THE NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR-BOOK, 1902


Table of Contents

PREFACE.

THE eleventh issue of the New Zealand Official Year-book is presented.

. has been enlarged, and a large amount of information taken from the compiled results of the Census of 1901 is introduced. Section I. deals with manufactories and works, including the great primary industries of the colony, such as meat-freezing establishments and dairy factories.

Short descriptions of the South Pacific islands lying within the boundaries of annexation will be found in .

The system of publishing portions of the book in pamphlets as “Advance Sheets” has been continued, for the purpose of supplying information early, in small quantities at a time.

E. J. VON DADELSZEN.

Registrar-General's Office,
Wellington, N.Z., 26th August, 1902.

ERRATA.

On page 28.—Spain, delete “Acting Vice-Consul, Thomas Jamieson.”

On page 33.—Last line but one, for “fourteen” read “five.”

On page 121.—First paragraph, last line, for “1890.” read “1900.”

PART I.—INTRODUCTORY: OFFICIAL.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. NEW ZEALAND.

THE Colony of New Zealand consists of three main islands, with several groups of smaller islands lying at some distance from the principal group. The main islands, known as the North, the Middle, and Stewart Islands, have a coast-line 4,330 miles in length—North Island, 2,200 miles; Middle Island, 2,000 miles; and Stewart Island, 130 miles. Other islands included within the colony are the Chatham, Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes, Bounty, and Kermadec Islands. The annexation of the Cook or Hervey Group and sundry other islands has recently necessitated an enlargement of the boundaries of the colony, which will be specially treated of further on.

New Zealand is mountainous in many parts, but has, nevertheless, large plains in both North and Middle Islands. In the North Island, which is highly volcanic, is situated the famous Thermal-Springs District, of which a special account will be given. The Middle Island is remarkable for its lofty mountains, with their magnificent glaciers, and for the deep sounds or fiords on the western coast.

New Zealand is firstly a pastoral, and secondly an agricultural country. Sown grasses are grown almost everywhere, the extent of land laid down being more than eleven millions of acres. The soil is admirably adapted for receiving these grasses, and, after the bush has been burnt off, is mostly sown over without previous ploughing. In the Middle Island a large area is covered with native grasses, all used for grazing purposes. The large extent of good grazing-land has made the colony a great wool and meat-producing country; and its agricultural capabilities are, speaking generally, very considerable. The abundance of water and the quantity of valuable timber are other natural advantages.

New Zealand is, besides, a mining country. Large deposits of coal are met with, chiefly on the west coast of the Middle Island. Gold, alluvial and in quartz, is found in both islands, the yield having been over fifty-nine millions sterling in value to the present time. Full statistical information on this subject is given further on, compiled up to the latest dates.

DISCOVERY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT.

The first authentic account of the discovery of New Zealand is that given by Abel Jansen Tasman, the Dutch navigator. He left Batavia on the 14th August, 1642, in the yacht “Heemskirk,” accompanied by the “Zeehaen” (or “Sea-hen”) fly-boat. After having visited Mauritius, and discovered Tasmania, named by him “Van Diemen's Land,” in honour of Anthony van Diemen, Governor of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, he steered eastward, and on the 13th December of the same year sighted the west coast of the Middle Island of New Zealand, described by him as “a high mountainous country, which is at present marked in the charts as New Zealand.”

Tasman, under the belief that the land he saw belonged to a great polar continent, and was part of the country discovered some years before by Schouten and Le Maire, to which the name of Staaten Land had been given, gave the same name of Staaten Land to New Zealand; but within about three months afterwards Schouten's “Staaten Land” was found to be merely an inconsiderable island. Upon this discovery being announced, the country that Tasman had called Staaten Land received again the name of “New Zealand,” by which it has ever since been known. Tasman sailed along the coast to a bay, where he anchored. To this he gave the name of Murderers (now Massacre) Bay, on account of an unprovoked attack on a boat's crew by the natives, and the massacre of four white men. Thence he steered along the west coast of the North Island, and gave the name of Cape Maria van Diemen to the north-western extremity thereof. After sighting the islands of the Three Kings he finally departed, not having set foot in the country.

There is no record of any visit to New Zealand after Tasman's departure until the time of Captain Cook, who, after leaving the Society Islands, sailed in search of a southern continent then believed to exist. He sighted land on the 6th October, 1769, at Young Nick's Head, and on the 8th of that month cast anchor in Poverty Bay. After having coasted round the North Island and the Middle and Stewart Islands—which last he mistook for part of the Middle Island—he took his departure from Cape Farewell on the 31st March, 1770, for Australia. He visited New Zealand again in 1773, in 1774, and in 1777.

M. de Surville, a French officer in command of the vessel “Saint Jean Baptiste,” while on a voyage of discovery, sighted the northeast coast of New Zealand on the 12th December, 1769, and remained for a short time. A visit was soon after paid by another French officer, M. Marion du Fresne, who arrived on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand on the 24th March, 1772, but was, on the 12th June following, treacherously murdered at the Bay of Islands by the Natives.

In 1793 the “Dædalus,” under the command of Lieutenant Hanson, was sent by the Government of New South Wales to New Zealand, and two chiefs were taken thence to Norfolk Island. There was after this an occasional intercourse between the islands of New Zealand and the English settlements in New South Wales.

In 1814 the first missionaries arrived in New Zealand—Messrs. Hall and Kendall — who had been sent as forerunners by Mr. Marsden, chaplain to the New South Wales Government. After a short stay they returned to New South Wales, and on the 19th November of that year again embarked in company with Mr. Marsden, who preached his first sermon in New Zealand on Christmas Day, 1814. He returned to Sydney on the 23rd March, 1815, leaving Messrs. Hall and Kendall, who formed the first mission station at Rangihoua, Bay of Islands, under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. Six years later, in 1821, the work of evangelization was put on a more durable basis; but the first station of the Wesleyan mission, established by Mr. Leigh and his wife, at the valley of the Kaeo, Whangaroa, was not taken possession of until the 10th June, 1823.

COLONISATION.

The first attempt at colonisation was made in 1825 by a company formed in London. An expedition was sent out under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf and a strip of land at Hokianga. The attempt, however, was a failure, owing to the savage character of the inhabitants. In consequence of frequent visits of whaling-vessels to the Bay of Islands, a settlement grew up at Kororareka — now called Russell—and in 1833 Mr. Busby was appointed British Resident there. A number of Europeans—generally men of low character—gradually settled in different parts of the country, and married Native women.

