, per acre.

BARLEY.

Malting-barley of very superior quality is grown in Nelson and Marlborough, where the soil and climate are particularly adapted to its culture. In 1911-12 31,644 acres were grown, producing 39.65 bushels per acre. Much larger yields are occasionally secured.

The growing of this cereal for malting purposes requires more attention than it has yet received in New Zealand. It is claimed for this crop that it will show a better result than wheat, for the following reasons: (1) It is less exhaustive to the soil; (2) it gives an average yield of from 10 per cent. to 20 per cent. more than wheat; (3) the growing crop in favourable seasons can be fed-off twice, or even three times, to the advantage of the subsequent yield of grain. Land of a light and calcareous nature will give a barley thin in the skin, and particularly suited for malting purposes. Barley is not a difficult crop to raise, but there are certain points

that need careful attention, which, if neglected, would probably result in the production of an inferior sample, which would hardly pay for growing.

ROOT CHOPS.

Potatoes: Potatoes are largely grown throughout New Zealand. On suitable soils very heavy crops are raised, it being no uncommon thing to dig from 8 to 10 and 15 tons per acre—25½ tons per acre were harvested this season on a farm at Tai Tapu, Canterbury— although the general average is much lower, for the reason that unsuitable land is frequently devoted to this crop. The area under potatoes in 1911-12 was 28,248 acres. The bulk of the crop is planted without manure, but, where used, bone-dust, superphosphate, blood-manure, or animal guano (which may be procured of first quality from the local manure manufactories), from 1 cwt. to 2 cwt. per acre, is applied with good results; recent experiments in Canterbury have amply demonstrated that the application of a much larger quantity of manure per acre is a remunerative investment. The potato is, however, an expensive crop to grow, costing from £5 to £6 per acre, and it is perhaps the most precarious of all crops, being materially affected by drought, but more particularly so by early and late frosts. The past season was a fairly favourable one for this esculent, notwithstanding the light rainfall; the average yield was estimated at 5 tons per acre, but in more favourable seasons as much as 15 and even 20 tons per acre are raised. The disease (phytophthora infestans), although present in many districts, has not affected the general average to any great extent. The practice of spraying for fungoid infestations should be encouraged, as it is well known that no fungoid growth can exist when treated with a solution of sulphate of copper, known as Bordeaux mixture.

Land for potatoes is usually broken out of grass, skim-ploughed in autumn, ploughed deeply in spring, and thoroughly tilled; or potatoes may be grown in drills opened and closed with a double- furrow plough. The seed—15 cwt. per acre—is then ploughed in under every third furrow, the after-culture consisting of harrowing just as the crop is appearing over ground (by this means myriads of seedling weeds are destroyed); drill-grubbing, hoeing, horse-hoeing, and earthing-up being the subsequent operations. Heavy crops of wheat, oats, barley, peas, and beans can always be relied upon after potatoes.

The Turnip Crop of 1911-12 has been generally satisfactory. The splendid rains which fell soon after last harvest proved of great service to farmers and pastoralists. The comparative immunity of grass and root crops from caterpillars and other plant pests resulted in fine crops of turnips and all kinds of forage plants, including grasses, and enabled farmers to carry increased numbers of sheep for lambing, which will go far to make up the shortage recorded elsewhere.

Rape is largely grown as sheep-feed, and may be sown either in early spring or immediately after harvest, the stubble being skim- ploughed or broken up with the spring-tined cultivator. This crop is invaluable in the early spring, and may be fed off in time for oats or barley. Dairy cattle, however, should not be fed on rape, as doing so destroys the flavour of the milk. Eape is more valuable for fattening lambs than the turnip. The area under this crop for the season 1911-12 was 213,691 acres, an increase of 5,634 acres as compared with 1910-11.

Kale: Mr. Lowrie, the late director of Lincoln Agricultural College, was the first to demonstrate the great value of kale as a supplementary forage-crop. Its cultivation has now become pretty general. There are several varieties of kale which have been cultivated for a lengthened period in Europe. For some reason its culture has hitherto been much neglected in New Zealand. Mr. Lowrie has, however, succeeded in bringing its value before the farming community, with the result that it may be said to be fairly established. It is not intended that it should take the place of rape. As a forage-crop, however, kale compares very favourably with the varieties of rape. It will stand drought better than rape; it is less liable to blight; it is healthier for stock. Mr. Lowrie remarks: “I have never known kale to injure stock, either sheep or cattle, and I have frequently had to take lambs off rape, when they have begun to die from irritation in the intestines, and put them on kale to recover.” The value, however, of the food from a fattening point of view is scarcely so high as rape. Young stock will fatten on rape quicker, but wethers and two-tooth sheep and over seem to do as well on kale as they do on rape, and the percentage of deaths will always be lower. A good block of kale should always be grown, for reasons above stated. It has another advantage— viz., it can with impunity be fed to dairy cows with little fear of tainting the milk, as is the case with rape.

The cultivation of kale consists in sowing the seed in drills, 21 in. apart, with 1 lb. of seed per acre. Sown in September, the crop will be ready for grazing in February, and can be grazed right through the autumn. Stock should be taken out about the end of May and the crop left until the spring, when in the month of September it will yield an enormous amount of forage; but care must be taken not to feed it too closely at any time. The plant is a gross feeder, and must be treated generously if sown in indifferent soil. From 2 cwt. to 3 cwt. per acre of manure should be drilled in with the seed. The variety known as “Thousand-headed kale” is the most generally useful.

Mangolds and Carrots are largely grown in some districts. They cost more money per acre than turnips to produce, as they must be hand-hoed and thinned; nor are they so suitable a crop for cleaning the land. Turnip-sowing does not commence till November or December, affording ample time for the destruction of seedling weeds during the spring months; this important opportunity is largely lost

in the culture of the mangold, which is usually sown in October. Mangolds are, however, an invaluable crop on a stock-farm, as they do not reach their primest condition until the turnip-supply is exhausted, usually in August. From 30 to 60 tons per acre is not an uncommon yield of these roots, often without the aid of manure, on rich swamp land. Experiments and analyses show that the orange and yellow Tankard are more nutritious than any of the long varieties. The area under this crop is annually increasing as its value becomes better known; also its comparative immunity from the attacks of grubs or insects.

Carrots are also a valuable crop, especially for horses; on sandy loams the yield reaches 15 to 20 tons per acre. Carrots impart a pleasant flavour to butter, and should be largely grown for dairy stock. Like the mangold, the area under this crop is also increasing from year to year.

SEEDS.

Glover. Saving clover for seed in favourable seasons is a lucrative industry, adding materially to the farmers' income. Clover is sown with a spring crop, usually of corn, lightly grazed in the following autumn, and then reserved for a crop of hay, which, according to the season, yields from 2 to 3 tons per acre when cut in November or early in December. Some farmers prefer feeding off with sheep in preference to mowing for hay. The after-growth is then allowed to flower and seed, which it does very freely. Thousands of humble-bees may be seen in the clover-fields during the months of January, February, and March. The seed ripens in March, and is then cut and dried, and threshed out by machines known as clover-shellers. An acre of clover may yield in hay and seed from £8 to £10. It must, however, be stated that, while a good crop of clover-seed is most lucrative, it is nevertheless a most precarious one. Owing to lateness of the season of ripening, it sometimes happens that the fertilization is imperfect, resulting in a majority of barren heads. This gave rise to a controversy as to whether the proper bee has been introduced. The point was referred to the late Miss Ormerod, the English entomologist, with specimens, which that lady identified as Bombus terrestris and subterraneous. The former is declared by Mr. Darwin to be useless as a fertilizer for the reason that its tongue is too short. This question has again been revived, it being thought that while some of the varieties introduced have proved very valuable as fertilizers it is quite possible that there are others still more so. The Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association set up a sub-committee to collect information on the subject. As the result of the inquiries made, Messrs. Sladen, Ripple Court, Dover, England, and A. H. Ham, Oxford, England—well-known scientists—were asked to co-operate in collecting the most suitable species. A small consignment (the season being too far advanced) was shipped by the s.s. “Paparoa,” which arrived at

Lyttelton on the 24th February, 1906. Out of fifteen sent ten arrived alive—viz., four Bombns lapidarius (the red-tailed bee), and six Bombus hortorum. These were released in clover-paddocks at and near the Lincoln Agricultural College. Another consignment of 165 red-tailed queens arrived at Lyttelton per steamer “Paparoa “ in December, 1906, of which 94 were found to be dead, the balance (71) soon revived when exposed to the warm sun, and took flight. The third consignment of these insects arrived per s.s. “Ruapehu” in December, 1906. The shipment consisted of 145 queens, of which 62 were found to be alive; these were liberated at Mr. H. E. Peryman's farm at Tai Tapu, in the midst of luxuriant clover paddocks.

Humble-bees were first successfully introduced into Canterbury in 1885. The variety was Bombus terrestris; and they were found to spread over an area of a hundred miles in less than twelve months.

The red-tailed bee is easily distinguished from any other species; the posterior is closely covered with red hairs, hence its name. Although a couple of specimens were reported last summer, it is still problematical whether the introduction of Bombus lapidarius has been quite a success. The Committee of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association deserve the gratitude of the farming community. The importations cost the association £100. The Entomologist of the Dominion of Canada has promised to send a shipment of bees as soon as practicable, and it is probable that some may also be procured from California.

White and alsike clover are now grown in considerable quantities. White clover yields enormously: as much as 300 lb. of white and alsike seed has been obtained per acre. These clovers are not dependent on the action of the humble-bee for their fertilization; they mature earlier, and are more easily threshed and cleaned than cow-grass or red-clover.

Grass-seed Saving: All the most valuable British grasses flourish throughout New Zealand. Cocksfoot has been for many years a staple product of Banks Peninsula (Akaroa County), where the soil for the most part consists of decomposed volcanic rocks and vegetable mould. Large quantities of this seed are also raised in the North Island and in many other parts of the Dominion as well. The seed is of the finest description, frequently weighing 20 lb. to the bushel, 12 lb. being a standard bushel. Cocksfoot thrives on a very wide range of soil, from the richest to the poorest, preferring. of course, the former. It may be found on the dry stony plains of the interior, green and healthy, when the surrounding herbage, introduced or indigenous, has given way to the heat of the summer sun. * The area under this grass in 1911—12 was 38,297 acres, yielding 6,974,649 lb. of seed.

Growing ryegrass (Perennial and Italian) for seed is also an important industry. The seed is usually gathered by stripping, but

when the crops are heavy they are cut and tied as corn, and afterwards threshed by machinery. The yield varies from 20 to 50 bushels per acre, weighing from 25 lb. to 32 lb. per bushel, 20 lb. being the standard weight. A common practice is to graze the land till midsummer; to take the stock off for a few weeks, and then so run the, stripper over the ground. By this primitive method 10 bushels per acre of perennial ryegrass is sometimes secured, of the finest quality. Byegrass-seed is usually in good demand; the price varies according to the season; the usual price, however, is from 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. and 4s. per bushel. Crested dogstail, sheep's fescue, and meadow fescue are also successfully grown, particularly in the North Island, for seed and for pasture. 77,535 acres were under ryegrass in 1911-12, yielding 43,972, 25 lb.

Many of the indigenous grasses of New Zealand are possessed of considerable feeding-value, but, unfortunately, few of Them will stand too close feeding. The action of fire is especially injurious to most of them. Of recent years much has been said in favour of Danthonia scmiannularis (one of the native oat-grasses) as a grass particularly adapted to some of the poorer soils in the North Island, where it is said to thrive admirably; it is also said to be able to resist the action of occasional grass-fires. There are many varieties of Danthonias, from the giant, coarse-growing snow-grass or oat-grass, to the fine-leaved varieties found in almost all the natural pastures. They are for the most part valuable for sheep pastures.

Small Seeds: New Zealand, from the nature of her soil and climate, offers a fine field for growing all kinds of farm and garden seeds. This circumstance has already attracted the attention of some of the larger seed-merchants of Great Britain, whose agents occasionally visit New Zealand with a view to inducing farmers and others to grow certain kinds of seeds. This industry is capable of great expansion, and the Department would be doing good work were they to take the matter in hand. The industry is peculiarly adapted to small holdings, and well suited to young persons, the work being light and of an interesting character. Ready sale can be found for carefully grown and carefully cleaned garden-seeds if grown in quantity. A large export trade in seeds should be encouraged, subject to inspection and grading similar to that exercised over butter and cheese.

OTHER CHOPS.

Pulse: Peas and beans are largely grown for pig and horse feed, and for export; they form an excellent preparation for wheat. An extensive trade in peas of a certain description is done in the manufacturing towns of Great Britain; and efforts are being made to secure a share of this trade by producing peas suitable for splitting for human food. The business should prove a most remunerative one. Thirty bushels of peas per acre is considered a fair crop, while 60 to 70 bushels of beans are often secured. As showing the

extraordinary fertility of some of the lands of the Dominion, it may be mentioned that beans and wheat have been grown alternately on Kaiapoi Island (Canterbury) for thirty years without any apparent diminution of yield, the crops of recent years being as abundant as those grown twenty-five years ago—40 to 50 bushels of wheat and 60 to 70 bushels of beans being the usual return per acre.

Cape Barley and Winter Oats: The demand for early spring feed has resulted in the growing of these plants for forage. Their extreme hardiness renders them well adapted for autumn sowing. If sown in March they are ready for feeding-off in May; they may be fed off again in July, and on till the beginning of October, when, if allowed to run to seed, they will produce 40 to 60 bushels per acre, or they may be ploughed in as green manure for turnips—a practice which is not often adopted, it being found to be more profitable to use artificial manures for each crop.

Tares are also grown, but not so largely as they deserve to be, especially for dairy stock. Mixed with oats, barley, or rye, they are excellent milk-producers; and when grown luxuriantly they destroy all kinds of weeds, and leave the land in fine condition for a spring corn-crop.

Linseed (European Flax): The cultivation of this useful plant is not increasing; it is a great soil exhauster and a promoter of the growth of weeds, as the soil has to be reduced to a very fine tilth before sowing. This crop requires a very large amount of labour when grown for fibre purposes; its cultivation therefore is confined to small areas for the manufacture of oil and oilcake, and for cattle food. The straw which might with advantage be turned to account is neglected.

New Zealand Flax (Phormium Tenax): This useful plant occupies a large area of the swamp lands of the Dominion. The manufacture of fibre from the leaves has in the past been a profitable business, employing a large number of persons. The value of the fibre would be greatly enhanced if some effective means could be found for freeing it from resinous substances. It is more than probable that a much finer quality of fibre will be produced (greatly enhancing its value) when the field-culture of the plant is more widely adopted; at present the leaves are gathered indiscriminately, young and old, at the same time once in every three years. Under cultivation the outside leaves only will be cut annually, thus securing a uniformity of quality—a vital point in determining the price of any fibre.

Lucerne: This permanent fodder-plant thrives admirably in most parts of New Zealand, provided the land is not waterlogged; and, if properly cultivated and well attended to, particularly in its early stage of growth, it will continue to yield liberal cuttings for seven or eight years, or even longer. This is a most excellent crop for the small or large farmer, furnishing, as it does, an abundant supply of succulent fodder, in deeply cultivated soils, during

the drier months of midsummer. All farm animals are partial to lucerne; pigs thrive upon it. No farm should he without a well- cultivated plot of this plant. In deeply cultivated laud lucerne will yield four or five cuttings during the season, producing from five to ten tons of green soiling per acre at each cutting. No matter how hot and dry the weather may be it continues to grow freely. It is this drought-resisting quality which renders lucerne such a valuable fodder plant in Queensland and New South. Wales, where it is extensively grown for pasture purposes, and for hay, which is largely exported for use in other parts of the Commonwealth.

COST OF WORKING A FARM IN NEW ZEALAND.

When comparing the cost of working a farm in England with one of the same size in New Zealand, several points have to be taken into account, such as the climate, the soil, labour, and machinery. New Zealand can claim that there are more fine working-days in the year, the fields are much larger, the latest improvements in labour-saving machinery have been introduced, the soil is more easily worked, and that the genial nature of the climate renders it unnecessary to house stock during the winter months, thus saving the cost of attendance; secondly, that farming operations may be carried on continuously throughout the whole year; and, thirdly, that the paddocks are so large, and usually so level, that the double-and treble-furrow plough may be worked by one man or youth with three horses, thus equalizing the cost of labour, as we have shown that one man, or even a boy, will be quite equal to two men in the Old Country; so that, after all, the difference in the cost of working a farm in New Zealand is not so great as might appear at first sight.

Those farming large areas are already turning their attention to the coming motive power which is destined to take the place of horse-power for ploughing, threshing, and indeed almost every kind of work which is now performed by horses. Trials of agricultural motors have been held in Scotland. Ploughing, harrowing, reaping and binding, and manure-spreading are done with great ease and precision. The total cost of working one of these motors is estimated at 18s. per day. The machine complete weighs about 30 cwt., and the speed is from two and a half to six miles au hour. Numbers of these motors have already found their way to Australia and New Zealand. It is probable that this power will ultimately take the place of horses for ploughing and other farm work on the level plain lands, doing it at a greatly reduced cost per acre. Ploughing with electric traction has been tried in California, it is reported, with considerable success. A fully equipped three-horse team costs nearly £200, besides the upkeep in the way of feed; and the risk of accidents and death to the animals.

The hay-crop is simply cut one day, raked into windrows the next, and in a couple more it is ready for stacking.

Wheat is cut and tied by machinery, the stooks requiring no capping. It is frequently threshed out of the stook in favourable seasons, thereby saving the cost of stacking, and thatching; but this method, although very general, is not recommended except in hot dry seasons. The stacks are rarely thatched, except, perhaps, on the weather side. This is a wise precaution, the neglect of which sometimes entails serious loss.

The manure bill, which is such a heavy item of annual expenditure with the British farmer, presses as yet very lightly on the farmers of the Dominion. It is, however, a notable fact that the use of fertilizers has now become more general; 1 cwt. to 1½ cwt. of superphosphate per acre is used with the turnip and other root-crops, for the purpose of forcing the young plant into the rough leaf, when it will be out of one danger—the turnip-fly, or more properly speaking, the turnip-beetle (Haltica nemorum), which attacks the seedling leaves. It will therefore be seen that the New Zealand farmer has many advantages over the farmer of the Old Country.

It may also be pointed out that the application of one or two hundredweight per acre of superphosphate of lime produces better results in colonial soils than double the quantity would do in England, showing clearly that the natural richness of colonial soils is not yet exhausted.

THE IMPROVING OF PASTURES.

Pastoralists are gradually recognizing that some attention must be bestowed upon the upkeep of the natural pastures of the Dominion, covering more than 8,000,000 acres which have never been ploughed, embracing the mountains up to the snow-line as well as the downs. Much of these pastures has been denuded of valuable native grasses through the agency of fire, rabbits, and overstocking. Experiments are being carried out by the Agricultural Department with a view to discovering, if possible, the most effective means of re-establishing pastures on large areas in mountain districts. If it were possible to shut out sheep and rabbits for a couple of years, Nature would re-clothe the areas with the plants best adapted to the surroundings. It is difficult to conceive how else it can be done. The result of the experiments will be watched by pastoralists with great interest.

The question of how best to maintain the productive capacity of our soils where the growth of cereals and root crops may be continuously carried on—without any serious deterioration—is a question of first importance, and one which is attracting the attention of agricultural scientists throughout the civilized world. It cannot be doubted that the farmer who can by the scientific manipulation of his land continue to produce the maximum of results, at a minimum of cost, with the least deterioration of his soil, is the man who will come out on top. The same may be said of nations. New Zealand farmers with their costly land can only hold their premier position as producers of mutton, lamb, and dairy-produce, &c., by the

practice of intense farming guided by the light of science. In connection with this subject, Professor Alexander, Director, Canterbury Agricultural College, read an exhaustive and, we may add, a convincing paper at the conference held in Christchurch in July.

THE CONSERVATION OF MOISTURE.

The fertility of the soil is the outcome of a very complex series of factors, including the supply of plant food in the soil, its mechanical texture as conditioning the movement of water, &c. The difference in plant requirements is one of degree, not of kind. All plants require food, water, air, warmth, and absence of injurious substances. All these requirements are equally important; if any one of them is unsatisfactory, the soil is unfertile to that extent, or, in other words, this unsatisfactory factor is the one that limits the crop.

Many experiments have been carried out to estimate the quantity of water required to produce a full crop. The results of these experiments indicate varying amounts, and it would appear that the quantity of water required by any crop depends on the richness of the soil and climate in which it is grown. Oats growing in a district where strong sunshine and drying winds prevail need more water than oats grown in a less sunny district, or free from drying winds. Depending on these circumstances, an average crop requires an amount of water equal to a rainfall of from 10 in. to 20 in., and with our drying winds in Canterbury an average crop cannot demand much less water than an amount equal to 15 in. of rain.

A plant is not constructed with a view to its absorbing water by means of its leaves, or, indeed, by means of any of its above-ground parts. Water is only absorbed from dew or rain by these parts when the plant is in a wilted condition. With this limited exception, the whole of the water required by a plant is taken up from the soil through the roots. Therefore, to supply water to the plants is one of the proper functions of the soil.

A growing crop may be said to obtain its water from three sources:—

  1. Rainfall and dews which percolate into the soil.

  2. Underground streams and water-table.

  3. Surplus water held by or stored in the soil.

  1. The growing season in Canterbury may be said to extend from September till March. The average rainfall for that period for thirty years up to last March at Lincoln College has been 11.4 in. If my estimate of the quantity of water required to raise as average crop (15 in. of rain) is correct, then the rainfall in the growing season is not sufficient to supply the wants of an average crop. This is borne out by the returns from last year's crops, which were heavier almost in proportion to the excess in the rainfall—viz., 17.5 in. as against the average 11.4 in. Again, the rain which falls in the growing season is not all available for plant production; a portion of it is bound to be lost by evaporation before it can percolate into the soil, and another portion is lost by percolating away to the subsoil or running off the top, especially when the fall is heavy and more than sufficient to saturate the soil. From this it is evident that the summer rainfall must be supplemented from another source.

  2. It is generally contended that the underground water-table bears an important relation to the productivity of the overlying soil, and that the water can reach the surface from great depths by capillarity. Warrington states that the practical effect of capillary action in raising water to the surface of the soil, or to the level occupied by plant roots, has apparently been a good deal exaggerated. To prove this he quotes the experience at the Wisconsin Experimental Station, where the water-level in the subsoil is at different seasons of the year between I ft. to 7 ft. below the surface. In seasons of drought crops often suffer considerably on this land from deficiency of water, although at the time the water-level may be only 5 ft. below the surface.

    However, there is no doubt that the level of the water-table has an important bearing on the amount of water retained or stored by a soil, and it is here that the advantages of an underground water-table at high level comes in. Soils with a very open and deep subsoil allow the water to percolate quickly. whereas with a high water-table percolation is much slower, and consequently more water is held in the soil. It would seem, therefore, that the only advantage of a water-table more than 5 ft. from the surface is to slightly help the overlying soil in the retention of rain-water; but in time of drought water below 5 tt. does not come to the aid of the crop.

  3. It is evident that plants must draw on the surplus supply of water in the soil during the growing period: the dry state of the soil after harvest is a proof of this statement. Hall quotes some figures taken at Rothamsted. which are worthy of note: (1) An examination of the water-content to the depth of 54 in. of a plot on which a crop of barley was growing in a dry summer showed that it contained the equivalent of 9 in. of rain less than the adjoining plot which was fallow: (2) an examination of a set of hay plots to the depth of 51 in. showed that the water-content varied invariably to the yield of hay. The plot which yielded the smallest crop of hay contained most water, and the plot giving the heaviest yield the least water. King states that two soils under his observation yielded water held by them to a corn crop as follows: Sandy soil, 13.83 lb. per cubic foot; clay, 12.5) lb. The water- holding capacity of a soil is therefore a very important consideration—those soils which are able to store the largest quantity of rain in a condition which shall permit vegetation to use it to the best advantage are likely to be the most productive.

The available water in a soil is not found in the pockets or pores, but is obtained from the film which adheres to and surrounds each particle of soil. It is evident, therefore, other conditions being the same, that soil whose grains present the largest aggregate surface area may retain the most water per cubic foot. A cubic foot of marbles 1 in. in diameter possesses an aggregate surface of 37.7 square feet, while if the marbles were reduced in diameter to one- thousandth inch, then the total area per cubic foot is increased to 37,700 square feet. It may be said in general regarding the capacity of soils to hold water that the finer the grains the more the soil will hold. But the state of consolidation or the closeness of packing of its particles has a great influence upon its power of retaining water: tillage operations may thus supply a means of ameliorating the excessive dryness or wetness of a soil. In practice, the water-holding power of a coarse sandy or gravelly soil may be increased by consolidation. On the other hand, the water-holding power of a heavy soil may be increased if the soil ran be pulverized. In heavy soils and subsoils the particles constituting the soil may be no longer aggregated: the material may be in its finest-grained condition, and the contained water reduced and more or less unavailable to plants. Especially are our subsoils likely to get into this fine-grained condition.

This happens on almost every class of soil, and both the quantity of water held and the movement of water are limited. The practical effects of the foregoing statements are seen when a crop growing on land well ploughed and properly packed is compared with a crop growing on badly packed land. and again in comparing the results of subsoiling or loosening the subsoil. A soil might he compared to a sponge, which will hold the more water the finer it is up to a certain point, when it gets more or less solid, the water-holding power is limited. A stirred soil, provided it gels settling down again, holds a maximum amount of water. The water-content of many or most of our subsoils is limited: the water-holding power of a soil is increased in proportion to the depth of the stirring.

The movement of moisture in the soil is referred to as capillarity, and can he best exemplified by the rise of water in a lump of sugar or the rise of kerosene in the wick of a lamp. Taking the latter as an illustration, we know that if there is a break or great weakness in the wick, or if a very tight clamp

is put on it, the flow of kerosene is stopped; so in the soil, if the bottom of the furrow is loose and open, or if the layer under the plough is impermeable, then capillary action is stopped. The height to which water will rise in a soil, of course, depends primarily on the size of the soil particles and the closeness of their packing.

Rainfall is lost to the soil in two or three ways: (1) Percolation, (2) running off the surface, (3) evaporation. It is only possible to limit percolation in the cultivated layer of soil to a certain extent, and not possible to control the percolation in the subsoil. If the surface soil is very loosely ploughed and not properly packed, the water drops right through it; but when properly packed it percolates more slowly, and more is retained. Water percolates more freely into a loose or bare surface than it does when the surface is turfed over, as the following figures, quoted by Warrington, will show. Percolation, various soils, for winter, six months: Loam, 10.1 in.; fine gravel, 12'4 in.: turfed soil, 6'9 in. So that soils with turfed surface do not get a chance of storing water during winter. Of course, this cannot be avoided in grass lands; but when a crop is to be taken off it would be a distinct advantage to plough in the autumn or early winter. The last number of the “Royal Agricultural Society's Journal” states that—

“Some interesting and conclusive experiments on this point have been made for some years past by M. de Kerpely at the Royal Academy of Debreczen, in Hungary. After maize had been harvested for fodder, half of the field was at once turned over with a disc harrow or cultivator, while the other half was left alone. Tests were then made by taking out samples of soil at every few inches down to a depth of 40 in.

“On 9th August the half which had been worked with a disc harrow had. down to 24 in., an excess of moisture of 14,300 gallons per acres over the unworked half of the field. On 3rd September this excess amounted to 15,400, on the 7th to 34,100, and on the 30th to 37,400 gallons. On 5th October the whole field was sown with wheat, and the difference of moisture in the two halves of it, down to a depth of 32 in., was found to be as follows: On 21st October 11,000, 2nd December 14,300, 13th December 29,400, and on 3rd January, 31,600 gallons per acre. On 16th March, after six weeks of dry weather and high winds, the difference, down to a depth of 40 in., was about 14,300 gallons per acre. These differences work out at about 3 per cent. each.

“M. de Kerpely, as the result of his experiments, tells us that the land worked in autumn produced 2¼, tons per acre more beetroot than did the unworked part, and this although abundant rain had fallen in May and June. This great difference he attributes to rain-water failing to penetrate into the unworked land. Other experiments have shown the differences in moisture per acre between stubble-worked and unworked land to be (50,000 gallons on 6th March, 72,600 on 6th May, 95.700 on 7th June, and 84,700 on 2Sth June. He also points out that not only has the worked land a great superiority in the amount of moisture it holds, but that the plants on it can utilize this moisture much more readily than can plants on the unworked land. All this confirms Deherain's saying that the true object of working the land in the autumn is to lay up reserves of moisture.”

Hall also points out the advantage of early ploughing on a thin Kent soil, samples from which, taken as early as March, showed that where it had been ploughed in the autumn it contained 16.12 per cent. water, and adjoining land, not ploughed, contained 15.3 per cent. water—nearly 1 per cent. of gain due to ploughing. Samples taken by King on a different soil, at a later period of the year, showed clearly the serious loss of water which takes place by deferring ploughing till the late spring, when drying winds are so prevalent and evaporation is greatest. On 28th April a piece of corn ground was ploughed and sown in oats, and the water-content of the first 4 ft. of soil was as follows:—

 1st Foot:2nd Foot:3rd Foot:4th Foot:
Per Cent.Per Cent,Per Cent.Per Cent.
On 29th April20.1322.6120.5117.72
On 6th May19.8623.2420.8617.17
Showing practically no loss.

On 6th May an adjoining strip of land was ploughed and sampled, and compared with land ploughed seven days earlier, and the water-content of the first 4 ft. was as follows:—

 1st Foot: lb.2nd Foot: lb.3rd Foot: lb.4th Foot: lb.
Land ploughed13.8720.6618.3216.05
Land not ploughed10.5817.9817.2813.94
Loss through drying3.292.681.052.11

The unploughed land had therefore lost, in consequence through not having been ploughed, an amount of water equivalent to 1.75 in. of rain. The value of early ploughing is perfectly illustrated here, but in New Zealand, with such high drying winds, the loss of moisture would be very much greater, as not only would the loss take place from the turfed surface, as illustrated above, but the turning-over of the furrows would expose the saturated surface; and we all know the drying effects of a Canterbury wind. The drying effects of winds and the value of shelter belts is illustrated by an experiment of King's: In a given time 11.1 cc. of water was evaporated at a distance of 20 ft. from an oak grove, and at a distance of 400 ft. 18.5 cc. was evaporated at the same time, or an increase on the more exposed area of 67 per cent.

The loss of water by evaporation in the growing season is encouraged or checked by the cultivation which the land has received. The following figures from King's experiments, quoted by Warrington, are quite convincing. The comparison is between a rolled and cultivated surface: the cultivated surface was stirred to the depth of 3 in., about the depth of an ordinary harrowing:—

 Rolled. 1st Foot: Per Cent. Water.Cultivated. 1st Foot: Per Cent. Water.Rolled. 2nd Foot: Per Cent. Water.Cultivated. 2nd Foot: Per Cent. Water.
29th May1.5.417.216.616.4
9th June13.616.913.715.8
17th June12.016.014.116.1
20th June15.019.014.816.8

On 19th and 20th June the excess of water in the first 2 ft. of cultivated soil amounted to 1 in. This, it will be admitted, means that a serious loss has taken place where the surface was firmly compacted. On the other hand. the advantage of having a loose surface is quite apparent, and the practice of leaving a loose surface should be adopted in any country where drying winds are prevalent. To get the best results from this method of preserving water it should be commenced early, especially on the lighter lands. The surface should be stirred with the harrows before any drying has started, and when the soil contains its maximum amount of water. Frequent stirring or harrowings should be given on lands to be sown late in the spring, and even where a crop is sown, if it can be harrowed without injury to the crop. Warrington quotes an experiment which illustrates this, the samples being taken at the driest period of the year:—

Soil cultivated in May, untouched afterwards, 16'9 per cent. water.

Soil cultivated in May. stirred ½ in. deep, 19 per cent. water.

Soil cultivated in May, stirred 2 in. deep, 19.2 per cent.

Soil cultivated in May, stirred 4 in. deep, 20.3 per cent.

The effect of even a slight stirring is very marked, and the quantity of water preserved would give a satisfactory increase in a crop.

Catch crops are very often grown in this country to provide green feed for the sheep in the winter, and no doubt are very valuable in many seasons.

The practice is to sow these crops in late summer or early autumn, and plough the land in spring for another crop. We should remember that the danger of their use is that they may so deplete the available soil-water as to give the succeeding crop a very poor chance of germinating or growing well. The question for the farmer, of course, is whether will the winter feed and an indifferent crop or one good crop pay him best.

It might be asked, have the above statements or the experiments I have quoted any practical value? That is, could we by a revision of our methods increase the water-holding capacity of our soils? I cannot say definitely that we can, but it appears to me that, without any extra expense, the soil could be better and more thoroughly cultivated. In many cases ploughing is done in a careless and slipshod manner, and the after-cultivation is always directed towards obtaining a fine surface, no attention being given to the bottom of the furrow. To obtain what I would describe as a proper texture I do not propose to bring before you any new-fangled ideas or advocate the use of extraordinary and expensive implements; rather would my ideas be described as antiquated or primitive, as I would depend more on time and Nature, with the help of our less modern but more useful implements—all mingled with a certain amount of common-sense.

The plough should be made to do the work it has been designed for— viz., not only should it be used to turn over the furrow, but the boards should be set to press and pack the furrow so that no open spaces are left at the bottom. Harrows and cultivators could also be more used to advantage. Not only do they help to promote a suitable tilth, but their action helps to shake and settle the furrows and pack them more effectually than the action of heavy implements rolled over the surface.

My conclusions, therefore, are: A better tilth and better water-retaining soil could be obtained by—(1) Deeper ploughing, always excepting any soil underlaid by a subsoil containing injurious matters (this would increase the water-holding area, and offer more room for plant roots and soil organisms); (2) early ploughing to ensure better subpacking—more moisture and better movement of the moisture; (3) cultivation to complete the subpacking—early loosening of the surface to prevent loss of moisture; and (4) continuous loosening of the surface, or breaking any crust that may form till the crops acts as a protection.

LIVE-STOCK.

Cattle: The number of cattle in the Dominion for 1910-11 was 2,020,171, showing a considerable increase, amounting to 246,815, as compared with 1908-9. In the above are included 804,078 cows, dry and in milk, and heifers to calve this season.

Horses: The number of horses in the Dominion returned in April, 1911. were 404,284, showing an increase of 41,025 since 1908.

Sheep: The returns made up to 30th April, 1912, show 23,464,132, a decrease of 531,994 on the figures for the previous year.

SHEEP.

New Zealand is admirably adapted for the breeding of all classes of sheep, from the fine-combing merino to the strongest type of Lincoln. The merino occupies and thrives on the wild lands, from the snow-line to the border of the plains

as well as on the drier portions of the plains. The merino ewe furnishes the foundation for all the crossbred varieties. On the rich moist soils the Lincoln and Romney Marsh sheep flourish, while the finer English and Border Leicesters and Down sheep occupy the drier lands.

Sheep bred from merino ewes and longwool rams, or from crossbred ewes with Down rams, are the most suitable for the frozen- meat trade, and are known as “freezers.”

The dapper little Southdown flourishes wherever crossbreds thrive. Their more ponderous cousins, the Shropshire and Hampshire Downs, have their admirers. English Leicesters and Border Leicesters are also much sought after for this purpose, particularly in the South Island, where “prime Canterbury” mutton is produced. The breeds of sheep now in New Zealand are Lincolns, English Leicesters, Border Leicesters, Romney Marsh, Shropshires, Southdown, Hampshire Downs, Merinos, Cheviots, Ryelands, Dorset Horns, Oxford Downs, and Roscommons.

Shearing commences in September, and is continued till January. The usual price per hundred is 20s. Shearing-machines are now used in nearly all the larger sheds. They have not, however, proved an unmixed blessing, for the reason that they clip the fleeces clean to the pelt. The mortality amongst newly shorn sheep is frequently very heavy.

The average clips for the various breeds of sheep are approximately: Merino, from 4 lb. to 7 lb.; quarter-breds, about 6½ lb.; half-breds, 7½ lb.; three-quarter-breds, 8½ lb.; Leicester, 10½ lb.; Lincoln, 11 lb. Of course, very much larger clips are obtained from special flocks, as much as 25 lb. to 301b. per sheep; but the above figures represent general averages.

The staple of New Zealand wool, especially the longwool and cross-bred, is remarkable for its freedom from breaks and other imperfections incidental to countries subject to long droughts and periodical scarcity of feed.

The most profitable sheep for New Zealand is that which combines the best fleece and the most suitable carcase for freezing-purposes, together with early maturity. This is the class of sheep which some sheep-breeders have set themselves to produce. Whether such an animal, having fixity of type, can be evolved, remains to be proved; so much depends on the feed, situation, and soil.

A general flock-book, to embrace the various breeds of pure-bred sheep throughout the Dominion, was established in 1895. Subsequently it was found expedient to publish separate volumes, one for the North Island and one for the South Island, controlled by separate councils.

The North Island published vol. viii in 1909; the South Island published vol. vii, new series, in 1911, as follows:—

 North Island.South Island.
1909.1911.
Lincolns90 flocks28 flocks
English Leicesters35 flocks160 flocks
Border Leicesters20 flocks158 flocks
Romney Marsh 70 flocks
Southdowns43 flocks44 flocks
Shropshire Downs21 flocks58 flocks
Hampshires2 flocks..
Merinos1 flocks22 flocks
Cheviots11 flocks
Ryelands1 flocks8 flocks
Oxford Downs..1 flocks
Dorset Horns..1 flocks
South Devon1 flocks..
   Totals215 flocks551 flocks

Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania also have Hock-books. This is a step in the right direction, as flock-masters in South America and elsewhere demand a certificate to the effect that the cattle and sheep purchased by them are duly registered in an authorized herd or flock book. The value of these books is now so fully recognized that all the distinctive breeds of sheep in Britain and elsewhere have their recognized registers. Carefully kept registers of breeding must ultimately tend to improvement in the quality of the flocks.

The capability of New Zealand for producing mutton has not as yet reached its limit. When the frozen-meat trade was first seriously considered in 1877, an assertion to the effect that 1,000,000 sheep per annum could be found for freezing without impairing the breeding-flocks was treated as highly chimerical by sheep-breeders of long experience. Subsequent events, however, have proved how immeasurably under-estimated was the carrying-capacity of the runs and farms of the Dominion. There are now twenty-two freezing- works in operation in New Zealand. But it must be borne in mind that Argentina and Australia also share the trade of Great Britain with New Zealand. It must be admitted that, with cheaper land and a closer proximity to the markets of the world, Argentina has become a very formidable rival to Australasia. The only way to keep command of the market is to ship nothing but first-quality graded mutton and lamb. This system is carefully carried out, and has been found to be beneficial to the trade.

HORSE-BREEDING.

The climate of New Zealand is admirably adapted for the breeding and rearing of horses of all kinds, especially draught horses. Indeed it would be difficult to find better Clydesdales than those bred on the limestone soils of Oamaru, Canterbury, and elsewhere. Some of the best blue-blood of this breed has from time to time been imported from Scotland, with the result that the breed is now well

* The Romney Marsh herd-book published in the North Island contains 183 flocks.

established. The Shire horse has his admirers also; some tine specimens of the breed have been imported from time to time.

Professor Lowrie, Director of Agriculture, South Australia, in a recent report furnished to his Government on the necessity of improving the draught-horse stock of the State, pays a high tribute to the horses of this Dominion by recommending that draught sires of high quality should be introduced from Scotland or from New Zealand, with a view to improving the horses of South Australia.

The light-horse stock has risen into note through the production of animals which have rendered themselves famous on the turf. The demand for horses suitable for remounts for the cavalry service in India is a continuous one, affording a ready market for the proper stamp of animal; shipments are periodically made to that country with varying results.

With a view to bringing the use of pure-bred sires within the reach of small selectors in the outlying blocks, the Government have imported a few first-class horses of the most approved types, which cannot fail to have a beneficial effect on the stock of the country. The Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association publish a Draught-horse Stud-book, which is largely used by breeders of that class of horse. The registered animals up to date, Vol. 6, 1912, embrace 1,342 animals as follows: Clydesdale stallions 400, mares 858; Shire stallions 10, mares 3: Suffolk stallions 1; Draught-horse stallions 28, mares 42.

CATTLE.

New Zealand possesses all the best strains of blood, and this is evidenced by the superior class of cattle to be met with throughout the settled districts, especially in the show-yards. There are now four herd-books published—viz.. the “Shorthorn,” published in 1911, vol. ix (contains 147 bulls and 261 cows); the “Aberdeen-Angus Cattle,” vol. viii, 191 I (contains 97 bulls and 162 cows); the “Hereford Herd-book.” published by the Hereford Breeders' Association; and the “Jersey Herd-book,” published in Palmerston North. The value of properly kept herd-books is now fully recognized. Purchasers of animals for export or otherwise now demand that they shall be duly registered in some authorized herd-book as a guarantee of pure breed. New Zealand is comparatively free from many of the diseases so disastrous to horned stock in other countries. With a view to maintaining this enviable position, the Government has prohibited vessels carrying live-stock from infected countries touching fit any of the ports of New Zealand except under certain conditions.

DAIRY STOCK.