In 1838 a colonisation company, known as the New Zealand Company, was formed to establish settlement on systematic principles. A preliminary expedition, under the command of Colonel William Wakefield, was despatched from England on the 12th May, 1839, and arrived in New Zealand in the following August. Having purchased land from the Natives, Colonel Wakefield selected the shore of Port Nicholson, in Cook Strait, as the site of the first settlement. On the 22nd January, 1840, the first body of immigrants arrived, and founded the town of Wellington. About the same time — namely, on the 29th January, 1840 — Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands, empowered, with the consent of the Natives, to proclaim the sovereignty of Queen Victoria over the islands of New Zealand, and to assume the government thereof. A compact called “The Treaty of Waitangi,” to which in less than six months five hundred and twelve names were affixed, was entered into, whereby all rights and powers of sovereignty were ceded to the Queen, all territorial rights being secured to the chiefs and their tribes. New Zealand was then constituted a dependency of the Colony of New South Wales, but on the 3rd May, 1841, was proclaimed a separate colony. The seat of Government had been previously established at Waitemata (Auckland), round which a settlement was formed.

The New Zealand Company having decided to form another settlement, to which the name of “Nelson” was to be given, despatched a preliminary expedition from England in April, 1841, for the purpose of selecting a site. The spot chosen was the head of Blind Bay, where a settlement was established. About the same time a number of pioneers arrived in Taranaki, despatched thither by the New Plymouth Company, a colonising society which had been formed in England, and had bought 50,000 acres of land from the New Zealand Company.

The next important event in the progress of colonisation was the arrival at Port Chalmers, on the 23rd March, 1848, of the first of two emigrant ships sent out by the Otago Association for the foundation of a settlement by persons belonging to or in sympathy with the Free Church of Scotland.

In 1849 the “Canterbury Association for founding a Settlement in New Zealand” was incorporated. On the 16th December, 1850, the first emigrant ship despatched by the association arrived at Port Cooper, and the work of opening up the adjoining country was set about in a systematic fashion, the intention of the promoters being to establish a settlement complete in itself, and composed entirely of members of the then United Church of England and Ireland.

THE MAORIS.

Prior to the colonisation of New Zealand by Europeans, the earliest navigators and explorers found a race of people already inhabiting both islands. Papers written in 1874 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Fox, and Sir Donald McLean, then Native Minister, state that at what time the discovery of these islands was made by the Maoris, or from what place they came, are matters of tradition only, and that much has been lost in the obscurity enveloping the history of a people without letters. Nor is there anything on record respecting the origin of the Maori people themselves, beyond the general tradition of the Polynesian race, which seems to show a series of successive migrations from west to east, probably by way of Malaysia to the Pacific. Little more can now be gathered from their traditions than that they were immigrants, and that they probably found inhabitants on the east coast of the North Island belonging to the same race as themselves—the descendants of a prior migration, whose history is lost. The tradition runs that, generations ago, the Maoris dwelt in a country named Hawaiki, and that one of their chiefs, after a long voyage, reached the northern island of New Zealand. Returning to his home with a flattering description of the country he had discovered, this chief, it is said, persuaded a number of his kinsfolk and friends, who were much harassed by war, to set out with a fleet of double canoes for the new land. The names of most of the canoes are still remembered, and each tribe agrees in its account of the doings of the people of the principal canoes after their arrival in New Zealand; and from these traditional accounts the descent of the numerous tribes has been traced. Calculations, based on the genealogical staves kept by the tohungas, or priests, and on the well-authenticated traditions of the people, indicate that about twenty-one generations have passed since the migration, which may therefore be assumed to have taken place about five hundred and twenty-five years ago. The position of the legendary Hawaiki is unknown, but many places in the South Seas have been thus named in memory of the mother-land. The Maoris speak a very pure dialect of the Polynesian language, the common tongue, with more or less variation, in all the Eastern Pacific Islands. When Captain Cook first visited New Zealand he availed himself of the services of a native from Tahiti, whose speech was easily, understood by the Maoris. In this way much information respecting the early history of the country and its inhabitants was obtained which could not have otherwise been had.

For results of recent researches as to probable origin and present numbers of the Maoris, see Year-book for 1901.

BOUNDARIES AND AREA.

The Proclamation of Captain Hobson on the 30th January, 1840, gave as the boundaries of the colony the following degrees of latitude and longitude: On the north, 34° 30′ S. lat.; on the south, 47° 10′ S. lat.; on the east, 179° 0′ E. long.; on the west, 166° 5′ E. long. These limits excluded small portions of the extreme north of the North Island and of the extreme south of Stewart Island.

In April, 1842, by Royal Letters Patent, and again by the Imperial Act 26 and 27 Vict., c. 23 (1863), the boundaries of the colony were altered so as to extend from 33° to 53° of south latitude and from 162° of east longitude to 173° of west longitude. By Proclamation bearing date the 21st July, 1887, the Kermadec Islands, lying between the 29th and 32nd degrees of south latitude and the 177th and 180th degrees of west longitude, were declared to be annexed to and to become part of the Colony of New Zealand.

By Proclamation bearing date the 10th June, 1901, the Cook Group of islands, and all the other islands and territories situate within the boundary-lines mentioned in the following Schedule, were included in the Colony of New Zealand:—

A line commencing at a point at the intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich, and proceeding due north to the point of intersection of the eighth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due west to the point of intersection of the eighth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-sixty-seventh degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due south to the point of intersection of the seventeenth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-sixty-seventh degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due west to the point of intersection of the seventeenth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-seventieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due south to the point of intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-seventieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; and thence due east to the point of intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich.

The following now constitute the Colony of New Zealand:—

  1. The island commonly known as the North Island, with its adjacent islets, having an aggregate area of 44,468 square miles, or 28,459,520 acres.

  2. The island known as the Middle Island, with adjacent islets, having an aggregate area of 58,525 square miles, or 37,456,000 acres.

  3. Stewart; Island, and adjacent islets, having an area of 665 square miles, or 425,390 acres.

  4. The Chatham Islands, situate 536 miles eastward of Lyttleton in the Middle Island, with an area of 375 square miles, or 239,920 acres.

  5. The Auckland Islands, about 200 miles south of Stewart Island, extending about 30 miles from north to south, and nearly 15 from east to west, the area being 210,650 acres.

  6. The Campbell Islands, in latitude 52° 33′ south, and longitude 169° 8′ west, about 30 miles in circumference, with an area of 45,440 acres.

  7. The Antipodes Islands, about 458 miles in a south-easterly direction from Port Chalmers, in the Middle Island. These are detached rocky islands, and extend over a distance of between 4 and 5 miles from north to south. Area, 12,960 acres.

  8. The Bounty Islands, a small group of islets, thirteen in number, lying north of the Antipodes Islands, and about 415 miles in an east-south-easterly direction from Port Chalmers. Area, 3,300 acres.