The breeding of first-class dairy stock offers a field for profitable investment owing to the increasing developments of the dairy industry. There are now over six hundred thousand cows kept exclusively

for dairy purposes. The rearing of well-bred heifer calves is sadly neglected by many dairy-farmers, for the reason that the consumption of the separated milk by pigs gives a much quicker return. Nevertheless every dairy-farmer should rear a few of the best heifer calves from the best milkers got by a good strain of sire. Separated milk, although relieved of its butter-fat, loses little of its feeding value; the addition of a little linseed meal will restore the fatty constituents, which, however, are not the most valuable for feeding purposes. Ground oats, wheat, or barley added to the linseed mucilage will tend grealty to the rapid growth of the calves. An acre or so of European flax should be grown upon every farm where stock-rearing is carried on. Much has still to be done in the way of improving dairy stock. The yield of milk from fairly good milking-cattle is approximately 500 gal. per annum, although from 700 gal. to 900 gal. per head are frequently obtained from selected herds. The average quantity of milk obtained will no doubt be increased as more attention is paid to breeding and proper feeding. The general management and feeding of dairy stock is a question demanding every attention. Kind treatment is essential to success; clean pastures, clear running water, and grasses of the best quality are all factors fully recognized wherever dairying is successfully carried out; and, last but not least, warmth and shelter during the cold wet months of winter.

The average yield of butter from milk passed through the separator is 1 lb. for every 2½ gal. of milk of 10½ lb.; so that the average cow produces annually 200 lb. of butter, or 500 lb. of cheese, which, estimated at 4½d. per pound, will be worth about as much as the butter.

THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.

This industry continues to flourish throughout New Zealand. Twenty-seven new factories have been erected, twenty for cheese and seven for butter. The Government spends large sums of money in teaching the art of butter and cheese making, the proper method of grading, packing, and shipping. With a view to encourage the breeding of better strains of cattle for the production of milk of superior quality as well as quantity, the Government, recognizing the importance of this matter, have imported a few first-class sires from well-known breeders of milking strains of cattle for the use of those dairy-farmers who are not in a position to secure the best bulls for their purpose. The service of these bulls has been fixed at a nominal scale, and is only available for selected animals. The value of testing cows' milk is so obvious that any advocacy in that direction is unnecessary. The Department employ experts, who carry out the work in those herds the owners of which desire it. The question was discussed at the Agricultural Conference held in July last under the auspices of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association, when Professor Alexander, who has had a wide experience in selecting and breeding up dairy herds, said that

cow-testing, valuable as it was, did not go far enough in the direction of breeding up a milking herd. Provision must be made for the use of approved bulls, and for breeding along definite lines. With breeding on definite lines, milking qualities would probably be hereditary; with nondescript breeding, such as is going on around us, the milking qualities of a good cow might not be hereditary. Mr. J. C. N. Grigg accentuated Mr. Alexander's statements, which were in entire accord with his own experience. The Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association have for many years been publishing records of pedigree Shorthorn, Polled Angus, Aryshire, and Hoistein. A Hereford and a Jersey herd-book arc published in the North Island. Graders are employed examining all butter and cheese for export, and brand each packet with its proper quality. Factory-owners fully recognize that it is folly to pay freight on any but the best quality; and this remark applies to grain and meat as well. New Zealand has to compete against Canada, the United States. Denmark, Australia, the Argentine, and Siberia. Dairymen must therefore endeavour to raise dairy cattle which will yield the maximum of milk of the best quality; in fact, nothing but intense farming will pay in the future, applied to every branch. To produce milk of the best quality for the manufacture of butter or cheese during the winter and early spring months is a very difficult matter, especially when turnips are largely used. The practice of grazing milking-cattle on “breaks” of turnips is discouraged, but if this feed must be used, the roots should be carted on to clean grass land, and fed immediately after milking with plenty of clean sweet hay or straw intervening. Ensilage is strongly recommended as a substitute for turnips, and is used by many dairy-farmers in the North Island. A well-known Australian authority, writing in the Pastoralist's Review, says, “Ensilage for years past has been fully recognized as pre-eminently a food for the cow in milk, but to be of much feeding-value a great deal depends on the herbage and grasses, and care used in its manufacture.” This is an important point. Many farmers in Otago Central also use large quantities of this kind of fodder with great success.

The complete sterilizing of milk to destroy the germs of disease is a wise precaution. The operation consists of heating milk up to a certain temperature, and cooling it rapidly, a process which has been found to destroy the bacillus of tuberculosis known to be present in the milk of affected cattle. The Government veterinarians are employed examining the cattle, and a large number are annually tested with tuberculin, and when found affected they are destroyed, compensation being allowed.

PIGS.

These useful adjuncts to the dairy now hold an important position on all dairy farms. The favourite breed in New Zealand is the improved Berkshire. The large and small breeds of White

Yorkshire are also to be met with, but are not so generally approved of as the black pigs. The Tamworth has its admirers amongst pig-breeders, as it answers admirably for crossing with black pigs. It produces a good bacon pig, making more lean meat and longer sides than the pure Berkshires, but takes a much longer time in coming to maturity, which renders the breed less sought after than it otherwise might be. Pigs require no better attention than a good grass paddock, with a liberal supply of roots, and a little unthreshed pea-haulm for a few weeks before killing, with plenty of water, and shelter from the sun during the warmest summer months, and in winter as well.

The breeding, rearing, and fattening of pigs is a source of wealth which is capable of considerable expansion, and might easily be doubled. Several plants for the mild curing of bacon have been set up at the various freezing-factories, and by private persons and firms. The establishment of properly appointed pig-farms is a somewhat costly undertaking, as all the fences must be pig-proof. Doubtless this consideration has had a deterrent effect upon some, while others find the rearing of young stock for the dairy and the breeding of lambs a sufficiently profitable undertaking, besides causing less trouble, but there is room for an enormous extension of the industry.

POULTRY.

The efforts made by the Government in the past to foster this industry have not been sufficiently appreciated by farmers. The distribution of a better class of poultry must ultimately produce good results. Farmers should see that their poultry-yard should form no mean auxiliary to the general return from the products of the farm. With such a climate as we have, there need be no difficulty in raising hundreds where dozens are now produced. The Agricultural Department have spent considerable sums of money in the attempt to develop this industry.

THE FRUIT INDUSTRY.

From the North Cape to the Bluff the climate and soil are, for the most part, well adapted for the growth of a large variety of fruits. Generally speaking, apples, pears, plums, quinces, apricots, figs, walnuts, cherries, gooseberries, currants, strawberries, and raspberries grow luxuriantly, producing abundant cops of fruit. In the Auckland District, oranges, lemons, and limes grow in favourable localities. The olive thrives in certain districts of the North Island, bearing satisfactory crops, and the manufacture of oil should assume important dimensions at no distant date.

Vine-growing is also carried on with tolerable success in many districts; tons of fruit grown under glass are sold in the Auckland markets annually. Signor Bragato, an Italian wine expert, has given it as his opinion that there are numerous localities in both

Islands suited for growing vines for the manufacture of wine. But this is a statement which requires verification.

Away in the far north the banana grows and ripens its fruit, but it is not thought that it will ever enter into successful competition with those grown and imported at so cheap a rate from the Pacific Islands.

Extensive orchards of apples have existed in Auckland for many years, and are still capable of producing an abundance of fruit, if kept free from codlin-moth and other pests. Orchard-planting is progressing, and will very soon become an important industry. The fruit farms of Hastings (Hawke's Bay) are important centres of successful fruit-growing, including grapes for wine-making. Central Otago will become a large fruit-producing district, being free from violent and scorching north-west winds, so soon as that district is connected by rail with the sea-ports. The success which attended the shipment of apples in 1910 and 1911 has given an impetus to apple-planting in Nelson. Thousands of trees have been planted this last season in that district. The price received warrants the assumption that the industry is fairly established, and that Nelson will ere long take its place as a large and successful exporter of apples, and probably other fruits, to the Home markets.

With a view to extending the growth of apples and bringing the industry within the reach of any industrious man and his family who may show an aptitude for fruit-farming, the Government have established farms varying from 21 to 48 acres at Waerenga. Each farm is planted with the very best apples, &c., suitable for export. The farms are open for sale or selection in terms of Part III of the Land Act, 1908, and the Fruit-farms Settlements Act, 1910, and the regulations under the last-named Act, either for cash, for occupation with right of purchase, or for renewable lease, at the option of the applicant. Attached to each orchard there are several acres in grass to provide a site for a home and grazing-space for a horse and cow; and, further, the settler may obtain an advance of money for buildings up to £15O. It may be anticipated that these farms will be eagerly sought after, and with their settlement the rapid development of the fruit industry must follow.

The manufacture of cider was started some years ago, but did not succeed. The industry is still carnied on a small scale. The causes of failure were not very far to seek. Cider to be of the best quality must be manufactured from special varieties of apples. And it is only when the supply of apples grown exceeds the demand for shipping and local consumption that cider-making can be profitable. It is quite true that cider can be made from refuse apples and windfalls, but it will be inferior in quality.

Drying Fruit.—The Government spent a considerable sum of money with the idea of encouraging orchardists to commence this industry. The effort failed for the reason that the surplus supply of fruit was too small to warrant the attempt. The canning of fruits and vegetables has progressed steadily, as has the manufacture of

jam. These industries now give employment to a large number of persons.

PROSPECTS OF SMALL FARMERS.

Owing to the humid climate and fertile soil New Zealand is peculiarly well adapted for small holdings. Men of slender means can now make homes for themselves and their families, always provided they know something of the work they undertake, and are, with their families, willing to work hard and live frugally for a few years. It is quite possible for a man with a few cows and pigs, together with poultry and bees, to make a good living, as markets for these products are available in England and elsewhere; there is also a good local market, if the goods are properly prepared, and a continuous demand for the supply of coastal and ocean-going steamers. The facilities now given for obtaining land and money at reasonable rates offer great inducements to persons to settle upon the land. This is amply illustrated at Cheviot and elsewhere, where fine estates have been cut up into moderate-sized farms, and let to farmers on long lease at a rental representing 4 per cent. on the purchase-money. Prosperous homes have sprung up, and tree-planting is being carried on by many of the settlers, which is an earnest of the stability of any settlement. The demand for land in moderate areas is so great that as soon as a block of land is surveyed and cut up a ballot takes place of those who can prove themselves to be eligible to start farming, and there is invariably an excess of applicants for the sections offered. There are many men in the North Island owning small sections and a few cows who are making a comfortable living. These men commenced milking for others “on shares.” Such employment is always to be found by those who understand milking and are prepared to work hard for a few years with the certainty of ultimately becoming owners themselves.

Chapter 28. SECTION II. DAIRYING IX NEW ZEALAND.

THE dairy industry in New Zealand has increased tremendously in recent years, and is now one of the most important in the Dominion. The encouragement and assistance rendered in its development by the Government is briefly described in the following article by Mr. D. Cuddie, Dairy Commissioner for the Dominion, and Director of the Dairy Produce Division of the Department of Agriculture:—

In some respects it can be claimed that so far as dairying is concerned New Zealand has advantages over many other countries. For instance, her climatic conditions are highly favourable to the production of large quantities of milk. The absence of extreme heat or cold and the blessing of a fair average rainfall combine to maintain a plentiful growth of grass throughout both Islands for a comparatively long season in the year. Such conditions render it unnecessary to house the dairy cows during the winter months, and this, in addition to being more healthy for the cattle, saves the farmer the expenses of providing suitable buildings for the purpose. Then, too, the employment of labour for the hand-feeding of animals stalled indoors is unnecessary.

In both the North and South Islands of this Dominion there are large areas of land admirably suited for dairying, and even in districts where nothing of the kind was previously undertaken the industry is making rapid progress. Wherever closer settlement is going on dairy-farming seems to be following as a natural sequence, the new settlers almost invariably looking to that industry for the main source of their revenue. It is quite reasonable to expect with a continuance of the present rate of progress that the industry's present-day value to New Zealand will be doubled within the next decade.

A few years ago any one venturing the opinion that the dairy- farmers of New Zealand would in the future receive up to 1s. per pound for the butter-fat in their milk would not have been taken seriously. and yet for last season quite a number of the cheese-factories paid their suppliers as much as 1s. 3d. for every pound of butter-fat delivered in the milk, while there is every prospect that that figure will be reached again this year by some of them.

Apart, however, from the favourable market prices received for our dairy-produce, the main factor in developing the industry so rapidly has been the readiness of the farmers of the Dominion to take advantage of the factory and skimming-station systems of having their milk made up into butter and cheese. By the adoption of these systems it has not only been possible to produce much larger quantities, but also to greatly improve the quality of the butter and cheese, and to maintain a much higher standard of uniformity than could ever have been possible under the method of individual dairying.

Dairy companies and dairy-factory proprietors in New Zealand have shown much enterprise in the establishment and equipment of extensive premises for the manufacture of dairy-produce, the great majority of these places being fitted with the very latest labour-saving plant and machinery obtainable for the work. These concerns rarely hesitate in discarding any of their appliances which, although not worn out, can be replaced by more efficient or more economical installations. This can be taken as evidence of the confidence which those engaged in dairying have in their industry as a permanent and profitable branch of farming.

Ever since the inception of the export trade in dairy-produce from this country twenty years ago, which it did a great deal to establish, the State has spent large sums of money annually to foster the dairy industry. This assistance has been continued with an ever- widening effort to make and maintain a steady improvement in the quality of the produce, and to make the industry a more profitable one to the dairymen of New Zealand, as well as to the country in general. There is probably no industry in any other country in the world which receives such far-reaching encouragement and practical assistance from the State as does the dairy industry of this Dominion. It may be pointed out that every stage of the whole business—from the production of the milk to the shipment of the produce to oversea markets—is under Government supervision and protective control.

The Dairy-produce Division of the Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce, has a large staff of competent instructors —each one given a district of his own—whose full time is devoted to assisting dairy-farmers, dairy companies, and factory-managers in all matters of importance connected with dairy-work.

Dairy farms are frequently visited by these officers to advise regarding the erection of new milking-sheds (plans of which are supplied by the Division free of charge) and the care and handling of milk and cream.

Instruction is also given to dairy-factory managers in the art of butter and cheese making, as well as in all other matters pertaining to the factory end of the business.

When any of the dairy companies bends forward butter or cheese of inferior quality to the grading-stores for shipment, an instructor immediately visits the factory concerned for the purpose of assisting the manager to obtain better results, which end is invariably gained.

Dairy companies have long since recognized the value of this work of instruction, and applications for the assistance of officers are received practically every day from those needing help of some kind or other.

Prior to its shipment all dairy-produce sent in for export from New Zealand is carefully examined by competent graders, who classify it according to quality. When this has been done, a grade certificate is issued for every consignment, and the packages—whether containing

butter or cheese—are branded with a Government stamp denoting the grade of the contents.

As showing the confidence placed in the Government grading of dairy-produce by dairy companies and merchants alike, it is only necessary to mention that practically the whole of Now Zealand's export trade in butter and. cheese is conducted on the basis of the Government grade certificate for quality and weights, a practice which is unique in regard to the disposal of dairy-produce throughout the world.

It is generally admitted that the grading of butter and cheese in New Zealand, backed up by the instruction given in the making of these products, as conducted by the Government, has proved of immense benefit to farmers in building up our dairy industry on a sure and solid foundation.

COW-TESTING.

Of recent years the Department of Agriculture. Industries, and Commerce, has been doing all in its power to encourage dairy-farmers to adopt the system of testing their herds for milk and butter-fat production The milk of each cow in the herd is weighed and tested for a number of consecutive milkings each month during the lactation period, and the total pounds of milk and butter-fat produced for the whole time the cow is in milk is worked out on that basis.

In order to encourage the spread of the movement, the Department has formed a number of associations in both islands at its own expense and under its own supervision. These organizations have been conducted by the Department in conjunction with the dairy companies operating in the several districts. The farmers agreed to -weigh and sample the milk of each of their cows at stated periods during the season, and the Department undertook to test the milk for butter-fat and compile the records. At the end of each testing period (consisting usually of thirty days) the farmer is sent a statement showing the production of each of his cows for the period, and also the production from the date of calving. At the end of the milking season be is then in possession of a record of the total pounds of milk and butter-fat produced by each of his cows, which enables him to set about selecting the best producers to breed from, and to discard those with unsatisfactory returns. In this way the dairy-farmer is able to increase his profits to a most surprising extent.

The demonstration-work done by the Department in this connection has certainly had the desired effect, for dairymen are now forming cow-testing associations under their own control and at their own expense, and as each year comes round the number of these societies will be rapidly added to.

Officers of the Dairy-produce Division have assisted in the organization of the associations already operating, and are frequently giving lectures on the subject with a view to inducing other dairymen to join

in the movement. To all these societies, whether under Government control or not, the Department supplies the forms required for making up the records free of charge, and also furnishes pamphlets of instruction to those in quest of information on the subject.

SEMI-OFFICIAL TESTING OF THE YIELD OF PUREBRED COWS.

Another important step has this year been taken by the Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce in introducing the semi-official testing of the yield of purebred dairy cows, this work being entirely under Government control. The owners of purebred cows that aro put under this test are required to pay a fee to the Department for the work.

Only cows that are duly registered in the New Zealand herd-books of the various breeds will be accepted by the Department for semiofficial testing, and before the animals are accepted for testing the secretary of the breeders' association concerned must certify that they are eligible.

Many breeders of purebred stock are now taking advantage of this advanced movement, and have entered some of their cows for testing in accordance with the rules drawn up for the control of the work. Certain standards of production have been stipulated for animals of different ages, and in order to qualify for certificates of merit cows must produce the minimum required by their class.

The owners of all cows entered have to agree to weigh the milk of every milking during the whole period of lactation, and a departmental officer pays surprise visits to the farm not less frequently than once a month to weigh the milk of every milking for two days, compare these weights with those of the owner for the days previous to his visit, and obtain samples of the milk for testing for butter-fat. The Department will then issue to those cows producing for the season up to the minimum quantity required by their class certificates of merit, as referred to above.

This scheme will not only enhance the value of the animals qualifying for records of merit, but will also have the effect of greatly raising the value of the progeny of such cows. Farmers who are in search of purebred bulls for their dairy herds will be able to purchase sires bred from dams the owners of which can produce authenticated records of their production in milk and butter-fat. Hence the benefit of the test by an independent authority.

It is considered that this is one the best moves ever made by the Government of this Dominion in pursuance of its policy of endeavouring to improve the milking-strain of New Zealand dairy stock, because it will enable purchasers to buy and sellers to sell on the pedigree of performance as well as on the basis of pure breeding.

Chapter 29. SECTION III. STATE AFFORESTATION IN NEW ZEALAND.

[SUPPLIEDBYTHE UNDER-SECRETARYOF LANDS.]

REASONS FOR AFFORESTATION.

CONSIDERING the apparently vast extent of our indigenous forests, the fine quality of our principal timbers, and their varied usefulness, it has often been the subject of much comment that it is considered necessary by the Government of this Dominion to inaugurate a policy of reafforestation. It can, however, readily be understood that the full facts of the case must be known and comprehended before it is possible to demonstrate clearly and cogently the reasons that have actuated the Government in the past and at the present time.

In the report on “Forestry in New Zealand,” published in 1909, statistics were given showing in detail the present estimated supply of timber from all classes of native trees, and the probable demand for timber in the future, and the conclusions then arrived at apply with even greater force at the present day. Before recapitulating them, however, it is desirable to explain briefly the nature of our indigenous trees, and their various drawbacks and good qualities.

New Zealand possesses a large variety of trees in its native forests, there being no less than eighty-six different species known to botanists. The majority of these are, unfortunately, useless for commercial purposes to any great extent, through various causes, and, as a matter of fact, the following trees are practically the staple supply of the timber trade.

Kauri (Agathis australis).—Grows only in the Auckland District. The girth of marketable trees ranges from 4 ft. to 30 ft., and sometimes more, the general average being about 12 ft., and the contents about 3,000 ft. There is no pine in the world superior for all-round use. It is used for joinery, furniture-making, housebuilding, ship, yacht, and boat building, wharves, bridges, railway, and other works, but is well adapted for high-class joinery, and internal fittings, carvings, &c. When converted into veneers it is highly prized. Unfortunately, it takes from six hundred to three thousand six hundred years to attain its full size, and as it is very inflammable, its growth and preservation is a matter of considerable difficulty.

Totara.—Totara is found throughout the whole of New Zealand except in the Nelson District, though the bulk of the supply is in Wellington, Auckland, Hawke's Bay, and Westland. It is very durable, and of all New Zealand timbers is the best for resisting the ravages of the teredo, and consequently has been largely used in the construction of wharves, bridges, &c. It also lasts well in

contact with the ground, and is utilized largely for general building and joinery purposes, telegraph-posts, railway-sleepers, fencing- posts, &c. The mottled variety is much sought after for panels, furniture, inlaying, &c. Its chief drawback is that it is somewhat brittle, but it is probably the best timber for general building purposes in the Dominion.

Rimu, or Red-pine.—This is the principal timber in the New Zealand forests, and is extensively used for building, joinery, &c. The figured variety is often beautifully grained, and is much in demand for furniture. It is a most valuable wood, owing to its wide adaptability and comparative cheapness. Though not equal to totara or kauri, yet, owing to its greater cheapness, it is more largely used.

Kahikatea, or White-pint.—This timber is also in great demand throughout the whole of the Dominion. It is found chiefly on low- lying or swampy land, and grows in all parts of the Dominion. Its lasting qualities vary, but, unfortunately, the dry rot and borer find it comparatively easy prey, and therefore it is not much used for genera] building purposes. Its greatest use is for making butter-boxes, for which purpose no substitute has yet been found, and large quantities are exported to Australia for this purpose.

Matai.—The next timber in importance is matai, or black-pine, which is a very heavy but short-grained timber. It is used for building purposes, and especially for weatherboards and flooring; also for small bridges and fencing purposes. It is second only to totara for durability, but is inclined to brittleness. It is found all over the Dominion in fairly large quantities.

The only other timbers in New Zealand which are used to any extent for general purposes are,—

Puriri, a very hard and tough wood, which makes good sleepers and posts, and is very durable. It is largely used for railway- works, bridge-stringers, and truck-frames. In weight, colour, and texture it somewhat resembles rosewood, but the figured varieties are marked like walnut. It is also largely used as veneers.

Rata, which is mostly used for firewood, is a hard, heavy, tough and very strong wood, mostly straight-grained, and used to a limited extent by wheelwrights, and as arms for telegraph-posts.

The various “Birchen” (or “Beeches,” as they should be designated), which grow plentifully all over the Dominion, and are being used for railway-sleepers very extensively in the Wellington District, fagus fusca having also been exported to Australia from the Westland and Southland Districts.

The other trees are used to such a limited extent, and chiefly for limited local requirements, that they do not meet the growing demand for superior timbers.

The peculiar characteristics of these trees must be carefully taken into account when considering the possibility of relying on their perpetuation, whether by way of natural regeneration or systematic reafforestation. First and foremost is the great drawback

that all the indigenous trees suitable for conversion into marketable timber require such an inordinate length of time to grow and arrive at maturity; although, owing to the comparatively recent settlement of New Zealand by Europeans, it is impossible to arrive with absolute accuracy at the exact length of time required by each tree to mature under average conditions, the approximate times previously given are as nearly correct as it is practicable to insure. Secondly, in consequence of nearly all our native trees being surface-rooters, their adaptation for general afforestation in open lands is practically prohibited through the damaging effects of exposure to sun and wind. Thirdly, most of these trees require special treatment to be raised with success, and need considerable shade from the seedling to the adult stage, which can only be afforded by planting them amongst partially cleared forest land, where the natural undergrowth provides the requisite amount of protection. In such a case the annual clearing of undergrowth tending to suppress the tree-plants would be of such an exhaustive and expensive character as to prohibit the economical growth of native tree-plants. Fourthly, the principal exotic trees suited for commercial purposes take from one-fourth to one-tenth the time to attain maturity that the local product does, so that it is possible to raise on an average from three to five crops of larch or pine during the same time that it would take to raise one crop of totara or rimu.

Under these circumstances it has been generally recognized that it is out of the question to attempt to renew the indigenous trees for future commercial purposes, except to a very limited extent, and all that can be done is to conserve the remaining supply as far as practicable so as to allow sawmilling to proceed under conditions that will insure the greatest possible use being made of the existing timber. The timber-cutting and forest regulations for years past have been devised with the utmost care to accomplish this result, and, considering the remarkable increase that has taken place of late years in the timber industry, no adverse criticism can justly charge the administration of our native forests with any undue locking-up of natural resources. To assist the progress of settlement it has been imperative that every facility should be afforded the building and allied trades to obtain cheap and accessible timber, and as the periodical fires, that it has been impossible to prevent, continually ravage the portions of the forests nearest to settlement, it has been a wise policy to permit as much marketable timber to be used as was needed by the farming community and the building trades, and so serve a twofold purpose—viz., the gradual clearing of forest country adapted for settlement and its opening for occupation and farming, and the development of the building and constructive trades to cope with the increasing demand that a growing population constantly makes upon their resources.

Moreover, it must not be overlooked that some of the most fertile and productive soil and country in the Dominion was to be found in those very forests that contained the most valuable timber.

The vanished Seventy-mile (or Forty-mile) bush, in the southern part of Hawke's Bay, and extending to and around Pahiatua and Eketahuna; the Awarua Forest, between Taihape and Mangaweka; and the numerous stretches of forest in the Auckland District all at one time stretched across and occupied mile upon mile of country that now supports a large and thriving population; and it would have been as useless and as difficult a matter to preserve these magnificent forests in their entirety, whether for aesthetic, sentimental, climatic, or commercial reasons, as it would have been to have prohibited the spread of settlement and the onward march of civilization.

But the Government, whilst permitting the gradual conversion of these forests, has never lost sight of the fact that it was necessary to maintain the timber-supply of the country, and to provide for its needs in the future. One of the earlier methods of inducing the planting of suitable trees was by means of “land grants”—a settler being given a free grant of Crown land if he planted a certain portion of his freehold land in suitable trees. This system was chiefly confined to the Canterbury District, though it was partially adopted in the Auckland and other districts, but only to a very limited extent. In Canterbury, where the system came into force in the early seventies, as much as 2 acres of Crown lands for 1 acre put down in plantation was sometimes granted, and every inducement was offered to the settlers to put down part of their farms in plantations. Several large plantations may now be seen in North Canterbury that were established by means of this method. As, however, it did not meet the growing needs of the country, the system was discontinued, and it came to pass that the methods of State afforestation that had proved so successful in older countries eventually came to be adopted in New Zealand.

DEMAND FOR TIMBER.

In common with every manufacturing country in the world, the steady increase in demand for timber for commercial purposes has been experienced in New Zealand, and the following table shows how the timber industry has grown:—

Year.Number of Mills.Hands employed.Output (or Year.Cutting-capacity per Annum.
 Sup. ft.Sup. ft.  
18862203,890163,740,546..
18952994,055191,053,466..
19003346,085261,583,518..
19054146,912413,289,742704,930,600
19074117,139432,031,611718,940,000
19094237,414413,868,919755,465,480

To cope with the present demand taxes all the resources of the Dominion, as the supply of our indigenous forests is rapidly diminishing, as will be seen by the following estimates:—

Year.Estimated amount of Milling-timber remaining in our Forests.
190541,723,574,800 sup. ft.
190735,785,873,467 sup. ft.
1909.. 33,060,883,437 sup. ft.

Judging from the vast quantity of forest that was not likely to be available for sawmilling, either through unsuitability of timber, difficulty of access, or cost of cutting and transport, and taking into consideration the loss annually experienced through accidental fires, and the fact that a large part of the timber stands on Native and private land which may be required for settlement purposes, thereby necessitating the felling and destruction of the timber, it was estimated in 1909 that the indigenous forests of New Zealand will not cope with the full demand for sawn timber for a longer period than from thirty-five to forty years, bearing in mind the fact that a certain amount of foreign timber will be arriving continually so as to ease the strain on local resources. Under these circumstances it will be understood why the Government deemed it advisable, many years ago, to inaugurate a system of tree-planting that would gradually take the place of the native forests and timber- supply.

INAUGURATION OF AFFORESTATION.

The problem before the Government was faced in a systematic and comprehensive manner. Three experimental plantations of various trees, aggregating about 15 acres, were started on the Kai- ngaroa Plains, between Taupo and Rotorua. Another plantation of 15 acres was started at Tarukenga, on the Rotorua Railway- line, and another of 6 acres at Mamaku, not far away. These latter plantations were for the purpose of providing timber for railway requirements. Part of the Rotorua Town Belt was also planted.

Encouraged by the success of these preliminary experiments, a Forestry Branch of the Department of Lands was started in 1896, and three nurseries established—two at Tapanui and Eweburn in the Otago District of the South Island, and the other at Whaka- rewarewa, near Rotorua, in the North Island. The idea was conceived that, coincident with railway-extension, one or two central nurseries in each Island were sufficient for the growth of tree-plants, which could be distributed at various places in the district, according as circumstances warranted the extension of the system. Later on another nursery was formed at Hanmer, in the Canterbury District (South Island), and attempts were also made to establish nurseries at Starborough, in the Marlborough District (South Island), and Ruatangata, near Whangarei (North Island), but from various causes these latter two nurseries, with the plantations attached to them, were not altogether a success, and have been discontinued.

It must not be overlooked that New Zealand was the first antipodean country to face the problem of State afforestation, and that it was only by means of continuous experiments and the greatest care and forethought that the Department was able to advance on satisfactory lines with due regard to economy and efficiency. It was inevitable that some out of the many species of trees planted should not have proved so great a success as others, whilst the rapid expansion of domestic trades and industries has demonstrated the inadequacy of the original operations, and induced the Government to enlarge its annual provision for the continued extension of plantations to a scale more commensurate with the exigencies of the case.

It must also be distinctly explained that if the present operations do not, in the opinion of some persons, represent that degree of magnitude that are deemed necessary in order to satisfy the whole of the future demand for timber in New Zealand, there are good and sufficient reasons for proceeding cautiously in the meantime. Although the foreign supply is more or less an unknown quantity, yet it is practically certain that the supply of eucalyptus from Australia and pine from Siberia, Manchuria, and possibly Korea, together with the Douglas fir from Western Canada, will for generations to come satisfy to a very large extent the continuous demand for sawn timber in New Zealand, and that the remaining forests of the Dominion will also be available for some considerable time to assist in supplying the requirements of the commercial community. Moreover, it is essential that the characteristics of exotic trees planted in the State plantations, and their growth and progress in the climate and soil of this country as compared with their growth elsewhere, together with their respective liability to or immunity from disease, shall be thoroughly studied and ascertained (and this cannot be done in a few years), before the inhabitants of the Dominion are committed to such a large increase in expenditure as would be necessary to insure the future maintenance of the timber-supply from New Zealand sources. Hitherto the operations of the Forestry Branch have been more successful than was anticipated at the commencement of the project, but the losses that have been experienced have been quite large enough to convince the authorities that it is the best policy to proceed with due caution, and not to suddenly enlarge the operations, but rather to expand (hem very gradually after repeated experiments and results have proved the advisability of doing so under certain conditions.

It will be interesting to trace the evolution of the present system from the conditions that appeared to the Government to dominate the position at the time the afforestation policy was decided upon in 1896. They may be said to include,—

  1. The recognition of the principle that land suitable for settlement should not be interfered with for the purposes of tree-planting.

  2. The desirability of utilizing Crown land as far as practicable.

  3. The selection of localities for the plantations which would be fairly accessible from existing lines of railway, and which would, in the future, be conveniently situated to the probable trade centres.

  4. The selection of areas of open land that were not in proximity to standing forests, but the climatic conditions of which appeared suitable for tree-growing operations, and whose soil seemed sufficiently good for the purpose.

Owing to the varied nature of the climate, soil, and conditions in different parts of New Zealand, and the necessity of the officer in charge of operations being thoroughly acquainted with local conditions, it was not deemed advisable to engage a foreign expert to superintend operations, but the services of a young and enthusiastic New Zealand nurseryman were engaged at the commencement of the work, and the results that were achieved under his advice from the very start were a convincing proof of the wisdom of the course adopted. A careful and continuous study of the latest publications and methods in vogue on the Continent and elsewhere has been the practice laid down for the guidance of all officers of the Forestry Branch, and as the work of tree-planting in this Dominion becomes more and more important and extensive it is probable that further steps will be taken by the Government to keep the branch in touch with foreign systems and methods.

The late Mr. Henry Matthews was the officer whose appointment as Chief Forester inaugurated the formation of the Forestry Branch, and from 1896 to his unexpected death in 1909 he had the sole technical control of the tree-planting operations, and to him must therefore belong much of the credit or otherwise of the planting accomplished during this period. Since his death the technical direction of affairs has been intrusted to two Superintending Nurserymen, one who resides at Whakarewarewa, and supervises operations in the North Island, and the other who resides at Tapanui, and controls all the South Island operations. These two officers keep a careful watch over the several nurseries and plantations under their control, and are responsible for the rearing and planting-out of all the tree-plants in each Island. In charge of each State nursery is a Nurseryman, and in charge of each State plantation is a Forester. These officers direct the work of the labourers and others employed under them, and are carefully trained in the respective duties required of them and their staffs.

The Minister in charge of the State forests and all afforestation- work is the Commissioner of State Forests, and each year he lays before Parliament a report on the year's operations. The permanent officer in charge of the branch is the Under-Secretary of Lands, who has supreme administrative control over all operations; and it is to him that the Superintending Nurserymen report, and from him that they take instructions. The financial considerations and all forestry problems that arise from time to time are dealt with by him.

The cost of afforestation operations is defrayed by the sale of timber in State forests, supplemented by a contribution from the Consolidated Fund annually voted by Parliament. Owing to the youth of the plantations, and the immaturity of the timber therein, no returns have yet been derived from them, but it is hoped that in a few years' time a small revenue may be received, which will grow gradually larger as thinnings are available for disposal. When an assured return of thinnings in available in sufficient quantity there may be a possibility of utilizing them for wood-pulp purposes. This is a matter for future consideration, as it depends largely as to whether the timber grown is suitable for that purpose.

Generally speaking, most of the seed is procured abroad until our own trees are large enough to become seed-producers—say, in ten years' time—and the trees now grown in the State nurseries and plantations are those that continental experience and the results of experiments in New Zealand have shown are best fitted for the soils and climate of this country. The primary object of the Government is purely utilitarian, as only those trees are grown that are suitable for commercial purposes, and the fact that the formation of plantations will in many cases enrich the soil, regulate to a slight degree the temperature, and conserve the rainfall is more or less secondary, although no efforts have been spared to g the greatest possible benefits from the operations of the State in respect.

In almost every country in the world where forestry operations have been carried on it has been found that sooner or later forms of plant-disease inevitably make their appearance. In some instances great havoc has been worked, whilst of late years modern methods and discoveries have largely diminished the attendant dangers. It is of the utmost importance that in this fruitful land, where the conditions arc so eminently favourable to plant-growth, that the equally favourable conditions to the formation and dissemination of plant-disease should he continuously and carefully watched, so that the smallest outbreak of any kind of disease may at once be notified, and every possible precaution taken to deal with it at the very commencement of its attack. Up to the present the indications of disease have been very small, but in order that the scrutiny of the officers of the Forestry Branch may be directed into the proper channels, and that the best advice ma be available on this point, a special examination has recently been made by the Biologist of the Department of Agriculture, who has supplemented the constant supervision of the officers with a personal inspection in their company.

As time goes on, and the trees attain a greater age, whilst the area under plantation annually increases, such inspections will be made at frequent intervals; and by a rigid scrutiny of all plants apparently suffering from any disease or trouble it is hoped that disease may be kept well in check, and never permitted to spread beyond a confined radius where it originates.

Seeing that the plantations are still young, and that their area only extends to about 19,000 acres, it has been possible to carry on operations with a somewhat inexpensive staff of officers, and no great expenditure in the way of administration has yet been necessary. It has been absolutely necessary to employ the funds at the disposal of the Forestry Branch to their fullest extent in the direction of tree-planting, and consequently a rigid check has been kept upon all outlay that was not immediately and directly needed for present operations. In the future it will undoubtedly be necessary to increase the staff, and provide for duties and needs that have as yet hardly entered into practical consideration. Even under these conditions, however, it is essential that no lavish expenditure shall be entered upon, but that the best possible results shall be attained from every new departure. As the scope of operations widens, it will undoubtedly be necessary to select and specially educate a few able and intelligent young New-Zealanders to fill the positions that will later on be required for the development and skilful management of the State plantations, and it is thought that a practical training in the nurseries and plantations of the branch, combined with a University education comprising those subjects specially appertaining to forestry (such as botany, entomology, geology, agricultural chemistry, and other subjects included in the degree of Bachelor of Science), and subsequently a visit to the best forestry schools in England and the Continent, will enable the operations of the Government to be conducted with the highest degree of economy and efficiency, and insure the best results being attained from past and future expenditure.

Every day increases the store of knowledge and literature appertaining to scientific forestry, and it is of the utmost importance that the training and methods of the officers of the branch should be as complete and efficient as is possible. At the present time both of the Superintending Nurserymen conduct a winter class, in which all the nurserymen and officers under their control have an opportunity of learning all that can be taught them of the work of their profession, and useful reference libraries have been established in each Island at the headquarters. The keenness and intelligence of the members of these classes is in the highest degree praiseworthy, and reflect the greatest credit on their instructors, and their individual efforts to advance in knowledge and usefulness. Special addresses are from time to time delivered by the Government experts who deal with matters a knowledge of which is of use to the staff.

Seeing how far the operations of any particular industry or business extend in modern days, and from what numerous sources it is necessary to gain information and assistance in order to achieve the best results, it will naturally be understood that the occasional services and advice of various officers of the Government service may from time to time be requisitioned for, and availed

of, in connection with the work of tree-planting. A periodical inspection by a skilled biologist, an occasional examination by an agricultural chemist, visits by modern botanists and entomologists, for instance, will be of immense use in aiding the efforts of the permanent officers of the Forestry Branch; and it may soon be advisable to form a special advisory board of such experts, who would from time to time study and report upon any extraordinary or unexpected development in connection with the operations, and advise (if necessary) upon the general questions affecting the work of afforestation and timber-conservation. It is, however, to be distinctly understood that though it is essential to keep a watchful eye upon modern developments, and to display a foresight compatible with the importance of the subject, it is quite out of the question to lay down any hard-and-fast rules as to future management and administration; and the Government will in all cases be guided by the exigencies of each case as it arises, and meet the problems that constantly arise with the best means at its disposal, and in accord with the special circumstances of the matter. Possible future changes are merely indicated to show that the Government is fully alive to the needs of State afforestation in all its varying phases, and is facing future needs with foresight and discrimination.

On the 31st March, 1912, there were over sixteen million trees in the four nurseries of the Forestry Branch of the Department of Lands, and eight and a half million trees had been sent out during the preceding twelve months. In the eleven plantations a total area of 18,870 acres had been planted with forty-four million trees, the addition for the year being 2,566 acres. The annual expenditure now averages over £8,000 on the nurseries and £15,000 on the plantations.

Chapter 30. SECTION IV. FISHERIES.

[By the CHIEF INSPECTOROF FISHERIES.]

THE number of fishing-vessels licensed in the Dominion for the year ended 31st December, 1911, was 1,231, as against 1,187 in 1910.

The number of fishermen and others employed in connection with the fishing industry in 1911 was as follows:—

Fishermen and oystermen899
Fish and oyster-salesmen156
Fish-curers87
   Total number1,442
 £s.d.
The value of fish exported in 1911 was27,60800
The value of oysters exported in 1911 was2,17800
The value of whalebone exported in 1911 was4,55200
The value of whale-oil exported in 1911 was2,37200
   Total value£30,71000
The total value of dried, salted, and canned fish imported in 1911 was£89,65900

“In her fisheries (both sea and fresh water) New Zealand has a most valuable asset, as her natural advantages in this connection are undoubtedly superior to those possessed by any other country in the Southern Hemisphere.

“In countries fortunate enough to possess a large supply of food fishes the harvest of the sea is recognized as a great and extremely reproductive one for the employment of labour and capital, and it seems to me unwise to allow this great wealth to lie comparatively ungarnered at our doors.

“With its great extent of coast-line and abundance of fish the Colony of New Zealand ought to become in time a large fishing centre in the Southern Pacific.”

The above is an extract from a report supplied in 1899.

Up to the present time, however, New Zealand's fisheries can scarcely be said to have attained to national importance. It is certain, however, that in time they must do so, but how long that time will be must depend on the realization of the importance of fish as a staple food for the people and as a source of employment for labour and capital by the authorities controlling the destinies of the Dominion.

With a few exceptions, the fishing-grounds so far worked have been those within easy reach of the principal centres. Beyond them is an immense extent of grounds, a few sections of which have been partly prospected, but of the greater part practically nothing is known regarding the value and extent of its fish-supply. The systematic prospecting, combined with a biological survey, of these

areas, would be of great value to fishermen and others interested in the fisheries, and would result in permanent benefit to the fishing industry.

The study of some of our indigenous fishes is being carried out to some extent by the Curator of the Marine Station at Portobello, and it is to be hoped that this work will be extended as soon as possible, and a systematic study made of the life histories of our principal market fishes.