  9. The Kermadec Islands, a group lying about 614 miles to the north-east of Russell, in the Bay of Islands. Raoul or Sunday Island, the largest of these, is about 20 miles in circuit. The next in size is Macaulay Island, about 3 miles round. Area of the group, 8,208 acres.

  10. Islands forming the Cook Group:—

    Rarotonga.—Distance from Auckland, 1,638 miles; circumference, 20 miles; height, 2,920 ft.

    Mangaia. — Distance from Rarotonga, 116 miles; circumference, 30 miles; height, 656 it.

    Atiu.—Distance from Rarotonga, 116 miles: circumference, 20 miles; height, 374 ft.

    Aitutaki. — Distance from Rarotonga, 140 miles; circumference, 12 miles; height, 366 ft.

    Mauke.—Distance from Rarotonga, 150 miles; circumference, 6 miles height, about 60 ft.

    Mitiaro.—Distance from Rarotonga, 140 miles; circumference, 5 miles; height, about 50 ft; also,

    Takutea.—Distant from Rarotonga, 125 miles.

    The Herveys (Manuae and Aoutu).—Distant from Rarotonga, 120 miles.

    Total area of above group, 150 square miles.

  11. Islands outside Cook Group:—

    Niue.—Distance from Rarotonga, 580 miles; circumference, 40 miles; height, 200 ft.; area, about 100 square miles.

    Palmerston.—Distance from Rarotonga, 273 miles; an atoll, 4 miles by 2 miles.

    Penrhyn, or Tongareva.—Distance 735 miles from Rarotonga; an atoll, 12 miles by 7 miles.

    Humphrey, or Manahiki.—Distance from Rarotonga, 650 miles; an atoll, 6 miles by 5 miles.

    Rierson, or Rakaanga.—Distance from Rarotonga, 670 miles; an atoll, 3 miles by 3 miles.

    Danger, or Pukapuka.—Distance from Rarotonga, 700 miles; an atoll, 3 miles by 3 miles.

    Suwarrow.—Distance from Rarotonga, 530 miles; an atoll.

Total area of outside islands, 130 square miles.

Total area of New Zealand extended, 280 square miles.

The total area of the colony is thus about 104,751 square miles, of which the aggregate area of the outlying groups of islands that are practically useless for settlement amounts to about 498 square miles.

Area of the Commonwealth States of Australia.

The areas of the several Australian States, as given by different authorities, vary considerably. The total area of the Australian Continent is given as 2,944,628 square miles, according to a computation made by the late Surveyor-General of Victoria, Mr. J. A. Skene, from a map of Continental Australia compiled and engraved under his direction; but the following areas are taken from the latest official records of each colony :—

 Square Miles.
Queensland668,497
New South Wales310,700
Victoria87,884
South Australia903,690
Western Australia975,920
        Total, Continent of Australia2,946,691
Tasmania26,215
        Total, Commonwealth of Australia2,972,906

The size of these States (with New Zealand) may be better realised by comparison of their areas with those of European countries. The areas of the following countries—Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Portugal, Spain, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Greece, Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, Eastern Roumelia, and Turkey in Europe—containing on the whole rather less than 1,600,000 square miles, amount to little more than half the extent of the Australian Continent. If the area of Russia in Europe be added to those of the other countries the total would be about one-seventh larger than the Australian Continent, and about one-twelfth larger than the Australian States, with New Zealand.

Area of the Colony of New Zealand.

The area of the Colony of New Zealand is about one-seventh less than the area of Great Britain and Ireland, the Middle Island of New Zealand being a little larger than the combined areas of England and Wales.

United Kingdom.Area in
Square Miles.
England and Wales58,311
Scotland30,463
Ireland32,531
Total121,305
New ZealandArea in
Square Miles.
North Island44,468
Middle Island58,525
Stewart Island665
Chatham Islands375
Other islands718
Total104,751

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE NORTH ISLAND.

The North Island extends over a little more than seven degrees of latitude—a distance in a direct line from north to south of 430 geographical or 498 statute miles; but, as the northern portion of the colony, which covers more than three degrees of latitude, trends to the westward, the distance in a straight line from the North Cape to Cape Palliser, the extreme northerly and southerly points of the island, is about 515 statute miles.

This island is, as a whole, hilly, and, in parts, mountainous in character, but there are large areas of plain or comparatively level country that are, or by clearing may be made, available for agricultural purposes. Of these, the principal are the plains in Hawke's Bay on the East Coast, the Wairarapa Plain in the Wellington District, and a strip of country along the West Coast, about 250 miles in length, extending from a point about thirty miles from the City of Wellington to a little north of New Plymouth. The largest plain in the North Island, Kaingaroa, extends from the shore of Lake Taupo in a north-north-easterly direction to the sea-coast in the Bay of Plenty; but a great part of it is covered with pumicesand, and is unfitted for tillage or pasture. There are several smaller plains and numerous valleys suitable for agriculture. The level or undulating country in this island fit, or capable of being made fit, for agriculture has been roughly estimated at 13,000,000 acres. This includes lands now covered with standing forest, and swamps that can be drained; also large areas of clay-marl and pumice-covered land. The clay-marl in its natural state is cold and uninviting to the farmer, but under proper drainage and cultivation it can be brought to a high state of productiveness. This kind of land is generally neglected at the present time, as settlers prefer soils more rapidly remunerative and less costly to work. The larger portion of the North Island was originally covered with forest. Although the area of bush-land is still very great, yet year by year the amount is being reduced, chiefly to meet the requirements of settlement, the trees being cut down and burnt, and grass-seed sown on the ashes to create pasture. Hilly as the country is, yet from the nature of the climate it is especially suited for the growth of English grasses, which will flourish wherever there is any soil, however steep the land may be; once laid down in grass very little of the land is too poor to supply food for cattle and sheep. The area of land in the North Island deemed purely pastoral or capable of being made so, while too steep for agricultural purposes, is estimated at 14,200,000 acres. In the centre of the island is a lake, about twenty miles across either way, called Taupo. A large area adjacent to the lake is at present worthless pumice-country. The Waikato River, the largest in the North Island, flows out of the north-eastern corner of this lake, and runs thence north-westward until it enters the ocean a little distance south of the Manukau Harbour. This river is navigable for small steamers for about a hundred miles from its mouth. The Maori King-country, occupied by Natives who for several years isolated themselves from Europeans, lies between Lake Taupo and the western coast. The River Thames, or Waihou, having its sources north of Lake Taupo, flows northward into the Firth of Thames. It is navigable for about fifty miles, but only for small steamers. The other navigable rivers in this island are the Wairoa (Kaipara), the Wanganui, and the Manawatu, the two last of which flow towards the south-west into Cook Strait.

The mountains in the North Island are estimated to occupy about one-tenth of the surface, and do not exceed 4,000ft. in height with the exception of a few volcanic mountains that are more lofty. Of these, the three following are the most important :—

  1. The Tongariro Mountain, situated to the southward of Lake Taupo. It consists of a group of distinct volcanic cones, the lava-streams from which have so overlapped in their descent as to form one compact mountain-mass at the base. The highest of these cones is called Ngauruhoe, and attains an elevation of 7,515ft. The craters of Ngauruhoe, the Red Crater (6,140ft.), and Te Mari (4,990ft.) are the three vents from which the latest discharges of lava have taken place, the most recent having occurred in 1868. These craters are still active, steam and vapour issuing from them with considerable force and noise, the vapours, charged with pungent gases and acids, making it dangerous to approach too near the crater-lips.

  2. Ruapehu. This mountain lies to the south of Ngauruhoe and Tongariro. It is a volcanic cone in the solfatara stage, and reaches the height of 9,008ft., being in part considerably above the line of perpetual snow. The most remarkable feature of this mountain is the crater-lake on its summit, which is subject to slight and intermittent eruptions, giving rise to vast quantities of steam. Recently —in March, 1895—such an eruption took place, forming a few hot springs on the margin of the lake, and increasing the heat in the lake itself. This lake lies at the bottom of a funnel-shaped crater, the steep sides of which are mantled with ice and snow. The water occupies a circular basin about 500ft. in diameter, some 300ft. below the enclosing peaks, and is quite inaccessible except by the use of ropes. This lake, and the three craters previously mentioned on Tongariro, are all in one straight line, which, if produced, would pass through the boiling springs at Tokaanu on the southern margin of Lake Taupo, the volcanic country north-east of that lake, and White Island, an active volcano in the Bay of Plenty, situated about twenty-seven miles from the mainland.

  3. Mount Egmont. This is an extinct volcanic cone, rising to a height of 8,260ft. The upper part is always covered with snow. This mountain is situated close to New Plymouth, and is surrounded by one of the most fertile districts in New Zealand. Rising from the plains in solitary grandeur, it is an object of extreme beauty, the cone being one of the most perfect in the world.

It is estimated that the area of mountain-tops and barren country at too high an altitude for sheep, and therefore worthless for pastoral purposes, amounts, in the North Island, to 300,000 acres.

Without a doubt the hot springs form the most remarkable feature of the North Island. They are found over a large area, extending from Tongariro, south of Lake Taupo, to Ohaeawai, in the extreme north—a distance of some 300 miles; but the principal seat of hydrothermal action appears to be in the neighbourhood of Lake Rotorua, about forty miles north-north-east from Lake Taupo. By the destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces and of Lake Rotomahana during the eruption of Mount Tarawera on the 10th June, 1886, the neighbourhood has been deprived of attractions unique in character and of unrivalled beauty; but the natural features of the country — the numerous lakes, geysers, and hot springs, some of which possess remarkable curative properties in certain complaints—are still very attractive to tourists and invalids. The world-wide importance of conserving this region as a sanatorium for all time has been recognised by the Government, and it is now dedicated by Act of Parliament to that purpose.

Notwithstanding the length of coast-line, good harbours in the North Island are not numerous. Those on the west coast north of New Plymouth are bar-harbours, unsuitable for large vessels. The principal harbours are the Waitemata Harbour, on which Auckland is situated—this is rather a deep estuary than a harbour; several excellent havens in the northern peninsula; and Port Nicholson, on the borders of which Wellington is situated. This is a land-locked harbour, about six miles across, having a comparatively narrow but deep entrance from the ocean. The water is deep nearly throughout.

The Cape Colville Peninsula is rich in gold-bearing quartz.

COOK STRAIT.

Cook Strait separates the North and Middle Islands. It is some sixteen miles across at its narrowest part, but in the widest about ninety. The strait is invaluable for the purpose of traffic between different parts of the colony.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE MIDDLE ISLAND.

The extreme length of the Middle Island, from Jackson's Head, in Cook Strait, to Puysegur Point, at the extreme south-west, is about 525 statute miles; the greatest distance across at any point is in Otago (the southernmost) District, about 180 miles.

The Middle Island is intersected along almost its entire length by a range of mountains known as the Southern Alps. Some of the summits reach a height of from 10,000ft. to 12,000ft., Mount Cook, the highest peak, rising to 12,349ft.

In the south, in the neighbourhood of the sounds and Lake Te Anau, there are many magnificent peaks, which, though not of great height, are, owing to their latitude, nearly all crowned with perpetual ice and snow. Further north the mountains increase in height—Mount Earnslaw, at Lake Wakatipu; and Mount Aspiring, which has been aptly termed the New Zealand Matterhorn, 9,949 ft. in height, at Lake Wanaka. Northward of this again are Mount Cook (or Aorangi), Mount Sefton, and other magnificent peaks.

For beauty and grandeur of scenery the Southern Alps of New Zealand may worthily compare with, while in point of variety they are said actually to surpass, the Alps of Switzerland. In New Zealand few of the mountains have been scaled; many of the peaks and most of the glaciers are as yet unnamed; and there is still, in parts of the Middle Island, a fine field for exploration and discovery—geographical, geological, and botanical. The wonders of the Southern Alps are only beginning to be known; but the more they are known the more they are appreciated. The snow-line in New Zealand being so much lower than in Switzerland, the scenery, though the mountains are not quite so high, is of surpassing grandeur.

There are extensive glaciers on both sides of the range, those on the west being of exceptional beauty, as, from the greater abruptness of the mountain-slopes on that side, they descend to within about 700ft. of the sea-level, and into the midst of the evergreen forest. The largest glaciers on either side of the range are easily accessible.

The following gives the sizes of some of the glaciers on the eastern slope:—

Name.Area of Glacier.Length of Glacier.Greatest Width.Average Width.
 Acres.Milesch.Milesch.Milesch.
Tasman13,664180214115
Murchison5,800107015066
Godley5,3128015513
Mueller3,20080061050
Hooker2,416725054041

The Alletsch Glacier in Switzerland, according to Ball, in the “Alpine Guide,” has an average width of one mile. It is in length and width inferior to the Tasman Glacier.

Numerous sounds or fiords penetrate the south-western coast. They are long, narrow, and deep (the depth of water at the upper part of Milford Sound is 1,270ft., although at the entrance only 130ft.), surrounded by giant mountains clothed with foliage to the snow-line, with waterfalls, glaciers, and snowfields at every turn. Some of the mountains rise almost precipitously from the water's edge to 5,000ft. and 6,000ft. above the sea. Near Milford, the finest of these sounds, is the great Sutherland Waterfall, 1,904ft. high.