The fishing-grounds which have been principally worked up to the present time are the Bay of Islands, Hauraki Gulf and Great Barrier, Thames, Kaipara and Manukau, Bay of Plenty, Hawke Bay, Wellington and Cook Strait, Marlborough Sounds, Tasman and Golden Bays, Pegasus Bay and round Banks Peninsula, Timaru, Oamaru and Moeraki, from Waikouaiti to Nugget Point, and Stewart Island and Foveaux Straits to Preservation Inlet.

At Russell, Hokianga, and Mangonui eighty-five fishing-boats were licensed during the year ended 31st December last. At Bay of Islands the principal fish taken are mullet, schnapper, flounders, hapuku, and crayfish, and the markets for fish are Whangarei and Auckland and the towns and settlements inland. Considerable quantities of mullet are canned at Mr. Mountain's factory at Porirua.

At Auckland 249 fishing-boats were licensed during the year. The Auckland boats fish principally in the Hauraki Gulf and out as far as the Mercury and Great Barrier Islands. The steam-trawler working the Gulf has considerably increased the quantity of fish marketed, and on the whole a very fair supply has been brought in during the year. The principal fish marketed are schnapper, mullet, hapuku, tarakihi, flounders, and crayfish.

At the Thames, flounders, schnapper, and mullet are the fish principally caught, and the market for the fish is Auckland and all the inland towns south of Auckland and as far south as Palmerston North and Wellington. Thirty-three boats were licensed to fish at Thames last year.

Mullet, flounders, and schnapper are the fish principally caught in the Kaipara and Manukau Inlets. After supplying local requirements the balance of the fish is sent to the Auckland market. There are two mullet canneries in the Kaipara—one at Batley and the other at Helensville. Forty boats were licensed last year.

The prospecting cruise of the “Nora Niven” in 1907 proved that extensive and prolific fishing-grounds exist in the Bay of Plenty. The best trawling-grounds were found between Whale Island and Cape Runaway, where very large and consistent hauls of fish were made with the trawl net. The most plentiful fish taken were schnapper, tarakihi, gurnard, hapuku, and kingfish. The western side of the Bay is worked by launches and small sailing-boats from Tauranga; 30 of these vessels were licensed to fish at Tauranga last year.

The Hawke Bay fishing-grounds have for a number of years supplied most of the fish required for the towns from Napier to Wellington.

The fishing is principally done by steam-trawlers, two of which—the “Nora Niven” and “Countess”—being large vessels with cool-storage for their fish, are able to stay out for a week at a time, if necessary, and frequently work the grounds to the north of the Mahia, and make occasional trips to the Bay of Plenty. During the last four years the supply of flat fish from the old trawling-grounds in Hawke Bay has been rather poor. Last season there was a decided improvement in the catches of round fish; this would seem to show that the fishing-grounds have recovered from the effect of the “slime” which affected the fishing the previous year. The Hawke Bay fishing-grounds have always yielded a good variety of fish, including soles, flounders, brill, schnapper, kingfish, hapuku, trevalli, tarakihi, and moki. Sixty-five fishing-vessels of all sizes were licensed at Napier last year.

The fishing-grounds of Wellington and Cook Strait are almost. entirely worked by oil-launches and small sailing-boats. Good trawling-grounds exist in Cloudy Bay and off Kapiti Island and Palliser Bay, and they are occasionally worked by some of the Napier trawlers. The fish taken on the Wellington and Cook Strait grounds include blue-cod, red-cod, moki, trevalli, schnapper, tarakihi, flounders, ware- hou, butterfish, hapuku, and kahawai. The number of boats licensed at Wellington last year was 67.

The principal fish caught in the Marlborough Sounds are blue-cod, butterfish, hapuku, and herrings. The boats used are almost all oil- launches, 12 of these vessels being licensed last year.

Extensive fishing-grounds exist in Tasman and Golden Bays. Trawling was successfully carried on there some years ago by the “Doto,” “Nora Niven,” and other vessels, but owing to the expense of getting their fish to the Wellington market it was discontinued, and the fishing is now being done by oil-launches. These grounds yield a splendid variety of fish, consisting of soles, flounders, brill, schnapper, tarakihi, moki, hapuku, gurnard, hake, and kingfish. These are the only fishing-grounds where the real hake (Lotella rhacinus) has yet been taken in large quantities. Fifty-seven boats were licensed to fish at Nelson last year.

The principal fishing-grounds worked off the Canterbury coast are Pegasus Bay, round Banks Peninsula, and off Timaru. The number of fishing-vessels licensed at Lyttelton last year was 210, and 30 at Timaru. At present there are four steam-trawlers working from Lyttelton, the other vessels being oil-launches and sailing-boats. From Timaru there are five trawlers working, the other fishing- vessels being large well equipped auxiliary oil-launches. The principal fish caught are flounders, soles, brill, kingfish, moki, hapuku, tarakihi, and crayfish.

Thirty-two fishing-boats, principally oil-launches, were licensed at Oamaru last year. These work the grounds off Oamaru and Moeraki,

as far south as Shag Point. The principal fish taken are blue-cod, red-cod, hapuku, moki, tarakihi, and kingfish.

At Dunedin and Port Chalmers 92 boats were licensed last year, four of which were steam-trawlers and the rest sailing-boats and oil- launches. The trawling-grounds off the Otago coast have been successfully worked for a number of years, and continue to give satisfactory results. The principal fish taken by all classes of boats working from Port Chalmers and Nugget Bay are flounders, soles, hapuku, red- cod, tarakihi, moki, kingfish, and barracouta.

At Invercargill and Bluff 124 fishing-vessels were licensed last year. Two of these were steamers carrying trawling-gear and a lining outfit, the others were cutters used in blue-cod fishing and oystering, and oil-launches and sailing-boats. The fishing in Foveaux Straits, round Stewart Island, and in Preservation Inlet is principally for blue-cod, the bulk of which is exported to Melbourne and Hobart. A good variety of the other best kinds of market fish is also plentiful on these grounds. A large extent of good trawling bottom well stocked with flat fishes was found in Tewaewae Bay during the prospecting cruise of the “Doto” in 1900. Since that time these grounds have occasionally been fished by trawlers from the Bluff with very satisfactory results. The extensive natural oyster-beds in Foveaux Straits so far show no sign of depletion. They continue to yield annually a very large supply, part of which is required for consumption in the Dominion and the balance is shipped to Melbourne. The value of oysters exported from these beds last year amounted to £2,178.

Whaling.—At the present time a good deal of attention is being given to whaling. Messrs. Jagger and Cook, who have been engaged in the industry for a number of years, have now established a very serviceable whaling-plant at their Whangamumu Station, and they have lately brought from England an up-to-date whaling-steamer which is fitted with the most modern appliances for killing and handling whales. Three Norwegian whaling companies have now commenced operations in New Zealand waters. Two are working in the south and one from the Bay of Islands in the north.

Marine Fish Hatchery Work.—Valuable work continues to be done at the Marine Hatchery at Portobello. The Curator has been remarkably successful with the lobster hatching and the care of these crustaceans in confinement. He is also doing valuable work in connection with hatching the spawn of some of our indigenous fishes and in making a study of their life habits. A cottage has lately been erected for the assistant, and the subdivision of the tidal ponds in front of the hatchery is now in hand. The Curator has been sent to England to bring out a shipment of herring ova, some more lobsters and crabs and a number of haddock, turbot, or cod.

Acclimatization of Salmon.—Quinnat salmon continue to return from the sea and spawn in the Waitaki River and its tributaries in increasing numbers every year. It is now six years since the first

of these salmon were found spawning naturally in the Waitaki River, and every season since then they have been returning in increasing numbers. It would seem that they are now firmly established in the waters of the Dominion. About a quarter of a million salmon eggs were collected last spawning season; 27,500 of these were forwarded to the Tasmanian Government, and the balance was sent to the West Coast for the purpose of stocking the Hokitika River with these fish. The attempt to acclimatize the Atlantic salmon in the Waiau River is now being persevered with. Two shipments of a million salmon eggs in each were received from England during the last four years. The eggs arrived in very good condition, and hatched out with a very small percentage of loss after arrival. En the case of the acclimatization of the quinnat salmon, six shipments of eggs were made before success was proved, and it will no doubt be necessary to import two or three more lots of Atlantic salmon eggs before we can reasonably expect to be successful with them.

Chapter 31. SECTION V. THE MINERAL WATERS OF NEW ZEALAND.

[By ARTHUR S. WOHLMANN, M.D., Lond., Government Balneologist.]

NEW ZEALAND is a country peculiarly rich in mineral waters, and, as might be expected in a land in which volcanic agencies are still active, more particularly rich in thermal waters distinguished by a very high temperature rather than by a high percentage of dissolved salts, though the latter class of water is by no means absent. The vast majority of thermal springs are found in the North Island, and arise over a very large area.

Of these springs, a large proportion have never yet been analysed, many are known only to a few individuals, and doubtless many yet remain to be discovered, or, if known at all, are only known to the local Maori population. A sufficient number, however, have now been examined to enable a very fair classification of the whole to be attempted, and, as will be seen by the subjoined tables, with the exception of the sulphated waters, there are few of the more important types of mineral water that are not represented among the springs of this country.

The different classes of mineral water have a rough general plan of geographical distribution, so that the probable nature of a spring may to a certain extent be inferred by its position on the map, though this is a rule with many exceptions, and the point must not be pressed too far. Thus in the central pumice plateau, from the south of Taupo to Rotorua and thence on to the Bay of Plenty, the vast majority of the springs are very hot, sulphuretted, siliceous, and weakly mineralized; while along the east coast, from the East Cape to Cape Palliser, muriated waters of high specific gravity, and containing iodides, predominate.

The following classified list of waters is based almost entirely on the analyses recorded in the reports of the Dominion Museum and Laboratory, published by the Mines Department, between the years 1874 and 1912, and of these a large proportion of the more important have recently been made by Dr. Maclaurin. On account of the space which would be required to give the full detailed analysis of each specimen, only the essential and characteristic ingredients are given here, together with the total grains per gallon of solid constituents. In all cases, however, in which the analyses have been taken from the above reports, the year is also given to facilitate reference should fuller details be required.

For further information on this subject the reader is referred to the paper by Mr. W. Skey in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 1877, to several published pamphlets by Mr. J. A Pond, and to the article by the late Sir James Hector in the Official Year-book, 1893. The names Skey, Pond, and Hector at the head of an analysis have reference solely to the above-mentioned papers.

Owing to the large number of their contained ingredients, a scientific classification of mineral waters is a very difficult matter, and all the methods of classification usually adopted are open to criticism. Under Dr. Peale's system a fair amount of accuracy is arrived at, but only at the price of a cumbersome and uncouth string of adjectives; while in the simpler system which is usually adopted by English writers, and which I have for convenience followed here, a water may often with equal justice be classified under two or more headings, owing to its containing several ingredients of practically equal importance, and in such cases a compromise has to be adopted.

For purposes of comparison a well-known example of a European mineral water is given with each class except, of course, in those rare instances in which a New Zealand water has no corresponding European prototype.

SIMPLE THERMAL WATERS.

These waters are very weakly mineralized, and owe their therapeutic value chiefly to the hot water, used in the form of baths. That some of the most famous spas in the world are supplied only with such waters suffices to show the efficacy of hot water when skilfully employed, and it is noteworthy that it is in such spas that the douche treatment is frequently brought to a pitch of great perfection. There remains, of course, the still-disputed point as to whether these waters may not owe their efficacy to some factors not indicated by the chemical analysis. Amongst other possible factors,* the presence of radium is that most probable as an effective agent, and it is noteworthy that, as a general rule, the feebly mineralized waters are the most radio-active. Radium is usually found in mineral waters in minutest quantities only, but it must be remembered that, while radium itself is a very potent element, radium emanation or “niton,” in which form radio-activity is generally discovered in water, is infinitely more potent, so that even very minute traces may have definite therapeutic effects. Probably niton is not absorbed through the bather's skin, but acts through the lungs, being inhaled with the gases given off in the bath, and through the stomach, when the water is drunk. Dr. Maclaurin has recently found radio-activity in a number of New Zealand mineral waters, though not in large amount.

* For a fuller discussion on this subject the reader is referred to my book, “The Mineral Waters and Spas of New Zealand.” Pub. N.Z. Gov. 1912.

† Dominion Lab. Report, 1911.

EUROPE.
Gastein.

Here, and throughout this paper, the figures are given in grains per gallon.

Total solids21.0*
Temperature121° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Waingaro (1904).
Sodium-chloride6.43
Silica7.80
Total solids22.66
Temperature130° Fahr.
Matamata (1904).
Sodium-bicarbonate28.10
Total solids46.66
Temperature106° Fahr.
Mangawhero.
Sodium-bicarbonate44.7
Temperature110° Fahr.
Total solids68.8
Maruia (1903).
Total solids36.5
Temperature140° Fahr.
Mount Egmont (1883).
Calcium-carbonate6.72
Total solids26.23
Hurunui (1885).
(Complete analysis not available
Franz Josef (1901).
Total solids56.21
(Principally sodium chloride and carbonate.)
Lake Sumner. Skey
Total solids18.56
Temperature93° Fahr.
Miranda, Thames. (J. A. Pond.)
Sodium-chloride15.17
Temperature134° Fahr.
Total solids31.27
Katikati (1904). (Vide also “Muriated Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride119.54
Total solids137.26
Okoroire.
Sodium-chloride17.18
Silica and silicates9.70
Total solids42.34
Temperature113° Fahr.
Haupiri (1901)
Sodium-silicate7.3
Total solids19.3
Whangape, Waikato (1909).
Sodium-chloride17.25
Temperature150° to 200° Fahr.
Total solids.50
Te Teko (1909).
Sodium-bicarbonate14.2
Temperature150° Fahr.
Total solids26.2
Roadman's Bath, Waiotapu (1909).
Sodium-chloride40.9
Temperature (at source)212° Fahr.
Total solids69.7
Taheke, Rotoiti (1908).
Silica15.0
Temperature212° Fahr.
Total solids27.5

MURIATED WATERS.

The principal ingredient of these waters is common salt. In this country they are, in the majority of instances, very hot, and are used both for baths and for drinking purposes. In the former case they exert a stimulating effect on the nerve-endings in the skin; while, taken internally, they stimulate the mucous membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract, and have a diuretic, and sometimes a laxative, effect.

No use has been hitherto made in New Zealand of the concentrated mutterlauges so much used on the Continent of Europe, though indeed some of the waters are so strong naturally as to need little concentration to rival these “mother-liquors” in strength.

Taken as a whole, they constitute an important and numerous group, and are distinguished by their geographical distribution and by certain chemical peculiarities. Thus the great majority arise near the coast, especially the east coast of the North Island. A great number of the waters, too, contain very considerable quantities of calcium-chloride and of sodium-iodide, so that the muriated waters fall naturally into three main groups—those containing a great preponderance of sodium-chloride, those in which calcium-chloride is present in so great a quantity as to rival or even surpass the sodium-chloride in importance, and those in which sodium-iodide is present in noticeable quantities. The great majority of the second class, however, belong also to the third. A few springs, containing magnesium-chloride, have been included as a fourth group.

CLASS I.—SODIC MURIATED WATERS. EUROPE.
Wiesbaden.
Sodium-chloride420
Temperature100° to 156° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Helensville (1889, 1903). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride114.46
Temperature115° to 146° Fahr.
Total solids134.68
Hokianga (1878). (Pond.)
Sodium-chloride2797.4
Total solids2937.5
Hokianga, Rotokakahi (1905).
Sodium-chloride1350.0
Total solids1543.0
Patangata (1902). (Vide also “Chalybeate” and “Iodide Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride152.2
Total solids176.4
Waimate (1883). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Total solids586.63 to 834.32
Ihuraua (1911). Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride692.5
Total solids762.5
Papaite, Wanganui (1886).
Sodium-chloride313.41
Total solids348.54
Pipiriki, Wanganui (1888).
Spring on left bank—Sodium-chloride121.88
Spring on right bank—Sodium-chloride231.64
Total solids130.61
Total solids244.03
Mokau, Motukarama (1888). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Total solids844.0
(Incomplete analysis.
Kotuku, Greymouth (1904). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride162.20
Total solids201.25
Katikati (1904).
Sodium-chloride119.54
Total solids137.26
Whangape, Waikato. (Skey.)
Total solids47.04
McLean's, Napier. (Skey.)
Total solids444.7
Mahurangi, Auckland. Skey.)
Total solids141.0
Mercury Bay 1908).
Sodium-chloride200.8
Total solids259.4

The nearest European prototype to such a class of waters is Kreuznach.

CLASS II.—CALCIC-SODIC MURIATED WATERS.
Calcium-chloride140.0
Sodium-chloride700.0

When this and similar waters are evaporated to a mutterlauge, as is so frequently done, thereby precipitating some of the sodium-chloride, and leaving a concentrated solution of the chlorides of magnesium and calcium with some iodides, a striking resemblance is found to certain of the New Zealand waters.

NEW ZEALAND.
Kawhia (1903). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride585.51
Total solids1040.76
Sodium-chloride424.55
Mataroa (1903). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”
Calcium-chloride128.21
Magnesium-chloride85.70
Sodium-chloride1625.25
Total solids1843.43
Maranga (1911). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride369.0
Sodium and potassium chloride1041.1

This is an artificial spring of cold water obtained from a bore sunk into the recent soil of a rapidly silting-up bay, and is remarkable for the unusually large amount of iron in solution.

Okain's Bay (1904). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride468.5
Ferrous bicarbonate26.7
Sodium-chloride295.5
Total solids1128.9
Magnesium-chloride264.8
Totoro, Mokau River (1905). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride681.0
Total solids1496.0
Sodium-chloride784.0
Morere (1903, 1905). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride594.78
Total solids1899.60
Sodium-chloride1249.67
Temperature120° Fahr.
Te Puia (1906). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride153.40
Total solids978.69
Sodium-chloride807.75
Temperature150° Fahr.
Kopuowhara, Mahia (1885). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride177.82
Total solids1241.65
Sodium-chloride1027.66
Great Barrier Island (1904).
Calcium-chloride103.75
Total solids985.23
Sodium-chloride791.50
Temperature180° Fahr.
Pahaua, Wellington (Skey); (also 1878). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride120.88
Total solids1474.09
Sodium-chloride1303.32
Kotuku, Greymouth (borehole), (1904).
Calcium chloride, sulphate, and bicarbonate458.8
Sodium-chloride5134.0
Total solids5936.8
Wallingford, Wellington (Skey). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Total solids826.0
Mercury Bay (1908).
Calcium-chloride21.6
Sodium chloride200.8
Calcium-bicarbonate22.5
Total solids259.4

CLASS III.—IODIDE MURIATED WATERS.

Iodine is found in these waters combined usually with sodium or magnesium; in addition there is generally present a certain and varying amount of free iodine. The amount of iodide present is seldom more than about 2.5 grains per gallon, but even this small quantity exceeds the amount present in most similar European waters, one of the richest of which, Heilbrun (Bavaria), is given here for comparison.

The therapeutic value of such minute quantities of iodide has been much questioned, though Neisser has, on the other hand, pointed out the potent effect on human metabolism of minute quantities of iodine in thyroid extract. There remains the possibility, however, that the essentially active factor in these waters is

not the iodide but the free nascent iodine, which is almost always present. The pungent smell of this mineral may generally be detected for some distance round the source of an iodide spring, and where the thermal water is broken up by a fall into a spray or douche, under which circumstances free iodine seems to be liberated, the odour is unmistakably strong. It is conceivable that, quite apart from the iodine that is taken into the system when the water is drunk, quite an appreciable amount, and that in a highly active condition, may be inhaled with the water vapour and spray by the bather.

CLASS III.—IODIDE MURIATED WATERS.
EUROPEAN.
Heilbrun (Bavaria).
Sodium-chloride343.0
Sodium-bromide3.5
Sodium-bicarbonate63.0
Sodium-iodide2.1
NEW ZEALAND.
Morere (1903, 1905).
Sodium-iodide2.7
Total solids1858.07
(Also sufficient free iodine to tinge the water light-brown.)
Kawhia (1903).
Sodium-iodide0.47
Total solids1040.76
BromidesTrace
Mataroa (1905).
Sodium-iodide1.41
Total solids1879.60
Pahaua (1878; also Skey).
Magnesium-iodide0.582
Iodine (free)1.595
Magnesium-bromideTraces
Total solids1424.096
Kopuowhara, Mahia (1885).
Magnesium-iodide2.98
Total solids1241.65
Maranga, Napier (1911).
Sodium-iodide2.8
Calcium-chloride369.0
Potassium and sodium chlorides1041.1
Magnesium-chloride18.9
Thuraua, Masterton (1911).
Sodium-iodide1.6
Total solids762.5
Sodium-chloride692.5
Whareama, Masterton (1889).
Iodides0.81
Total solids316.36
Kaiti, Gisborne (1902).
Sodium-iodide4.0
Total solids758.3
(This spring is now practically dried up.)
Totoro (1905).
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids1496.0
Patangata (1902).
Potassium-iodide0.5
Total solids177.0
Raukumara, Waimate (1909).
Sodium-iodide1.3
Total solids783.6
Helensville (1903).
Sodium-iodide0.03
Total solids134.68
Te Puia (1906).
Sodium-iodide1.41
Total solids978.69
Tarawera, Taupo District (1908).
Iodine0.25
Total solids100.0
Parke's Spring, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine1.01
Total solids200.73
Otumuheka, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids13.88
Ruahine, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated 
Total solids152.31
Orakeikorako. Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids84.86
Orakeikorako (Alum Cave). (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids56.4
McMurray's, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids33.12
Te Hukahuka, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids13.81
Burton's, Taipo District. (Skey.)
(Analysis incomplete.) 
Wallingford, Wellington. (Skey.)
Iodides and bromides not estimated. 
Total solids826.0
McLean's, Napier. (Skey.)
Iodides and bromides not estimated. 
Total solids444.7
Sulphur Wells, Masterton (1906).
Sodium-iodide1.5
Total solids728.2
Mangapuaka, Dannevirke (1909).
Sodium-iodide2.4
Total solids851.3

CLASS IV.—MAGNESIC-SODIC MURIATED WATERS.

These springs are cold, and arise for the most part in the neighbourhood of Banks Peninsula. There are several round Lyttelton Harbour, containing from 30 grains to 50 grains per gallon of magnesium-chloride, with about 2 grains of ferrous bicarbonate. Similar, but weaker, springs also arise at Te Aroha.

IV.—MAGNESIC-SODIC MURIATED WATERS.
EUROPE.
Friedrichshall.
Sodium-chloride1680.0
Magnesium-chloride840.0
NEW ZEALAND.
Okain's Bay (1904).
Sodium-chloride295.5
Total solids1128.9
Magnesium-chloride264.8

SIMPLE ALKALINE WATERS.

The principal ingredient in these waters is sodium-bicarbonate, and if sodium-chloride is present, it is so only in a trifling amount. There is also generally present a considerable amount of carbonic-acid gas. Such waters are not common in this country, the only characteristic one, so far as I am aware, being Puriri. Te Aroha is included under the simple alkaline waters, but contains a fair amount of sodium-chloride, and occupies perhaps a position intermediate between these waters and the muriated alkaline waters.

Taken internally they act as antacids and diuretics, and promote the biliary secretion. They are useful in certain forms of gout, but are more suitable for robust than for debilitated subjects.

SIMPLE ALKALINE WATERS.
EUROPE.
Vichy.
Sodium-bicarbonate350.0
Temperature89° to 108° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Puriri. (Vide also “Table-waters.”)
Sodium-bicarbonate452.39
Total solids537.11
Temperature60° Fahr.
Te Aroha (1903, 1904, 1905).
Sodium-chloride59.5
Sodium-bicarbonate657.4
Total solids784.3
Temperature135° Fahr.

MURIATED ALKALINE WATERS.

In these waters considerable quantities of sodium-chloride are present with the bicarbonate, and, while they are useful in the same class of cases as the last, they are generally believed to be less “lowering.”

MURIATED ALKALINE WATERS.
EUROPEAN.
Ems.
Sodium-chloride70.0
Sodium-bicarbonate140.0
Temperature80° to 120° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Waiwera. (Skey; also 1904.)
Sodium-chloride116.7
Sodium-bicarbonate87.5
Total solids219.5
Temperature105° Fahr.
Ohaeawai (1904).
Sodium-chloride65.10
Sodium-bicarbonate134.50
Total solids255.66
Temperature180° Fahr.

(This water is strongly sulphuretted, and might with equal justice be placed among the sulphur waters. For further analyses of the Ohaeawai Springs, vide Rep. Domin. Lab. 1909.)

MURIATED SULPHATED WATERS.

As already mentioned, the sulphated waters are scarcely represented in New Zealand, the only example, so far as I am aware, being the somewhat anomalous Okain's Bay water, already classed under the calcic muriated and chalybeate waters.

This water, while containing an overwhelming proportion of chlorides, contains also a moderate amount of magnesium-sulphate, any action of which, however, would be subordinate to that of the other ingredients.

MURIATED SULPHATED WATERS.
EUROPE.
Brides, Salins.
Sodium-chloride126.0
Sodium-sulphate84.0
Magnesium-sulphate35.0
Temperature96° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Okain's Bay (1904).
Sodium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides1028.8
Magnesium-sulphate78.0
Total solids1128.9
(Cold spring.)

THE CALCAREOUS OR EARTHY WATERS.

New Zealand is poor in springs of this class, calcium, when present in any quantity, being generally in the form of the chloride.

THE CALCAREOUS OR EARTHY WATERS.
EUROPE.
Contrexéville.
Calcium-sulphate105.0
Calcium-bicarbonate28.0
NEW ZEALAND.
Wairongoa. (Vide also “Table-waters.”)
Calcium-bicarbonate67.86
Total solids165.75
Magnesium-bicarbonate35.89
Kamo. (Vide also “Table-waters.”)
Calcium-bicarbonate57.68
Magnesium-bicarbonate17.05
Sodium-bicarbonate38.64
Total solids164.36
Copland River, Westland (1906).
Calcium-bicarbonate27.0
Sodium-bicarbonate76.6
Total solids142.3
Fox River, Westland (1906).
Calcium-bicarbonate10.5
Sodium-bicarbonate44.4
Total solids79.5
Waikoura, Kaeo (1909).
Calcium-bicarbonate127.5
Sodium-bicarbonate120.6
Total solids304.1

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

Therapeutically the most important of these waters are those containing the bicarbonate of iron and free carbonic-acid gas. Many of the chalybeate springs of New Zealand contain large, and sometimes enormous, quantities of the sulphate, and, while these are noted here, they are, except as baths, of little practical use so far as the iron-salt is concerned. The ferrous bicarbonate, on the other hand, is easily assimilated, especially when associated with carbonic-acid gas; while it is to the presence of this gas that baths of such waters owe their stimulating properties.

CHALYBEATE WATERS.
EUROPE.
Schwalbach.
Ferrous bicarbonate5.6
TemperatureCold
NEW ZEALAND.
Waitangi, Rotoehu (1903, 1904).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.5
Temperature120° Fahr.
Total solids58.73
(Free effervescence of carbonic acid.)
Kamo.
Oxide of iron (present in the spring as bicarbonate)0.28
Total solids164.36
Ohaeawai, Spring No. 1 (1909).
Ferrous sulphate4.1
Total solids45.6
Waikoura, Kaeo (1909).
Ferrous bicarbonate2.9
Total solids304.1
Soda Spring, Ngawha.
Ferrous bicarbonate1.2
Total solids31.8
Carbonic acid (free)35.0
Kotuku, Greymouth (1904).
Ferrous bicarbonate4.10
Total solids201.25
Okain's Bay (1904). (Vide also “Muriated Waters.”)
Ferrous bicarbonate26.7
Total solids1128.9
Patangata (1902).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.6
Total solids176.4
Aorangi. (Skey.)
Ferrous bicarbonate0.94
Total solids13.75
Paeroa (1905). (Vide also “Table-waters.”)
Ferrous bicarbonate1.6
Free carbonic acid26.0
Total solids167.8
Temperature80° Fahr.
Waiwera. (Vide also “Muriated Alkaline Waters.”)
Ferrous bicarbonate0.686
Total solids219.558
Taupo Waters.
Iron Spring, Terraces (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.28
Carbonic acid16.9
Total solids63.04
Temperature120° Fahr.
Mangapakeha (1906). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Ferrous bicarbonate4.0
Total solids374.0
Soda-water Spring, Terraces (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.84
Carbonic acid47.70
Total solids64.19
TemperatureCold.
Arsenic Spring,” the Spa (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.56
Total solids52.52
(This spring contains no arsenic.)
Wairakei Waters.
Devil's Eye-glass (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate1.20
Total solids117.25
The Boilers (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate1.12
Total solids100.77
(These last two waters are scarcely potable.)
Waiotapu.
Chalybeate waters exist here, but so far no potable specimens have been analysed.
Rotomahana “Iodine Spring” (1904). (Contains no iodine.)
Ferrous bicarbonate0.62
Temperature212° Fahr.
Total solids157.79
Motu, Gisborne (1904).
Ferrous sulphate44.68
Total solids379.31
White Island. (Skey.) (Vide also “Acid Waters.”)
Ferrous sulphate1059.0
Temperature212° Fahr.
Total solids13638.0
Whale Island. (Pond.
Ferrous sulphate9.38
Temperature198° Fahr.
Total solids250.30
Abbotsford, Otago (1882). (Analysis incomplete.)
Ferrous sulphate. 
Total solids304.0
Akitio, Wellington. (Skey.)
Iron and alumina0.93
Total solids37.65
Onetapu. (Skey.)
Ferrous chloride not estimated. 
Total solids456.0
Bay of Islands. Skey.)
Iron-oxide2.23
Total solids134.62
Amberley Canterbury. (Hector.
Total solids93.6
(Cold spring.)
Waikohu (1910).
Ferrous sulphate1.5
Total solids210.5
Aluminium sulphate93.0

Rotorua Waters.

The majority of these contain iron, but, as this is not an important and essential feature of these waters, two only are given as types of the rest.

Rotorua Waters.
Rachel Spring. (Hector.)
Iron and alumina oxides2.41
Total solids131.34
Postmaster Spring (1906).
Ferrous sulphate0.52
Total solids86.81

SULPHUR WATERS.

This is a very important but somewhat ill-defined group, characterized by the presence of sulphides in sufficient quantity to give a very noticeable odour to the water. In Europe, as a general rule, these waters are only feebly mineralized, the other ingredients of the water being comparatively unimportant. In New Zealand, while this rule holds good for the majority of the sulphur waters, yet there is a very important class, of which the acid waters of Rotorua may be taken as a type, in which, while the sulphides are very much in evidence, other ingredients have a considerable and sometimes a very much greater importance.

As compared with the other mineral waters of New Zealand, there is an overwhelming preponderance of sulphur waters, both in the number of springs and in the amount of outflow. All are hot and all are siliceous.

The great bulk of these springs arise in the volcanic region stretching from the central volcanoes of the North Island northward to the Bay of Plenty, and, indeed, right out to sea to White Island.

The vast majority of these waters have not yet been analysed, but from the great number of specimens that have already been examined a very fair estimate may be made of the whole.

It is usual to draw a distinction between those sulphur waters containing marked quantities of sodium-sulphide, and those containing only sulphuretted hydrogen, and special therapeutic effects have been attributed to the former class. While admitting the distinction, it must be borne in mind that frequently the second represents only a phase of the first, and that, owing to the very rapid decomposition of sodium-sulphide on exposure to air, analysis, unless performed at the spring, is apt to show only sulphuretted hydrogen, sulphur, and sodium-carbonate.

The sulphur waters may be divided into two main classes, the alkaline or neutral, and the acid.

CLASS I.—THE ALKALINE SULPHUR WATERS.

For the most part the specific gravity of these waters is not high, the largest ingredient being usually chloride of sodium, and the alkalinity not strong.

For all practical purposes their most marked characteristic is the amount of silicate they contain, and it is this ingredient which gives to the alkaline waters of the Rotorua district their peculiarly bland and satiny feel, and which makes them so valuable for bath purposes. A similar condition causes the “unctuous” sensation of the sources savonneuses at Plombières.

Until recently little was known of the therapeutic action of the silicates. Felix,* Pascault, and others have shown, however, that they have marked antiseptic properties, both when taken internally,

* Felix, Gazette des Emux, May 19, 1898; also Annates d'Hydrologie, March 28, 1898.

† Pascault, Bull, Gén de Thér, July 30, 1907.

and when used externally, and siliceous waters are given as sedatives and antifermentatives in certain forms of gastric and intestinal indigestion. They are also believed to exercise a solvent action on the urates in gout. However this may be, it is quite certain that in strong solution they constitute most bland and sedative baths.

As the highly siliceous waters shade off imperceptibly into the less siliceous, it has not seemed convenient to make them a separate class, and they are therefore all included here under the term “sulphur waters.”

CLASS I.—THE ALKALINE SULPHUR WATERS.
EUROPE.
Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle).
Sodium-chloride182.0
Sodium-carbonate42.0
Sodium and hydrogen sulphides...
Temperature113° to 133° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Rachel Spring, Rotorua (1912.)
Sodium-chloride65.87
Sodium-silicate23.78
Sodium sulphide10.27
Sodium-sulphate1.50
Sodium-borate1.85
Sodium-bicarbonate13.47
Potassium-chloride1.26
Lithium-chloride0.42
Cassium-chlorideTrace.
Calcium-bicarbonate0.41
Ferrous bicarbonate0.01
Carbon-dioxide9.17
 128.01
Temperature194° Fahr.

Under this heading come, with the exception of certain muddy geysers of the type of Waimangu, practically the whole of the springs in the “Thermal District” which exhibit, or tend to exhibit, geyser action. Thus would be included many springs at Tokaanu, the Taupo geysers, the springs of the Geyser Valley at Wairakei, and the Whakarewarewa and Ohinemutu geysers. A certain number of these are given as types of the rest.

Many of these waters contain so very little sulphide that they might with equal justice be classed under the heading of “Simple Thermal Waters,” or of “Muriated Waters,” but for convenience they are placed all together here.

Oil Bath.* Rotorua District. (Skey.)
Silica and silicates29.0

* The surface temperature of these springs, which exhibit more or less geyser action, is the boiling-point. Their temperature apparently increases directly as the distance below the surface at which it is taken.

Total solids104.54
Sodium-chloride66.34
Spout Bath,* Rotorua District. (Skey.)
Sodium-silicates16.32
Total solids87.78
Sodium-chloride53.61
Kuirau, Rotorua District. (Skey.)
Silicates22.0

* The surface temperature of these springs, which exhibit more or less geyser action, is the boiling-point. Their temperature apparently increases directly as the distance below the surface at which it is taken.

† The amount of H2S present is so small that this water might with equal justice be classed under the heading of “Muriated Waters,” or even of “Simple Thermal Waters.”

Total solids79.85
Sodium-chloride45.70
Te Koutou, Rotorua District. (Skey.)
Sodium-silicate32.12
Total solids72.78
Waihunuhunukuri (Lake House), Rotorua District. (Hector.)
Total solids58.4
Waikite,* Rotorua District (1904).
Sodium-chloride38.75
Silica24.36
Sodium-bicarbonate20.03
Total solids90.28
Matuatonga,* Rotorua District. (Hector.)
Sodium-chloride66.44
Total solids113.27
Sodium-silicate29.27
Hanmer, South Island.
Sodium-chloride62.09
Gases — Sulphuretted hydrogen and methane 
Total solids77.38
Temperature118° Fahr.
Crow's Nest Geyser,* Taupo District. (Hector.)
Total solids153.6
Witches' Cauldron,* Taupo District. (Hector.)
Total solids166.4
Waiariki, Taupo District. (Hector.)
Total solids86.4
Top Spring, Terraces, Taupo District (1905).
Sodium-chloride43.66
Temperature184° Fahr.
       Total105.80
South Bay Spring, Terraces, Taupo District (1905).
Sodium-chloride56.10
Temperature180° Fahr.
       Total107.72
A.C. Bath, Spa, Taupo District (1905).
       Total46.43
Temperature102° Fahr.
Old Sulphur Spring, Spa, Taupo District.
       Total63.79
Temperature135° Fahr.
Champagne Pool,* Wairakei (1905).
Sodium-chloride195.20
       Total242.68
Red Coral Geyser,* Wairakei (1905).
Sodium-chloride39.35
       Total100.77
Champagne Pool, Waiotapu.
Sodium-chloride220.4
Total solids288.2
Carbonic acid (free)13.2
Temperature212° Fahr.
Omuvokapoka, Onepu (1904).
Total constituents116.82
Temperature180° Fahr.
Manupirua, Rotoiti (1904).
Total solids44.91
Temperature105° Fahr.

CLASS II.—ACID SULPHUR WATERS.

With the exception that they are much more siliceous, the alkaline sulphur waters bear a fairly close resemblance to numerous sulphur waters in Europe; but for a type of the acid sulphur waters we have to look to America, there being no waters of this nature used at the European spas. The nearest European approach to the acid baths of New Zealand is to be found in the “peat baths” of Austria, which contain free sulphuric and formic acids and sulphate of iron.

The action on the peripheral circulation of the strongly acid baths of Rotorua is most marked. The skin becomes intensely injected, there is a corresponding unloading of the deep veins, and the general circulation is improved. At the same time the nerve-endings in the skin are stimulated: so that, provided the immersion is not too prolonged, the sensation of the bather is one of general exhilaration. The use of such baths in chronic deep-seated congestions, and in pain and stiffness of muscular and fibrous structures, is obvious. The large quantities of alum usually present with the acids, and the free gases in the water, also help to stimulate the skin. These waters are not used for drinking purposes.

Rotorua Acid Waters.
 Postmaster Bath Spring (1906).Priest Bath Spring (1906).Sulphur Point Effervescing Spring (1906).Spring supplying New Baths.
Sodium-sulphate14.2510.8518.1019.94
Aluminium-sulphate15.609.608.1012.38
Silica15.1012.1020.2022.82
Sulphuric acid (free)22.293.774.4616.80
Carbonic acid (free)28.8440.002.524.31
Sulphuretted hydrogen13.095.000.191.80
       Total128.7497.4981.95102.58
Temperature110° Fahr.105° Fahr.160° Fahr.150° Fahr.

There are innumerable springs in the central Rotorua group, along the foreshore of Lake Rotorua, which conform to the type of the “Priest” and “Postmaster” Springs. Of these the first two on the following list may serve as examples:—

Waikupapapa.
Hydrochloric acid (free)7.49
Total solids56.45
Sulphuric acid (free)4.29
Ngaruapuia.
Hydrochloric acid (free)6.76
Total solids59.50
Sulphuric acid (free)3.11
Taheke, Rotoiti (1908).
Sulphuric acid (free)152.0
Total solids231.0
Horakikimumuru, Rotoiti (1908).
Sulphuric acid (free)68.6
Total solids130.5

White Island and Whale Island, in the Bay of Plenty, contain springs of remarkable acidity, which are not used as baths.

White Island. (Skey.)
Hydrochloric acid (free)9547.0
Temperature212° Fahr.
Total solids13638.0
White Island Lake (1910). (Vide also “Arsenical Waters.”)
(Extent, 15 acres) 
Hydrochloric acid (free)3383.6
Aluminium sulphate1476.3
Pentathionic acid16.8
Total solids6469.6
Boron Trioxide21.7
Temperature110° Fahr.
Whale Island. (Pond.)
Sulphuric acid138.32
Temperature198° Fahr.
Total solids250.30
Abbotsford, Otago (1882,.
Sulphuric acid (free, and combined with iron)191.87
Total solids304.01
TAUPO. 
Rotokawa (Black Water). (Hector.)
Hydrochloric acid (Free) 
Temperature192° Fahr.
       Total142.4
Rotokawa (Yellow Water). (Hector.)
Hydrochloric acid(Free)
Temperature152° Fahr.
       Total176.0

WAIRAKEI.

Practically all springs of the Kiriohinekei Valley are more or less acid: two are given as types.

Devil's Eye-glass (1905). Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)
Sulphuric acid (free)2
Total solids117.25
Carbonic acid (free)1
The Boile (1905). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)
Sulphuric acid (free)4.50
Total solids100.77
Carbonic Acid (free)7.50
Sulphur Terrace, Waiotapu (1909).
Sulphuric acid (free)2.5
Temperature212° Fahr.
Total solids43.6

CLASS III.—MUDDY WATERS.

There remains a subclass of the sulphur waters which consists of mineral water containing large quantities of highly siliceous mud in suspension. The importance of these waters lies in the fact that they are greatly utilized for mud baths.

Some of them contain free mineral acids, others are neutral, or only give an acid reaction from the amount of free carbonic-acid gas they contain. Typical examples of the former are the “Coffeepot” and the “Cameron” Springs, and of the latter, the “Sulphur Point Mud Spring,” all of Rotorua.

Coffee-pot.
Sodium-sulphate23.71
Sulphuric acid (free)7.60
Hydrochloric acid (free)7.66
       Total60.19
Cameron.
Sodium-sulphate44.54
       Total80.50
Hydrochloric acid (free)5.92
Sulphur Point (1906).
Sodium-chloride80.85
Carbonic acid (free)14.90
Sodium-silicate26.30
       Total141.72

Below is given an analysis (1906) of the muddy deposit around this spring, from which, and from similar material, the mud baths of Rotorua principally are made. It consists mainly of silica, and is noticeable in containing both gold and silver. On account of its interest, I have given Dr. Maclaurin's analysis in full.