The general surface of the northern portion of the Middle Island, comprising the Provincial Districts of Nelson and Marlborough, is mountainous, but the greater part is suitable for grazing purposes. There are some fine valleys and small plains suitable for agriculture, of which the Wairau Valley or Plain is the largest. Deep sounds, extending for many miles, break the coast-line abutting on Cook Strait. The City of Nelson is situated at the head of Blind Bay, which has a depth inwards from Cook Strait of about forty statute miles.

The Provincial District of Canterbury lies to the south of the Marlborough District, and on the eastern side of the island. Towards the north the land is undulating; then there is a stretch of almost perfectly level country extending towards the south-west 160 miles, after which, on the south, the country is undulating as far as the borders of the Otago District. On the east a block of hill-country rises abruptly from the plain and extends for some miles seaward. This is Banks Peninsula, containing several good harbours, the principal being Port Cooper, on the north, on which is situated Lyttelton, the chief port of the district: the harbour of Akaroa, one of the finest in the colony, is on the southern coast of this peninsula.

The District of Otago is, on the whole, mountainous, but has many fine plains and valleys suitable for tillage. The mountains, except towards the west coast, are generally destitute of timber, and suitable for grazing sheep. There are goldfields of considerable extent in the interior of this district. The inland lakes are also very remarkable features. Lake Wakatipu extends over fifty-four miles in length, but its greatest width is not more than four miles, and its area only 114 square miles. It is 1,070ft. above sea-level, and has a depth varying from 1,170ft. to 1,296ft. Te Anau Lake is somewhat larger, having an area of 132 square miles. These lakes are bounded on the west by broken, mountainous, and wooded country, extending to the ocean.

The chief harbours in Otago are Port Chalmers, at the head of which Dunedin is situated, and the Bluff Harbour, at the extreme south.

The District of Westland, extending along the west coast of the Middle Island, abreast of Canterbury, is more or less auriferous throughout. The western slopes of the central range of mountains are clothed with forest-trees to the snow-line; but on the eastern side timber is scarce, natural grasses covering the ground.

The rivers in the Middle Island are for the most part mountain torrents, fed by glaciers in the principal mountain ranges. When the snow melts they rise in flood, forming, where not confined by rocky walls, beds of considerable width, generally covered by enormous deposits of shingle. The largest river in the colony as regards volume of water is the Clutha. It is 154 miles in length, but is only navigable for boats or small river-steamers for about thirty miles. The Rivers Buller, Grey, and Hokitika, on the West Coast, are navigable for a short distance from their mouths. They form the only ports in the Westland District. In their unimproved state they admitted, owing to the bars at their mouths, none but vessels of small draught; but, in consequence of the importance of the Grey and Buller Rivers as the sole ports available for the coal-export trade, large harbour-works have been undertaken, resulting in the deepening of the beds of these rivers, and giving a depth of from 18ft. to 26ft. of water on the bar.

The area of level or undulating land in the Middle Island available for agriculture is estimated at about 15,000,000 acres. About 13,000,000 are suitable for pastoral purposes only, or may become so when cleared of forest and sown with grass-seed. The area of barren land and mountain-tops is estimated at about 9,000,000 acres.

STEWART ISLAND.

Foveaux Strait separates the Middle from Stewart Island. This last island has an area of only 425,390 acres.

Stewart Island is a great tourist resort during the summer months, and is easily reached by steamer from the Bluff, distant about 25 miles.

The principal peak is Mount Anglem, 3,200 ft. above sea-level, which has an extinct crater at its summit. Most of the island is rugged and forest-clad; the climate is mild, frost being seldom experienced; and the soil, when cleared of bush, is fertile.

The chief attractions are the numerous bays and fiords. Paterson Inlet is a magnificent sheet of water, about ten miles by four miles, situated close to Half-moon Bay, the principal port, where over two hundred people live. Horse-shoe Bay and Port William are within easy reach of Half-moon Bay. Port Pegasus, a land-locked sheet of water about eight miles by a mile and a half, is a very fine harbour. At “The Neck” (Paterson Inlet) there is a Native settlement of over a hundred Maoris and half-castes. The bush is generally very dense, with thick undergrowth. Rata, black-pine, white-pine, miro, and totara are the principal timber trees. Fish are to be had in great abundance and variety; oysters form an important industry. Wild pigeons, ducks, and mutton-birds are plentiful.

THE OUTLYING ISLANDS.

The outlying group of the CHATHAM ISLANDS, 480 statute miles east-south-east from Wellington, and 536 miles eastward of Lyttleton, consists of two principal islands and several unimportant islets. The largest island contains about 222,490 acres, of which an irregular-shaped lake or lagoon absorbs 45,960 acres. About one quarter of the surface of the land is covered with forest, the rest with fern or grass. The hills nowhere rise to a great height. Pitt Island is the next in size; the area is 15,330 acres. The greater portion of both islands is used for grazing sheep.

The KERMADEC GROUP of islands, four in number, is situated between 29° 10′ and 31° 30′ south latitude, and between 177° 45′ and 179° west longitude. They are named Raoul or Sunday Island, Macaulay Island, Curtis Islands, and L'Espérance or French Rock. The principal island, Sunday, is 600 miles distant from Auckland. The islands are volcanic, and in two of them signs of activity are still to be seen. The rainfall is plentiful, but not excessive. The climate is mild and equable, and slightly warmer than the north of New Zealand. The following are the areas of the islands and islets of the group: Sunday Island, 7,200 acres; Herald group of islets, 85 acres; Macaulay Island, 764 acres; Curtis Islands, 128 acres and 19 acres; L'Espérance, 12 acres: total, 8,208 acres. Sunday Island is twenty miles in circumference, roughly triangular in shape, and at the highest point 1,723ft. above the sea-level. It is rugged and broken over a very large extent of its surface, and, except in a few places, covered with forest. The soil everywhere on the island is very rich, being formed by the decomposition of a dark-coloured pumiceous tuff and a black andesitic lava, with which is closely mixed a fine vegetable mould. The great luxuriance and richness of the vegetation bear witness to the excellence of the soil, which is everywhere—except where destroyed by eruptions, and on the steep cliffs—the same rich loam. Want of water is one of the drawbacks. Three of the four lakes on the island are fresh, but so difficult of approach as to be practically useless.

The AUCKLAND ISLANDS are about 290 miles south of Bluff Harbour, their position being given on the Admiralty chart as latitude 50° 31′ 29″ S,, and longitude 166° 19′ 12″ E. They have several good harbours. Port Ross, at the north end of the principal island, was described by the eminent French commander, D'Urville, as one of the best harbours of refuge in the known world. At the southern end of the island there is a through passage extending from the east to the west coast. It has been variously named Adams' Strait and Carnley Harbour, and forms a splendid sheet of water. The largest of the islands is about 27 miles long by about 15 miles broad, and is very mountainous, the highest part being about 2,000ft. above the sea. The west coast is bold and precipitous, but the east coast has several inlets. The wood on the island is, owing to the strong prevailing wind, scrubby in character. The New Zealand Government maintains at this island a dépôt of provisions and clothing for the use of shipwrecked mariners.

The COOK ISLANDS, with others recently annexed, are as under:—

RAROTONGA (Cook Group): A magnificent island, rising to a height of 3,000 ft., clothed to the tops of the mountains with splendid vegetation. It has abundant streams, considerable tracts of sloping land, and rich alluvial valleys. The two harbours are poor.

MANGAIA, the south-easternmost of the Cook Group, is of volcanic origin, and about thirty miles in circumference. The productions, which are numerous and cheap, are obtained by assiduous labour.

ATIU (Cook Group) resembles Mangaia in appearance and extent. It is a mere bank of coral, 10 ft. or 12 ft. high, steep and rugged, except where there are small sandy beaches and some clefts, where the ascent is gradual.

AITUTAKI (Cook Group) presents a most fruitful appearance, its shores being bordered by flat land, on which are innumerable cocoa-nut and other trees, the higher ground being beautifully interspersed with lawns. It is eighteen miles in circuit.

MAUKE or Parry Island (Cook Group) is a low island; it is about two miles in diameter, well wooded, and inhabited.

MITIARO (Cook Group) is a low island, from three to four miles long and one mile wide.

HERVEY ISLANDS (Cook Group): This group consists of three islands, surrounded by a reef, which may be six leagues in circumference.

NIUE, or Savage Island, lying east of the Friendly Islands, is a coral island, thirty-six miles in circumference, rising to a height of 200 ft. It has the usual tropical productions.

PALMERSTON ISLAND, lying about 500 miles east of Niue and about 220 from the nearest island of the Cook Group (Aitutaki), is remarkable as the “San Pablo” of Magellan, the first island discovered in the South Sea. It has no harbour. The soil is fairly fertile, and there is some good hard wood timber.

PENRHYN ISLAND (Tongareva) lies about 300 miles north-east of Manahiki. It is one of the most famous pearl islands in the Pacific, and there is a splendid harbour, a lagoon with two entrances, fit for ships of any size.

MANAHIKI, lying about 400 miles eastward of Danger Island, is an atoll, about thirty miles in circumference, valuable from the extent of the cocoanut groves. The interior lagoon contains a vast deposit of pearl-shell.

RAKAANGA is an atoll, three miles in length and of equal breadth.

DANGER ISLAND (Pukapuka; “San Bernardo” of the Spaniards). Next to the 10th parallel, but rather north of the latitude of the Navigators, and east of them are a number of small atolls. Of these, the nearest to the Samoan Group—about 500 miles—is Danger Island, bearing north-west of Suwarrow about 250 miles. The productions are cocoanuts, bêche-de-mer, and pearl-shell. Tomano-trees (a timber resembling mahogany, are plentiful, specimens having been seen 20 ft. in circumference and 200 ft. in height. From the seeds of this tree is distilled the famous “Woondel oil” of the Pacific. There are several other valuable hardwoods.

SUWARROW ISLAND has one of the best harbours in the Pacific. It lies about 500 miles east of Apia, the capital of the Samoan Group. It is a coral atoll, of a triangular form, fifty miles in circumference, the reef having an average width of half a mile across, enclosing a land-locked lagoon twelve miles by eight. The entrance is half a mile wide, and there is accommodation for all the ships in the Pacific to ride in safety in all weathers, with depths of from three to thirty fathoms. It is out of the track of hurricanes, uninhabited, but capable by its fertility of supporting a small population. As a depot for the collection of trade from the various islands it ought to be very valuable.

CONSTITUTION.

British sovereignty was proclaimed over New Zealand in January, 1840, and the country became a dependency of New South Wales until the 3rd May, 1841, when it was made a separate colony. The seat of Government was at Auckland, and the Executive included the Governor, and three gentlemen holding office as Colonial Secretary, Attorney-General, and Colonial Treasurer.

The successors of these gentlemen, appointed in August, 1841, May, 1842, and January, 1844, respectively, continued in office until the establishment of Responsible Government on the 7th May, 1856. Only one of them—Mr. Swainson, the Attorney-General—sat as a member of the first General Assembly, opened on the 27th May 1854. During the session of that year there were associated with the permanent members of the Executive Council certain members of the General Assembly. These latter held no portfolios.

The Government of the colony was at first vested in the Governor, who was responsible only to the Crown; but in 1852 an Act granting representative institutions to the colony was passed by the Imperial Legislature. Under it the constitution of a General Assembly for the whole colony was provided for, to consist of a Legislative Council, the members of which were to be nominated by the Governor, and of an elective House of Representatives. The first session of the General Assembly was opened on the 27th May, 1854, but the members of the Executive were not responsible to Parliament. The first Ministers under a system of Responsible Government were appointed on the 18th April, 1856. By the Act of 1852 the colony was divided into six provinces, each to be presided over by an elective Superintendent, and to have an elective Provincial Council, empowered to legislate, except on certain specified subjects. The franchise amounted practically to household suffrage. In each case the election was for four years, but a dissolution of the Provincial Council by the Governor could take place at any time, necessitating a fresh election both of the Council and of the Superintendent. The Superintendent was chosen by the whole body of electors of the province; each member of the Provincial Council by the electors of a district. The Provincial Governments, after-wards increased to nine, remained as integral parts of the Constitution of the colony until the 1st November, 1876, when they were abolished by an Act of the General Assembly, that body having been vested with the power of altering the Constitution Act. On the same day an Act of the General Assembly which subdivided the colony (exclusive of the areas included within municipalities) into counties, and established a system of local county government, came into force.

GOVERNMENT.

The Governor is appointed by the King. His salary is £5,000 a year, with an annual allowance of $1,500 on account of his establishment, and of £500 for travelling-expenses, provided by the colony.

Members of the Legislative Council hold their seats under writs of summons from the Governor. Till the year 1891 the appointments were for life; but in September of that year an Act was passed making appointments after that time tenable for seven years only, though Councillors may be reappointed. In either case seats may be vacated by resignation or extended absence. Two members of the Council are aboriginal native chiefs.