Silica69.30
Alumina4.52
Iron-oxides2.00
Titanium-oxide0.58
Lime1.00
Magnesia0.10
Soda and potash1.30
Sulphur (combined)1.40
Sulphur (free)6.09
Organic matter10.01
Water3.70

“Microscopic examination of the deposit* showed that it consisted mainly of quartz and amorphous silica, with a little felspar. The mud also contains 5 grains of gold and 6 dwt. 1 grain of silver per ton.”

ARSENICAL WATERS.

There are no springs containing arsenic used for therapeutic purposes in New Zealand. Several springs contain traces of arsenic, others again reputed to do so, such as the “Arsenic Spring” in the Spa grounds at Taupo, contain none at all.

There is one spring, however, so huge and so rich in arsenic as to completely dwarf all the arsenical springs of Europe put together. This is the hot acid lake on White Island, some 15 acres in extent (vide “Acid Sulphur Waters”). The waters are, however, so highly mineralized as to be unfit for either internal or external medication.

EUROPE.
La Bourboule.
Sodium-arseniate1.96

* “Suspended in the water.”

Total solids *448.00
NEW ZEALAND.
White Island Lake (1910).
Arsenious-oxide3.92
Total solids6469.65
Burton's, Taipo. (Hector.)*
(Traces of arsenic.)

MERCURIAL WATERS.

Certain of the muriated alkaline springs are turbid with mud containing varying amounts of mercury derived from the soil around, which is rich in this mineral.

While such can perhaps hardly be strictly classed as “mineral waters,” the natural mixture of mineral water with mercurialized mud is obviously important from a therapeutic point of view, and is classed here for convenience.

Ohaeawai (1904). (Vide “Muriated Alkaline Waters.”)

* Amount of mercury variable. Temperature, 180° Fahr.

TABLE-WATERS.

This is another ill-defined group of waters, usually characterized by feeble mineralization, and by containing a large quantity of free carbonic-acid gas.

It is obvious that such a water may be classed under one or other of the previous headings according to the preponderating ingredients it may contain, and, as a matter of fact, most of the mineral waters used as table-waters in New Zealand are really so strongly mineralized as to justify the title of “medicinal,” and almost all contain rather more iron than is consistent with an ideal table-water.

EUROPE.
Selters (Seltzer water).
A muriated alkaline water containing—
Sodium-chloride140.0
NEW ZEALAND.
Wairongoa (South Island). (Vide also “Earthy Waters.”)
Calcium-bicarbonate67.86
Magnesium-bicarbonate35.89
Sodium-chloride22.73
Sodium-bicarbonate20.91
Sodium-sulphate14.70
Total solids165.75

Together with a large excess of carbonic-acid gas, which is bottled with the water.

Puriri. (Vide also “Alkaline Waters.”)

This is a cold alkaline spring, temperature 60° Fahr., which is very freely used as a table-water, but which is so strongly mineralized that it should really be classed under the head of “Alkaline Waters.”

Te Aroha. (Vide also “Muriated Alkaline Waters.”)

The thermal waters of Te Aroha, cooled and artificially aerated, are also sometimes used as table-waters, but are so strongly mineralized as to really constitute medicinal waters.

There are also at Te Aroha several cold springs, feebly mineralized, pleasant to the taste, but somewhat deficient in natural carbonic-acid gas.

* Minute globules of mercury are easily discernible to the naked eye in the deposits alongside the springs.

Cold “Magnesia” Spring (1902).
Calcium-bicarbonate41.5
Total solids83.6
Magnesium-bicarbonate23.4

Kamo. (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)

These waters are tepid to warm, strongly effervescent with carbonic-acid gas, and pleasant to the taste.

Calcium-bicarbonate57.68
Sodium-chloride38.01
Sodium-bicarbonate38.64
Total solids164.36

Paeroa (1905). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)

Tepid spring, temperature 80° Fahr., fair effervescence of CO2, pleasant sweetish taste.

Magnesium-bicarbonate73.0
Total solids167.8
Sodium-bicarbonate39.4
Free carbonic acid26.0
Calcium-bicarbonate35.5

GASES IN MINERAL WATERS.

Carbonic acid is present in a very large number of waters, but is especially noticeable in those of Kamo, where it is the chief therapeutic agent in the baths. It is also abundantly evolved in the “Priest” Spring, Rotorua, where it assists the stimulant action of the acid water on the skin.

Methane (marsh-gas) is exceedingly abundant in the iodine waters of the east coast, notably at Te Puia and Morere, where it is used for illuminating purposes, as also at Hanmer in the South Island.

Hydrogen is present to the extent of 11.5 per cent. in the gas of a spring in Rotorua Lake.

Nitrogen in small quantities accompanies the sulphuretted hydrogen in many waters.

Sulphuretted hydrogen is present in large quantities in the “sulphur waters,” and in minute quantities in the majority of the springs.

Sulphurous acid is abundantly evolved through the soil forming the bed of many of the acid sulphur springs, and, coming in contact with sulphuretted hydrogen, is at once decomposed, with the formation of water and sulphur.

SPAS.

The vast majority of the springs in the above list are practically unequipped and almost unused.

In the central volcanic district, notably at Taupo and Wairakei, there are baths in connection with the hotels. These baths, however, are more or less primitive, and are suitable rather for the tourist than the invalid.

There are baths and hotel-accommodation also at Helensville, Kamo, Waiwera, and Okoroire, and, in more primitive fashion, at Morere, Te Puia, and Waingaro.

Hanmer in the South Island, and Te Aroha and Rotorua in the North, are spas under Government management. Of these Rotorua is the largest and best equipped.

Chapter 32. SECTION VI. THE LAND- AND INCOME-TAX ASSESSMENT.

GENERAL

IN New Zealand there is a combined land and income tax in force. The income-tax is, generally speaking, assessable on all income, with the exceptions of the rents or profits derived from the direct use or cultivation of land, and interest from mortgages of land. Land is subject to ordinary land-tax on its unimproved value after deducting registered mortgages, and to graduated land-tax upon the total unimproved value when such value is £5,000 or more. Mortgagees are subject to land-tax on the capital value of their mortgages. The exemption from income-tax of income derived from land is therefore necessary in order to avoid duplicate taxation, on the principle that where the capital is taxed (as in land and mortgages) the income earned by such capital is exempt.

Process of Assessment.

All persons, firms, and companies deriving income in or from the Dominion are required to furnish full returns. The forms on which returns are required to be made may be obtained at any money-order post-office.

Returns of income have to be made annually, and must be posted to reach the Commissioner's office in Wellington not later than the 1st June; they should contain particulars of all income liable to taxation actually earned during the year ending on the 31st March immediately preceding.

Returns of land and mortgages are made annually, and must be posted to reach the Commissioner's office in Wellington not later than the 1st May. The returns should contain particulars of all land and mortgages as owned at noon on the 31st March immediately preceding. The Commissioner must also be notified from time to time of sales or purchases of land and alterations in mortgages.

Income-tax accounts are posted early in January; they are made payable about the 31st January, after which a period of fourteen days' grace is allowed in which to make payment. Ten per cent. is added to the amount of the tax if not paid at the expiration of the fourteen days.

Land-tax accounts are posted early in November; they are made payable about the 30th November, and, as in the case of income-tax, fourteen days are allowed in which to make payment, after which 10 per cent. is added to the amount of the tax.

INCOME-TAX.

The following incomes are exempted: The income of—

The Crown;

The salary and emoluments of the Governor;

Local authorities;

Friendly societies in respect of business carried on within their circle of membership only;

Building societies;

Public charitable and public educational institutions;

Savings-banks;

Commissioners of General Government and local body sinking funds;

Religious societies, so far as the funds are devoted to the support of aged or infirm ministers or their families only;

Imperial pensioners, so far only as the amount of the pension is drawn from the Crown and charged with income-tax in Great Britain or some British possession;

Any co-operative dairy factory company, so far as income is derived from dairy-produce supplied by its own shareholders;

Public societies not carrying on business for pecuniary gain;

The owner of land in respect of the rent thereof, or the profits derived from the direct use or cultivation thereof;

A mortgagee of land.

The returns are revised and checked in the Commissioner's Office, all doubtful points are queried, erroneous deductions disallowed, and additions made where necessary. In addition to these checks, the inspecting officers of the Department from time to time verify returns at the taxpayer's place of business. The Act provides special powers for examining all the books, &c., of a taxpayer. The Commissioner can at any time call for the production to the inspecting officers of all books, balance-sheets, and other evidence of the taxpayer's income; penalties are provided in the event of refusal to comply with the Commissioner's request.

All officers of the Department are sworn to secrecy under severe penalties.

All persons, firms, companies, local authorities, Government Departments, and others furnish annual returns of the salaries, bonuses, &c., paid to their employees as remuneration for their services. These are compared with the individual returns of the employees.

All persons, firms, or companies paying interest on deposits, loans, &c., can be called on to furnish returns of such payments for the purposes of checking the returns of the recipients.

Penalties are provided for failure to make returns or for making incorrect or fraudulent returns.

Persons who lease Crown pastoral land, whether vested as endowments of universities, Education Boards, &c., or not, are subject to income-tax in respect of their profits from such lands.

Ordinary trading and manufacturing companies are assessed on the whole of the income derived, save that from exempted sources. In addition to the return required they have also to furnish a true copy of their last balance-sheet as issued to shareholders.

Hotel-proprietors are subject to taxation on the profits derived from the sale or lease of the license (but not from the rent of the premises) in addition to the profits made from the trade.

Banking companies are assessed on an arbitrary amount, arrived at by taking 15s. per cent. on the average assets and liabilities as shown by the quarterly statements published in the Government Gazette. This mode of assessment was instituted owing to the difficulty in arriving at an accurate assessment of the income of banks in New Zealand.

Loan, building, and investment companies are charged on the whole of their income, inclusive of the interest on money lent on mortgage, but are not charged land-tax on mortgages.

Fire, accident, and guarantee insurance companies are assessed only on the business done in New Zealand, and reinsurances with companies or underwriters outside New Zealand are not allowed as deductions from income.

Life-insurance companies are assessed only on the income from investments (other than investments in land or mortgages of land on which they pay land-tax).

Mining companies are assessed on one-half of the dividends paid annually to shareholders. The other half is exempted, as being considered a return of the shareholders' capital.

Income from shipping.—Taxpayers are only assessed on that part of their income which is derived from business originating in the Dominion, whether carried on outside New Zealand or not, but not on income from business originating outside New Zealand.

Persons, land syndicates, or companies dealing in land are assessable on the gains or profits from such dealing, but not on such income as rents or interest on unpaid purchase-money. A similar principle applies to dealing in shares of public companies.

Non-residents who carry on business in New Zealand by means of an agent, whether a travelling or a resident agent, are charged income-tax on the profits arising from the business which is procured by the agent.

Residents of New Zealand who draw pensions or pay from the Government of any other part of the Empire are exempted in New Zealand if they prove that they have already been taxed in respect of such pension or pay in another part of the Empire.

Where a company has borrowed money on debentures secured on land, the debentures are deemed to be a mortgage up to the capital

value of the land, and are assessed as a mortgage. If the amount of the debentures exceeds the capital value of the land, the income from this excess is liable for income-tax. The company is assessed as agent for the debenture-holders, and authorized to deduct the sum paid from the interest payable on the debentures.

The only income which is assessed at the source is that derived from public companies, either as dividends or interest on debentures. In all other cases income is assessed direct to the taxpayer, who has to make a return of income from all assessable sources (such returns do not, of course, include income from dividends and debentures of public companies or interest from mortgages). Interest from debentures issued by the Government or local authorities is however to be included in the returns when payable in New Zealand.

What is deductible from Income.

Briefly put, the only deductions permissible are the losses, outgoings, and expenses actually incurred in the production of the income. No provisions or reserves against losses are allowed. The rules as to these are to be found more particularly set forth in section 87 of the Land and Income Assessment Act, 1908.

It may be pointed out in this connection that in taxpayers' balance-sheets many sums are written off to Profit and Loss which are not allowed in a return of income.

An allowance is made for depreciation on plant, machinery, implements, &c., over and above the expenditure on repairs and renewals. This applies only in cases where there is depreciation which cannot be made good by repairs and renewals. The rate for this allowance has to be fixed by the Commissioner.

Obsolete machinery is also allowed for when the machinery has been actually discarded, and the loss definitely ascertained; the amount to be allowed is the actual loss on the machinery discarded, less any depreciation already allowed. Machinery superseded by something better but kept in reserve is not allowed for.

Taxpayers who occupy their own business premises are entitled to deduct a sum at the rate of 5 per cent. on the capital value of their interest therein. Mortgage-interest is not deductible.

All assessments are made in the office of the Commissioner. When assessments are completed, he serves each taxpayer with a notice of the amount on which he is assessed, and the amount payable thereon. The taxpayer then has the right to object to the assessment within a time specified, but the payment of the tax is not held over pending settlement of the objection. These objections are in the first instance dealt with by a Stipendiary Magistrate, with the right of appeal to the higher Courts in certain cases.

Under the Amendment Act of 1907 an important alteration was made in the taxation of timber and minerals, which were previously liable to land-tax. The whole of the income derived from these sources is now assessable for income-tax, the value of such property being exempt from the payment of land-tax. It is found difficult to arrive at a fair valuation of such property for land-tax purposes, especially of minerals which are underground; but less difficulty is experienced in arriving at the annual income derived, and the new system is fairer alike to the taxpayer and to the Crown.

Special Exemption for Income-tax.

Each taxpayer, whether alone or in partnership, is allowed exemption up to £300. Life-insurance premiums on the taxpayer's own life are also allowed up to £50.

The £300 exemption is not allowed to absentees, nor to companies.

All incomes of persons are exempt up to £300, with the exceptions previously mentioned. A person with a net income of £300 pays nothing, while one with an income of £350 pays tax on £50 only, and so on. The rates for persons and companies are shown in detail further on.

THE LAND-TAX.

The land-tax is assessed on the unimproved value of land—i.e., the capital value without the improvements—so that there is an entire exemption of improvements on land from taxation.

Mortgages are deductible by the mortgagor for ordinary land-tax, and the mortgagee is charged with the amount so deducted.

The term “mortgage” includes any unpaid balance of purchase-money of land sold or under an agreement for sale.

An owner of land, the value of which, apart from improvements, together with mortgages owing to him, does not exceed £1,500 (after deducting mortgages owing by him) is allowed an exemption of £500, but where such value exceeds £1,500 the exemption diminishes by £1 for every £2 that such value increases, so that no exemption is allowable when £2,500 is reached.

No taxpayer is allowed more than £500 exemption. His interest in his private assessment, if any, is added to any other interests he may have in land and mortgages, and the exemption allowed on the total interests.

Example: A and B hold land in common £2,000. A has no other land; B has £1,500 individually.

 £
B share of common land1,000
B individual land1,500
 £2,500

B is not therefore entitled to any exemption as his assessable balance reaches £2,500. A's share of the exemption only is deductible from £2,000, or £125.

The Act contains a provision that in cases where the income from any land or mortgages, plus income from all other sources, is less than £200 per annum, and the owner is incapacitated by age or infirmity from supplementing such income, a further exemption may be allowed by the Commissioner upon his being satisfied that the payment of the tax would entail hardship on such owner. This discretionary power has been exercised in a considerable number of instances. In the case of widows with small means, the Commissioner is allowed to grant still further exemption.

Owing to the deductions and exemptions allowable the number of land-tax payers is only 35,273, as compared with the number of land-owners—150,000 (approximately) freeholders and 28,466 Crown tenants.

The valuations for land-tax are made by the Government Valuation of Land Department, which employs a permanent staff of expert valuers, and supplies the assessment rolls used by the Land and Income Tax Department and local rating authorities.

All mortgages are assessed at their full nominal value, except where it is satisfactorily shown that owing to depreciation of the security or other cause such value has been diminished. In the case of mixed mortgages—that is, mortgages which are secured on both real and personal property—the amount of the mortgage chargeable with land-tax is taken to be the value of the land included in the security, the interest derived from the balance of mortgage being liable to income-tax.

Maori lands which are occupied by Europeans are subject to half the ordinary rate of land-tax, it being considered that, as such lands have benefited by the expenditure of public money, they should bear a proportion of the taxation. In an assessment in which land is owned by a Maori and another taxpayer not a Maori, the European taxpayer's share of the land is assessable. Native land, also, that has been Europeanized in accordance with the Native Land Act, 1909, is also liable to full taxation. Graduated tax is not chargeable on Native land.

In cases where Europeans lease land from Maoris or half-castes, the tax is payable by the European and deducted from the rent.

All annuities paid out of the rents or profits of land, and out of interest of mortgages of land, are capitalized and assessed as “mortgages,” and are deductible by the estate, and assessable to the recipient for shortgage-tax. If not deducted by the estate, they need not be charged to the recipient, as the estate in such a case will pay taxation on the assets producing the annual income.

General Exemptions from Land-tax.

All land* owned

By the Crown;

By local authorities;

By friendly societies;

By building societies;

By public, charitable, or public educational institutions not carried on for pecuniary profit;

By savings-banks;

By Commissioners of Public Sinking Funds;

By religious societies so far as the proceeds are devoted to the support of aged or infirm clergy or their widows or children.

All Maori land not leased to or occupied by any person other than the Native owners.

The value of timber and minerals (the owners are now charged for income-tax on these).

The sites of:—

A place of worship for any religious society, or a place of residence for any of the clergy or ministers of such society;

A charitable or educational institution (other than a public charitable or educational institution hereinbefore exempt) not carried on exclusively for pecuniary profit: provided that this exemption shall not extend to more than 15 acres in the case of any one such institution;

A public library, athenæum, mechanics' institute, public museum, school of mines, or masonic lodge;

A showground or place of meeting of any agricultural society;

A public cemetery or public burial-ground;

A public garden, public domain, public recreation-ground, or other public reserve;

A public road or public street;

A public railway, to the extent of the land actually used for permanent-way, and for yards, sheds, and buildings for the purposes of traffic only, but not further nor otherwise.

The mortgages of banking companies, and loan building and investment companies whose head offices are in New Zealand. In the latter case the interest from mortgages is included in the income assessed for income-tax as explained previously.

* The term “land” under the Act includes mortgages of land.

GRADUATED LAND-TAX

Rates of Graduated Land-tax.

  1. Where the unimproved value of the land of any taxpayer is not less than five thousand pounds and not more than fifteen thousand pounds, a duty for every pound of the unimproved value assessed at the rate of one thirty-second of a penny increased by one thirty-two-thousandth of a penny for each pound of the excess of such value over five thousand pounds.

  2. When the unimproved value of the land of any taxpayer is more than fifteen thousand pounds and not more than thirty thousand pounds, a duty for every pound of the unimproved value assessed at the rate of eleven thirty-seconds of a penny increased by one forty-thousandth of a penny for every pound of the excess of such value over fifteen thousand pounds.

  3. Where the unimproved value of the land of any taxpayer is more than thirty thousand pounds and is not more than two hundred thousand pounds, a duty for every pound of the unimproved value assessed at the rate of twenty-three thirty-seconds of a penny increased by three one-hundred-thousandths of a penny for every pound of the excess of such value over thirty thousand pounds.

  4. Where the unimproved value of the land of any taxpayer is more than two hundred thousand pounds, a duty of five-pence and five-sixths of a penny for every pound of the unimproved value.

The above rate of graduated tax is increased by 25 per cent. in the case of all estates of not less than £30,000 unimproved value. Business premises are exempted from this additional charge. The term “business premises” is defined as being “any piece of land included within the area of a building used for business purposes, together with such additional land as immediately adjoins the said building, and is used and occupied in connection therewith, and does not exceed in extent the area of the building itself.” A building is deemed to be used for business purposes “if it is exclusively or principally used, whether by the owner or by any occupier or occupiers, for the purposes of any business, trade, or industry.”

The graduated land-tax is increased by 50 per cent. in the case of absentees, and it is made clear that the absentee tax does not apply to companies. A person is deemed to be an absentee “unless he has been personally present in New Zealand for at least one-half of the period of four years immediately preceding the year in and for which he is assessed for graduated land-tax: Provided that no person who

has acquired all his land in New Zealand within the said period of four years shall be deemed to be an absentee if he has been personally present in New Zealand for at least one-half of the period which has elapsed between the time when he first acquired any land and the commencement of the year in and for which he is assessed for graduated land-tax.”

If an absentee taxpayer is liable to be assessed for graduated land-tax jointly with another taxpayer who is not an absentee, they shall be assessed and liable jointly as if neither was an absentee, and the absentee taxpayer shall also be liable for absentee land-tax on his share.

There are a number of clauses for preventing the evasion of the graduated land-tax, which may be shortly summarized as follows:—

  1. Life tenants are liable as if owners of fee-simple.

  2. Lessees are liable as well as the owners (except lessees of Crown, Native, or exempt land, and where lease has been in existence for more than five years prior to the passing of the Act of 1907). The lessee, however, is entitled to rebate in certain cases to the extent of the tax paid by the owner of the land leased.

  3. Shareholders in certain companies are liable as if owners of the company's land in proportion to their interest in the paid-up capital, and are entitled to rebate to the extent of the tax paid by the companies in respect of the share of the land.

  4. Two companies having practically the same shareholders are deemed to be one.

  5. Joint owners are assessable jointly as if the whole land was owned by a single person, and, in addition, the joint owners are liable for their interests in the joint estate taken in conjunction with any lands owned by them in severalty. The individual assessment is, however, entitled to a credit of the individual share of tax paid in the joint assessments, so that graduated tax is not paid twice on the same land.

  6. Persons owning land in severalty but occupying it jointly are liable for graduated tax at the same rate as would be payable if they owned the lands jointly, in the proportions which the values of the lands, apart from improvements, so severally owned bear to one another; lands are considered to be jointly occupied if they are occupied, worked, or managed by any one of such persons on behalf of all of them or on a joint account, or if they are worked or managed by any other person as trustee or otherwise on behalf of the owners.

  7. The buyer in possession is liable, although conveyance has not been executed.

  8. The seller also is liable until 15 per cent. of the purchase-money is paid unless the Commissioner of Taxes is satisfied that the subdivision is bona fide. This does not apply to cases of agreement for sale made more than five years before the passing of the Act of 1907, or made by a seller who does not own more than

  9. £40,000 land value. In cases where both buyer and seller are liable, the seller is entitled to deduct from his tax the amount paid by the buyer.

  10. No disposition in such cases is to be effective so long as possession is retained.

  11. Equitable owners are liable as if legal owners.

  12. A trustee is liable as if beneficially entitled, excepting that when he is the owner of different lands in trust for different beneficial owners the graduated tax shall be separately calculated and assessed in respect of each trust, unless by reason of joint occupancy or for any other reason he is liable to be jointly assessed.

  13. No deduction is allowable on account of mortgage-money or unpaid purchase-money for graduated tax.

Church and Native lands are exempted from graduated land-tax.

Rates of Tax.

INCOME-TAX.

Persons and Firms.

Under £400 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income under £700) 0/6 in the pound.

£401 to £600 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income £701 to £900) 0/7 in the pound.

£601 to £700 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income £901 to £1,000) 0/8 in the pound.

£701 to £800 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income £1,001 to £1,100) 0/9 in the pound.

£801 to £900 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income £1,101 to £1,200) 0/10 in the pound.

£901 to £1,000 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income £1,201 to £1,300) 0/11 in the pound.

£1,000 to £1,250 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income £1,301 to £1,550) 1/0 in the pound.

£1,251 to £2,000 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income £1,551 to £2,300) 1/1 in the pound.

Over £2,000 taxable balance (including exemptions, equals net income over £2,300) ½ in the pound

Companies.*

Under £1,250 taxable balance 1/0 in the pound.

£1,251 to £2,000 taxable balance 1/1 in the pound.

Over £2,000 taxable balance ½ in the pound.

LAND-TAX.

Ordinary land-tax (on the unimproved value) 1d. in the pound.

Graduated land-tax (in addition to ordinary land-tax) As previously shown.

Mortgages (on the capital value) ¾d. in the pound.

* No exemption is allowed to companies.

Total Yield of Tax 1911-12.

The income-tax for the year ended the 31st March, 1912, amounted to £448,934. In considering this result the many exempted sources of income already enumerated must be borne in mind. The land-tax yielded £647,015.

For purposes of the ordinary land-tax the net assessed taxable value of unimproved land and mortgages, after allowing all exemptions, was £119,280,860.

The number of income-tax payers was 12,207. The number of land-tax payers was 35,273.

The net assessed income, after allowing for the exemption of £300, is £8,094,016.

Assessment for 1910-11.

INCOME-TAX.

Classification of Taxpayers.—Number of Persons, Companies, &c., who pay Income-tax.

Net IncomeNumber of Persons, &c.
Under £7008,445
Between £700 and £800538
Between £800 and £900382
Between £900 and £1,000288
Between £1,000 and £1,000717
Between £1,500 and £2,000287
Between £2,000 and £3,000246
Between £3,000 and £4,000105
Between £4,000 and £5,00058
Between £5,000 and £7,00076
Between £7,000 and £10,00053
Over £10,000108
       Total11,303
Showing Income assessed.Net Income. £
Salaried persons1,629,492
Traders and manufacturers—
Persons and firms3,871,362
Companies4,358,277
Professional men918,926
Various288,564
       Total£11,066,621

The yields of tax and the number of taxpayers for the last fourteen years were as follows:—

 Land-tax Payers. Number.Land-tax paid. £Income-tax Payers. Number.Income-tax paid. £
1897-9813,132267,2864,588115,210
1898-9915,449298,0524,647115,480
1899-190015,892293,6275,088128,721
1900-116,888294,5835,656173,808
1901-218,468312,8356,556179,397
1902-318,869296,0627,589200,683
1903-420,865334,9908,258221,368
1904-523,895352,8548,934253,952
1905-624,246385,7558,993261,815
1906-727,659447,3429,540277,866
1907-828,991537,84610,420304,905
1908-930,855604,90010,839321,044
1909-1033,162642,27011,175316,835
1910-1133,516628,72311,303407,235
1911-1235,273647,01512,207448,934

SYSTEM OF COLLECTION.

The tax may be paid at any postal money-order office, or direct to the office of the Commissioner of Taxes, Wellington. The cost of the collection of the income-tax for 1911-12, including cost of assessment, was 1.67 per cent., and for land-tax, including the cost of valuation of land, 2.64 per cent. The cost of collection of both taxes was 2.25 per cent.

Chapter 33. SECTION VII. OLD-AGE AND WIDOWS' PENSIONS.

Table of Contents

ON the 26th June, 1894, a Committee of ten members of the House of Representatives was appointed to examine into and report upon the question of making provision for old age. The report of this Committee was brought up on the 27th September, 1894, and ordered to be printed. No particular scheme was recommended, but a suggestion was made that the Government should appoint a Royal Commission to inquire into the question.

On the 8th July, 1896, a Bill providing for the payment of old-age pensions was introduced by the late Right Honourable R. J. Seddon into the House of Representatives, but lapsed in Committee on the 16th September.

Later in the same year, on the 14th October, a Registration of People's Claims Bill was introduced, the object being to ascertain the probable cost of establishing an Old-age Pension Fund. This Bill passed through all its stages in Parliament, and received the Governor's assent on the 17th October.

In 1897 an Old-age Pensions Bill was again introduced, and passed all its stages in the House of Representatives, but was thrown out at the second reading in the Legislative Council.

Still again, in 1898, an Old-age Pensions Bill was introduced, and this year succeeded in passing both Houses, receiving the Governor's assent on the 1st November, 1898. Under this Act the Registration of People's Claims Act of 1896 was repealed.

Amending Acts were passed in 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1905. Early in the session of 1908 a consolidating Act was passed, since which there have been further amending Acts in 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911.

The original Act of 1898 provided for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a pension of £18 per annum, or 6s. 11d. per week, without contribution by the beneficiaries. This amount was, however, increased to £26 per annum (i.e., 10s. a week or £2 3s. 4d. a month) by the Amendment Act of 1905, which came into operation on the 1st September of that year.

The Act is administered by a Commissioner located at Wellington, who is responsible to the Minister of Finance. For the purposes of administration New Zealand is divided into seventy-three districts, each in charge of a Registrar. In the chief centres of population the duties are performed by officers specially appointed for the purpose, but otherwise they are undertaken by Clerks of Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts. All claims are investigated by Stipendiary Magistrates, who alone have the power to grant or refuse pensions.

The Act applies to all residents of New Zealand who fulfil the necessary conditions, except—

  1. Maoris who receive votes other than pensions out of the grant appropriated by the Civil List Act, 1908.

  2. Aliens.

  3. Naturalized subjects who have not been naturalized one year.

  4. Chinese or other Asiatics, whether naturalized or not, and whether British subjects by birth or not.

The qualifications of an applicant are briefly as follows:—

  1. He must have reached the age of sixty-five.

    NOTE.—The pension age has been reduced to fifty-five for women and to sixty for men where the applicant is the parent of two or more children under fourteen years of age for the maintenance of whom he (or she) is responsible. The pension payable in such cases may be any sum up to £13 per annum, in addition to the ordinary pension payable as set out hereunder.

  2. He must have resided continuously in New Zealand for the past twenty-five years.

    NOTE.—Continuous residence is not interrupted by occasional absences not exceeding two years. Four years' absence is allowed where total actual residence is not less than twenty-five years. In the case of a seaman, continuous residence is not interrupted by absences on board a ship registered in New Zealand, provided he establishes the fact that his home is in New Zealand.

  3. He must not during the past twelve years have been imprisoned for four months or on four occasions for an offence punishable by twelve months' imprisonment.

  4. He must not during the past twenty-five years have been imprisoned for five years for any offence.

  5. He must not during the past twelve years have deserted his wife and children.

  6. He must have lived a sober and reputable life during the past year.

  7. His yearly income must not reach £60.

  8. The net value of his accumulated property must not be £260 or over.

  9. He must not have deprived himself of property or income to qualify for a pension.

Each applicant must apply to the Registrar of the district in which he resides, and fill in a claim form. The Registrar proceeds at once to verify the applicant's statements, and the results of his inquiries are transmitted, with the form of application, to the Stipendiary Magistrate presiding at the nearest Court, when a date is fixed for the personal examination of the pensioner.

The Registrar is the only person outside the Magistrate who is authorized to appear at the investigation of a claim and to question an applicant.

The Magistrate has power, if he so chooses, to hear any case in camera, or to dispense with the personal attendance of the applicant, if he is satisfied that the documentary evidence in support of the claim is sufficient to establish it.

The Magistrate intimates his decision to the Commissioner, who, if the pension is allowed, issues a pension-certificate for the amount granted, without which no payment can be received.

Each pension is granted for twelve months, the first instalment being payable on the first day of the month following the date on which the Magistrate grants the pension. A fresh application is required to be made each year for a renewal of the pension.

Payment of the pension is made by twelve monthly instalments at the most convenient post-office.

Instalments are payable on the 1st of the month, but may be collected up to the 1st day of the month following, after which date the special authority of the Minister of Finance is required before payment can be made.

The full pension of £26 is reduced by—

  1. £1 for every complete £1 of income over £34.

  2. £1 for every complete £10 of net accumulated property.

If the applicant is married the joint pensions of a husband and wife must not exceed, with their total incomes added, the sum of £90.

Income is money, valuable consideration or profits derived by any means from any source, and includes free board and lodging up to £26 per annum, but not sick-allowance or funeral benefits paid by a friendly society.

The income chargeable is that derived during the twelve months preceding the date of application, the Magistrate having power to exempt all personal earnings earned at a rate not exceeding £2 a week, provided it is shown to his satisfaction that owing to loss of employment or any other cause such earnings have ceased.

Net accumulated property is the capital value of all real and personal property owned by an applicant, other than life assurance policies and annuities, less the following deductions:—

  1. The amount of mortgage existing on the property.

  2. £340 from the home, including furniture and personal effects.

  3. £50 from any other property.

The net accumulated property of a husband or wife for pension purposes is half of the total net accumulated properties of both.

To ascertain whether a pensioner is entitled to a renewal of his pension, he is required each year, shortly before the expiry of the certificate held by him, to furnish the Registrar with a statement of his income during the past year, and also of his property. On receipt of this statement the Registrar proceeds to verify the contents, and then submits it to the Magistrate, who investigates it in the same manner as an original claim, the pensioner being required to attend at the discretion of the Magistrate. The decision of the Magistrate is notified to the Commissioner, who issues a fresh pension-certificate for the amount for which the pension is renewed, and authorizes payment for another twelve months. The expired certificate is retained by the paying officer on payment of the final instalment, and forwarded to the Commissioner, by whom it is filed.

A pensioner may have any instalment paid at any post-office in New Zealand.

If a person is physically unfit to draw his pension in person, he may apply to the Commissioner to have an agent appointed to collect instalments.. Any authority issued to such an agent holds good only for the pension-certificate for any one year, but it may be renewed each year when the pension itself is renewed.

Pensions granted to persons maintained in charitable institutions are paid to the governing bodies of the institutions, on production of an authority signed by the local Registrar. A fresh authority is required each month in these cases.

When any person to whom a pension has already been granted is committed to a mental hospital, the instalments of such pension are payable to the superintendent of the institution. An inmate of a mental hospital, however, cannot lodge an original claim for a pension.

The pension being for the personal support of the pensioner, it is absolutely inalienable, whether by way of assignment, charge, execution, bankruptcy, or otherwise howsoever.

No payment is made of an instalment which falls due while a pensioner is in gaol or out of New Zealand.

On the death of a pensioner the portion of the instalment accruing to date of death, together with any unpaid instalment then payable, may be paid if applied to defray funeral expenses, or, in the case of a charitable institution, towards cost of maintenance.

If the Commissioner has reason to believe that any pension has been improperly obtained, he may suspend payment and cause an inquiry to be held before a Magistrate, who has full power to act.

If during the currency of a pension-certificate a pensioner becomes possessed of property or income in excess of the amount allowed by law, the Commissioner may apply to the Magistrate to have the pension cancelled or varied.

A Magistrate has power on his own initiative to review any previous decision, and to cancel or amend any pension-certificate.

Any person who by a wilfully false statement obtains or attempts to obtain a pension to which he is not entitled is liable to six months' imprisonment, as also is any person who aids or abets such person.

It is an offence to receive any money in consideration of the procuring of a pension for any person; and it is also an offence to refuse to answer any question concerning any applicant or any statement contained in any application, the penalty being a fine not exceeding £10 in each case.

Where it has been found that a pensioner has been overpaid, and the Magistrate is of opinion that such overpayment was obtained by fraud, the pensioner is liable, in addition to imprisonment, to a penalty of double the amount paid in excess.

If on the death of a pensioner, or the wife or husband of a pensioner, it is found that he, or either of them, was possessed of

property in excess of the amount allowed by law in respect to the amount of pension granted, double the amount of pension so overpaid may be recovered from the estate so found to be in excess.

If a pensioner is convicted of drunkenness or of any offence punishable by imprisonment for one month or more, the Magistrate has power to suspend his pension for any period from one month to six months for a first conviction. For a second conviction during any pension-year the law provides that the pension must be suspended for at least six months, but not more than twelve months. All orders of suspension under this head are inoperative as long as the pensioner is being maintained in any charitable institution, to the governing body of which instalments are made payable. The pension of any person deemed to be an habitual drunkard is at once cancelled. Subsequent to the date of a first conviction for drunkenness, all instalments are paid only to an agent, who is required to see that the pension is properly disbursed.

Any person otherwise qualified to receive a pension who owns property on which he resides, and which does not permit of the granting of a full pension, may qualify for the full pension by transferring the said property to the Public Trustee. The pensioner is permitted to reside on the property rent-free during his lifetime, but he must pay all rates and charges thereon. If a husband and wife, both being pensioners, are living together, and one dies, the survivor is permitted to continue to reside on the property. On the death of both pensioner and survivor, or where the pensioner is no longer entitled to a pension, the Public Trustee shall sell the property, and, after deducting from the proceeds of the sale the amount of pension paid as a consequence of the transfer of the property, together with his commission and interest at the rate of 4 per cent., shall pay the balance to the person or persons entitled thereto. Provision is made for a pensioner, or survivor, or next-of-kin paying such amounts as aforesaid at any time, with a view to obtaining a retransfer of the property and obviating a sale.

Two registers are kept in the office of each Registrar—namely, a Pension-claim Register and an Old-age Pensions Register.

The Pension - claim Register contains a record of each claim filed, and how it is dealt with.

The Old-age Pensions Register contains a record of each pension granted in the district, as also of each pension transferred from any other district. All changes made from time to time in regard to any pension are entered up in this register.

Each Registrar is required to supply the following monthly returns:—

  1. A return of new pensions granted by the Magistrate—to include transfers from other districts.

  2. A return of original claims rejected or adjourned by the Magistrate.

  3. A return of renewal applications rejected or adjourned by the Magistrate

The number of pensioners at the end of each financial year since the Act came into operation, the gross yearly payments, and the cost per head of population are as follows:—

At 31st MarchPensioners.Amount.Cost per Head of Populat'n
  £s.d.
18997,4433,12401
190011,285157,34211
190112,405197,29251
190212,776207,46853
190312,481210,14052
190411,926203,164410
190511,770195,47546
190612,582254,36758
190713,257314,184610
190813,569325,199611
190914,396336,760611
191015,320362,49674
191116,020383,39277
191216,649406,256710
  Grand total£3,556,660 

The number and value of existing pensions at each rate on 31st March, 1912, were,—

Number.Rate.Liability.
 ££
1139429
13737
23468
13333
13232
23060
14,20926369,434
328258,200
298247,152
204234,692
212224,664
206214,326
177203,540
141192,679
132182,376
83171,411
93161,488
74151,110
7114994
5313689
5912708
4611506
6310630
479423
508400
207140
306180
11555
10440
6318
8216
16,649 £416,530
Average pension, £25 0s. 4d.

The ages of European pensioners on the roll on the 31st March last are as shown in the following table:—

Age.Number.
552
601
613
65412
66742
671,181
68894
691,034
701,074
711,114
721,062
73965
74912
75850
76824
77884
78877
79759
80552
81457
82339
83262
84179
85166
86126
8795
8865
8939
9028
9131
9231
947
955
965
972
982
992
1001
       Total15,984

Tables are also given showing (1) original nationalities and (2) sex and conjugal conditions of all pensioners on the roll on 31st March, 1912.

(1.) ORIGINAL NATIONALITIES OF ALL PENSIONERS ON THE ROLL ON THE 31ST MARCH, 1912.
 Number.
British (England)7,479
British (Ireland)3,671
British (Scotland)3,057
British (New Zealand)299
British (Australia)262
British (Wales)147
British (Canada)94
British (Channel Is'ds)42
British (India)24
British (West Indies)17
British (Isle of Man)11
British (South Africa)10
British (New Foundland)7
German291
Dane149
Swede98
Norwegian89
French43
Austrian42
American36
Italian34
Swiss21
Dutch12
Portuguese11
Russian8
Finn7
Greek7
Belgian5
Pole5
Hungarian3
Spanish2
Chilian1
Maori665
       Total16,649

These pensioners are now all British subjects, as required by law.

(2.) SEX AND CONJUGAL CONDITION OF PENSIONERS ON THE ROLL ON THE 31ST MARCH, 1912.
Sex.Single.Married.Widowed.Totals.
Male2,4053,8242,8079,036
Female2692,4484,8967,613
   Totals2,6746,2727,70316,649

WIDOWS PENSIONS.

The Widows' Pensions Act, 1911, which received the Governor's Assent on the 28th October, come into operation on the 1st January, 1912.

It is administered by the Commissioner of Old-age Pensions in Wellington and the various Registrars of Pensions throughout the Dominion. The following scale of payments is provided for:—

To a widow with one child under fourteen years£12 per annum.
To a widow with two children under fourteen years£18 per annum.
To a widow with three children under fourteen years£24 per annum.
To a widow with more than three children under fourteen years£30 per annum.

NOTE.—The Act applies only in the case of legitimate children born in New Zealand.

A six months' residence in the Dominion, prior to the birth of any child to whom the Act applies, is necessary, and applicants must be British subjects of good character. Applications require to be lodged with the local Registrar of Pensions and to be investigated by a Magistrate, who alone has power to grant pensions.

The foregoing rates of pension are subject to a deduction of £1 for every £1 of the annual income in excess of £30. Such annual income, however, does not include personal earnings of the applicant which with the pension added do not exceed £100. Property which produces no income, or an income of less than 5 per cent. of its

value, is deemed to produce an income of at least 5 per cent. of such value, and such amount is included in the computation of the annual income.

The Act does not apply to aliens, or to Chinese or other Asiatics. Similarly to old-age pensions, all payments are made through the Post Office. In practically every other respect the same conditions as apply to an Old-age Pension apply to a Widow's Pension.

Up to 31st March, 1912, pensions had been granted to 791 widows. Tables are given showing (1) ages and (2) original nationalities of these.

(1.) AGES OF WIDOWS WHO HAVE BEEN GRANTED PENSIONS TO THE 31ST MARCH, 1912.
Age.Number.
211
223
232
244
2511
2612
2710
2816
2916
3012
3122
3228
3325
3425
3531
3628
3736
3838
3938
4029
4141
4248
4330
4434
4536
4636
4722
4829
4924
5025
5117
5222
538
546
557
567
578
582
621
661
       Total791
(2.) ORIGINAL NATIONALITIES OF WIDOWS WHO HAVE BEEN GRANTED PENSIONS TO THE 31ST MARCH, 1912.
 Number.
British (New Zealand)501
British (England)137
British (Ireland)54
British (Australia)47
British (Scotland)30
British (Wales)5
British (Channel Islands)4
British (Isle of Man)1
German7
American2
Dane2
Italian1
   Totals791

Chapter 34. SECTION VIII. NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND.

THE National Provident Fund was established by Act in 1910, and came into operation on 1st March, 1911. This measure offers facilities for voluntary thrift on the basis of mutual contributions by the State and the individual, and represents a striking departure in social legislation undertaken by the Government of New Zealand, there being particular features in this scheme that distinguish it from the provident systems of other countries.

The Fund is administered by a Board composed of the Hon. the Minister of Finance as Chairman and four members appointed by the Governor, one of whom is the Superintendent of the Fund.

The main object of the scheme is to provide for annuities in old age. This, however, is supplemented by very liberal benefits for the protection of the family from birth to old age.

The system is open to any person between the ages of 16 and 45 years residing in New Zealand, and whose average income during the previous three years does not exceed £200 per annum. There is no medical examination on entry, and the method of joining is extremely simple, the applicant having merely to fill in a form at a postal money-order office and pay a first weekly contribution.

The benefits are as follows:—

  1. A payment not exceeding £6 for medical attendance on the birth of a contributor's child or children after contributing for twelve months.

  2. An allowance, after three months' incapacity to work, of 7s. 6d. per week for each child of a contributor under 14 years of age; due after contributing for five years.

  3. A pension at age 60 of 10s., 20s., 30s., or 40s., according to the scale of contributions.

  4. An allowance, on the death of a contributor, of 7s. 6d. per week for each child until 14 years of age, and 7s. 6d. for the widow so long as any child is under 14 years of age; due after contributing for five years.

The maternity allowance is payable only if the combined income of a contributor and wife or husband does not exceed £200 per annum at the time of claim, but this limitation does not debar from the other benefits. The incapacity allowance is not payable where the incapacity is due to the serious misconduct of the contributor, and the amount is not to exceed the pecuniary loss which, in the opinion of the Board, the contributor has probably suffered during incapacity. Further, the income of a contributor during incapacity, independent of the Fund, is not to exceed the rate of £4 per week.

The contributions range from 9d. per week at age 17, 1s. at age 22, 1s. 3d. at 25, and so on to age 45, for the 10s. pension, the rate being two, three, or four times as much if a higher pension is applied for. A contributor may increase or decrease his pension after entry. The pension will not affect the rights of any person to the old-age pension.

The contributions are payable in weekly sums at any postal money-order office; but, as any number of contributions may be paid at one time, contributors have the privilege of paying as they like by weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, yearly, or at irregular intervals.

In the event of a contributor leaving the Fund or dying, all contributions (less any benefits received) are returnable. If a contributor dies before the first five years are completed, his representatives receive the contributions he has paid, less anything he received during lifetime by way of maternity benefit. Should he die after age 60, before receiving in pension a sum equal to the contributions paid in during his lifetime, the difference is returnable to his representatives; and, further, if the allowances paid for widow and children do not exhaust the contributions, his representatives are entitled to the residue. If a contributor dies before 60, leaving a widow and no children, all the contributions are returnable, less benefits paid out.

The latitude allowed for arrears is very wide, and covers a period of eighteen months, but after six months a fine equal to one-fourth of the contributions is to be paid. If a contributor is drawing the incapacity allowance he pays no contributions during that period.

Moneys payable out of the Fund cannot be assigned in any way, nor, on the death of a contributor, be assets to pay his debts or liabilities.

The benefits under the Act are guaranteed by the State, which subsidizes the contributions to the extent of one-fourth of the amount paid into the Fund.

The Board's operations in the first year were mainly directed to ensuring a widespread circulation of informative literature and to the organizing of a system of enrolment.

A travelling lecturer was appointed for the purpose of visiting the various centres and personally explaining the system to the workers at their factories, work places, &c, a method that promises to be productive of satisfactory results.

Apart from this, the voluntary enrolments go to show that the scheme has inherent powers of attracting contributors.

Chapter 35. SECTION IX. SUPERANNUATION FUNDS.

THE question of providing pensions for the public and semi-public servants of the Dominion on their retirement has received a good deal of attention in recent years. The schemes now in force embrace the Government Railways (1903), Public Service (1908) including Police (1899), and Teachers (1906), while the various local bodies are empowered to establish schemes under the Local Authorities Superannuation Act, 1908.

PUBLIC SERVICE SUPERANNUATION FUND.

The Public Service Superannuation Act, 1907, now embodied in the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Act, 1908, which with its amendments includes all branches of the Public Service except the Railway Department and Education, came into force on the 1st January, 1908, The scheme, although optional on the part of public servants permanently employed at that date, is compulsory on all persons appointed thereafter.

The principal benefits are,—

  1. A pension for every year of service equal to one-sixtieth of the average annual salary for the last three years, payable (a) after 40 years' service; or (b) at age 65; or (c) on retirement owing to ill health. The maximum pension is not to exceed two-thirds of the salary, or in the case of entrants after 24th December, 1909, £300 per annum.

  2. A pension of £18 per annum to the widow of a contributor or pensioner during widowhood, and £13 per annum for each child under the age of 14.

Females may retire after 30 years' service or at the age of 55, while the Minister has power to reduce the retiring age in certain cases for both males and females. Special pensions may be given in the case of a member of the Police Force for injuries received on duty.

The contributions vary with the age on joining the scheme: For ages under 30 they are 5 per cent. of the salary; ages 30 to 34, 6 per cent.; 35 to 39, 7 per cent.; 40 to 44, 8 per cent.; 45 to 49, 9 per cent.; 50 and over, 10 per cent.

The contributions are returned on withdrawal.

On the 31st December, 1911, there were 9,140 contributors paying £100,670 per annum into the fund. The pensioners numbered 574 for £47,136 per annum, made up as follows:—

 Number.Pension.
 £
Retired for age or length of service34337,145
Retired for ill health917,397
Police injured on duty4441
Widows771,386
Children59767
 574£47,136

The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1911, were as follows:—

 £
Revenue.
Funds at the beginning of the year263,948
Members' contributions97,955
Government subsidy23,000
Interest12,646
Transfers from other funds333
Fines232
 £398,114
Expenditure.
Retiring-allowances to contributors42,318
Widows and children1,856
Contributions returned7,702
Compensation3,170
Expenses1,319
Miscellaneous13
Funds at the end of year341,736
 £398,114

The valuation of the fund at the 31st December, 1910, showed the liabilities and assets to be as follows:—

 £
Liabilities.
Value of pensions already granted for £39,944 per annum337,372
Value of prospective pensions2,362,831
Value of return of contributions on withdrawal, &c.258,913
 £2,959,116
Assets.
Accumulated funds263,948
Value of future contributions963,060
Value of subsidy of £23,000 per annum575,000
Value of additional annual subsidy of £25,000 now recommended625,000
Value of future increases in subsidy to be provided as required532,108
 £2,959,116

An increase of £25,000 in the subsidy was recommended, but the report showed that £93,432 in compensation to officers had already been avoided by the Consolidated Fund by their retiring on pensions, and an amount of £489,689 accrued compensation would also to a great extent lapse in the future, in the same manner.

There was also a large decrease in the annual grant from the Consolidated Fund for gratuities to the widows and children of public servants. The liabilities of the Government to the Fund are therefore largely offset by savings in other directions.

The Police Provident Fund, which was established on the 1st December, 1899, under the Police Provident Act, 1899, was merged in the Public Service Superannuation Fund on the 1st April, 1910, and members of the Police Force contributing at that date now pay the same contributions and receive the same benefits (plus the special allowance if injured on duty) as other members of the public service.

TEACHERS' SUPERANNUATION FUND.

This was established by the Teachers' Superannuation Act, 1905, which came into operation on the 1st Januury, 1906. Under this scheme the pensions were computed at 1/60th of the total salary

received during the years of contribution and 1/20th of the total salary received during service between 1st January, 1878, and 1st January, 1906, with a minimum pension of £52 per annum.

The benefits were brought into line with those of the Public Service by the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908, and with a few exceptions all the contributors accepted the new benefits.

There are a few slight differences between the Public Service and the Teachers' Funds, the chief being that (1) the service of the teachers need not be continuous; (2) no pensions are payable on retirement for ill health unless the service exceeds fifteen years; and (3) in the case of reduction of status owing to age or infirmity, there is no provision that the pension should be computed on the higher salary as in the Public Service Fund.

Education service to which the Act applies is defined as service in any capacity for not less than twenty hours a week,—

  1. Under an Education Board, or

  2. Under the governing body of a secondary school, or

  3. Under the managers of associated classes under Part VII of the Education Act, 1908, or

  4. Under the Education Department in the case of inspectors of schools or of inspectors, managers, or visiting officers of industrial schools, or of teachers of any schools under the control of that Department.

On the 31st December, 1911, there were 3,384 contributors.

The pensions were 324 for £18,787 per annum, made up of—

 Number.Amount of Pension. £
Retired for age or length of service19415,349
Retired for ill health301,875
Widows50913
Children50650
 324£18,787

The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1911, were as follows:—

 £
Revenue.
Funds at beginning of the year154,212
Contributions38,422
Government subsidy7,000
Interest7,215
 £206,849
Expenditure.
Pensions16,996
Contributions refunded and transferred4,545
Commission282
Funds at the end of the year185,026
 £206,849

The valuation of the Fund at the 31st December, 1910, showed the liabilities and assets to be as follows:—

 £
LIABILITIES.
Value of pensions already granted for £14,261 per annum136,492
Value of prospective pensions1,298,929
Value of return of contributions on withdrawal, &c.70,258
 £1,505,679
ASSETS.
Accumulated Funds154,212
Value of future contributions367,649
Value of subsidy of £7,000 per annum175,000
Value of additional annual subsidy of £10,000 now recommended250,000
Value of future increases in subsidy to be provided558,818
 £1,505,679

GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS SUPERANNUATION FUND.

This was established on the 1st January, 1903, by the Government Railways Superannuation Fund Act, 1902, now embodied in the Government Railways Act, 1908.

The pension is here also 1/60th of the annual rate of pay, for every year of service, but the retiring age is sixty for both males and females, instead of ages sixty-five and fifty-five respectively as in the public service. The only other differences of importance are that the annual allowances to widows and children are paid only on the death of contributors before retiring on a pension, and that the pension is computed on the last salary except where the contributor has served in a lower grade within the previous five years, in which case the average for seven years is taken.

The contributions were, for ages not exceeding thirty when the first contribution became payable. 3 per cent.; ages thirty to thirty-four, 4 per cent.; thirty-five to thirty-nine, 5 per cent.; forty to forty-four, 6 per cent.; forty-five to forty-nine, 7 per cent.; fifty and over, 10 per cent.

These contributions are still payable by members who joined the scheme prior to the 1st January, 1908, but for those who joined subsequently the contributions are the same as are payable under the Public Service scheme.

The number of contributors on 31st March, 1912, was 9,312, and at that date there were 1,145 persons on the fund, drawing annual allowances amounting to £59,032.

The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st March, 1912, were,—

 £
Revenue.
Amount of funds on 1st April, 1911207,242
Contributions59,455
Government subsidy25,000
Interest9,608
Fines482
 £301,787
Expenditure.
Retiring-allowances to members50,794
Allowances to widows and children6,688
Contributions refunded9,386
Other payments1,082
Expenses380
Amount of funds at the end of the year233,457
 £301,787

The first valuation of the fund has been authorized and is now proceeding.

LOCAL AUTHORITIES SUPERANNUATION.

The Local Authorities Superannuation Act, 1908, applies to Borough Councils, County Councils, Town Boards, Road Boards, Harbour Boards, Charitable Aid Boards, Tramway Companies, or any body possessing rating powers over any district.

It came into force on the 10th October, 1908, but although several local bodies have been considering the advisability of pensioning their employees, none of the schemes are yet in operation.

The benefits and contributions are the same as in the Public Service Fund, but a contributor's service prior to joining the fund is not counted for pension purposes. The local authority, however, may pay, or partly pay for such service out of its ordinary revenues.

Chapter 36. SECTION X. NEW ZEALAND'S EXTENDED BOUNDARIES.

NOTES ON THE COOK AND OTHER ISLANDS ANNEXED TO NEW ZEALAND IN 1901.

THE Pacific islands annexed to New Zealand in pursuance of resolutions passed by the House of Representatives in September and October, 1900, were Rarotonga, Mangaia, Mauke, Atiu, Aitutaki, Mitiaro, Hervey Islands, Palmerston, Niue, Danger, Rakahanga, Manihiki, Penrhyn, and Suwarrow. Takutea and Nassau, not mentioned in the resolutions, also lie within the boundary-lines prescribed by the Imperial Order in Council and the New Zealand Proclamation dealing with the annexation. The Cook and other Islands Government Act, passed in 1901 by the New Zealand Parliament, continued the Federal Parliament of the Cook Islands and the several Native Councils under the names “Federal Council” and “Island Councils.” The Constitution of the Island Councils was altered in 1904, and each Island Council now consists of nine members, the Resident Agent being ex officio a member and President, the Arikis being ex officio members, and the remaining members being elected by the adult Natives of the island for a term not exceeding three years. The Federal Council has power to enact Federal Ordinances for the government of all the islands excepting Niue, while each Island Council can make local Ordinances governing the inhabitants within its jurisdiction. No Ordinance passed in the islands, however, can have the force of law until assented to by the Governor of New Zealand in the name and on behalf of His Majesty; and the Governor has power, by Order in Council, to direct that any of the laws in force in the islands at the commencement of the principal Act shall be repealed or modified. The Governor in Council has power also to apply to the islands any law in force in New Zealand, either in whole or with modifications, excepting the laws relating to alcoholic liquors. The Licensing Act, 1908, contains special provisions dealing with the question of liquor in the Cook and other Islands. The New Zealand Customs Tariff is, with certain exceptions, in force within the extended boundaries, and the Governor, by Order in Council, may from time to time modify the tariff as applying to any of the islands.

The laws are enforced through the High Court, which has jurisdiction throughout the whole of the islands excepting Niue; and, in the Cook Group, until 1905, there were also the Arikis' Courts, which were composed of Native Judges, except at Aitutaki. where no

Court was legally constituted unless the European Magistrate was present. The Arikis' Courts have, however, been abolished in all those islands in which a European Resident Agent has been appointed, and the jurisdiction and power of these Courts or a Judge thereof are now exercised by such Resident Agent. The High Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of murder or of assault with intent to commit murder, and in all cases of manslaughter; in all criminal charges against foreign residents; and in all cases between foreign residents, or between foreign residents and Maoris in which the plaintiff may, with the consent of the Chief Judge, begin an action in the Court, or may with the same consent seek redress for any wrong alleged to have been done by any local Government in any island. The High Court has also jurisdiction in probate and insolvency, and the Resident Agents' Courts have jurisdiction in civil cases where the matter at issue does not exceed in value £50. The Chief Judge has power to send any case of a criminal charge against a foreign resident for trial before a Court constituted under the provisions of the Pacific Order in Council. The headquarters of the High Court are at Rarotonga, where it sits once a week, but visits are periodically made to the other islands within its jurisdiction. Appeals are allowed from the local Courts to the High Court, and from the High Court to the Supreme Court of New Zealand, and thence to the Court of Appeal.

The annexed islands were formerly all under one administration, but in 1903 Niue was placed under a separate administration and a separate Resident Commissioner, and the Federal Council and the High Court of the Cook Islands have now no jurisdiction in that island. Captain James Eman Smith is Resident Commissioner of the Cook Islands, and Mr. H. G. Cornwall is Resident Commissioner of Niue Island.

The following extract from the Budget of 1912 as to the Government's proposals in regard to the Islands will be of interest:—

It is the intention of the Government to make some endeavour to improve the health of the Natives of the Cook Islands, and so protect the race, by having qualified nurses stationed on each island when the population warrants the adoption of this course.

As I have already stated arrangements are being made to establish wireless telegraphy at the Island of Rarotonga, and it is hoped that it may be possible to establish communication with Fanning Island, the cable station in the Pacific.

As soon as time will permit the Government intends to consider the education system of the Islands, and hopes to place it upon more advanced and progressive lines.

A new Resident Commissioner will shortly be appointed to fill the place of Captain Smith, whose services have been retained in Wellington for the separate and better management of the Cook Island affairs. It is intended that the future Commissioner shall have no dealings with the Native Land Court, and with this end in view it has been decided to appoint a Judge to preside when necessary in connection with Court matters.

A Bill to consolidate and validate the Island Council's enactments will be introduced during the present session.

During Captain Smith's stay in Wellington Judge C. E. MacCormick is Acting-Resident Commissioner at Rarotonga.

Rarotonga.

Rarotonga is certainly the finest island in the Cook Group, both in point of scenic attractions and in respect of its general productiveness. It is a particularly good specimen of the volcanic order of islands, and the rugged grandeur of its mountain-peaks and the variety and luxuriance of its vegetation combine to present one of the most romantic and picturesque scenes that one could possibly find even in the South Seas, where the romantic and picturesque are supposed to abound. Attaining, as it does, a height of 2,100 ft., the island is well watered; and a belt of rich soil, varying from one to two miles in width, extends all round from the mountains to the sea. The circumference of Rarotonga is over twenty miles, and the total area is 16,500 acres. The land at present is not being utilized to anything like the full extent of its possibilities; but the Land Titles Court is doing good work, and the island has now been surveyed, and owners ascertained for each block. With the advent of a larger European population a steady increase in the yield of the staple products of the island may be looked for. In the case of copra it will be some years before the production can be greatly increased, but the coconut palm is being extensively planted, and, given favourable conditions, the results may be awaited with confidence. The banana trade is developing very satisfactorily, and large areas are being planted with this fruit. Rarotonga is particularly well adapted to the growth of the banana, and the outlook so far as this item is concerned is distinctly hopeful. Avarua, on the north coast, is the principal village of the island, and the seat of the Islands Administration. It is also the port of call for the Union Steam Ship Company's steamers, which visit the Group twice a month, once from Auckland and once from Wellington. A substantial building known as the “Whare Manuhiri” has been erected here for the accommodation of visitors, and it is expected that a tourist traffic will be developed. A refrigerating and ice plant, subsidized by the Islands Administration, is now at work in Rarotonga. The Native population of Rarotonga is 2,620, in addition to which there are 139 whites on the island.

Mangaia.

This is one of the largest of the annexed islands, being about thirty miles in circumference, and having an area of some thirty square miles. Given proper landing facilities, it would be in no way behind Rarotonga, except in the lack of that impressive mountain scenery that lends such a charm to the latter island. Mangaia is somewhat peculiar in structure. At a short distance inland from the shore there rises an almost perpendicular wall of dead coral, about 100 ft. high, as if the reef of earlier days had been lifted bodily by some convulsion of nature. This makatea, as it is called, runs right round the island, and is perforated by numerous caves and crevices, which in olden times were used as depositories for the

dead, as well as for storage and other purposes. These caves still supply, in the calcareous formations in which they abound, the material from which the Natives manufacture some of their household implements. The top of the makatea averages about a mile in width, and is well adapted to the growth of the citrus family of fruits. The interior face of this coral rampart slopes down gradually into a basin of rich swamp land containing extensive taro plantations, and from this the land rises again in a succession of low hills to a central plateau, about 650 ft. high, known as the “Crown of Mangaia.” These taro-swamps still supply most of the food of the Mangaians, although for many years the tribes have lived in the villages of Oneroa, Tamarua, and Ivirua, on the coast. The interior of the island, which contains some splendid valleys, is well watered by streams which filter through below the base of the makatea into the sea. The population, according to the latest returns, is 1,466, in addition to five whites. The people are said to display a greater degree of industry than is usual among Natives of the Pacific islands, and this fact, combined with the natural resources of the island, promises well for the future prosperity of Mangaia. There are considerable areas of waste land awaiting cultivation, and the Natives are becoming alive to the necessity for planting these with coconuts, &c. Citrus fruits are already growing in profusion, and it is estimated that with proper cultivation the output could be increased twenty-fold. Mangaia produces the best coffee in the Group at present. The principal exports are bananas, oranges, copra, coffee, pines, kumaras and taros, coconuts, and limejuice. The trade of the island has hitherto been hampered to a considerable extent in consequence of the difficulty in shipping produce. The reef, which encircles the island at a short distance from the shore, was without an opening, and communication between the island and outside could only be obtained by crossing the reef in Native canoes. This process, where cargo was concerned, was necessarily slow and costly—it took as long to ship 50 tons over the reef at Mangaia as it did to ship 200 tons at Rarotonga—besides which the produce was always liable to be damaged by salt-water. Steps were taken, however, to have a suitable boat-passage opened through the reef, and this has now been accomplished, and the chief hindrance to the development of the trade of this island removed.

The Resident Agent as Mangaia is Mr. J. C. Cameron.

Mauke.

This island is low and flat, and is skirted by a belt of ironwood (toa), which was formerly found in large quantities, and was much sought after by traders. Mauke, like Mangaia, has a fringing reef which, however, does not readily lend itself to the process of crossing in canoes. A landing has to be effected on the edge of the reef itself, and one reaches dry land by wading or

being carried through the shallow water covering the depression in the coral between the outer edge and the shore. Mauke also has its makatea, or raised-coral area, but it merges almost imperceptibly into the volcanic formation of the centre, and the general level of the island all over is about 60 ft. above the sea. The island is small, its area being only about four and a half square miles; but it is remarkably fertile, and, notwithstanding that in common with the other islands of the Group it is very imperfectly planted, it exports a considerable quantity of copra and oranges. The island has now been surveyed and subdivided. The Native population of the island is 447, the whites numbering ten.

The Resident Agent at Mauke is Mr. J. McCulloch.

Atiu.

This island is much like Mauke in appearance, having the same high fringing reef and the same dead-coral formation over the greater part of its area. It is much larger, however, its area being about thirty-two square miles, and it has four times as much unused land as Rarotonga. Atiu is a valuable island, and exports quantities of copra, oranges, coffee, and limejuice. All the usual island fruits grow well, but a fuller development of the resources of the island is retarded through the lack of proper facilities for shipping produce. Arrangements have been made, however, for the construction of an aerial tramway to convey cargo from the shore to the edge of the reef. The cavernous formation, which is so marked a feature of the makatea at Mangaia, is also present in the coral-rock portion of Atiu, and must, no doubt, be found more or less in all islands that owe their existence in any degree to the upheaval of a sea-worn coral reef. The late Ngamaru Ariki was practically King of Atiu, although he had lived for many years in Rarotonga, and as such he exercised a measure of sovereignty over Mauke and Mitiaro, both of which were conquered by the Atiuans prior to the introduction of Christianity. The Native population of the island amounts to 810, but this does not represent anything like the total of the Atiuan tribes, who are largely represented in the subordinate islands, as well as in Tahiti. At the census of 1911 there were two whites on Atiu.

The settlement at Atiu is some distance inland, on the flat summit of the low central hill to which the island rises. The Resident Agent is Major J. T. Large.

Aitutaki.

Aitutaki combines the features of the volcanic island and the atoll; indeed, it may be regarded as an atoll in course of formation, and it affords a good illustration of the different stages of the process. The island is almost surrounded by a barrier reef, which supports several fruitful islets, and on the south-east lies five miles distant from the land. On the western side it approaches much nearer, the entrance to the Avatapu Channel being about three-

quarters of a mile from the wharf at Arutanga, the principal village on the island. At the northern point of the island the reef fringes the shore as in the other main islands of the Cook Group, the barrier stage having not yet been reached. This island approaches more closely to Rarotonga in the general appearance of fertility than any of the others, and it can also claim to possess a considerable degree of scenic attractiveness. It rises somewhat abruptly on the western side to a height of 360 ft., and slopes away gradually to the eastern coast. The area is about seven square miles. The lagoon on the Arutanga side of the island is shallow, and can be used only by vessels of a very small class; but on the eastern side it is much deeper, and freer from coral patches, and there are several places in the reef where, it is believed, a navigable channel might be formed. The land at Aitutaki is divided among the people in small sections; but though each family has quite enough land for its support, it has seldom more than an acre or two in any one place, and the more remote sections are apt to be neglected. The Native population is 1,221, two-thirds of these living in the four settlements on the western side, and the remainder in the villages of Vaipae and Tautu on the east. In addition there are a number of absentees. There are sixteen white people on the island. The Resident Agent is Mr. E. F. Hawk.

Penrhyn.

Penrhyn is a good specimen of the pure atoll. It is merely a ring of coral, about forty-eight miles in circuit, supporting a number of low islands, from 200 to 300 yards across, and enclosing a lagoon of ninety square miles in area, of which twenty-four square miles are more or less covered with pearl-shell. There are three passages into the lagoon, the principal one having a depth of 18 ft. at low water, and there is sufficient wharf accommodation at Omoka for the small class of vessel that visits the island. The other village at Penrhyn, Te Tautua, is some ten miles distant. The pearl-shell fishing is the main industry of the island, but considerable quantities of copra are now being exported also. The practice followed with regard to pearl shell fishing is to divide the lagoon into three parts, which are alternately closed against fishing for a certain period. When the interdiction is removed from the area the Natives may dive without restriction beyond the payment of a small fee to the Government. After the naked diving has been in operation for a time the machines are allowed to be brought into requisition until the limit of time has been reached. That area is then closed, and the same procedure is repeated in another portion of the lagoon. By this means each area is given rest for about a year, and, as the shell is said to grow very rapidly at Penrhyn, the supply is well maintained. An Ordinance of the Federal Council prohibits the removal of shells of less than 4½ in. in diameter. Over 90 tons of pearl-shell, representing an amount of £9,300, were exported from the northern islands during one year, and it would be safe to say that

the greater part of this came from Penrhyn, from which island alone over 100 tons annually were formerly obtained. The lagoons at Penrhyn and Manihiki have been taken over by the Crown, and proclaimed as reserves for public pearl-shell fishing, and regulations controlling fishing have been made. The total population is 332 Natives and three whites. The Resident Agent is Mr. R. C. Morgan.

Manihiki.

Manihiki is also an atoll, but, unlike Penrhyn, it has no opening through the reef into the lagoon, and when the Natives wish to visit the neighbouring island of Rakahanga their boats have to be carried across the narrow strip of land separating the lagoon from the sea. The island consists of about two square miles of land, encircling a lagoon of some six miles in diameter. A good deal of pearl-shell has been obtained from Manihiki, but some years ago it was found necessary to close the lagoon, as the shell-beds had been fished almost to the point of exhaustion. The lagoon has been proclaimed a public reserve for pearl-shell fishing. The Natives of this island have some reputation for their skill in the manufacture of hats. Walking-sticks, paddles, &c., inlaid with pearl-shell, are also manufactured. The principal export is copra, and as the Natives are beginning to see the wisdom of thinning out the superabundant growth of their palms the production of this item should materially increase. The Native teachers of the London Missionary Society look after the education of the children of the island. The total population is 444, four of whom are whites. Mr. H. Williams is the Resident Agent.

Mitiaro.

This is a small coral island lying about forty miles to the north-east of Atiu, and an equal distance from Mauke. Its area is only about four square miles, and it nowhere rises higher than 50 ft. above sea-level. It contains some good land, however, and produces a considerable amount of copra. In the centre is a pretty little lagoon, bordered by a belt of swamp. The population, according to the last returns, was 198 Natives and one white. Ton Ariki acts as Resident Agent.

Takutea.

This is the smallest island in the Cook Group, its area being about 300 acres. It lies about 125 miles to the north-east of Rarotonga, and close to the Island of Atiu. It belonged to the late Ngamaru Ariki, and was by him presented to His late Majesty King Edward for the benefit of his subjects in the Group. The island has been systematically planted with coconut-palms, and it is anticipated that it will in time yield 200 tons of copra annually. At present it is uninhabited.

Palmerston.

Palmerston is an atoll, with a land-area of one square mile, lying to the north-west of Rarotonga, some 273 miles distant. The reef

carries a number of small islets, which are in the occupation of the descendants of the late William Marsters, an old English sailor. One of these, Joel Marsters, acts as Resident Agent, and he and six other members of the family constitute the Island Council. The lagoon, which is about eight miles in diameter, does not carry pearl shell at present, but it is hoped that spawn may be successfully introduced from other islands. The planting of the land is being well looked after by the Marsters family. The population numbers 107.

Manuae and Te Au-o-Tu.

These two small islands are enclosed within one reef, and are known as the Hervey Isles—a name that is frequently applied to the Cook Group as a whole. They contain approximately 500 acres and 1,000 acres respectively of good coconut land, and under the careful cultivation of Messrs. Bates and Gruning, to whom they are leased, they will ere long produce an immense amount of copra. There are 29 Natives on the islands, employed as labourers.

Suwarrow.

Suwarrow is a valuable atoll, 530 miles from Rarotonga. Its value lies chiefly in its lagoon, however, the land-area being very small. The lagoon is from eight to ten miles long, and about eight miles across at the widest part, and it makes a splendid harbour, having an entrance sufficiently deep to admit vessels drawing up to 20 ft. of water. The island, which was under lease to Lever's Pacific Plantations (Limited), is now leased by Messrs. Henderson and Macfarlane “for the purpose of removing guano or other fertilizing substances therefrom, and of planting the land with coconuts, and for collecting pearl-shells, and for other purposes of a like nature.” A portion of one of the reef islets, known as Anchorage Island, is vested in the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty as a reserve for naval purposes. Large quantities of pearl-shell of excellent quality were obtained from the lagoon by the Pacific Trading Company, the predecessors of the last two lessees; but diving has been discontinued for some time now, and the shell-beds are being given a long rest, the company having transferred its operations to Christmas Island. It is probable that on the expiry of the present lease in August, 1913, the Islands Government will take over the control of the lagoon, so far, at least, as machine-diving is concerned. It is estimated that one machine will obtain from 40 to 45 tons of shell a year at Suwarrow.

Rakahanga.

This island lies about twenty-five miles to the north of Manihiki. It is not so large as its neighbour, and the lagoon does not contain any pearl-shell, but otherwise the two islands are very much alike. They are owned and inhabited by the same people, and what has been said concerning Manihiki is true, for the most part, of Raka-

hanga also. The duties of Resident Agent are performed by Mr. Henry Williams, of Manihiki. Rakahanga has a population of 315 Natives, and there are a number of absentees.

Danger (Pukapuka).

This island lies towards the north-west corner of the annexation boundary. Concerning it Colonel Gudgeon, late Resident Commissioner, writes, “At Pukapuka I found a very similar population, who have now some knowledge of the Rarotongan language, but whose language is not intelligible to the Maori of the Pacific. This is such a primitive people that I considered it advisable for the present to leave them under their own ancient form of government, inasmuch as they are seldom visited by Europeans, and produce only a little copra.” The island is a small atoll of about three miles in diameter, and the lagoon produces some pearl-shell. The population numbers 490.

Niue.

Niue was formerly in the Cook Islands Administration, but in 1903 the island was placed under a separate Administration, and Mr. H. G. Cornwall is at present Resident Commissioner. Niue, the largest of the annexed islands, having an area of a hundred square miles, and a circumference of forty miles by road, contains approximately 64,000 acres. It consists entirely of uplifted coral, and is probably the result of a series of upheavals. In general formation it takes the shape of two terraces, the lower being about 90 ft. above sea-level, and the other about 220 ft. At Alofi the fringing reef is broken by a narrow boat-passage, partly natural and partly the result of improvements effected by H.M.S. “Mildura” a few years ago. Alofi is the port of entry for Customs. There are landing-places at Avatele and at Tuapa, where Togia, the “King” of Niue, resides. Ships may obtain good water at Alofi and Avatele at small cost. Although so rocky that it is for the most part unploughable, Niue is by no means unproductive. All the usual tropical fruits grow well, and large trees are found averaging from 18 in. to 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and in some cases attaining a diameter of 4 ft. and running up to 100 ft. in height. Large areas of the island are covered with forest, and it is estimated that there must be millions of feet of timber suitable for milling purposes, including ebony and other hardwood. A good deal of this timber, however, is situated in rocky country, and it is questionable if it would pay to cut it and bring it out. Niue is well roaded, there being about 65 miles of roads connecting the various villages with the principal landing-place. A careful survey of the land was made some years ago; the roads were traversed throughout, the area of the island determined, and the coast-line defined. There are many extensive caves in Niue, and concerning these Mr. Haszard, the surveyor who visited the island, says: “There is one at Lakepa, I was told, having passages which can be measured by the mile.

One that I visited at Vaiopeope is extremely beautiful. It is situated about two hundred yards from the sea on the northern coast, and is formed of a number of galleries and terraces, one below the other. Stalactites and stalagmites are in great profusion, and group themselves into all kinds of fantastic shapes. In one gallery the roof appears to be studded with lilies carved out of alabaster. As one descends to the lower galleries the sensation is decidedly weird. The gurgling and reverberations of the swiftly flowing water is heard deep down in dark subterranean channels, which are evidently connected with the sea, for, ever and anon, a mighty gust of wind impelled by the huge rollers breaking on the reef outside, strikes the visitor, and it requires a steady nerve and a firm foothold to avoid being swept into the seething cauldron below. If these caves were in an accessible position they would be a great draw to tourists.”

On account of the porous nature of the rock there are no streams in Niue, and consequently fresh water is scarce. A supply is obtainable from the caves, but the difficulty of carriage is necessarily considerable, and the water is frequently brackish. Concrete tanks have now been constructed in the principal villages. These are roofed over with galvanized corrugated iron, and provide a sufficient catchment-surface to fill them during the rainy season. The people thus have a reliable supply of good drinking-water.

The principal drawback to the development of Niue trade has been the want of regular communication, but this has now been overcome by the institution of a subsidized schooner service with Auckland, and it is anticipated that a considerable increase of trade will follow. The chief industry is the manufacture of hats from a kind of pandanus by the Natives, who are very expert plaiters, and an extensive market is obtained for the hats in the neighbouring islands and New Zealand. Some 500 tons of copra are exported, and the production is capable of very considerable increase. The climate of Niue compares very favourably with other islands of the Pacific. The shade temperature in winter is about 70°, and in summer it rarely exceeds 96°. The Native population of Niue is 3,891, exclusive of 513 absent in other islands or at sea. The Niueans are naturally of a roving disposition, and numbers of the men go to Tonga, Samoa, Malden Island, &c. Many go under engagement as labourers, and return on the expiration of their term. The white and half-caste population numbers fifty-two persons. The Resident Commissioner, Mr. H. G. Cornwall, also acts as Post-master, Collector of Customs, &c.

LAND.

No land is sold by the Natives of the Cook Islands or Niue, but considerable areas have been leased in Rarotonga to European settlers. It is recognized that the prosperity of the islands depends in great measure on the settlement of the spare lands by a good class of white planters, and it is hoped that before long additional areas

in Rarotonga as well as portions of the adjacent islands of Mauke and Atiu will be open for lease. At present there are difficulties in the way of securing leases from the Natives, but the work of surveying the land and defining the Native titles is proceeding rapidly, and every effort is being made to bring the unused lands into profitable occupation. It is desirable that the intending settler should have a capital equal to at least £10 for each acre he purposes taking up. The coconut-palm takes from eight to ten years to reach bearing-point, and during that time the planter must maintain himself by growing bananas or securing some outside employment. When the palms are in full bearing, however, the annual value of the crop may be estimated at not less than £6 per acre, and this may be regarded as a practically assured income for sixty years or more.

EDUCATION.

The educational requirements of the islands are met by missionary effort. The London Missionary Society has established village schools in the various islands, and the Roman Catholic Mission and the Seventh-day Adventists are also maintaining schools, though to a less extent. The London Mission has six schools in Rarotonga, three in Mangaia, four in Aitutaki, one in Atiu, two in Mauke, one in Mitiaro, two in Penrhyn, two in Manihiki, one in Rakahanga, one in Pukapuka, and one in Palmerston. There is also a boarding-school at Tereora, Rarotonga, which has between sixty and seventy boarders, and a boarding-school at Araura, Aitutaki, with a similar number of scholars. The teaching in these institutions is more advanced than that in the village schools, and they may be considered in the light of secondary schools for the Islands.

The Sisters of St. Joseph have a very good school at Avarua, Rarotonga, where music is included among the subjects taught; and in the village of Titikaveka the Seventh-day Adventists have also a school.

A school with a European teacher has been established in Niue, and good work is also being done in the village schools of Niue, of which there are eleven, and one thousand children are there being taught reading, writing, and arithmetic in the vernacular. Nearly all the younger Niueans are able to read and write in their own language.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.

Cook and Northern Islands.—For the financial year ended the 31st March, 1912, the revenue of the Cook Islands, not including the balance from the previous year, was £8,923, and the expenditure £9,430. There is a credit balance of £4,151. The following is a comparative statement of revenue and expenditure for the past ten years:—

Year.Revenue.Expenditure.
£ s. d.£ s. d.
1902-36,584 13 44,725 16 11
1903-45,310 4 34,558 39
1904-55,574 14 15,093 8 8
1905-67,157 1 05,455 10 11
1906-75,046 14 116,416 6 6
1907-86,349 6 16,189 14 1
1908-97,146 9 15,718 3 7
1909-107,655 12 88,230 2 11
1910-118,267 0 08,047 0 0
1911-128,923 18 119,430 2 8

Niue.—The revenue of Niue for the year ended the 31st March, 1912 (excluding balance from previous year), was £1,797 3s. 5d., and the expenditure £2,089 10s. 11d. The total funds to the credit of the Niue Government on the 31st March, however, amounted to £1,489 16s. 11d.

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.

Cook and Northern Islands.—The value of exports for the year 1911, excluding specie (£11,049), was £80,027, while the imports, also excluding specie (£9,501), amounted to £80,122. The principal items exported were as follow:—

 £
Coffee, 16,000 lb.430
Coconuts, 658,8402,952
Copra, 1,695 tons31,151
Bananas, 108,520 cases, 6,441 bunches24,907
Oranges, 107,612 cases19,922
Pineapples, 3,792 cases234
Pearl-shell, 5 tons150

The following shows the countries to which the exports were made:—

 £
New Zealand59,781
United Kingdom22,740
United States of America7,700
Tahiti855
 £91,076

The amount of the imports is made up as follows:—

 £
From New Zealand66,787
From United Kingdom8,244
From New South Wales1,757
From Victoria224
From United States7,654
From Germany608
From France238
From Tahiti3,379
From British Columbia143
From Malden Island25
From Japan453
From India19
From Samoa1
From Canada54
From Hong Kong32
From Ceylon5
 £89,623

Niue.—The exports for 1911 (excluding specie, £189) amounted to £11,858, and the imports to £9,838. The principal items of export were:—

 £
Copra, 520 tons9,097
Hats, 4,782 dozen2,446
Fungus, 5,408 lb.85
Yams, 21 tons172

The exports were shipped to the following countries:—

 £
To New Zealand8,300
To German Samoa1,941
To American Samoa5
To Australia1,801
 £12,047

The imports represented (excluding specie, £825)—

 £
From New Zealand5,892
From Australia1,541
From Tonga578
From German Samoa567
From United Kingdom85
From United States197
From Rarotonga38
From Fiji8
From Malden Island107
 £9,013

Chapter 37. SECTION XI. SHORT SUMMARY OF LEGISLATION

Table of Contents

PASSED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1912.

1912, No. 5.—The New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act confers on the Senate of the New Zealand University the power to grant diplomas in public health, and to make regulations for the examination of candidates for such diplomas.

1912, No. 10.—Land and Income Assessment Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act makes various amendments, principally relating to matters of administration, in the Land and Income Assessment Act, 1908. In particular, it provides as follows:—

Section 6 declares that where an agent directly or indirectly sells or disposes of property of his principal, the principal shall be deemed to be carrying on business in New Zealand and shall be liable to pay income-tax accordingly.

Section 7 empowers the agent of a non-resident trader to apply any moneys of his principal which may be in his possession or under his control, in the payment of any tax payable by the principal.

Section 17 repeals the existing provisions as to objections to assessments of land-tax or of income-tax, and sections 18 to 34 make new provisions in respect thereof.

Section 36 provides for an exemption in respect of ordinary land-tax of an amount not exceeding £3,500, where the taxpayer is a widow with dependent children.

1912, No. 12.—The Justices of the Peace Amendment Act, 1912.

The object of this Act is to enable the Crown to provide counsel in cases where persons in indigent circumstances are accused of indictable offences, and where the Justices on the original hearing or the Judge at the trial is of opinion, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, that the accused should have the benefit of legal assistance.

1912, No. 13.—The Pharmacy Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act makes various administrative amendments of the Pharmacy Act, 1908. In addition, it provides for reciprocity with the Government of any other part of the British dominions in the matter of registration and the recognition of certificates in pharmacy.

It also exempts registered chemists, while engaged in business from service on juries, and prohibits (subject to a fine of £20) the giving to medical practitioners of commissions on prescriptions.

1912, No. 15.—The Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act redefines the terms “improvements,” “unimproved value,” and “value of improvements.”

1912, No. 16.—The Local Authorities Superannuation Amendment Act, 1912.

The object of this Act is to empower local authorities, when establishing superannuation funds for their employees, to agree to grant in respect of the service of those employees prior to such establishment an additional retiring-allowance not exceeding one-sixtieth of the annual salary for each year of such prior service.