The members of the House of Representatives are elected for three years from the time of each general election; but at any time a dissolution of Parliament by the Governor may render a general election necessary. Four of the members are representatives of Native constituencies. An Act was passed in 1887 which provided that, on the dissolution of the then General Assembly, the number of members to be thereafter elected to the House of Representatives should be seventy-four in all, of whom four were to be elected, under the provisions of the Maori Representation Acts, as representatives of Maori electors only. For the purposes of European representation the colony is divided into sixty-two electoral districts, four of which—the Cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christ-church, and Dunedin—return each three members, and all the other electorates one each.* Members of the House of Representatives are chosen by the votes of the inhabitants in every electoral district appointed for that purpose. By “The Members of the House of Representatives Disqualification Act, 1897,” no person, who, being a bankrupt within the meaning of “The Bankruptcy Act, 1892,” has not obtained an order of discharge under that Act shall be qualified to be nominated as a candidate for election, or to be elected, or to take his seat as a member of the House of Representatives, anything in “The Electoral Act, 1893,” or any other Act to the contrary not-withstanding.

In 1889 an amendment of the Representation Act was passed, which contained a provision prohibiting any elector from giving his vote in respect of more than one electorate at any election. “The Electoral Act, 1893,” extended to women of both races the right to register as electors, and to vote at the elections for members of the House of Representatives. The qualification for registration is the same for both sexes. No person is entitled to be registered on more than one electoral roll within the colony. Women are not qualified to be elected as members of the House of Representatives. The electoral laws are the subject of special comment further on in this work. Every man registered as an elector, and not coming within the meaning of section 8 of “The Electoral Act, 1893,” (i.e., alien, lunatic, public offender, defaulter, &c.), is qualified to be elected a member of the House of Representatives for any electoral district. For European representation every adult person, if resident one year in the colony and three months in one electoral district, can be registered as an elector. Freehold property of the value of £25 held for six months preceding the day of registration until 1896 entitled a man or woman to register, if not already registered under the residential qualification. But the Amendment Act of 1896 abolished the property qualification (except in case of existing registrations), and residence alone now entitles a man or woman to have his or her name placed upon an electoral roll. For Maori representation every adult Maori resident in any Maori electoral district (of which there are four only in the colony) can vote. Registration is not required in Native districts.

* “The Representation Act, 1900,” provides that, on the expiration by effluxion of time or other sooner determination of the present General Assembly, the number of members for purposes of European representation to be thereafter elected to the House of Representatives shall be seventy-six instead of seventy, and that there are to be six new districts, one for each additional member.

THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.

Up to the year 1865 the seat of Government of New Zealand was at Auckland. Several attempts were made by members of Parliament, by motions in the Legislative Council and House of Representatives, to have it removed to some more central place; but it was not until November, 1863, that Mr. Domett (the then ex-Premier) was successful in carrying resolutions in the House of Representatives that steps should be taken for appointing some place in Cook Strait as the permanent seat of Government in the colony. The resolutions adopted were :" (1.) That it has become necessary that the seat of Government in the colony should be transferred to some suitable locality in Cook Strait. (2.) That, in order to promote the accomplishment of this object, it is desirable that the selection of the particular site in Cook Strait should be left to the arbitrament of an impartial tribunal. (3.) That, with this view, a Bill should be introduced to give effect to the above resolutions.” On the 25th November an address was presented to the Governor, Sir George Grey, K.C.B., by the Commons of New Zealand, requesting that the Governors of the Colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania, might each be asked to appoint one Commissioner for the purpose of determining the best site in Cook Strait. Accordingly, the Hon. Joseph Docker, M.L.C., New South Wales; the Hon. Sir Francis Murphy, Speaker of the Legislative Council, Victoria; and R. C. Gunn, Esq., Tasmania, were appointed Commissioners.

These gentlemen, having made a personal inspection of all suitable places, arrived at the unanimous decision “that Wellington, in Port Nicholson, was the site upon the shores of Cook Strait which presented the greatest advantages for the administration of the government of the colony.”

The seat of Government was, therefore, in accordance with the recommendation of the Commissioners, removed to Wellington in February, 1865.

PUBLIC WORKS.

Nearly all the public works of New Zealand are in the hands of the Government of the colony, and in the early days they simply kept pace with the spread of settlement. In 1870, however, a great impetus was given to the progress of the whole country by the inauguration of the “Public Works and Immigration Policy,” which provided for carrying out works in advance of settlement. Railways, roads, and water-races were constructed, and immigration was conducted on a large scale. As a consequence, the population increased from 267,000 in 1871 to 501,000 in 1881, and to 787,657 in December, 1901, exclusive of Maoris.

Chapter 2. SUCCESSIVE GOVERNORS.

SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS OF NEW ZEALAND, AND THE DATES ON WHICH THEY ASSUMED AND RETIRED FROM THE GOVERNMENT.

Captain William Hobson, R.N., from Jan., 1840, to 10 Sept., 1842.

[British sovereignty was proclaimed by Captain Hobson in January, 1840, and New Zealand became a dependency of the Colony of New South Wales until 3rd May, 1841, at which date it was proclaimed a separate colony. From January, 1840, to May, 1841, Captain Hobson was Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand under Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales, and from May, 1841, Governor of New Zealand; the seat of Government being at Auckland, where he died in September, 1842. From the time of Governor Hobson's death, in September, 1842, until the arrival of Governor Fitzroy, in December, 1843, the Government was carried on by the Colonial Secretary, Lieutenant Shortland.]

Lieutenant Shortland, Administrator, from 10 Sept., 1842, to 26 Dec., 1843.

Captain Robert Fitzroy, R.N., from 26 Dec., 1843, to 17 Nov., 1845.

Captain Grey (became Sir George Grey, K.C.B., in 1848), from 18 Nov., 1845, to 31 Dec., 1853.

[Captain Grey held the commission as Lieutenant-Governor of the colony until the 1st January, 1848, when he was sworn in as Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, and as Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster. After the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, Sir George Grey was, on the 13th September, 1852, appointed Governor of the colony, the duties of which office he assumed on the 7th March, 1853. In August, 1847, Mr. E. J. Eyre was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster: he was sworn in, 28th January, 1848. On 3rd January, 1848, Major-General George Dean Pitt was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Ulster: he was sworn in, 14th February, 1848; died, 8th January, 1851; and was succeeded as Lieutenant-Governor by Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, appointed 14th April, 1851; sworn in, 26th April, 1851. The duties of the Lieutenant-Governor ceased on the-assumption by Sir George Grey of the office of Governor, on the 7th. March, 1853.]

Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Henry Wynyard, C.B., Administrator, from 3 Jan., 1854, to 6 Sept., 1855.

Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, C.B., from 6 Sept., 1855, to 2 Oct., 1861.

Sir George Grey, K.C.B., Administrator, from 3 Oct., 1861; Governor, from 4 Dec., 1861, to 5 Feb., 1868.

Sir George Ferguson Bowen, G.C.M.G., from 5 Feb., 1868, to 19 Mar., 1873.