1912, No. 17.—The Public Trust Office Amendment Act, 1912.

In order to cope with the extending business of the Office, this Act authorizes the appointment of four Local Deputy Public Trustees, each having a seal of office, and with power to execute deeds and other instruments, and to perform such other of the duties and functions of the Public Trustee as the Public Trustee may, in any particular case, by writing under his hand, delegate to any Local Deputy.

Section 4 provides for the administration by the Public Trustee, on request, of funds raised by public subscription or otherwise for the relief of persons in indigent circumstances.

Section 9 authorizes the Public Trustee to invest capital moneys in Crown Lands held under perpetual lease, lease in perpetuity, or occupation with right of purchase, and in Native land held under lease from a Maori Land Board if the unexpired term of the lease (including any term for which there is an absolute right of renewal) is not less than twenty-one years.

The other amendments are mainly of an administrative nature.

1912, No. 18.—The Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act makes various amendments, principally of an administrative nature, of the Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1908. Section 3 reduces to forty-eight hours the time allowed for the notification of births within a borough; section 12 prohibits the burial of any deceased person without there having been obtained (a) a medical certificate of the cause of death, (b) a Coroner's order to bury the body, or (c) a certificate of registration of the death.

Section 20 makes provision for the registration of the births and deaths of Maoris.

1912, No. 20.—The Defence Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act makes numerous amendments of the Defence Act, 1909, with a view to facilitating its administration. In particular, sections 2 to 10 provide for the detention in military custody of persons who make default in the payment of any fines or costs imposed upon them

for failure to register or submit themselves to military training under the principal Act, or otherwise commit an offence against that Act.

Section 11 empowers the recovery of fines imposed under the principal Act by way of attachment order against the employer of an offender. The charge created by the order attaches to all wages or salary becoming due by the employer to the offender at any time while the fine or any part thereof remains unpaid.

Sections 12 to 31 repeal the provisions of the principal Act and make new provisions as to the constitution of Courts-martial and as to the conduct of proceedings and the enforcement of the sentence of any Court-martial.

Section 44 repeals the provisions of the principal Act relating to the Junior Cadets, and training under that Act will henceforth be limited to persons over fourteen years of age.

The remaining sections consist principally of verbal and other amendments of the principal Act, and relate exclusively to matters of administration.

1912. No. 21.—The Widows' Pensions Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act extends the benefits of the Widows' Pensions Act, 1911— (a) To women whose husbands are detained in an institution for mental defectives, and who are duly certified to be incurable for at least twelve months; (b) to certain children born out of New Zealand; and (c) to illegitimate children whose parents subsequently intermarry.

Section 6 provides an extended definition of the term “annual income,” corresponding to the definition of that term in the Old-age Pensions Act.

Section 7 authorizes the review and alteration of a pension-certificate during the currency thereof in cases where the circumstances of the pensioner are materially altered since the issue of the certificate.

Section 8 provides that, on the death of a widow in receipt of a pension, the guardian of her children to whom the principal Act applies may, with the approval of the Commissioner, receive on behalf of such children the payment to which the widow would have been entitled if she had lived.

1912. No. 22.—The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act amends in various respects the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, 1908. In particular, section 2 reduces to seven years the period of detention in an institution for mentally defective persons necessary to constitute a ground of divorce.

Section 3 declares that divorced persons may remarry at any time after the making of a decree absolute for the dissolution of a prior marriage, and section 4 declares that no appeal shall lie from such a decree absolute. Section 5 declares to be valid any marriage heretofore celebrated after the making of a decree absolute but before the expiration of the time limited for an appeal therefrom.

1912, No. 23.—The Public Service Act, 1912.

This Act repeals the Civil Service Act, 1908, and its amendments, Part I of the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Act, 1908 (relating to the classification of the Service), and certain other enactments relating to the Public Service, and makes new provision for the regulation of that Service.

Part I provides for the appointment of a Commissioner and of two Assistant Commissioners, with a view to ensuring “the establishment and continuance of a proper standard of efficiency and economy in the Public Service.”

Section 6 prohibits any officer, on pain of immediate dismissal from the Service, from soliciting or endeavouring to influence the Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner with a view to obtaining promotion or increase of salary, and declares that any such officer shall be deemed unworthy of promotion or increase and that it shall not be accorded him. It is also declared to be an offence punishable by a fine of £50 for any person to endeavour to secure the appointment to or the promotion of any other person in the Public Service.

Part II provides for the division of the Service into four main divisions, namely—(a) The Administrative Division, (b) the Professional Division, (c) the Clerical division, and (d) the General Division, and for the grading (within those four divisions) of all officers for the time being employed in the Public Service. The grading of officers pursuant to those provisions is to be according to the special knowledge or special qualifications and aptitude of the officer, and to the character and importance of the work performed by or assigned to him.

Part III provides for the internal administration of the Service.

Part IV preserves existing rights to compensation for loss of office, and to superannuation allowances.

1912, No. 24.—The Marriage Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act provides for the appointment of a Deputy Registrar-General, and of Deputies of Registrars of Marriages.

1912, No. 25.—The Cemeteries Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act provides for the setting-aside as a private burial-ground of any land in which the body of any deceased person has heretofore been buried. The Act also provides for the appointment and incorporation of trustees in respect of private burial-grounds, and defines the powers of such trustees.

1912, No. 26.—The Aged and Infirm Persons Protection Act, 1912.

This Act provides for the appointment by the Supreme Court, on petition, of managers of the estates of persons who, by reason of age, disease, illness, or physical or mental infirmity, or by reason of their being addicted to the excessive use of alcoholic liquors or of intoxicat-

ing or other drugs, are deemed to be unable, wholly or partially, to manage their own affairs. Every manager so appointed has such powers and duties in respect of the protected estate as the Court from time to time defines or directs; and also has the rights and immunities of a trustee as defined by the Trustee Act, 1908. Provision is made for change of managers, and also (where a protected person is proved to the satisfaction of the Court to be of sufficient ability to manage his own affairs) for the rescission of any order appointing a manager.

1912, No. 27.—The Government Railways Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act provides a new scale of salaries and wages for officers employed in the Government Railways Department.

1912, No. 28.—The Public Revenues Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act amends in various respects the Public Revenues Act, 1910. In particular, section 5 provides for an annual appropriation of £10,000 out of the Consolidated Fund, to be paid into the Common Fund of the Public Trust Office, and to be applied from time to time towards the rebuilding or restoration of public buildings destroyed or damaged by fire. If at any time moneys appropriated under this section (with the accumulations thereon) amount to £100,000, no further payment is to be made until the moneys are reduced below that amount.

Section 7 makes more effective provision for the recovery by the Audit Office from members of a local authority of moneys illegally expended by it.

1912, No. 29.—The Savings-banks Amendment Act, 1912.

Section 3 of this Act authorizes the trustees of any savings-bank to pay to any officer, on retirement from the service of the bank, an amount by way of compensation not exceeding the amount of salary received by that officer for the two years immediately preceding his retirement.

Section 5 provides for the election by the trustees of one of their number as deputy vice-president of the bank, with power to act for the vice-president on the occasion of the illness or other incapacity of that official.

Section 7 extends the powers of trustees with respect to the investment of their funds.

1912, No. 30.—The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1912.

This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise a loan of £1,750,000 for railway-construction and other public purposes.

1912, No. 31.—The Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912.

Part I of this Act makes various amendments of the Land Act, 1908, principally of an administrative nature.

Section 3 provides that, before any area of land is subdivided for disposal by sale or lease as a town, a plan of the proposed subdivision, showing the roads and reserves proposed to be made, and the name of the town, shall be submitted to the Governor in Council, and the land shall not be disposed of until the plan so submitted has been approved by the Governor.

Section 16 authorizes the Governor to exchange any area of national-endowment land for any area of private land of an approximately equal value, the land so acquired to thereupon become part of the national endowment.

Section 20 provides for the setting-aside of land in a kauri-gum reserve, to be subdivided into allotments not exceeding in any case 25 acres in area. Such allotments may be disposed of only to British subjects, to be held under license to occupy with right of purchase or under agreement to purchase on a system of deferred payment to be prescribed by regulations. Where any such allotment is held under license, no rent is to be payable in respect of the first five years of the term.

Section 28 provides that, on the expiry of any lease of a small grazing-run, and not withstanding the provisions in the principal Act as to renewal, the area comprised in any such lease may be subdivided, and the allotments thereof disposed of by way of lease for twenty-one years with a perpetual right of renewal for further terms of twenty-one years. The provisions of the principal Act as to renewable leases are, mutatis mutandis, made applicable to leases under this section.

Part II confers upon the owners of leases in perpetuity of Crown land the right to purchase the freehold in the manner and at a price to be determined in accordance with the provisions of that Part. Purchases may be made for cash or by a system of deferred payment, extending over a period of not more than nine years.

Part III makes provision for agreements between the Minister of Lands and the owner in fee-simple of any land, for the subdivision of that land and for the disposal, by public tender, of the allotments, by way of sale or by way of lease with right of purchase. On the execution of any such agreement the Minister may advance the moneys required for rendering the land available for settlement, including the cost of subdivision and survey and the cost of the construction of roads and bridges. In the case of a sale, the agreement may provide for the payment of the purchase-money by annual instalments extending over a period of from ten to twenty years, with interest on the amount for the time being unpaid not exceeding 5 per centum per annum. In the case of a lease the term shall be for twenty-one years, and the lessee shall have the right at any time during the currency of the lease to purchase the allotment at a price to be named in the tender. The rent payable under the lease must not exceed 5 per centum per annum of the price so named in the tender.

Section 49 provides for similar agreements between the Minister and the owners of Native freehold land, in respect of the disposition by sale or lease of that land. In pursuance of such agreement a proportion (not exceeding one-third) of the proceeds may be paid over to the Native owners, and the balance is payable into a Native Land Trust Account to be invested upon trust for such Native owners.

Part IV forms part of the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, and makes various amendments of that Act.

Section 57 authorizes the sale in fee-simple of settlement land hereafter acquired, and of such land acquired before the passing of the Act but not disposed of; and section 59 confers upon the owners of renewable leases of settlement land the right to acquire the fee-simple at a price to be ascertained in the manner determined by that section.

1912, No. 32.—The Local Bodies' Loans Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act makes various amendments of the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908. In particular, it makes new provisions dealing with the merger of rating-areas over which a rate has been made as security for a loan in the district of a local authority other than the local authority that made the rate.

1912, No. 34.—The Native Land Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act makes various amendments (principally of an administrative nature) of the Native Land Act, 1909.

Section 17 enables the Governor, on the recommendation of the Native Land Court, to declare by Order in Council that any Native named in the order shall henceforth be deemed to be a European. Before making any such recommendation the Native Land Court must satisfy itself that the Native has certain educational qualifications and has sufficient land for his adequate maintenance, or is, by reason of professional or other qualifications, otherwise in a position to adequately maintain himself.

1912, No. 35.—The Government Life Insurance Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act empowers the Government Insurance Commissioner to appoint canvassing agents for the purposes of the business of the Government Insurance Department.

1912, No. 36.—The Military Pensions Act, 1912.

This Act provides for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of military pensions (not exceeding in any case the sum of £36 per annum) to persons who served under the Crown in any of the Maori wars. The administrative provisions of the Act are practically identical with the corresponding provisions of the Old-age Pensions Act, 1908.

1912, No. 37.—The State Fire Insurance Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act provides for the establishment out of the surplus profits of the State Fire Insurance Office of a Reserve Fund to meet the actual and contingent liabilities of the office. When the moneys to the credit of the Reserve Fund are deemed sufficient to meet such liabilities, the balance of the net surplus profits may be distributed by way of bonuses.

1912, No. 38.—The Barmaids Registration Act, 1912.

This Act extends the time within which barmaids may be registered under the Licensing Amendment Act, 1910, and also prohibits the employment of unregistered barmaids in private, as well as in public, bars.

1912. No. 39.—The Public Reserves and Domains Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act empowers Domain Boards, with the consent of the Minister of Lands, to purchase lands for cash or on deferred payment; and also authorizes County Councils to acquire lands for recreation purposes, such lands to be vested in His Majesty as public domains.

1912, No. 40.—The Education Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act makes various amendments of an administrative nature in the Education Act, 1908. Section 8 provides for the appointment of a Director of Physical Training, and also of Inspectors and teachers of physical training.

1912, No. 41.—The Shearers' and Agricultural Labourers' Accommodation Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act amends in various particulars the provisions of the Shearers' and Agricultural Labourers' Accommodation Act, 1908, and applies that Act to workers in sawmills in the same manner as it applies to agricultural labourers.

1912, No. 42.—The Land Agents Act, 1912.

This Act provides for the licensing of persons carrying on business as land agents, and prohibits unlicensed persons from carrying on such business. Licenses are to be issued by the Magistrate's Court on application accompanied by a fidelity bond of £500. A fee of £5 is payable in respect of each license, and the balance of such fees (after deducting the expenses, if any, incurred in respect of the issue of the license) is payable to the Hospital and Charitable Aid Board of the district in which the license is issued.

1912, No. 43.—The Plumbers Registration Act, 1912.

This Act provides for the establishment of a Plumbers' Board of New Zealand, whose duty is to control the registration of plumbers and to conduct examinations.

Section 16 authorizes the Governor by Order in Council to make regulations prescribing, inter alia, the districts in which sanitary plumbing (as defined) may be performed only by registered plumbers. Except as to sanitary plumbing within such districts, the Act does not restrict the powers of persons carrying on business as plumbers.

1912, No. 44.—The Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1912.

Section 3 of this Act extends the benefits of the Teachers' Superannuation Fund to persons in the service of the University of New Zealand, or of the Auckland University College, Victoria College, University of Otago, Canterbury College, or Canterbury Agricultural College.

Section 6 repeals the provisions which restricted the right to receive a retiring-allowance or other payment in cases where compensation was payable under the Workers' Compensation Act to a contributor to the Public Service Superannuation Fund, the Teachers' Superannuation Fund, or the Government Railways Superannuation Fund.

Section 7 authorizes the permanent appointment to the Public Service of officers who were in the service of the School Commissioners on the abolition of their office; and sections 8 and 9 increase to £48,000 and £17,000 respectively the annual contribution by the Government to the Public Service and Teachers' Superannuation Funds.

1912, No. 47.—The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act deals exclusively with advances to local authorities.

Section 2 fixes the rate of interest chargeable to a local authority at one-eighth per centum more than the rate at which the money was actually raised by the Superintendent.

Section 6 provides that the Superintendent may not hereafter advance moneys to local authorities except for the following purposes: (a) The construction of a road, including channelling; (b) the construction of a bridge; (c) the construction of waterworks for the supply of water within a district; (d) the construction of drainage-works or irrigation-works; and (e) the construction of sanitary works: and by section 7 (where sufficient money for all applications is not available) preference is to be given to loans for roads and bridges in outlying districts.

Section 8 limits to £60,000 the amount that may be advanced to a local authority within a period of three years.

Section 9 provides for the setting-apart in each of the next ten years of an amount not exceeding £250,000 to be advanced to local authorities for the construction of roads and bridges in outlying districts. In each of the first ten years of a loan granted out of money so set aside the Minister of Finance is to pay to the Superintendent an amount equal to 1 per cent. of the loan, and in each of the succeeding

ten years an amount equal to ½ per cent. of the loan. The amounts so paid by the Minister are to be deducted from the amounts from time to time payable by the local authority in respect of instalments of principal and interest.

1912, No. 48.—The Country Telephone-lines Act, 1912.

This Act authorizes County Councils and Road Boards to erect, acquire, maintain, and control telephone-lines connecting with any Government exchange the lands of any ratepayer within the district of the local authority concerned. For the purposes aforesaid, the local authority may raise the necessary moneys under the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908.

1912, No. 49.—The Fisheries Amendment Act, 1912.

This Act provides principally for the licensing of whaling-vessels. and also of factories for converting whales into commercial products.

1912, No. 51.—The Monopoly Prevention Act, 1912.

This Act continues the operation of Part I of the Monopoly Prevention Act, 1908, until the 31st December, 1913.

1912, No. 53.—The Shipping and Seamen Amendment Act, 1912.

Sections 2 to 12 of this Act apply to New Zealand the provisions of the Imperial Maritime Conventions Act, 1911. The remaining sections make various amendments of the Shipping and Seamen Act, 1908. The Act is reserved for the signification of His Majesty's pleasure theron.

Chapter 38. APPENDIX.

Table of Contents

PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

DATES OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND.

Dec. 13, 1642.—Discovery of New Zealand by Abel Jansen Tasman.

Oct. 8, 1769.—Captain Cook landed at Poverty Bay on his first visit.

June 30, 1788.—Macaulay and Curtis Islands, of the Kermadec Group, discovered by Captain Sever, of H.M. transport “Lady Penrhyn.”

Nov. 29, 1790.—Chatham Islands discovered by Lieutenant Broughton, in H.M.S. “Chatham.”

Nov. 17, 1793.—Captain d'Entrecasteaux, with the “La Recherche” and “L'Espérance,” discovered Raoul or Sunday Island. (The latter name was given by Captain Raven, of the transport “Britannia,” who visited the island 6th Nov., 1796.)

Nov., 1793.—Lieutenant-Governor King's (of Norfolk Island) visit to Doubtless Bay.

1795.—The ship “Endeavour,” Captain Bampton, sunk at Facile Harbour, Dusky Sound.

1800.—Antipodes Island discovered by Captain Pendleton.

1806.—Auckland Isles discovered by Captain Briscow, ship “Ocean,” one of Enderby's whalers.

1806.—Ship “Venus” visited East Coast of New Zealand. She was taken by convicts at Port Dalrymple, Tasmania. Their visits gave rise to the Nga-Puhi southern expedition.

1807.—Defeat of Hongi and Nga-Puhi Tribe at Moremonui, ten miles south of Maunganui Bluff, Kaipara.

1809.—The taking and burning of the transport “Boyd” at Whangaroa.

1810.—Campbell Island discovered by Captain F. Haselburg, of brig “Perseverance.”

1814.—First arrival of the Rev. Mr. Marsden at Bay of Islands, and introduction of Christianity. Horses, oxen, sheep, and poultry first brought to New Zealand.

Aug., 1815.—Attempted capture of the “Trial” and “Brothers” at Kennedy Bay.

1818.—Hongi's and Te Morenga's great expedition to East Cape.

1819-20.—Patuone, Nene, and Te Rauparaha's raid on Taranaki and Port Nicholson.

1820.—Hongi visited England; returned to New Zealand July, 1821.

1820.—Rev. S. Marsden travelled from Waitemata via Kaipara to the Bay of Islands—the first white man to do so.

Aug., 1820.—The “Prince Regent” entered Auckland Harbour—the first vessel to do so.

Nov., 1821.—Fall of Mauinaina Pa, Auckland Isthmus, to Hongi.

Nov., 1821.—Ngati-Toa migration from Kawhia to Otaki under Te Rau paraha.

Dec., 1821.—Fall of Te Totara Pa, Thames, to Hongi.

May, 1822.—Fall of Matakitaki Pa, Waikato, to Hongi.

May, 1823.—Fall of Mokoia Pa, Rotorua Lake, to Hongi.

1823, 1828.—Acts passed by the Imperial Parliament extending the jurisdiction of the Courts of justice in New South Wales to all the British subjects in New Zealand.

1824.—Fall of Te Whetumatarau Pa, near East Cape, to Pomare.

1825.—First attempt at colonization by an expedition under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf.

Feb., 1825.—Great defeat of Ngati-Whatua at Te Ikaaranganui, Kaipara, by Hongi.

1827.—Destruction of mission-station at Whangaroa by Hongi's forces.

Feb., 1827.—Admiral (then Captain) Dumont D'Urville anchored in Auckland Harbour.

1828.—Hongi died at Whangaroa, from wounds received at Hokianga.

1828.—The “Maquarie,” Captain Kent, the first vessel to enter Kawhia.

March, 1829.—Brig “Hawes” captured at Whakatane by Maoris.

1830.—Battle of Taumata-wiwi, near Cambridge.

1830.—Fall of Kaiapohia Pa, Canterbury, to Te Rauparaha.

March 6, 1830.—Battle of Kororareka, between two Nga-Puhi Tribes.

Dec., 1830.—Death of Tama-i-hara-nui at the hands of Te Rauparaha's people. He was brought from Port Cooper by Captain Steward, brig “Elizabeth.”

1831.—Tory Channel whaling-station established.

1831.—Application of thirteen chiefs for the protection of King William the Fourth.

Dec., 1831.—Pukerangiora Pa, Waitara, fell to Waikato.

Feb., 1832.—Repulse of Waikato at Nga-motu Pa, under Dicky Barrett.

1833.—Mr. Busby appointed British Resident, to live at the Bay of Islands.

1834.—Battle of Haowhenua and Pakakutu, near Otaki

1834.—Bishop Williams's first visit to East Cape.

April 29, 1834.—“Harriet” wrecked at Cape Egmont.

Oct. 1, 1834.—H.M.S. “Alligator” shelled and took Waimate Pa, near Opunake. First occasion of H.M. troops being employed in New Zealand.

1835.—Declaration of independence of the whole of New Zealand as one nation, with the title of “The United Tribes of New Zealand.”

Nov. and Dec., 1835.—Ngati-Awa Tribes migrated to and conquered the Chatham Islands.

March 28, 1836.—Maketu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Waikato.

May 9, 1836.—Te Tumu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Te Arawa.

Aug. 5, 1836.—Battle at Matai-puku, Rotorua—Waikato beat Te Arawa.

Oct., 1836.—Siege of Toka-a-kuku, Te Kaha, Bay of Plenty.

1838.—The Roman Catholic Bishop Pompallier, with several priests, arrived at Hokianga.

Sept. 1, 1838.—H.M.S. “Pelorus” discovers Pelorus Sound.

April, 1839.—Taking of the French whaler “Jean Bart” at Chatham Islands by Maoris.

May 12, 1839.—Departure of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company from England.

June, 1839.—Issue of Letters Patent authorizing the Governor of New South Wales to include within the limits of that colony any territory that might be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty in New Zealand.

Sept. 16, 1839.—First body of New Zealand Company's emigrants sailed from Gravesend.

Sept. 20, 1839.—Arrival in Port Nicholson of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company under Colonel Wakefield.

Oct. 16, 1839.—Battle of Te Kuititanga, Otaki.

Jan. 20, 1840.—First steamer arrived in New Zealand.

Jan. 22, 1840.—Arrival of first body of immigrants at Port Nicholson.

Jan. 29, 1840.—Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands. On the following day (Jan. 30) he hoisted the Union flag, and read the commission, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, which extended the boundaries of the Colony of New South Wales so as to embrace and comprehend the Islands of New Zealand; also his own commission as Lieutenant-Governor over territory that might be acquired in sovereignty.

Feb. 6, 1840.—Treaty of Waitangi signed.

May 21, 1840.—Date of Proclamations of sovereignty over the Islands of New Zealand.

June 17, 1840.—The Queen's sovereignty over the South Island formally proclaimed at Cloudy Bay, by Major Bunbury, H.M. 80th Regiment, and Captain Nias, R.N.

Aug. 11, 1840.—The British flag hoisted at Akaroa by Captain Stanley, R.N., and British authority established. The French frigate “L'Aube” arrived there on the 13th August, and the vessel “Comte de Paris,” with fifty-seven immigrants, on the 16th August, in order to establish a French colony.

Sept. 18, 1840.—The British flag hoisted at Auckland. The Lieutenant-Governor's residence established there.

1840.—Formation of Wanganui settlement under the name of “Petre.”

Feb. 12, 1841.—Issue of charter of incorporation to the New Zealand Company.

Mar. 31, 1841.—Arrival of first New Plymouth settlers.

May 3, 1841.—New Zealand proclaimed to be independent of New South Wales.

Oct., 1841.—Selection of site for settlement at Nelson.

Feb. 1, 1842.—Settlement founded at Nelson.

May 29, 1842.—Arrival of Bishop Selwyn in New Zealand.

Sept. 10, 1842.—Death of Governor Hobson.

June, 1843.—Affray with Natives at the Wairau, and massacre by Rangihaeata of Captain Wakefield, R.N., agent at Nelson of the New Zealand Company, and others, who had surrendered.

July 8, 1844.—The Royal flagstaff at Kororareka cut down by Heke.

March 10, 1845.—Attack on and destruction of Town of Kororareka by Heke.

Nov. 14, 1845.—Arrival of Captain Grey, as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, from South Australia.

Jan. 11, 1846.—Capture of pa at Ruapekapeka, Bay of Islands, and termination of Heke's war.

Mar. 3, 1846.—Commencement of Native hostilities in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington.

May 16, 1846.—Attack by Natives on a military outpost in the Hutt Valley.

July 23, 1846.—Capture of Te Rauparaha at Porirua, near Wellington. He was detained for a year as a prisoner on board a ship of war.

Aug. 28, 1846.—The New Zealand Government Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, under which a charter was issued dividing New Zealand into two provinces, New Munster and New Ulster, and granting representative institutions.

May 19, 1847.—Attack by Natives on settlement of Wanganui.

Jan. 1, 1848.—Captain Grey sworn in as Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, also as Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster.

Jan. 3, 1848.—Major-General Pitt appointed by Governor Grey to be Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

Jan. 28, 1848.—Assumption by Lieutenant-Governor E. J. Eyre, at Wellington, of the administration of the Government of the Province of New Munster.

Feb. 21, 1848.—Peace ratified at Wanganui.

Mar. 7, 1848.—Suspension by Imperial statute of that part of the New Zealand Government Act which had conferred representative institutions.

Mar., 1848.—Otago founded by a Scotch company under the auspices of the Free Church of Scotland.

Oct., 1848.—Severe earthquake at Wellington.

July, 1850.—Surrender of the New Zealand Company's charter, all its interests reverting to the Imperial Government.

Dec., 1850.—Canterbury founded by the Canterbury Association in connection with the Church of England.

Jan. 8, 1851.—Death of Major-General Pitt, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

April 14, 1851.—Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

1852.—Discovery of gold at Coromandel by Mr. Charles Ring.

June 30, 1852.—The Constitution Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, granting representative institutions to New Zealand, and subdividing it into six provinces—Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago.

Jan., 1853.—Promulgation of the Constitution Act.

Mar. 7, 1853.—Assumption by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., of the duties of Governor of New Zealand, in terms of the appointment after the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, and cessation of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governors of New Ulster and New Munster.

Dec. 31, 1853.—Departure of Governor Sir George Grey.

Jan. 3, 1854.—Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard assumed the administration of the Government.

May 27, 1854.—Opening at Auckland of the first session of the General Assembly by Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, Administrator of the Government.

Jan., 1855.—Very severe earthquake on each side of Cook Strait.

Nov. 12, 1855.—First members elected to House of Representatives under system of Responsible Government.

May 7, 1856.—Appointment of the first Ministry under the system of Responsible Government, under Mr. Sewell, Colonial Secretary.

May 14, 1856.—Defeat of Mr. Sewell's Ministry.

May 20, 1856.—Appointment of a Ministry under presidency of Mr. W. Fox, as Attorney-General.

May 28, 1856.—Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a direct vote of want of confidence.

June 2, 1856.—Appointment of a Ministry under the presidency of Mr. E. W. Stafford.

1857.—First payable goldfield in New Zealand opened at Collingwood, in the Nelson Province.

Aug. 21, 1858.—New Provinces Act passed.

Nov. 1, 1858.—Establishment of the Province of Hawke's Bay.

Dec. 22, 1858.—The Austrian exploring frigate “Novara” arrived in Auckland Harbour. Dr. Ferdinand von Hochstetter, at the request of the New Zealand Government, was commissioned to make geological surveys of the greater part of Auckland-and Nelson Provinces.

March, 1859.—Te Teira offered land at Waitara for sale to the Government.

Nov. 1, 1859.—Establishment of the Province of Marlborough.

Mar., 1860.—Commencement of hostilities against Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake at Waitara.

Mar. 18, 1860.—Capture of Maori pa at Waitara.

Mar. 28, 1860.—Engagement at Waireka.

June 27, 1860.—Engagement of Puketakauere at Waitara.

Nov. 6, 1860.—Defeat at Mahoetahi, with heavy loss, of a force of Waikato Natives, who had crossed the Waitara River to join Wiremu Kingi.

Dec. 31, 1860.—Capture of the Matarikoriko Pa, and defeat of a large body of Waikato Natives.

Jan. 23, 1861.—The Natives made a determined attack on the redoubt at Huirangi occupied by Imperial troops, and were repulsed with heavy loss.

April 1, 1861.—Establishment of Province of Southland.

May 21, 1861.—A truce agreed to.

May, 1861.—Discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully, Otago.

July 5, 1861.—Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a vote of want of confidence.

July 12, 1861.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Fox.

July 29, 1861.—Incorporation of the Bank of New Zealand.

Sept. 26, 1861.—Arrival of Sir George Grey, K.C.B., at Auckland, from Cape Colony, to succeed Governor Gore Browne. Sir George Grey was sworn in as Governor on the 3rd October.

June 28, 1862.—Coromandel proclaimed a goldfield.

June 29, 1862.—Wreck of s.s. “White Swan” on East Coast (with loss of many public records, in transit from Auckland).

July 28, 1862.—Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry by the casting-vote of the Speaker, on a proposed resolution in favour of placing the ordinary conduct of Native affairs under the administration of the Responsible Ministers.

Aug. 6, 1862.—Appointment of a Ministry under the leadership of Mr. Alfred Domett.

Feb. 7, 1863.—Wreck of H.M.S. “Orpheus” on Manukau Bar; 181 lives lost.

Feb. 26, 1863.—Definite relinquishment by the Imperial Government of control over administration of Native affairs.

May 4, 1863.—Treacherous assault near Tataraimaka by Natives on a military escort. Murder of Lieutenant Tragett, Dr. Hope, and five soldiers of the 57th Regiment.

June 4, 1863.—Defeat of Natives at Katikara, by a force under Lieut.-General Cameron.

July 17, 1863.—Action at Koheroa, in the Auckland Province. Commencement of the Waikato War.

Oct. 27, 1863.—Resignation of the Domett Ministry, in consequence of difficulties experienced in connection with arrangements for finding a fitting representative of the Government in the Legislative Council.

Oct. 30, 1863.—Appointment of the Ministry formed by Mr. Fox, under the premiership of Mr. F. Whitaker.

Nov., 1863.—Acceptance by the General Assembly of colonial responsibility in Native affairs.

Nov. 20, 1863.—Battle of Rangiriri. Defeat of Natives and unconditional surrender of 183.

Dec. 1, 1863.—The first railway in New Zealand opened for traffic by Mr. Samuel Bealey, Superintendent of Canterbury. The line was from Christchurch to Ferrymead Junction.

Dec. 3, 1863.—The New Zealand Settlements Act passed, giving the Governor power to confiscate the lands of insurgent Natives.

Dec. 8, 1863.—Occupation of Ngaruawahia. The British flag hoisted on the Maori king's flagstaff.

Feb. 11, 1864.—Engagement with Natives on Mangapiko River. Major (then Captain) Heaphy, of the New Zealand Forces, won the Victoria Cross for distinguished bravery on this occasion.

Feb. 22, 1864.—Defeat of Natives at Rangiaohia.

April 2, 1864.—Attack on and capture of pa at Orakau, Waikato.

April 21, 1864.—Engagement near Maketu, Bay of Plenty. Tribes of the Rawhiti defeated by Arawa Natives, under Captain McDonnell.

April 29, 1864.—Assault on Gate Pa, Tauranga, Bay of Plenty, and repulse of large British force by the Maoris. The pa was abandoned by the Natives during the following night.

April 30, 1864.—Repulse of attack by rebel Hauhau Natives on redoubt at Sentry Hill, Taranaki.

May 14, 1864.—Battle of Moutoa, an island in the Wanganui River, between friendly and rebel Hauhau Natives. Complete defeat of rebels.

June 21, 1864.—Engagement at Te Ranga, near Tauranga, by Lieut.-Colonel Greer, 68th Regiment. Severe defeat of the Natives.

1864.—Discovery of gold on the west coast of the South Island.

Oct. 3, 1864.—Wellington chosen as the seat of Government.

Nov. 24, 1864.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. F. A. Weld, the Whitaker-Fox Ministry having resigned during the recess.

Dec. 17, 1864.—Confiscation of Native lands in Waikato by Sir George Grey.

Feb., 1865.—Removal of the seat of Government to Wellington.

March 2, 1865.—Barbarous murder of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, a Church of England missionary, at Opotiki, by Hauhau fanatics, under Kereopa.

June 8, 1865.—Submission of the Maori Chief Wiremu Tamihana te Waharoa (William Thompson).

June 17, 1865.—Murder of Mr. Fulloon, a Government officer, and his companions, at Whakatane, by Hauhau fanatics.

July 22, 1865.—Capture of the Wereroa Pa, near Wanganui.

Aug. 2, 1865.—Assault and capture of the Pa Kairomiromi, at Waiapu, by Colonial Forces under Captain Fraser, and Native Contingent under the chief Te Mokena. Eighty-seven rebels killed.

Sept. 2, 1865.—Proclamation of peace issued by Governor Sir George Grey, announcing that the war, which commenced at Oakura, was at an end.

Sept. 30, 1865.—Murder by Hauhaus, at Kakaramea, of Mr. Broughton, when sent as friendly messenger to them by Brigadier-General Waddy.

Oct. 12, 1865.—Resignation of Mr. Weld's Ministry, on account of a resolution adverse to the Government policy, having been defeated only by the casting-vote of the Speaker.

Oct. 16, 1865.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. E. W. Stafford.

Dec. 25, 1865.—Defeat of rebel Natives at Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces and Native Contingent.

Jan. 4, 1866.—Defeat of Natives at Okotuku Pa, on the west coast of the North Island, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 7, 1866.—Assault on and capture of Putahi Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 13, 1866.—Assault on and capture of Otapawa Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 17, 1866, to Jan. 25, 1866.—Period of Major-General Chute's march through the bush to New Plymouth.

March 29, 1866.—Submission of the rebel chiefs Te Heuheu and Herekiekie, of Taupo district.

June 15, 1866.—Commencement of Panama steam mail-service.

Aug. 26, 1866.—The Cook Strait submarine telegraph cable laid.

Oct. 2, 1866.—Engagement with rebel Natives at Pungarehu, West Coast, by Colonial Forces, under Major McDonnell.

Oct. 8, 1866.—First Act passed to impose stamp duties.

Oct. 12, 1866.—Defeats of rebel Natives at Omaranui and at Petane, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces.

July, 1867.—Opening of Thames Goldfield.

Oct. 10, 1867.—An Act passed to establish an institute for the promotion of science and art.

Oct. 10, 1867.—An Act passed for the division of New Zealand into four Maori electorates, and the admission of four Maori members to the House of Representatives.

Jan., 1868.—Establishment of the Province of Westland.

July 4, 1868.—Seizure by Maori prisoners, under the leadership of Te Kooti, of the schooner “Rifleman,” and their escape from the Chatham Islands.

July 12, 1868.—Night attack by Natives on redoubt at Turuturu Mokai. Sub-Inspector Ross and seven Europeans killed. Natives driven off by the arrival of a force under Major Von Tempsky.

Aug. 8, 1868.—Pursuit by Lieut.-Colonel Whitmore of escaped Chatham Island prisoners, and indecisive engagement in the gorge of the Ruake Ture.

Aug. 21, 1868.—Attack on Ngutu-o-te-Manu by force under Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell. Defeat of Natives; four Europeans killed and eight wounded.

Sept. 7, 1868.—Engagement in bush at Ngutu-o-te-Manu. Major Von Tempsky, Captains Buck and Palmer, Lieutenants Hunter and Hastings, and fourteen men killed.

Oct. 19, 1868.—Bishop Selwyn left New Zealand.

Nov. 7, 1868.—Attack on Moturoa and repulse of Colonial Forces, with severe loss.

Nov. 10, 1868.—Massacre of thirty-two Europeans at Poverty Bay by Te Kooti's band of Natives, who had escaped from the Chatham Islands.

Nov. 24, 1868, Dec. 3, 1868, Dec. 5, 1868.—Engagements between friendly Natives and rebels under Te Kooti, at Patutahi, Poverty Bay district.

Jan. 5, 1869.—Assault on and capture of Ngatapa Pa, Poverty Bay district, after a siege of six days, by the Colonial Forces of Europeans and friendly Natives under Colonel Whitmore and Major Ropata. Dispersion and pursuit of Te Kooti's band. More than 136 rebel Natives were killed.

Feb. 13, 1869.—Treacherous murder of the Rev. John Whitely and seven other Europeans at the White Cliffs, Taranaki.

Feb. 18, 1869.—Attack by rebel Natives on a foraging-party at Karaka Flat; one sergeant and six men killed.

Mar. 3, 1869.—Termination of Panama mail-service.

Mar. 13, 1869.—Attack on and defeat of Titokowaru's force at Otauto.

April 10, 1869.—Native pa at Mohaka taken by Te Kooti, who killed forty friendly Natives and several Europeans in the neighbourhood.

April 12, 1869.—First arrival of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in Wellington, in H.M.S. “Galatea.”

May 6, 1869.—Surprise and capture of Ahikereru and Oamaru Teangi Pas, Waiwera country. Defeat of Te Kooti.

June 13, 1869.—Surrender to Major Noake and Mr. Booth, R.M., of the chief Tairua, with 122 men, women, and children of the Pakakohe Tribe, near Wanganui.

June 24, 1869.—Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry on a want-of-confidence motion.

June 28, 1869.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. W. Fox.

Sept. 3, 1869.—Act passed providing Government life insurance and annuities.

Oct., 1869.—Seventy-four prisoners from the bands of Te Kooti and Titokowaru sentenced to death, after trial, for treason, but the sentences of seventy three were afterwards commuted to penal servitude for various terms.

Oct. 4, 1869.—Pourere Pa stormed and taken by Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell, with a mixed force of Europeans and Natives.

Jan., 1870.—Three hundred friendly Natives under Topia, and three hundred under Major Keepa (known as Kemp), started up the Wanganui River in pursuit of Te Kooti, who retreated into the Urewera country.

Jan. 25, 1870.—Capture of Tapapa Pa, occupied by Te Kooti.

Feb. 24, 1870.—The last detachment of the Imperial troops left New Zealand.

Mar. 25, 1870.—Major Keepa, with Native force, captured the position held by Te Kooti at Maraetahi, in Urewera country; nineteen rebels killed and seventy-three of Te Kooti's men taken prisoners; but Te Kooti escaped with twenty followers.

Mar. 26, 1870.—Commencement of San Francisco mail-service.

June 28, 1870.—Enunciation in the House of Representatives of the public-works policy by the Colonial Treasurer, Mr. Vogel.

Aug. 27, 1870.—Arrival in Wellington of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in H.M.S. “Galatea.” Second visit.

Sept. 12, 1870.—An Act passed to establish the New Zealand University.

Sept. 12, 1870.—The Land Transfer Act passed, to simplify the title to land and dealings with real estates.

Oct. 6, 1870.—Southland Province reunited with Otago.

Dec. 5, 1870.—Honiani te Puni, the chief of the Ngatiawas, a staunch friend of the Europeans, died at Petone, near Wellington, aged ninety years.

Mar., 1871.—Commencement of railway-construction under the public-works policy.

Aug. 4, 1871.—Death of Tamati Waka Nene, the great Ngapuhi chief and friend of the Europeans.

Nov., 1871.—Capture of the notorious rebel Kereopa, the murderer of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, by the Ngatiporous.

Jan. 5, 1872.—Execution of Kereopa at Napier.

Jan., 1872.—Remission of sentences on fifty-eight Native prisoners then undergoing imprisonment for rebellion.

Feb. 22, 1872.—Visit of William King, the Maori chief of Waitara, to New Plymouth, and resumption of amicable relations with the Europeans.

Sept. 6, 1872.—Defeat and resignation of Mr. Fox's Ministry.

Sept. 10, 1872.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. E. W. Stafford.

Oct. 4, 1872.—Defeat of the Stafford Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Vogel.

Oct. 11, 1872.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, M.L.C.

Oct. 11, 1872.—First appointment of Maori chiefs (two) to be members of the Legislative Council.

Oct. 25, 1872.—The Public Trust Office Act passed.

Jan., 1873.—Establishment of the New Zealand Shipping Company.

Mar. 3, 1873.—The Hon. W. Fox appointed Premier on the resignation of that office by the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, the other members of the Ministry being confirmed in their offices.

April 8, 1873.—Resignation of the premiership by the Hon. W. Fox, on the return of the Hon. J. Vogel, C.M.G., from Australia, and appointment of Mr. Vogel as Premier, the other Ministers being confirmed in their offices.

Aug. 22, 1874.—The Imprisonment for Debt Abolition Act passed.

1874.—31,774 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.

Jan. 3, 1875.—Visit of Sir Donald McLean to the Maori king; resumption of amicable relations.

July 6, 1875.—Resignation of the Ministry, in consequence of the absence of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G., in England, and his being unable to attend the session of Parliament. Reconstitution thereof, under the premiership of the Hon. Dr. Pollen, M.L.C.

July, 1875.—Establishment of the Union Steam Shipping Company of New Zealand.

1875.—18,324 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.

Oct. 12, 1875.—The Abolition of Provinces Act passed.

Feb. 15, 1876.—Resignation of the Hon. Dr. Pollen's Ministry, and reconstitution under the premiership of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G.

Feb, 18, 1876.—Completion of the work of laying the telegraph cable between New Zealand and New South Wales.

June, 1876.—Death of Dr. Isaac Earl Featherston, while acting as Agent-General for New Zealand in England. He was the first to hold that office, and had previously been Superintendent of the Province of Wellington from the time of the first establishment of provincial representative institutions.

Sept. 1, 1876.—Resignation of Sir J. Vogel's Ministry in view of the appointment of Sir J. Vogel as Agent-General, and formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Sept. 13, 1876.—Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of doubts being entertained as to the constitutional position thereof. Reconstruction of the Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Nov. 1, 1876.—The Abolition of Provinces Act, 1875, came into full operation; complete abolition of provincial institutions; New Zealand subdivided into counties and municipal boroughs.

Oct. 8, 1877.—Defeat of the Atkinson Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Larnach.

Oct. 15, 1877.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

Nov. 29, 1877.—The Education Act, providing for the free and compulsory education of children, passed.

April 11, 1878.—Bishop Selwyn died, in England.

Oct. 29, 1878.—Sir George Grey's first land-tax passed.

Mar., 1879.—Removal of surveyors from the Waimate Plains by Natives acting under Te Whiti's orders.

May 25, 1879.—The Natives from Parihaka, by order of Te Whiti, began ploughing up lands occupied by Europeans.

June, 1879.—Arrest and imprisonment of 180 of these Natives for causing disturbances.

July 29, 1879.—Defeat of the Grey Ministry on an amendment to the Address in Reply, moved by Sir William Fox, followed by a dissolution of Parliament.

Oct. 3, 1879.—Defeat and subsequent resignation of Sir George Grey's Ministry.

Oct. 8, 1879.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Hall.

Dec. 19, 1879.—An Act passed to assess property for the purpose of taxation.

Dec. 19, 1879.—The Triennial Parliament Act passed.

Dec. 19, 1879.—An Act passed to qualify every resident male of twenty-one years of age and upwards to vote.

June, 1880.—First portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners released by the Government.

July 9, 1880.—Bounty Island taken possession of by Captain George Palmer. H.M.S. “Rosario.”

Oct. 1880.—Release of the last portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners.

Oct. 26, 1880.—Sir Francis Dillon Bell appointed Agent-General.

April 29, 1881.—“Tararua,” steamer, wrecked; 130 lives lost.

June 26, 1881.—Severe earthquakes in Wellington.

Nov. 5, 1881.—March of force of Constabulary and Volunteers on Parihaka, and arrest of Te Whiti and Tohu, without bloodshed.

Feb. 15, 1882.—First shipment of frozen meat made from Port Chalmers. (See Year-book, 1893, p. 192.)

April 21, 1882.—Resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. J. Hall's Ministry, and its reconstruction under the premiership of the Hon. F. Whitaker, M.L.C.

Jan. 26, 1883.—A direct line of steam-communication between England and New Zealand inaugurated by the New Zealand Shipping Company.

Feb. 13, 1883.—Proclamation of amnesty to Maori political offenders.

Feb. 19, 1883.—Liberation of Te Whiti and Tohu.

Sept. 25, 1883.—Resignation of the office of Premier and his seat in the Ministry by the Hon. F. Whitaker, and the appointment of the Hon. Major H. A. Atkinson to be Premier, the members of Mr. Whitaker's Ministry being confirmed in their offices.

June 11, 1884.—Defeat of Major Atkinson's Government.

Aug. 16, 1884.—Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of the result of the general election and formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.

Aug. 20, 1884.—Defeat of Mr. Stout's Ministry by an amendment, expressive of want of confidence, to the Address in Reply being carried.

Aug. 28, 1884.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Aug. 29, 1884.—Defeat of Major Atkinson's Ministry on a vote of want of confidence.

Sept. 3, 1884.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.

Nov. 8, 1884.—An Act passed to enable certain loans of the New Zealand Government to be converted into inscribed stock and the accrued sinking funds released.

Aug. 1, 1885.—The New Zealand Industrial Exhibition opened at Wellington.

June 10, 1886.—Volcanic eruptions at Tarawera, and destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces; 101 lives lost.

May 28, 1887.—Defeat of Sir Robert Stout's Ministry.

July 21, 1887.—A Proclamation issued declaring the Kermadec Islands to be annexed to and form part of New Zealand

Aug. 17, 1887.—Kermadec Group annexed to New Zealand; flag hoisted and proclamation read at Sunday Island

Oct. 8, 1887.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major H. A. Atkinson, Sir Robert Stout's Ministry having resigned in consequence of the result of the election.

Dec. 19, 1887.—An Act passed to reduce the number of members of the House of Representatives, after the expiration of the General Assembly then sitting, to seventy-four, including four Maori representatives.

Dec. 23, 1887.—The Australian Naval Defence Act, being an Act to provide for the establishment of an additional naval force on the Australian Station, at the joint charge of the Imperial and the several Colonial Governments, was passed by the New Zealand Legislature.

Oct. 27, 1888.—Formal Proclamation of British Protectorate of Cook Group of Islands, by Captain Bourke, R.N., of H.M.S. “Hyacinth.”

Sept. 2, 1889.—Electors prohibited by statute from voting in respect of more than one electorate at any election for the House of Representatives.

Nov. 26, 1889.—Opening of South Seas Exhibition, Dunedin.

Dec. 5, 1890.—First election of members of the House of Representatives under a practical manhood suffrage, and on the one-man-one-vote principle.

Aug. to Nov., 1890.—Great maritime strike.

Jan. 24, 1891.—Resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. Sir H. A. Atkinson's Ministry and appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Ballance.

April 22, 1891.—Proclamation by Governor of New Zealand to inhabitants at Rarotonga of appointment of British Resident for the Protectorate of the Cook Islands.

May 25, 1891.—Adhesion of Australia to Postal Union.

Aug. 29, 1891.—Passing of Truck Act, to prohibit payment of wages in goods or otherwise than in money.

Sept. 8, 1891.—Passing of Land and Income Assessment Act for purposes of taxation, and repeal of property-tax.

Sept. 21, 1891.—Passing of an Act for supervising and regulating factories and workrooms. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]

June 28, 1892.—Death of Sir H. A. Atkinson, K.C.M.G., Speaker of the Legislative Council, and previously four times Premier.

Oct. 1, 1892.—Passing of Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act.

Oct. 8, 1892.—Passing of Dairy Industry Act. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]

Oct. 11, 1892.—Land Act, 1892: Lease in perpetuity without revaluation system introduced; occupation with right of purchase; optional method of selection; small-farms associations.

Oct. 8 1892.—Land for Settlements Act, 1892, authorizing purchase of lands from individuals for purposes of subdivision. [Repealed by Act of 1894. See post.]

April 19, 1893.—Cheviot Estate taken over by Government under the Land and Income Assessment Act.

April 27, 1893.—Death of Hon. John Ballance, Premier of New Zealand.

May 1, 1893.—Resignation of the Ministry in consequence of the death of the Hon. John Ballance, and appointment of a new Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. R. J. Seddon.

June 23, 1893.—Death of Sir William Fox, K.C.M.G., four times Premier of New Zealand.

Sept. 2, 1893.—Passing of Bank-note Issue Act, to make bank-notes a first charge on assets and to enable the Government to declare them to be a legal tender, &c.

Sept. 19, 1893.—The Electoral Act, 1893, extending franchise to women.

Oct. 2, 1893.—Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act passed. New licenses to be granted subject to the votes of the electors; reduction or abolition of licenses if desired.

Oct. 6, 1893.—Passing of Criminal Code Act, 1893.

Oct. 6, 1893.—Passing of Workmen's Wages Act, 1893.

Oct. 6, 1893.—Native Land Purchase and Acquisition Act.

Nov. 28, 1893.—A general election took place, being the first occasion on which women exercised the franchise.

June 30, 1894.—Bank of New Zealand Share Guarantee Act, 1894, to guarantee special issue of shares to amount of £2,000,000, and purchase of Assets Estates Company by Assets Board. [Amended on July 20.]

Aug. 31, 1894.—Passing of an Act to encourage the formation of industrial unions and associations, and to facilitate the settlement of industrial disputes by conciliation and arbitration.

Oct. 18, 1894.—New Zealand Consols Act, 1894.

Oct. 18, 1894.—Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1894, for relief of settlers burdened by high charges of interest, &c.

Oct. 18, 1894.—Passing of Land for Settlements Act, 1894, authorizing acquisition of private lands for purposes of settlement, with compulsory powers, and repealing Act of 1892; also Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894.

Oct. 18, 1894.—Passing of Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1894, for limiting hours of business in shops.

Oct. 23, 1894.—Dairy Industry Act, to regulate manufacture of butter and cheese, with inspection and grading for export, and provide for purity of milk.

Oct. 28, 1894.—Wreck of s.s. “Wairarapa” at Great Barrier Island; 135 lives lost.

May 27, 1895.—Government assumed management of the Midland Railway.

Aug. 20, 1895.—Trustees of cemeteries authorized to provide for cremation of dead.

Sept. 20, 1895.—Passing of an Act to regulate attachment of wages.

Sept. 20, 1895.—Family Homes Protection Act, 1895, to secure homes for the people and to prevent them from mortgage or sale for debt.

Jan. 10, 1896.—Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed Agent-General in London.

Mar. 26, 1896.—Brunner Mine explosion; sixty-seven deaths.

Oct. 16, 1896.—Land for Settlements Act amended: Special provision made for disposal of highly improved lands acquired; preference given to landless people; Boards may select applicants, &c.

Oct. 17, 1896.—Alteration of franchise by abolition of non-residential or property qualification.

Oct. 17, 1896.—Government Valuation of Land Act passed.

July 29, 1897.—Wreck of s.s. “Tasmania” at Mahia Peninsula; ten lives lost.

Dec. 22, 1897.—Act to establish at Wellington the Victoria College, in connection with the New Zealand University.

1898.—Death of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

Oct. 15, 1898.—The Municipal Franchise Reform Act passed.

1898.—The Divorce Bill passed both Houses. Her Majesty's assent thereto gazetted 13th April, 1899.

Nov. 1, 1898.—An Act to provide for old-age pensions passed.

March 13, 1899.—Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., died.

April, 1899.—Victoria University College opened in Wellington.

Oct. 19, 1899.—Act passed constituting Labour Day.

Oct. 21, 1899.—N.Z. Contingent (the first) consisting of 215 officers and men, left in s.s. “Waiwera” for Algoa Bay to assist the British in the Transvaal war.

Jan. 21, 1900.—The Second N.Z. Contingent (258 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Waiwera.”

Feb. 17, 1900.—The Third N.Z. Contingent (264 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Knight Templar.”

March 24 and 31, 1900.—The Fourth and Fifth Contingents (1,060 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.ss. “Monowai,” “Gymeric,” “Waimate,” and “Maori.”

June 28, 1900.—Bubonic Plague Prevention Act, 1900, passed.

Aug. 8, 1900.—Immigration Restriction Act, 1899, assented to by Her Majesty in Council, came into operation.

Oct. 13, 1900.—Public Health Act passed.

Oct. 18, 1900.—The Maori Councils Act passed.

Oct. 20, 1900.—The Representation Act, 1900, passed, increasing number of European representatives to seventy-six.

Jan. 1, 1901.—Universal penny postage adopted by New Zealand.

Jan. 28, 1901.—Accession of King Edward VII. proclaimed in New Zealand.

Jan. 30, 1901.—Sixth N.Z. Contingent (578 officers and men) sailed for South Africa in s.s. “Cornwall.”

Feb. 14, 1901.—Death (in England) of Sir Edward Stafford, G.C.M.G., formerly three times Premier of New Zealand.

April 6, 1901.—Seventh N.Z. Contingent (600 officers and men, rough-riders) sailed for South Africa, per s.s. “Gulf of Taranto.”

May 22, 1901.—Deceased Husband's Brother Marriage Act came into operation after Royal assent.

June 10, 1901.—Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York arrived in New Zealand.

June 10, 1901.—Boundaries of New Zealand extended to include Cook and other Pacific Islands.

Nov. 7, 1901.—State Coal-mines Act passed.

Feb. 1, 1902.—North Island division of the Eighth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Surrey.”

Feb. 8, 1902.—South Island division of the Eighth Contingent sailed from Lyttelton per s.s. “Cornwall.”

March 12, 1902. South Island division of the Ninth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Port Chalmers for South Africa per s.s. “Kent.”

March 19, 1902. North Island division of the Ninth Contingent sailed from Auckland per s.s. “Devon.”

March 24, 1902.—End of Pacific cable landed in Doubtless Bay, Mangonui.

April 14, 1902.—North Island division of the Tenth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Drayton Grange.”

April 14, 1902.—Right Hon. R. J. Seddon sailed for London to attend Conference of Colonial Premiers, and to represent New Zealand at His Majesty the King's Coronation.

April 19, 1902.—South Island division of the Tenth Contingent sailed for South Africa per s.s. “Norfolk.”

Aug. 9, 1902.—Celebration in New Zealand on the occasion of the Coro nation of His Majesty King Edward VII.

Aug. 1902.—Return of N.Z. troopers from South Africa (Eighth Contingent left Durban 5th July; Ninth, 9th July; Tenth, 15th July).

Nov. 9, 1902.—Wreck of s.s. “Elingamite” on Three King's.

Dec. 8, 1902.—Pacific (all red) Cable service opened for international business.

May 22, 1903.—Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau te Wherowhero (formerly known as the Maori King) summoned to the Legislative Council, and sworn in as a member of the Executive Council.

May 24, 1903.—Empire Day proclaimed in New Zealand (anniversary of birth of late Queen Victoria).

Nov. 18, 1903.—State Fire Insurance Act passed.

Nov. 24, 1903.—Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act passed.

July, 1904.—A team of riflemen, chosen from the Defence Force of New Zealand to represent New Zealand, was sent to England under the command of Lieut.-Colonel R. J. Collins, V.D., to compete at Bisley for the “Kolapore Imperial Challenge Cup,” and succeeded in bringing the trophy to New Zealand.

June 14, 1905.—Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed first High Commissioner of New Zealand at London.

July 29, 1905.—Old-age Pensions Act, 1905, passed, increasing amount of annual pension to £26.

Oct. 30, 1905.—Workers' Dwellings Act passed.

June 10, 1906.—Death of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.C., Premier of New Zealand.

June 21, 1906.—Resignation of Ministry in consequence of the death of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, and appointment of a new Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. W. Hall-Jones.

Aug. 6, 1906.—Resignation of Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. W. Hall-Jones, and appointment of a new Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Oct. 29, 1906.—Government Advances to Workers Act passed to assist workers in providing homes for themselves.

Nov. 1, 1906.—Opening of the New Zealand International Exhibition at Christchurch.

April 15, 1907.—Opening of Conference of Premiers at London. New Zealand represented by Hon. Sir Joseph Ward, K.C.M.G.

June 25, 1907.—Death of Sir John Hall, K.C.M.G., formerly Premier of New Zealand.

Sept. 26, 1907.—Style and designation of the “Colony of New Zealand” changed to “Dominion of New Zealand,” by Royal Proclamation of 10th September, 1907.

Oct. 26, 1907.—Land and Income Assessment Act Amendment passed; graduated land-tax increased.

Nov. 20, 1907.—Land Laws Amendment Act passed; lease in perpetuity abolished and renewable lease with periodical revaluation established.

Dec. 11, 1907.—Parliament Buildings destroyed by fire.

Aug. 4, 1908.—Consolidated Statutes Enactment Act passed.

Aug. 7, 1908.—First through train Wellington to Auckland.

Aug. 9, 1908.—American fleet of battleships visited Auckland.

Oct. 6, 1908.—New Zealand's subsidy to British Navy increased to £100,000 per annum.

Oct. 6, 1908.—Second Ballot Act passed.

Oct. 10, 1908.—Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act. 1908, passed. Boards of Conciliation abolished and Councils of Conciliation established.

Dec. 7, 1908.—Purchase of Wellington-Manawatu Railway by General Government.

Feb. 12, 1909.—S.S. Penguin wrecked near Wellington. 75 lives lost.

Mar. 22, 1909.—New Zealand Government offers to the British Government at least one (and, if necessary, two) first-class battleships of the Dreadnought or latest types. Offer confirmed by Parliament on 14th June, 1909.

June 18, 1909.—Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, Prime Minister, sailed for London to attend Imperial Defence Conference.

Dec. 24, 1909.—Passing of Defence Act, 1909, introducing system of compulsory military training.

Dec. 24, 1909.—Land Settlement Finance Act passed. To assist associations of private buyers in the purchase of freehold lands.

Feb., 1910.—Visit of Field-Marshal Lord Kitchener to report and advise on the defences of the Dominion.

May 10, 1910.—Accession of King George V proclaimed in New Zealand.

June 22, 1910.—Assumption of the Government of New Zealand by Lord Islington.

Sept. 28, 1910.—Public Debt. Extinction Act passed. To authorize the creation of sinking funds for the extinction of the whole of the New Zealand public debt in seventy-five years.

Nov. 21, 1910.—National Provident Fund Act passed. To encourage the making of provision against destitution arising from old age, sickness, widowhood, and orphanage.

Nov. 21, 1910.—Commercial Trusts Act passed. For the repression of monopolies in trade and commerce.

Dec. 3, 1910.—Inalienable Life Annuities Act passed. To provide for the creation and issue of inalienable life annuities.

Dec. 3, 1910.—Workers' Dwellings Act passed. To make better provision for the erection, &c., of workers' dwellings.

March 6, 1911.—Departure of the Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G., to attend the Imperial Conference and the Coronation of King George.

April 2, 1911.—General census of New Zealand taken for Sunday night. Population of Dominion, exclusive of Maoris, over one million.

June 22, 1911.—Celebration in New Zealand on the occasion of the coronation of His Majesty King George V.

July 26, 1911.—Wireless telegraphy installed in New Zealand.

Aug. 26, 1911.—Armorial bearings of Dominion authorized by Royal warrant.

Oct. 28, 1911.—Act passed granting pensions to widows, with allowance for each child under fourteen years of age.

Dec. 7, 1911.—First poll on national prohibition question taken in conjunction with local option poll and general election.

Feb. 16, 1912.—Opening of Parliament (first session of eighteenth).

Mar. 23, 1912.—Foundation-stone of new Parliament Buildings laid.

Mar. 28, 1912.—Resignation of Ward Ministry during recess, and formation of Ministry under leadership of Hon. T. Mackenzie.

May, 1912.—Beginning of gold-miners' strike at Waihi, leading to disturbances in the town, resulting in the serious wounding of a policeman and the death of a striker.

June 27, 1912.—Opening of Parliament (second session of eighteenth).

July 10, 1912.—Resignation of Mackenzie Ministry after defeat on vote of no confidence, and assumption of office by Ministry under leadership of Hon. W. F. Massey.

Aug. 22, 1912.—Hon. T. Mackenzie appointed High Commissioner as from 23rd August, 1912.

Oct. 26, 1912.—Amendment passed to Justices of the Peace Act, providing for legal assistance to indigent persons accused of indictable offences.

Nov. 7, 1912.—Public Service Act passed, placing the Public Service (except Railways Department) under control of a Commissioner.

Nov. 7, 1912.—Land Laws Amendment Act passed, empowering Crown to subdivide and dispose of European and Native freehold properties on behalf of owners; also authorizing sale of settlement lands in freehold and enabling holders of renewable leases thereof to acquire freehold, besides giving leases-in-perpetuity the right to acquire freehold on more favourable terms.

Nov. 7, 1912.—Amendment passed to Births and Registration Act providing for registration of births and deaths of Maoris.

Nov. 7, 1912.—Defence Amendment Act passed, substituting military detention for imprisonment in case of default to pay fine.

Nov. 7, 1912.—Public Revenues Amendment Act passed, setting aside £10,000 per annum as a fund for rebuilding and restoring public buildings destroyed or damaged by fire.

Nov. 7, 1912.—Amendment passed to Native Land Act, providing that in certain cases a Native may be deemed a European.

DETAILED GENERAL INDEX.

A.

Accidental Deaths .. .. 180
Accident Insurance .. .. 739
Claims paid .. .. 740
Balance-sheet .. .. 743
Premium Income and Claims .. 742
Scale of Compensation .. .. 741
Government Office .. .. 741
Balance-sheet .. .. 743
Premium Income and Claims .. 742
Scale of Compensation .. .. 741
Number and List of Offices .. 740
Scale of Compensation .. .. 741
Premium Income .. .. 740
Scale of Compensation .. .. 741
Receipts and Expenditure .. .. 740
Scale of Compensation .. .. 741
Workers' Compensation Act, 1908 674, 741
Scale of Compensation .. .. 741
Accidents in Coal-mines .. .. 633
Acclimatization of Salmon .. .. 857
Accumulation, Prices, and Wages .. 721
Addenda et Corrigenda. (Back of Title.)
Adjacent Islands, Population of .. 121
Advances to Local Authorities .. 719
Advances to Settlers .. .. 703
Balance-sheet of Branch .. 715
Instalments in Repayment of Loans 707
Nature of Security offered .. 713
Number and Amount of Applications 713
Outstanding Advances .. .. 714
Readjustment of Loans .. .. 711
Titles eligible .. .. .. 703
Transactions .. .. .. 713
Valuation Fees .. .. .. 706
Advances to Workers .. .. 715
Balance-sheet of Branch .. .. 718
Definition of Worker .. .. 716
Plans and Specifications .. .. 717
Purpose of Loan .. .. 715
Repayment of Loans .. .. 716
Transactions .. .. .. 717
Afforestation .. .. .. 844
Inauguration of .. .. .. 848
Age and Sex of Public-school Pupils .. 201
Age, Mean, at Death .. .. 159
Age, Mean, at Marriage .. .. 152
Agents-General, successive .. .. 56
Ages at Death .. .. .. 159
Ages of Industries .. .. .. 661
Ages of Persons married .. .. 151
Ages of the People .. .. 126
Agricultural College, Lincoln .. .. 221
Agriculture and Live-stock .. 567, 588, 809
Acreage under Various Crops .. 589
Barley .. .. 599, 818
Cape Barley and Winter Oats .. 824
Cattle .. .. 581, 834
Agriculture and Live-stock—continued.
Conservation of Moisture .. .. 827
Cost of Working a Farm .. 825
Dairy Industry, The 583, 813, 835, 840
Dairy Stock .. .. 582, 834
Farming Outlook .. .. 812
Fruit Industry, The .. .. 837
Gardens and Orchards .. .. 600
Grass and Clover Seeds .. 600, 821
Hops .. .. .. 600
Horse-breeding .. 584, 833
Improving of Pastures .. .. 826
Kale .. .. .. 820
Lambing Averages .. .. 578
Linseed .. .. .. 824
Lucerne .. .. .. 824
Maize .. .. .. 598
Mangolds and Carrots .. .. 820
Oats .. .. 598, 818
Phormium tenax .. .. 824
Pigs .. .. 586, 836
Potatoes .. .. 599, 819
Poultry .. .. 586, 837
Pulse .. .. .. 823
Rape .. .. 600, 820
Root-crops .. .. .. 819
Seeds, Grass and Clover .. 600, 821
Sheep .. .. 575, 831
Crop of Australasia .. .. 596
Crop of the World .. .. 596
Cultivation of .. .. 817
Varieties of .. .. .. 817
Seed per Acre .. .. 817
Small Seeds .. .. 600, 823
Crop of Australasia .. .. 596
Crop of the World .. .. 596
Cultivation of .. .. 817
Varieties of .. .. .. 817
Seed per Acre .. .. 817
Tares .. .. .. 824
Crop of Australasia .. .. 596
Crop of the World .. .. 596
Cultivation of .. .. 817
Varieties of .. .. .. 817
Seed per Acre .. .. 817
Turnips .. .. 600, 819
Crop of Australasia .. .. 596
Crop of the World .. .. 596
Cultivation of .. .. 817
Varieties of .. .. .. 817
Seed per Acre .. .. 817
Wheat .. .. 596, 814
Crop of Australasia .. .. 596
Crop of the World .. .. 596
Cultivation of .. .. 817
Varieties of .. .. .. 817
Seed per Acre .. .. 817
Aitutaki, Island of .. 10, 18, 910
Alcoholic Liquors—
Consumption of .. .. 271, 403
Duty on 421
Alienation of Crown Lands .. .. 505
Alienation of Native Lands .. .. 550
Alien Immigrants .. .. .. 108
Aliens, Naturalized .. .. 129
Analyses of Mineral Waters .. .. 859
Ancient System of Maori Land Tenure 545
Anglican Church .. .. .. 96
Bishops of .. .. .. 96
Angora Goats .. .. .. 586
Animals (see also Live-stock) .. 567
Antipodes Islands .. .. 10, 18
Appeal Court .. .. .. 255
Area of New Zealand .. .. 8, 11
Area under Cultivation in Counties .. 592
Arrested Persons .. .. .. 263
Birthplaces and Ages .. .. 264
Convictions .. .. .. 263
Offences and Ages .. .. 264
New-Zealand-born .. .. 265
Offences and Birthplaces .. .. 264
Arrests for Drunkenness .. .. 268
Arrivals .. .. .. 107
Chinese .. .. .. 108
From Various Countries .. .. 108
Articles on Special Subjects .. .. 809
Assembly, General .. .. 52
Assessment of Land and Income Tax 879
Atiu, Island of .. .. 10, 18, 910
Auckland Graving-docks .. .. 475
Auckland Islands .. .. .. 9, 17
Auckland Land District .. .. 534
Australasia—
Area of .. .. .. 11
Capital Cities .. .. .. 167
Birth-rates of .. .. .. 141
Capital Cities .. .. .. 167
Death-rates of .. .. .. 158
Capital Cities .. .. .. 167
Debt of .. .. .. 796
Friendly Societies in .. .. 734
Gold-production of .. .. 628
Illegitimacy Rates of .. .. 144
Index of Mortality of .. .. 158
Live-stock in .. .. .. 568
Marriage-rates of .. .. 149
Mineral Production of .. .. 624
Oat-crop of .. .. .. 598
Railways in .. .. .. 499
Savings-banks in .. .. 730
Sheep in .. .. .. 579
Trade of .. .. .. 356
Wheat-crop of .. .. .. 596
Avifauna of New Zealand .. .. 24

B.

Bachelors and Spinsters in Dominion 150
Banking, Development of .. .. 724
Bankruptcy .. .. .. 255
Banks of Issue .. .. .. 721
Banking Legislation .. .. 721
Per Head .. .. 724, 726
Per Head (all Classes of Banks) .. 731
Capital and Reserves .. .. 723
Per Head .. .. 724, 726
Per Head (all Classes of Banks) .. 731
Coin and Bullion .. .. 725
Per Head .. .. 724, 726
Per Head (all Classes of Banks) .. 731
Deposits and Advances .. 724, 726
Per Head .. .. 724, 726
Per Head (all Classes of Banks) .. 731
Discounts .. .. .. 724
Liabilities and Assets .. .. 724
Notes in Circulation, &c. .. 725
Banks, Savings .. .. .. 726
Post-office .. .. .. 726
Deposits, Withdrawals, &c. .. 726
Securities held .. .. 727
Deposits, Withdrawals, &c. .. 730
Private .. .. 730
Deposits, Withdrawals, &c. .. 730
Baptist Union .. .. 97
Barley .. .. .. .. 599
Barmaids, Employment of .. .. 304
Beef consumed and exported .. 582
Bee-farming .. .. .. 587
Beer, Consumption of, per Head 271, 403
Beer, Excise Duty on .. 403, 421
Birthplaces .. .. .. 128
Of Deceased Persons .. .. 161
Of Old-age Pensioners .. .. 897
Of Widow Pensioners .. .. 898
Births .. .. .. .. 137
Illegitimate .. .. .. 144
Of Various Countries .. .. 141
Illegitimate - rates of Various Countries .. .. .. 145
Of Various Countries .. .. 141
In Chief Cities and Suburbs .. 140
Of Various Countries .. .. 141
Legitimate- rates of Various Countries .. .. .. 141
Of Various Countries .. .. 141
Legitimation Act .. .. 145
Of Various Countries .. .. 141
Maternity Homes .. .. 188
Of Various Countries .. .. 141
Plural .. .. .. .. 144
Of Various Countries .. .. 141
Rates .. .. .. .. 137
Of Various Countries .. .. 141
Sexes of Children born .. .. 143
To Marriages, Proportion of .. 138
Blind, Jubilee Institute for .. .. 217
Blindness .. .. .. 133
Boards, Government .. .. 59
Boroughs—
Expenditure of .. .. .. 315
Indebtedness of .. .. 315
Population of .. .. .. 118
Rateable Value of .. .. 617
Rates collected .. .. .. 345
Receipts from Government .. 314
Revenue .. .. .. 315
Value of Land and Improvements .. 617
Bottle Licenses .. .. .. 304
Boundaries and Area of Dominion .. 8
Bounty Islands .. .. 10, 18
Bridegrooms, Occupations of .. 153
Brides and Grooms—
Ages of .. .. .. 151
Condition of .. .. .. 149
Mark Signatures of .. .. 153
Building Societies .. .. 731
Bush and Swamp Lands, Settlement of 517
Butter—
Consumption of .. .. 583
Output of .. .. .. 584
Export of 372, 583
Output of .. .. .. 584
Factories .. .. .. 584
Output of .. .. .. 584

C.

Cable, Pacific .. .. .. 504
Cadets, Military .. .. .. 253
Cadets, Senior .. .. .. 252
Calliope Dock .. .. .. 475
Campbell Island .. .. .. 9, 18
Canadian Trade Commissioner .. 57
Cancer, Deaths from .. 177
Ages of Persons .. .. 178
Death-rates in certain Countries .. 178
Decennial Table .. .. 177
Part of Body affected .. .. 177
Canterbury Agricultural College .. 221
Canterbury Land District .. .. 540
Cape Barley .. .. .. 824
Capital City .. .. .. 7
Capital of Registered Companies .. 664
Cattle .. .. .. 581, 834
In Counties .. .. .. 569
In Provincial Districts .. .. 581
Slaughtered for Food .. .. 582
Causes of Death .. .. .. 173
Accident .. .. .. 180
Cancer .. .. .. 177
Childbirth .. .. .. 179
Classification of .. .. 173
Phthisis and Tuberculosis .. 175
Proportion of Deaths from various 174
Suicide .. .. .. 180
Various .. .. .. 174
Violence .. .. .. 179
Causes of Insanity .. .. 192
Census, 1911— Population Figures .. 112
Cereals .. .. .. .. 596
Charitable Institutions .. 182, 186
Chatham Islands .. .. .. 9, 16
Cheese—
Consumed .. .. .. 583
Output .. .. .. 584
Exported .. .. 372, 584
Output .. .. .. 584
Factories .. .. .. 584
Output .. .. .. 584
Chief Centres—
Births and Birth-rates .. .. 140
Deaths and Death-rates .. .. 165
Infantile Mortality .. .. 170
Population .. .. .. 119
Childbirth, Deaths in .. .. 179
Children to a Marriage .. .. 139
Children's Homes .. .. 190
Chinese—
Immigration and Emigration of .. 125
Number in Dominion .. .. 125
Church of England .. .. 96
Bishops of .. .. .. 96
Cigars and Cigarettes—
Customs and Excise Duties on .. 423
Collected, 5 Years .. .. 421
Surtax on .. .. .. 422
Cinnabar .. .. .. .. 635
Cities—
Births and Birth-rates .. .. 140
Deaths and Death-rates .. .. 165
Infantile Mortality .. .. 170
Population .. .. .. 119
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Civil Marriages .. .. .. 154
Civil Service Guarantee .. .. 92
Members of Board .. .. 93
Classification of Lands .. .. 508
Classification, Public Service .. 93
Members of Board .. .. 93
Climate .. .. .. .. 27
Clips, Average Wool- .. .. 832
Clover .. .. .. .. 821
Coal-mining .. .. .. 630
Accidents .. .. .. 633
Output per Miner .. .. 632
State Coal-mines .. 632, 775
World's Coal-production .. .. 633
Coastwise Shipping .. .. 472
Colleges and University .. .. 243
Colonial Office, The .. .. 56
Colonies, Crown Agents for .. .. 56
Colonization of New Zealand .. 2
Commerce—
Customs Revenue and Tariff .. 421
Exports .. .. .. 358
Imports .. .. .. 388
Total Trade .. .. .. 351
Communication and Transport .. 468
Compensation for Accidents 674, 741
Congregational Union .. .. 97
Conjugal Condition .. .. 130
Of Parties Marrying .. .. 149
Conservation of Moisture .. .. 827
Consols invested in Government
Securities .. .. .. 788
Constitution of New Zealand .. 4
Consumption of Alcoholic Liquors 271, 403
Consuls, Foreign .. .. 57
Convictions .. .. .. 261
For Drunkenness .. .. 267
In Superior Courts .. .. 265
Of Maoris .. .. .. 272
Of Persons arrested .. .. 263
Summary .. .. .. 261
Cook and other Pacific Islands 9, 18, 906
Population of .. .. .. 124
Trade of .. .. 386, 420, 917
Cook, Mount .. .. .. 14
Cook Strait .. .. .. 14
Cook's Visits to New Zealand .. 2
Co-operative Public Works .. 700
Corn-crops, Acreage and Yield of .. 589
Corrigenda. (Back of Title.)
Council, Executive, 1843-56 .. 46
Council, Executive, 1912 (see also
Addenda) .. .. .. 51
Council, Legislative .. .. 52
Roll of Members .. .. 53
Successive Speakers .. .. 50
Counties—
Finances of .. .. .. 315
Lands under Cultivation in .. 592
Live-stock in .. .. 569
Population of (Census, 1911) .. 116
Rateable Values of .. .. 612
Rates collected in .. .. 336
Value of Land and Improvements in 612
Courts .. .. .. .. 254
Appeal .. .. .. 255
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 261
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 265
Bankruptcy .. .. .. 255
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 261
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 265
Divorce .. .. .. 257
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 261
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 265
Magistrates' .. .. 254, 261
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 261
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 265
Supreme .. .. 254, 265
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. 265
Cow-testing .. .. 583, 842
Crime (see also Law and Crime) .. 254
Criminals, Habitual .. .. 279
Crown Agents for the Colonies .. 56
Crown Lands .. .. .. 505
Summary of Transactions .. 526
Crown Tenants .. .. .. 526
Cultivation (see also Agriculture) 588
Customs Revenue .. .. 421
Customs Tariff .. .. .. 426

D.

Dairy Industry .. 583, 813, 835, 840
Cow-testing .. .. 583, 843
duce .. .. .. 583
Estimated Consumption of Pro-
duce .. .. .. 583
Grading of Produce .. 583, 841
Loans to Dairy Companies .. 583
Output of Factories .. .. 584
Produce exported .. 372, 583
Special Article on .. .. 840
Stock .. .. 582, 834
Dairying in New Zealand .. .. 840
Danger Island .. .. 10, 18, 914
Dates of Principal Events .. .. 929
Deaf and Dumb Census, 1911 .. 133
Deaf-mutes, Institution for .. .. 218
Death Duties .. .. .. 781
Deaths .. .. .. .. 154
Accidental .. .. .. 180
Ages at .. .. .. 159
Birthplaces of Deceased Persons .. 161
Causes .. .. .. .. 173
Expectation of Life .. .. 160
Deaths—continued.
Index of Mortality .. .. 157
Various Countries and Cities .. 171
Of Australian Capitals .. .. 167
Infantile Mortality .. .. 168
Various Countries and Cities .. 171
Of Australian Capitals .. .. 167
In Four Chief Centres .. .. 165
Of Australian Capitals .. .. 167
Inquests on .. .. .. 282
Of Australian Capitals .. .. 167
Male and Female Rates .. .. 155
Of Australian Capitals .. .. 167
Occupations of Deceased Males .. 162
Of Australian Capitals .. .. 167
Of Women in Childbirth .. .. 179
Of Australian Capitals .. .. 167
Rates .. .. .. .. 155
Of Australian Capitals .. .. 167
Suicides .. .. .. 180
Violent .. .. .. 180
Debt (see also Public Debt) .. 784
Debt of Local Bodies .. .. 321
Deceased Husband's Brother, Marriage
with .. .. .. 147
Deceased Males, Occupations of .. 162
Deceased Persons, Birthplaces of .. 161
Deceased Wife's Sister, Marriage with 147
Deeds Registration .. .. 555
Scale of Fees .. .. .. 560
Defence Force .. .. .. 247
Denominational Schools .. .. 210
Density of Population .. .. 114
Departures .. .. .. 107
Ascertaining of Numbers .. .. 107
To various Countries .. .. 108
Deposits in Banks .. .. 726
Depots for Shipwrecked Mariners .. 474
Descriptive Section .. .. 8
De Surville's Visit .. .. .. 2
Detention, Reformative .. .. 279
Diamond Drills .. .. .. 637
Digest of Land Laws .. .. 508
Discovery of Gold .. .. .. 624
Discovery of New Zealand .. .. 1
Diseases, various, Deaths from .. 173
Distribution of Wealth .. .. 750
District High Schools .. .. 239
Divorce and Separation .. .. 257
Docks. Graving- .. .. .. 475
Dominion, The .. .. .. 8
Area and Boundaries .. .. 8
Drainage Boards, Finances of .. 315
Dredging, Gold- .. .. .. 627
Drugs, Sale of .. .. .. 182
Drunkenness .. .. .. 267
Du Fresne's Visit .. .. .. 2
Duties, Customs and Excise .. 421
Duties, Death .. .. .. 781
Dwellings, Workers' .. 525, 719

E.

Early Settlement .. .. .. 1
Ecclesiastical .. .. .. 96
Economic Geology .. .. 638
Education .. .. .. 195
Age and Sex of Pupils .. .. 201
Denominational Schools .. .. 210
District High Schools .. .. 239
Expenditure on .. .. 196
Finances of Education Boards .. 205
Finances of Secondary Schools .. 237
Free Secondary .. .. .. 235
Jubilee Institute for Blind .. 217
Manual and Technical .. .. 220
Native Schools .. .. .. 212
Private Schools .. .. .. 210
Public (Government) Schools .. 197
Public-school Teachers .. .. 202
Scholarships .. .. .. 240
Secondary .. .. .. 229
Special Schools .. .. .. 214
Subsidy to Public Libraries .. 246
Teachers' Superannuation 205, 902
Technical Instruction .. .. 220
Training of Teachers .. .. 203
University .. .. .. 243
Educational Endowments .. .. 525
Egmont, Mount .. .. .. 13
Election, General, 1911 .. .. 290
Electoral Act, 1893, extends Franchise
to Women .. .. .. 6
Electoral Laws .. .. .. 288
Electric Telegraph .. .. 502
Emigration .. .. .. 107
Departures, 1902-11 .. .. .. 107
Method of Checking .. .. 107
To Various Countries .. .. 108
Employers' Liability .. .. 674
Employment of Barmaids .. .. 304
Endowments, Educational .. .. 525
Endowments, National .. .. 525
Engineering, School of .. .. 221
Estate Duty .. .. .. 781
Estimated Population .. .. 104
Excise Duties .. .. .. 423
Collected in Five Years .. .. 421
Executive Council, 1843-56 .. 46
Executive Council, 1912 (see also
Addenda) .. .. .. 51
Expectation of Life .. .. 160
Exports .. .. .. 358
Butter and Cheese .. .. 372
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Coal .. .. .. 630
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Details of Exports .. .. 374
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
For Year ended 31st March, 1912 .. 351
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
From North and South Islands .. 358
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
From United Kingdom to Various
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Countries .. .. .. 357
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
From Various Ports .. .. 359
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Frozen Meat .. .. .. 370
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Gold .. .. .. 371
Duty on .. .. .. 466
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Gold and other Minerals to End of 1911 .. .. .. 623
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Grain and Pulse .. .. 371
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Home Produce .. .. .. 364
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Kauri-gum .. .. .. 373
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Of Australasia .. .. .. 356
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Phormium .. .. .. 373
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Principal .. .. .. 365
Quantities of .. .. .. 366
To Various Countries .. .. 360
Values of .. .. .. 365
Rabbit-skins .. .. .. 369
Re-exports .. .. .. 363
Sheep-skins and Pelts .. .. 369
Tallow .. .. .. 370
Timber, Duty on .. .. 466
To Different Countries .. .. 359
To United Kingdom .. 355, 359
Wool .. .. .. 368
External Trade of Australasia .. 356
Extinction of Public Debt .. .. 795

F.

Factories, &c. (see Manufactories and Works) .. .. .. 644
Factories, Butter and Cheese .. 584
Farming, Dairy- .. 583, 813, 835, 840
Farming Outlook .. .. .. 812
Farm in New Zealand, Cost of Working 825
Fauna .. .. .. 23
Feeble-minded Boys, School for .. 219
Feeble-minded, Number of .. .. 133
Fifty Years' Progress .. .. 798
Finance, Public .. .. .. 761
Balances of Various Accounts .. 775
Expenditure .. .. .. 764
Revenue .. .. .. 763
Revenue per Head .. .. 763
Expenditure .. .. .. 768
Direct .. .. .. 780
Indirect .. .. .. 779
Per Head .. .. .. 763
Consolidated Fund .. .. 763
Expenditure .. .. .. 764
Revenue .. .. .. 763
Revenue per Head .. .. 763
Expenditure .. .. .. 768
Direct .. .. .. 780
Indirect .. .. .. 779
Per Head .. .. .. 763
Public Debt .. .. .. 784
Expenditure .. .. .. 768
Direct .. .. .. 780
Indirect .. .. .. 779
Per Head .. .. .. 763
Public Works Fund .. .. 767
Expenditure .. .. .. 768
Direct .. .. .. 780
Indirect .. .. .. 779
Per Head .. .. .. 763
Receipts .. .. .. 767
Direct .. .. .. 780
Indirect .. .. .. 779
Per Head .. .. .. 763
Taxation .. .. .. 778
Direct .. .. .. 780
Indirect .. .. .. 779
Per Head .. .. .. 763
Various Accounts .. .. 770
Fiords .. .. .. 8
Fire Inquests .. .. .. 283
Fire Insurance .. .. .. 743
Companies operating .. .. 743
Capital authorized .. .. .. 744
Insurances, Amount of .. 744
Premium Income .. .. 745
Reduction of Premiums .. 744
Foreign Companies Deposit .. 745
Capital authorized .. .. .. 744
Insurances, Amount of .. 744
Premium Income .. .. 745
Reduction of Premiums .. 744
State Office .. .. .. 744
Capital authorized .. .. .. 744
Insurances, Amount of .. 744
Premium Income .. .. 745
Reduction of Premiums .. 744
First Offenders' Probation .. .. 278
Fisheries .. .. .. 854
Flax Leases .. .. .. 517
Flocks of Sheep .. .. .. 576
Flora .. .. .. 25
Flotation of Loans .. .. 790
Food and Drugs, Sale of .. .. 182
Foreigners Naturalized .. .. 130
Foreign Nations, Consuls of .. 57
Foveaux Strait .. .. .. 16
Franchise .. .. 6,288
Female .. .. .. 6
Municipal .. .. .. 324
Freeholders, Number of .. .. 566
Freehold Tenure .. .. .. 510
Free Secondary Education .. .. 235
Friendly Societies .. .. .. 732
Funds and Assets .. .. 733
In Australasia .. .. .. 734
Membership and Funds .. .. 733
Regalia exempt from Customs Duty 465
Frozen Meat exported .. .. 370
Fruit-culture .. .. .. 837

G.

Gaming and Lotteries .. .. 283
Gaols, Prisoners in .. .. 273
Gardens, Orchards, &c., Acreage of .. 600
General Assembly, The .. .. 52
General Election, 1911 .. .. 290
Geology of New Zealand .. .. 19
Economic .. .. .. 638
Germany, Imports from .. 397, 425
Gift Duty .. .. .. 782
Glaciers in South Island .. .. 15
Goats, Angora .. .. .. 586
Gold .. .. .. .. 624
Discovery of .. .. .. 624
Export Duty on .. .. .. 466
Exported .. .. .. 371, 628
Production of Australasia .. .. 629
Production of the World .. .. 629
Gold-dredging .. .. .. 627
Gold-miners' Relief Fund .. .. 467
Governing Bodies, Local .. .. 310
Government .. .. .. 6
Government Advances .. .. 703
To Local Bodies .. .. 719
To Settlers .. .. .. 703
To Workers .. .. .. 715
Government Boards .. .. 59
Government Departments .. .. 59
Official List .. .. .. 60
Government Schools .. .. 196
Government, Seat of .. .. 7
Government Valuation of Land, &c. .. 602
Governor of New Zealand .. .. 51
Governors, Successive .. .. 43
Graduated Land-tax .. .. 886
Grain exported .. .. .. 371
Grass Lands, Acres of .. .. 601
In Australasia .. .. .. 601
Grass-seed .. .. 600, 822
Sown, per Acre .. .. .. 601
Graving-docks and Patent Slips .. 475
Grazing-runs, Small .. .. 514
Grounds for Divorce .. .. 257
Guarantee, Civil Service .. .. 92
Personnel of Board .. .. 93

H.

Habitual Criminals .. .. 279
Habitual Drunkards .. .. 270
Half-castes .. .. .. 123
Hanson's Visit .. .. .. 2
Harbours .. .. .. 480
Finances of Boards .. .. 316
Pilotage, Port Charges, &c. .. 480
Wharfage Rates .. .. 487
Hares, Frozen, Export of .. .. 370
Hawke's Bay Land District .. 536
Hay, Acres in .. .. .. 590
Health, Public .. .. .. 181
Hebrew Church .. .. .. 97
Hervey Islands .. .. 10, 18, 913
High Commissioner (see also Addenda) 56
High Commissioners, Successive .. 57
Historic Section .. .. .. 1
Holdings, Number of Occupied .. 562
Home Produce exported .. .. 364
Honourable, Holders of Title of .. 95
Honours held .. .. .. 94
Hops, cultivated, exported, and im-
ported .. .. .. 600
Horse-breeding .. .. .. 833
Horses .. .. .. .. 584
Export of .. .. .. 586
In Counties .. .. .. 569
In Provincial Districts .. .. 585
Hospitals .. .. .. 182
Expenditure on .. .. .. 187
Mental .. .. .. .. 190
Private .. .. .. 188
Public .. .. .. .. 182
St. Helens .. .. .. 188
Hot Springs .. .. .. 13
House of Representatives .. .. 5, 54
Roll of Members .. .. 54
Successive Speakers .. .. 50
House-rents, in selected Boroughs .. 759

I.

Igneous Rocks .. .. .. 22
Illegitimacy .. .. .. 144
Immigration .. .. .. 107
Arrivals from Different Countries .. 108
Years of Age .. .. 107
Arrivals under and over Twelve
Years of Age .. .. 107
Government Assistance of .. 109
Of Chinese .. .. 108, 126
Of Race Aliens .. .. .. 108
Reception of Immigrants .. .. 110
Restriction .. .. .. 112
Imports .. .. .. 389
Beer, Spirits, and Wine .. .. 403
Per Head .. .. .. 422
Germany .. .. 397, 425
United Kingdom .. .. 391, 397
United States .. .. 397, 424
Countries .. .. .. 398
Customs Revenue .. .. 421
Per Head .. .. .. 422
Germany .. .. 397, 425
United Kingdom .. .. 391, 397
United States .. .. 397, 424
Countries .. .. .. 398
Customs Tariff .. .. 426
Germany .. .. 397, 425
United Kingdom .. .. 391, 397
United States .. .. 397, 424
Countries .. .. .. 398
Details of .. .. .. 405
Germany .. .. 397, 425
United Kingdom .. .. 391, 397
United States .. .. 397, 424
Countries .. .. .. 398
For Year ended 31st March, 1912 .. 351
Germany .. .. 397, 425
United Kingdom .. .. 391, 397
United States .. .. 397, 424
Countries .. .. .. 398
Free and Dutiable .. .. 425
Germany .. .. 397, 425
United Kingdom .. .. 391, 397
United States .. .. 397, 424
Countries .. .. .. 398
From Different Countries .. .. 391
Germany .. .. 397, 425
United Kingdom .. .. 391, 397
United States .. .. 397, 424
Countries .. .. .. 398
Into Australasia .. .. 356
Countries .. .. .. 398
Into each Port .. .. .. 390
Countries .. .. .. 398
Into each Provincial District .. 390
Countries .. .. .. 398
North and South Islands .. 389
Countries .. .. .. 398
Per Head .. .. 389
Countries .. .. .. 398
Preference to British Goods .. 423
Countries .. .. .. 398
Principal Articles (by Groups) .. 394
Countries .. .. .. 398
Principal Imports from Various
Countries .. .. .. 398
Spirits .. .. .. 403
Sugar .. .. .. .. 402
Tea .. .. .. .. 403
Tobacco .. .. .. 404
Wine .. .. .. .. 403
Income-tax .. .. .. 879
Exemption from .. .. 883
Increase of Population .. .. 105
Indebtedness of Local Bodies 312, 321
Indebtedness, Public (see also Public Debt) .. .. .. 784
Index of Mortality .. .. 157
Industrial Legislation (see also Labour
Legislation) .. .. .. 667
Industrial Life Assurance .. .. 737
Industrial Schools .. .. .. 215
Industries (see also Manufactories and Works) .. .. .. 644
Infantile Mortality .. .. 168
Causes of Deaths under One Year .. 172
and Victoria .. .. 170
Deaths under Five Years of Age .. 169
and Victoria .. .. 170
Deaths under One Year of Age .. 168
and Victoria .. .. 170
New Zealand and Four Chief Centres .. 170
and Victoria .. .. 170
New Zealand, New South Wales.
and Victoria .. .. 170
Various Countries and Cities .. 171
Infant Life Protection .. .. 172
Infectious Diseases, Prevention of .. 181
Infirmities .. .. .. 133
Inquests .. .. .. 282
Fire .. .. .. .. 283
Insanity .. .. .. 133, 190
Causes of .. .. .. 192
Instruction, Public .. .. 197
Insurance .. .. .. .. 736
Accident .. .. .. 739
Fire .. .. .. .. 743
Life .. .. .. .. 736
Ironsands and Ores .. .. 634
Islands, Adjacent, Population of .. 121
Islands, Outlying .. .. .. 16
Islington, Lord, Governor of New
Zealand .. .. .. 51

J.

Joint-stock Companies .. .. 732
Jubilee Institute for the Blind .. 217
Judges, Supreme Court .. .. 45
Retired .. .. .. 96

K.

Kauri-gum exported .. .. 373
Kermadec Islands .. .. 9, 10, 17

L.

Labour Department—
Employment Bureaux .. 110, 702
Men's .. .. .. 702
Women's .. .. .. 702
Reception of Immigrants .. 110
Labour Legislation .. .. 667
Acts in Force .. .. .. 667
Arbitration Court, Work of .. 681
Cost of Administration .. 682
Councils of Conciliation, Work of 681
Strikes and Lockouts .. .. 684
Arbitration and Conciliation .. 669
Arbitration Court, Work of .. 681
Cost of Administration .. 682
Councils of Conciliation, Work of 681
Strikes and Lockouts .. .. 684
Industrial Unions .. .. 682
Strikes and Lockouts .. .. 684
Lakes .. .. .. .. 13, 16
Lambing Averages .. .. 578
Land—
Acreage of, under Crop, &c. .. 591
Sizes of .. .. .. 563
Tenure of .. .. .. 563
Occupation of .. .. 562
Ownership of .. .. .. 566
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Fit for Agriculture and Pasture .. 8
Sizes of .. .. .. 563
Tenure of .. .. .. 563
Occupation of .. .. 562
Ownership of .. .. .. 566
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Government Valuation of .. 602
Sizes of .. .. .. 563
Tenure of .. .. .. 563
Occupation of .. .. 562
Ownership of .. .. .. 566
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Grass-sown .. .. 8, 601
Sizes of .. .. .. 563
Tenure of .. .. .. 563
Occupation of .. .. 562
Ownership of .. .. .. 566
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Holdings .. .. 562, 565
Sizes of .. .. .. 563
Tenure of .. .. .. 563
Occupation of .. .. 562
Ownership of .. .. .. 566
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Rating on Unimproved Value .. 331
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Selected during 1911-12 .. 527
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Tax .. .. .. 879
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Land Districts, Descriptions of .. 534
Land Drainage Boards, Finances of .. 315
Land-tax Assessment .. .. 879
Land Tenure and Settlement .. 505
Administration of Land Laws .. 508
mary of .. .. .. 526
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Applicants for Crown Lands .. 509
mary of .. .. .. 526
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Bush and Swamp Lands .. 517
mary of .. .. .. 526
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Classification of Lands .. .. 508
mary of .. .. .. 526
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Crown Lands Transactions, Sum-
mary of .. .. .. 526
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Crown Tenants .. .. .. 527
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Digest of Land Laws .. .. 508
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Educational Endowments .. .. 525
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Exchange of Tenure .. .. 514
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Fees payable under Land Transfer
Act .. .. .. 559
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Flax Leases .. .. .. 517
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Grazing-runs, Small .. .. 514
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Improved-farm Settlements .. 507
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Land Boards .. .. .. 508
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Land Districts .. .. .. 508
Short Descriptions .. .. 534
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Land for Settlements Estates .. 518
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Land selected, 1911-12 .. .. 527
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Land Settlement Finance Associa-
tions .. .. .. 522
List of .. .. .. 524
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Lease in Perpetuity .. .. 513
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Mode of Acquiring Crown Lands .. 510
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
National Endowments .. .. 525
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Native Lands .. .. .. 545
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Optional System of Selection of
Crown Lands .. .. 510
Years .. .. .. 531
Pastoral Runs .. .. .. 515
Years .. .. .. 531
Residence and improvements .. 511
Years .. .. .. 531
Selections, Number and Area, Ten
Years .. .. .. 531
Small-farm Associations .. .. 506
Small Grazing-runs .. .. 514
Special-settlement Associations .. 513
Transfers, &c. .. .. .. 512
Village Settlements .. 507, 514
Wood-pulp Industry .. .. 517
Land Transfer and Deeds Registration 555
Business transacted .. .. 561
Fees Payable .. .. .. 559
Regulations re .. .. .. 560
Land, Valuation of .. .. 602
In Boroughs .. .. .. 617
In Counties .. .. .. 612
In Dominion .. .. .. 609
In North and South Islands .. 609
In Town Districts .. .. 622
Law and Crime .. .. .. 254
Bankruptcy .. .. .. 255
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Court of Appeal .. .. 255
Criminal Cases .. .. .. 261
Divorce .. .. .. 257
Drunkenness .. .. .. 267
Expenditure on Prisons and Prisoners 282
Fire Inquests .. .. .. 283
First Offenders' Probation .. 278
Gaming and Lotteries .. .. 283
Habitual Criminals .. .. 279
Inquests .. .. .. 282
Maoris, Crime amongst .. .. 272
New-Zealand-born, Crime amongst 265
New-Zealand-born Prisoners .. 277
Police Force .. .. .. 260
Prisons and Prisoners .. .. 273
Prisons Board .. .. .. 281
Reformative Detention .. .. 279
Totalizator, The .. .. 284
Tree-planting by Prisoners .. 281
Lease in Perpetuity .. .. 513
Lease, Renewable .. .. 511
Leases, Flax .. .. .. 517
Leases, Transfers, &c. .. .. 512
Legislation Passed, 1912 .. .. 919
Legislative Council .. .. 52
Roll of Members .. .. 53
Successive Speakers .. .. 50
Legitimate Births and Birth-rates .. 142
Legitimation Act .. .. 145
Letters posted .. .. .. 500
Libraries, Subsidies to .. .. 246
Licensed Houses .. .. .. 300
Licenses and Local Option .. .. 300
Licenses, Bottle, discontinued .. 304
Licenses, Publicans .. .. 300
Annual Fees .. .. .. 301
Cancellation of .. .. .. 267
Number and Fees paid .. .. 301
Proportion to Population .. 301
Revenue from .. .. .. 301
Licensing Laws .. .. 267, 300
Breaches of .. .. 267, 302
Life, Expectation of .. .. 160
Life Insurance .. .. .. 736
Foreign Companies Deposit .. 745
Industrial .. .. .. 737
Ordinary .. .. .. 737
Societies in New Zealand .. .. 736
Lighthouses .. .. .. 494
Lincoln Agricultural College .. 221
Linseed .. .. .. .. 824
List, Official .. .. .. 60
List of Newspapers .. .. 98
Live-stock .. .. .. 567
Angora Goats .. .. .. 586
Average Prices of .. .. 753
Bee-farming .. .. .. 587
Cattle .. .. .. 581
Horses .. .. .. 584
In Australasia .. .. .. 568
In each County .. .. 568
Pigs .. .. .. 586
Poultry .. .. .. 586
Sheep .. .. .. 575
Loans of General Government .. 784
Loans of Local Bodies .. 312, 320
Local Bodies .. .. .. 310
Finances of .. .. .. 312
Indebtedness of .. .. 312, 321
Local Bodies' Loans Act .. 322
Municipal Franchise .. .. 324
Rates collected .. 312, 335
Rating on Unimproved Value .. 331
Rating Powers of .. .. 326
Subsidies to .. .. .. 325
Superannuation Funds .. 324, 905
Taxation by .. .. 313, 782
Local Option .. .. .. 302
Poll, 1911 .. .. .. 304
Lockouts .. .. .. 700
Lotteries, Gaming and .. .. 283
Lucerne .. .. .. 824
Lunacy .. .. .. 133
Lyttelton Dock and Patent Slip .. 477

M.

Mackenzie Ministry .. .. 51
Magistrates' Courts .. 254, 261
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. .. 261
Mail-services with England, Cost of .. 501
Maize .. .. .. .. 598
Male and Female Death-rates .. 155
Mangaia Island .. .. 10, 18, 908
Manihiki Island .. .. 10, 18, 912
Manual and Technical Education .. 220
Manufactories and Works .. .. 644
Ages of Industries .. .. 661
Females .. .. .. 645
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Average Wages paid, Males and
Females .. .. .. 645
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Capital of Registered Companies .. 664
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Character of Organization .. 666
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Comparison, 1906 and 1911 .. 644
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Increase in Value of Output .. 646
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Motive Power employed .. .. 661
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Principal Industries, Details of .. 650
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Principal Industries, Hands em-
ployed, Four Censuses .. 659
Manufactories and Works—continued.
Principal Industries, Value of Output.
Five Censuses .. .. 658
Provincial Districts, Industries in .. 647
Summarized Results, Remarks on .. 644
Value of Materials operated on .. 651
Manuring .. .. .. 815
Maori Lands (see Native Lands) .. 545
Maoris—
Children attending Schools .. 212
Crime amongst .. .. .. 272
Distribution of .. .. 124
Half-castes .. .. .. 123
Insane .. .. .. 191
Marriages of .. .. .. 150
Population .. .. .. 122
Representation .. .. 7, 289, 298
Schools for .. .. .. 212
Maoris, The .. .. .. 4
Marine Fish-hatchery .. .. 857
Mark Signatures of Persons married .. 153
Marlborough Land District .. .. 538
Marriages .. .. .. 147
Ages at which Marriages may be
contracted .. .. .. 152
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Ages of Persons Married .. .. 151
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Condition of Contracting Parties .. 149
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Denomination of Ministers officiating 154
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Mark Signatures .. .. .. 153
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Mean Ages at Marriage .. .. 152
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Occupations of Bridegrooms .. 153
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Officiating Ministers, List of .. 154
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Of Maoris .. .. .. 150
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Percentage of Minors .. .. 152
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Rates .. .. .. .. 148
In Various Countries .. .. 149
Massey Ministry. (See Addenda.).
Maternity Homes .. .. .. 188
Maturity of Loans, Dates of .. 791
Mauke Island .. .. 10, 18, 909
Meat, Frozen, Export of .. .. 370
Medicine, School of, Otago .. .. 189
Members of House of Representatives 54
Members of Legislative Council .. 53
Mental Defectives .. .. .. 133
Law re .. .. .. .. 194
Mental Hospitals .. .. .. 190
Accommodation .. .. .. 193
Admissions .. .. .. 190
Expenditure .. .. .. 192
First Admissions .. .. 190
Maori Patients .. .. .. 191
Patients discharged or died .. 191
Patients at End of 1911 .. .. 191
Private Establishment .. .. 193
Sales of Produce .. .. 192
Meteorology .. .. .. 27
Methodist Church .. .. .. 97
Midwives, Registration of .. .. 189
Migration .. .. 105, 107
Increase by .. .. .. 105
Milk .. .. .. .. 835
Average Yield of Butter from .. 835
Average Yield per Cow .. .. 835
Testing of Yields .. .. 842
Milling-timber, Amount remaining .. 848
Mineral Waters .. .. .. 859
Mines and Minerals .. .. 623
Cinnabar .. .. .. 635
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Coal .. .. .. .. 630
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Economic Geology .. .. 638
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Gold .. .. .. .. 624
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Ironsands and Ores .. .. 634
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Kauri-gum .. .. .. 636
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Mineral Oil .. .. .. 635
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Mineral Production of Australasia .. 624
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Mineral Production since 1853 .. 623
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Phosphate Rock .. .. 636
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Prospecting .. .. .. 637
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Quartz .. .. .. 626
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Scheelite .. .. .. 634
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Schools of Mines .. 221, 636
Examinations .. .. 637
Accounts .. .. .. 775
State Coal-mines .. .. 632
Accounts .. .. .. 775
Ministers, Officiating, of each Denomination .. .. .. 154
Marriages by .. .. .. 154
Ministries, Successive .. .. 49
Ministry, Present (Addenda).
Minors, Provisions re Marriage of .. 147
Mitiaro Island .. .. 10, 18, 912
Moisture, Conservation of .. .. 827
Money-orders issued and paid .. 501
Mortality, Index of .. .. 157
Mortality, Infantile .. .. 168
Mortgages .. .. .. 734
Discharged .. .. .. 734
At Various Rates of Interest .. 735
Registered .. .. .. 734
At Various Rates of Interest .. 735
Motive Power .. .. .. 661
Mountains .. .. .. 13
Muncipal Franchise .. .. 324
Mutton consumed and exported .. 577

N.

National Endowments .. .. 525
National Prohibition .. .. 303
Result of Poll .. .. .. 307
National Provident Fund .. .. 899
National Restoration .. .. 303
National Scholarships .. .. 242
Native Land Act, 1909 .. .. 550
Marriages under Section 191 (1) (b) 150
Native Lands .. .. .. 545
Acts affecting .. .. 550, 553
Alienation and Settlement of .. 550
Ancient System of Tenure .. 545
Maori Land Boards .. .. 551
Native Land Act, 1909 .. .. 550
Native Land Courts .. .. 551
Native Townships Act .. .. 553
Purchase by Government .. 548
Thermal Springs Districts Act .. 553
Value of, 31st March, 1911 .. 752
Native Schools .. .. .. 212
Native Townships Act, 1910 .. 553
Natural Increase of Population .. 105
Naturalization .. .. .. 129
Nelson Land District .. .. 538
Newspapers .. .. .. 98
Posted .. .. .. 500
New-Zealand-born, Crime amongst .. 265
New Zealand Produce exported .. 364
Niue, Island of .. .. 10, 18, 914
Trade of .. .. .. 918
No-License Districts, Voting in 305, 309
North Island, Physical Features of .. 12
Notification of Births .. .. 172
Nurses and Midwives. Registration of 189

O.

Oats .. .. .. .. 598
Crop of Australasia .. .. 598
Exported .. .. .. 372
Occupation of Land .. .. 562
Occupations of Bridegrooms .. 153
Occupations of M.P.s .. .. 296
Occupation with Right of Purchase .. 510
Office, Colonial .. .. .. 56
Officers of Government Departments .. 60
Official List .. .. .. 60
Index to .. .. .. 59
Official Section .. .. .. 43
Officiating Ministers .. .. 154
Old-age Pensions .. .. .. 891
Opium Prohibition .. .. 467
Optional System of selecting Land .. 510
Orchards .. .. .. 600
Orphanages .. .. .. 190
Orphanhood of Children .. .. 167
Otago Fiords .. .. .. 8
Otago Graving-docks .. .. 479
Otago Land District .. .. 542
Otekaike Special School .. .. 219
Outlying Islands .. .. .. 16
Oversea Shipping .. .. .. 468
Ownership of Land .. .. 566

P.

Pacific Cable .. .. .. 504
Palmerston Island .. 10, 18, 912
Parcels Post .. .. .. 500
Value of Imports by .. .. 501
Parliament, Members of .. .. 54
Parliaments, Successive .. .. 47
Passages at Reduced Rates for Immigrants .. .. .. 109
Passengers, Railway .. .. 497
Pastoral Runs .. .. .. 515
Pastures, Improving of .. .. 826
Patent Slips .. .. .. 475
Pensions, Old-age .. .. .. 891
Pensions, Widows .. .. 897
Phormium Fibre exported .. .. 373
Phosphate Rock .. .. .. 636
Phthisis, Deaths from .. .. 175
Ages Table .. .. .. 176
Decennial Table .. .. 176
Rates, Various Countries .. .. 177
Physical Features .. .. .. 12
North Island .. .. .. 12
South Island .. .. .. 14
Pigs .. .. .. 586, 836
In Counties .. .. .. 569
In Provincial Districts .. .. 586
Slaughtered for Food .. .. 586
Pilotage, Port Charges, &c. .. 480
Plantations, &c., Acreage in .. 600
Plural Births .. .. .. 144
Police .. .. .. .. 260
Police Provident Fund .. .. 902
Population .. .. .. 104
Alien .. .. .. 108
Arrivals and Departures .. .. 107
Census, 1911 .. .. .. 112
Chinese .. .. .. 125
Cook and other Islands .. .. 124
European, Census, 1911 .. 112
Half-caste .. .. .. 123
Immigration Restriction .. .. 112
Increase at Successive Censuses .. 114
Increase by Migration .. .. 105
Increase in each Quarter, 1902-11 105
Maori .. .. .. 122
Natural Increase .. .. 105
Naturalization .. .. .. 129
Of adjacent Islands .. .. 121
Of Boroughs .. .. .. 118
Of Chief Cities and Suburbs .. 119
Of Counties .. .. .. 116
Of North and South Islands .. 115
Of Provincial Districts .. .. 116
Of Town Districts .. .. 121
Of Towns of over 8,000 with Suburbs 120
Port Charges, Pilotage, &c. .. .. 480
Portobello Marine Fish-hatchery .. 857
Postal—
Articles posted and delivered .. 500
tion .. .. .. 500
Letters, &c., per Head of Popula-
tion .. .. .. 500
Mail-services .. .. .. 501
Money-orders and Postal-notes .. 501
Parcels received and despatched .. 500
Post-offices, Number of .. 500
Potatoes .. .. 599, 819
Cost of Growing .. .. 819
Cultivation .. .. .. 819
Yield of .. .. .. 599
Yield of, Australasia .. .. 599
Poultry-farming .. .. 586, 837
Preferential Tariff .. .. 423
Premiers of Successive Ministries .. 49
Presbyterian Church .. .. 96
Prices and Wages .. .. .. 752
Prices of Stock .. .. .. 796
Primitive Methodist Connexion .. 97
Principal Events, Dates of .. ..
Prisoners .. .. .. 273
New-Zealand-born .. .. 277
Tree-planting by .. .. 281
Prisons and Prisoners .. .. 273
Prisons Board .. .. .. 281
Private Hospitals .. .. .. 188
Private Registered Companies, Capital of .. .. .. .. 664
Private Schools .. .. .. 210
Private Wealth .. .. .. 750
Probation Act, First Offenders' .. 278
Production, Value of .. .. 752
Progress, Fifty Years' .. .. 798
Prohibition, National .. .. 303
Prohibition, Opium .. .. 467
Prospects of Small Farmers .. 839
Protection of Infant Life .. .. 172
Publicans' Licenses .. .. 300
Public Debt .. .. .. 784
Allocation of .. .. .. 785
Since 1891 .. .. .. 788
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Allocation of Loans raised, 1911-12 788
Since 1891 .. .. .. 788
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Comparison with Past Years .. 787
Since 1891 .. .. .. 788
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Dates of Maturity .. .. 791
Since 1891 .. .. .. 788
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Extinction Fund .. .. 795
Since 1891 .. .. .. 788
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Flotation of Loans .. .. 790
Since 1891 .. .. .. 788
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Increase of .. .. .. 788
Since 1891 .. .. .. 788
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Interest on .. .. .. 791
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Loans Maturing, 1912-13 .. 791
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Net Indebtedness .. .. 787
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Of Australasia .. .. .. 796
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Sinking Funds .. .. .. 793
Public Debt Extinction .. 795
Securities in which invested .. 794
Stock, Character of .. .. 790
Stock Quotations .. .. 796
Where raised .. .. .. 790
Public Health .. .. .. 181
Public Instruction .. .. 197
Public Libraries, Subsidies to .. 246
Public Property, Value of .. .. 751
Public Service Classification .. 93
Personnel of Board .. .. 93
Public Service Superannuation 92, 901
Personnel of Board .. .. 92
Public Trust Office .. .. 745
Branches and Agencies .. .. 749
Charges .. .. .. 747
Constitution and Objects .. 745
Funds Guaranteed by State .. 746
Investment of Funds .. .. 749
Number and Value of Estates .. 749
Safe deposits .. .. .. 748
Security .. .. .. 746
Pukapuka Island .. .. 10, 18, 914
Pulse exported .. .. .. 371
Purchase of Estates by Government .. 518
Purchase of Native Lands by Government .. .. .. 548

Q.

Qualifications of M.L.C.s .. .. 52
Qualifications of M.P.s .. .. 54
Quarantine .. .. 181, 473
Quarterly Increases of Population .. 105
Quorum, House of Representatives .. 54
Quorum, Legislative Council .. 53
Quotations, New Zealand Stock .. 796

R.

Rabbits, Frozen, Export of .. 370
Rabbit-skins, Export of .. .. 369
Radio-telegraph .. .. .. 502
Railways .. .. .. .. 496
Australasian, Statistics of .. 499
Years .. .. .. 497
Goods and Live-stock carried .. 497
Years .. .. .. 497
Particulars of Revenue .. .. 498
Years .. .. .. 497
Passengers .. .. .. 497
Years .. .. .. 497
Profit on Working .. .. 498
Years .. .. .. 497
Revenue and Expenditure .. 498
Years .. .. .. 497
Superannuation Fund for Employees 904
Years .. .. .. 497
Traffic in Local Products, Twenty
Years .. .. .. 497
Train-miles run .. .. 497
Rainfall .. .. .. .. 30
Figures for 1911 .. .. 36
Rakaanga Island .. .. 10, 18, 913
Rape and Turnips, Acres under .. 600
Rarotonga Island .. .. 10, 18, 908
Rates collected by Local Bodies 312, 335
Rating Amendment Act, 1910 .. 553
Rating on Unimproved Value .. 331
Result of Polls by Local Bodies .. 333
Rating Powers of Local Authorities .. 326
Reception of Immigrants .. .. 110
Reciprocity .. .. .. 357
With South Africa .. 464, 467
Reduced Passages for Immigrants .. 109
Re-exports .. .. .. 363
Reformative Detention .. .. 279
Registered Companies, Capital of .. 664
Register of Newspapers .. .. 98
Registrars, Marriages before .. 154
Registration of Births, &c. .. .. 136
Registration of Deeds .. .. 555
Registration of Nurses and Midwives 189
Religion .. .. .. .. 132
Religious Denominations .. .. 96
Marriages by Ministers of .. 154
Renewable Leases .. .. 511
Rents in certain Boroughs .. 759
Representation .. .. .. 287
Electoral Law .. .. .. 288
General Election of 1911 .. 290
Maori Elections .. .. 298
Second Ballot .. .. .. 289
Women's Franchise .. .. 6
Residence of Crown Tenants ..
Restoration, National .. .. 303
Restoration, Voting on, in No-License Districts .. .. .. 305
Restriction, Immigration .. .. 112
Retired Judges of Supreme Court .. 96
Revenue, Customs .. .. 421
Revenue, Public (see also Finance.
Public) .. .. .. 761
Rifle Clubs .. .. .. 252
River Boards, Finances of .. .. 315
Rivers .. .. 14, 16
Road Boards, Finances of .. .. 315
Roll of M.L.C.s .. .. .. 53
Roll of M.P.s .. .. .. 54
Roman Catholic Church .. .. 97
Bishops of .. .. .. 96
Roman Catholic Schools .. .. 210
Root-crops .. .. 599, 819
Rotorua and Thermal Springs District 13

S.

Sale of Food and Drugs .. .. 182
Salmon: Acclimatization of .. 857
Salvation Army Homes .. .. 189
Sanitation .. .. .. 181
Savage or Niue Island .. 10, 18, 914
Trade of .. .. .. 918
Savings-banks .. .. .. 726
Post-office .. .. .. 726
Securities .. .. .. 727
Private .. .. .. 730
Scheelite .. .. .. 634
Scholarships .. .. .. 240
School Journal .. .. .. 198
Schools (see also Education) .. 199
Secondary Education .. .. 229
Free .. .. .. 235
Second Ballot .. .. .. 289
Settlement, Early .. .. .. 2
Settlement, Lands for .. .. 518
Acquisition of Estates .. .. 521
Process of .. .. .. 519
Preference to Landless Applicants, &c. 520
Transactions of Board .. .. 520
Settlers, Advances to .. .. 703
Sexes of Children born .. .. 143
Sexes of Public-school Children .. 201
Sexes, Proportion of .. .. 114
Sheep .. .. .. 575, 831
Flocks, Number and Size of .. 576
Flocks of the World .. .. 579
In Australasia .. .. .. 579
In Counties .. .. .. 569
In North and South Islands .. 575
In Provincial Districts .. .. 575
Slaughtered for Food .. .. 577
Sheep-farming .. .. 575, 831
Breeding-ewes .. .. .. 578
Breeds .. .. .. 576
Clips, Average Weight of .. .. 832
Lambing Averages .. .. 578
New Zealand Flock-book .. 832
Sheep-skins and Pelts, Export of .. 369
Shipping .. .. .. .. 468
Coastwise .. .. .. 472
Oversea .. .. .. 468
At Various Ports .. .. 471
Inwards and Outwards, Ten Years 469
With Various Countries .. .. 470
Registered Vessels .. .. 473
Shipwrecked Mariners, Depots for .. 474
Signatures, Mark, of Persons Married 153
Silver .. .. .. .. 623
Sinking Funds .. .. .. 793
Accrued .. .. .. 793
Contributions to Fund .. .. 795
Public Debt Extinction .. .. 795
Contributions to Fund .. .. 795
Securities of .. .. .. 794
Sitting-days, House of Representatives 54
Sitting-days, Legislative Council .. 53
Skimming-stations .. .. .. 584
Slaughter of Animals for Food—
Cattle .. .. .. .. 582
Pigs .. .. .. .. 586
Sheep and Lambs .. .. 577
Slips, Patent .. .. .. 475
Sly-grog Selling .. .. .. 302
Small Farmers, Prospects of .. 839
Small Grazing-runs .. .. 514
Sounds, West Coast .. .. 15
South Africa, Reciprocity with 357, 464, 467
Southern Alps .. .. .. 14
South Island, Physical Features of .. 14
Southland Land District .. .. 543
Sown Grasses, Extent of .. .. 601
In Counties .. .. .. 592
New Zealand, compared with Australia 601
Speakers, House of Representatives .. 50
Speakers, Legislative Council .. 50
Special Schools .. .. .. 214
Special-settlement Associations .. 513
Spinsters and Bachelors in Dominion 150
Spirits. Consumption per Head 271, 403
Springs, Mineral, Analyses of .. 859
Springs, Thermal .. .. 13, 859
State Afforestation .. .. 844
State Aid to Settlers and Workers .. 703
State Coal-mines .. .. .. 632
Accounts of Mines and Depots .. 775
State-guaranteed Advances .. .. 703
State Instruction (see also Education) 195
State Insurance .. .. .. 736
Accident .. .. .. 741
Fire .. .. .. .. 743
Life .. .. .. .. 736
Statistical View of Fifty Years' Progress 798
Stewart Island .. .. .. 9, 16
St. Helens Hospitals .. .. 188
Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts 254, 261
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. .. 261
Stock (see also Live-stock) .. .. 567
Stock, Character of .. .. 790
Stock, Quotations for .. .. 796
Stratigraphy .. .. .. 19
Strikes, Summary of .. .. 684
Subsidies to Local Authorities .. 325
Subsidies to Public Libraries .. 246
Succession Duty .. .. .. 782
Sugar imported and consumed .. 402
Summary Convictions .. .. 261
Summary of Legislation, 1912 .. 919
Sumner School for Deaf .. .. 218
Sunshine at Various Stations, 1911 .. 27
Superannuation .. .. .. 901
Local Bodies .. .. 324, 905
Public Service .. .. 92, 901
Railway .. .. .. 904
Teachers' .. .. 205, 902
Supreme Court .. .. 254, 265
Civil Cases .. .. .. 254
Criminal Cases .. .. .. 265
Judges, past and present .. 45
Surtax under Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1909 .. .. 422
Suwarrow Island .. .. 10, 18, 913
Swamp and Bush Lands, Settlement of 517

T.

Table Waters .. .. .. 877
Takutea Island .. .. 10, 912
Tallow exported .. .. .. 370
Taranaki Land District .. .. 535
Tariff, Customs .. .. .. 426
Preferential .. .. .. 423
Taxation by General Government .. 778
Customs and Excise Duties .. 779
Classification of .. .. 779
Absentee .. .. .. 886
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Death Duties .. .. .. 781
Absentee .. .. .. 886
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Direct .. .. .. 780
Absentee .. .. .. 886
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Income-tax .. .. .. 880
Absentee .. .. .. 886
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Indirect .. .. .. 779
Absentee .. .. .. 886
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Land-tax .. .. .. 883
Absentee .. .. .. 886
Graduated .. .. .. 886
Per Head .. .. .. 763
Taxation by Local Bodies .. 313, 782
Teachers, Public-school .. .. 202
Superannuation of .. 205, 902
Training of .. .. .. 203
Tea, imported and consumed .. 403
Technical Education .. .. 220
Telegraphs and Telephones .. .. 502
Telegraph, Wireless .. .. 502
Temperature .. .. .. 28
Of Places in Various Countries .. 29
Tenure of Crown Lands, Exchange of .. 514
Tenure of Occupied Lands .. .. 563
Tenures under Land Act .. .. 510
Territorial Forces .. .. .. 247
Thermal Springs .. .. 13, 859
Thermal Springs Districts Act .. 553
Timber—
Demand for .. .. .. 847
Estimated Amount in Forests .. 848
Export Duty on .. .. 466
Principal Trees .. .. .. 844
State Afforestation .. .. 844
Tobacco imported and consumed .. 404
Customs and Excise Duties on .. 423
Tongareva Island .. .. 10, 18, 911
Tongariro Mountain .. .. 13
Totalizator, The .. .. .. 284
Town Districts—
Finances of .. .. .. 315
Population of .. .. .. 121
Rates collected .. .. .. 349
Receipts from Government .. 314
Value of Property .. .. 622
Trade (see also Imports and Exports) 351
Australasia .. .. .. 356
External .. .. .. 356
With United Kingdom .. .. 356
Cook and other Islands .. 386, 420, 917
Preferential .. .. .. 423
Reciprocity .. .. .. 357
With South Africa, Tables of Duties .. .. .. 464, 467
Per Head, Twenty-five Years .. 353
Total Trade .. .. .. 351
Per Head, Twenty-five Years .. 353
With Various Countries .. .. 354
Trade Commissioners .. .. 57
Trade Correspondents, Imperial .. 57
Tramway Boards, Finances of .. 315
Transport and Communication .. 468
Depots for Shipwrecked Mariners .. 474
Graving-docks and Patent Slips .. 475
Harbours, Port Charges, &c. .. 480
Lighthouses .. .. .. 494
Postal and Telegraphic .. .. 500
Railways .. .. .. 496
Shipping .. .. .. 468
Treaty of Waitangi .. .. 3
Tree-planting .. .. .. 844
By Prisoners .. .. .. 281
Turnips, Acreage under .. .. 600
Twins and Triplets born .. .. 144

U.

Unimproved Value, Rating on .. 331
United States, Imports from 397, 424
University of New Zealand .. 243
Senate of .. .. .. 245
Students .. .. .. 245
Undergraduates .. .. 245

V.

Vaccination .. .. .. 146
Exemption from .. .. 146
Valuation of Land .. .. 602
Vessels entered and cleared .. 469
Vessels registered .. .. 473
Village Settlements .. .. 514
Violence, Deaths from .. .. 179
Visits of Explorers .. .. 1
Vital Statistics .. .. .. 136
Births .. .. .. 137
Deaths .. .. .. 154
Marriages .. .. .. 147
Volcanoes .. .. .. 13
Votes recorded at General Elections .. 297

W.

Waters, Mineral, Analyses of .. 859
Water-supply Boards, Finances of .. 315
Wealth, Public and Private .. 750
Wellington Land District .. .. 537
Wellington Patent Slip .. .. 477
Westland Land District .. .. 539
Whaling .. .. .. 857
Wharfage Rates .. .. .. 487
Wheat .. .. .. 596, 814
Acreage and Yield .. .. 589
Ten Years .. .. .. 590
Various Countries .. .. 598
Consumption of .. .. 597
Various Countries .. .. 598
Crops of Australian States .. 596
Crops of the World .. .. 596
Cultivation of .. .. .. 817
Export of .. .. .. 371
Seed sown per Acre .. .. 817
Time of Cutting .. .. 817
Varieties of .. .. .. 817
Wages and Prices .. .. .. 752
Waitangi, Treaty of .. .. 3
Widows Pensions .. .. .. 897
Winds .. .. .. 33
Wine, Consumption of, per Head 271, 403
Winter Oats .. .. .. 824
Wireless Telegraphy .. .. 502
Women, Deaths of, in Childbirth .. 179
Women's Branch, Labour Department 702
Women's Franchise .. .. 6
Wood-pulp Industry .. .. 517
Wool .. .. .. 579
Exported .. .. .. 368
Greasy, Scoured, and Washed .. 368
Prices of .. .. .. 581
Produced, Twenty Years .. 368
Remarks on Clip, 1911-12 .. 579
Used at Local Mills .. .. 368
Used for Manufacturing Purposes .. 581
Workers, Advances to .. .. 715
Workers' Compensation .. 674, 741
Workers' Dwellings .. 525, 719