Sir George Alfred Arney, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 21 Mar.. to 14 June, 1873.

Sir James Fergusson, Baronet, P.C., from 14 June, 1873, to 3 Dec., 1874.

The Marquis of Normanby, P.C., G.C.M.G., Administrator, from 3 Dec., 1874; Governor, from 9 Jan., 1875, to 21 Feb., 1879.

James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 21 Feb. to 27 Mar., 1879.

Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson, G.C.M.G., Administrator, from 27 Mar., 1879; Governor, from 17 April, 1879, to 8 Sept., 1880.

James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 9 Sept. to 29 Nov., 1880.

The Honourable Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, G.C.M.G., from 29 Nov., 1880, to 23 June, 1882.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 24 June, 1882, to 20 Jan., 1883.

Lieutenant - General Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., from 20 Jan., 1883, to 22 Mar., 1889.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 23 Mar. to 2 May, 1889.

The Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G., from 2 May, 1889, to 24 Feb., 1892.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 25 Feb., to 6 June, 1892.

The Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G., from 7 June, 1892, to 6 Feb., 1897.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 8 Feb., 1897, to 9th Aug., 1897.

The Earl of Ranfurly, G.C.M.G., from 10th Aug., 1897.

Chapter 3. SUPREME COURT JUDGES.

SUPREME COURT JUDGES, PAST AND PRESENT, WITH DATES OF APPOINTMENT, AND OF RESIGNATION OR DEATH.

Sir W. Martin, appointed Chief Justice, 10 Jan., 1842. Resigned, 12 June, 1857.

H. S. Chapman, appointed, 26 Dec., 1843. Resigned, 30 July, 1850. Reappointed, 23 Mar., 1864. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

S. Stephen, appointed, 30 July, 1850. Appointed Acting Chief Justice, 20 Oct., 1855. Died, 13 Jan., 1858.

Daniel Wakefield, appointed, Oct., 1855. Died, Oct., 1857.

Hon. H. B. Gresson, appointed temporarily, 8 Dec., 1857. Permanently, 1 July, 1862. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

Sir G. A. Arney, appointed Chief Justice, 1 Mar., 1858. Resigned 31 Mar., 1875.

A. J. Johnston, appointed, 2 Nov., 1858. Died, 1 June, 1888.

C. W. Richmond, appointed, 20 Oct., 1862. Died, 3 Aug., 1895.

J. S. Moore, appointed temporarily, 15 May, 1866. Relieved, 30 June, 1868.

C. D. R. Ward, appointed temporarily, 1 Oct., 1868. Relieved, May, 1870. Appointed temporarily, 21 Sept., 1886. Relieved, 12 Feb., 1889.

Sir J. Prendergast, appointed Chief Justice, 1 April, 1875. Resigned, 25 May, 1899.

T. B. Gillies, appointed, 3 Mar., 1875. Died, 26 July, 1889.

J. S. Williams, appointed, 3 Mar., 1875.

J. E. Denniston, appointed, 11 Feb., 1889.

E. T. Conolly, appointed, 19 Aug., 1889.

Hon. Sir P. A. Buckley, K.C.M.G., appointed, 20 Dec., 1895. Died, 18 May, 1896.

W. B. Edwards, appointed, 11 July, 1896.

F. W. Pennefather, appointed temporarily, 25 April, 1898. Re-signed, 24 April, 1899.

Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., appointed Chief Justice, 22 June. 1899.

J. C. Martin, acting Judge, appointed, 12 April, 1900. Resigned, 4 Dec., 1900.

Theophilus Cooper, appointed, 21 Feb., 1901.

Chapter 4. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, 1843-56.

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND PREVIOUS TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT (NOT INCLUDING THE OFFICERS COMMANDING THE FORCES).

Willoughby Shortland, Colonial Secretary, from 3 May, 1841, to 31 Dec., 1843; succeeded by Mr. Sinclair.

Francis Fisher, Attorney-General, from 3 May to 10 Aug., 1841; succeeded by Mr. Swainson.

George Cooper, Colonial Treasurer, from 3 May, 1841, to 9 May, 1842; succeeded by Mr. Shepherd.

William Swainson, Attorney-General, from 10 Aug., 1841, to 7 May, 1856.

Alexander Shepherd, Colonial Treasurer, from 9 May, 1842, to 7 May, 1856.

Andrew Sinclair, Colonial Secretary, from 6 Jan., 1844, to 7 May, 1856.

[The three gentlemen last mentioned were nominated by Her late Majesty as ex officio members of the Executive Council. Two of them, the Colonial Secretary and the Colonial Treasurer, were not members of the General Assembly, opened for the first time 27th May, 1854, but all three remained in office until the establishment of Responsible Government.].

James Edward FitzGerald, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Henry Sewell, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Frederick Aloysius Weld, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Francis Dillon Bell, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 30 June to 11 July, 1854.

Thomas Houghton Bartley, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 14 July to 2 Aug., 1854.

Thomas Spencer Forsaith, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

William Thomas Locke Travers, M.H.R., without portfolio, 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

James Macandrew, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

Chapter 5. PARLIAMENTS.

NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTS SINCE THE CONSTITUTION ACT PASSED FOR CONFERRING REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS UPON THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND, WITH THE DATES OF OPENING AND CLOSING OF SESSIONS AND DATES OF DISSOLUTION.

Parliament.Date of Opening of Sessions.Date of Prorogation.
First (dissolved 15th September, 1855)27 May, 1854  9 August, 1854.
31 August, 185416 September, 1854
  8 August, 185515 September, 1855.
Second (dissolved 5th November, 1860)15 April, 1856
(No session in 1857)
16 August, 1856.
10 April, 1858
(No session in 1857)
21 August, 1858.
30 July, 1860  5 November, 1860.
Third (dissolved 27th January, 1866)  3 June, 1861  7 September, 1861.
  7 July, 186215 September, 1862.
19 October, 186314 December, 1863.
24 November, 186413 December, 1864.
26 July, 186530 October, 1865.
Fourth (dissolved 30th December, 1870)30 June, 1866  8 October, 1866.
  9 July, 186710 October, 1867.
  9 July, 186820 October, 1868.
  1 June, 1869  3 September, 1869.
14 June, 187013 September, 1870.
Fifth (dissolved (6th December, 1875)14 August, 187116 November, 1871.
16 July, 187225 October, 1872.
15 July, 1873  3 October, 1873.
  3 July, 187431 August, 1874.
20 July, 187521 October, 1875.
Sixth (dissolved 15th August, 1879)15 June, 187631 October, 1876.
19 July, 187710 December, 1877.
26 July, 1878  2 November, 1878.
11 July, 187911 August, 1879.
Seventh (dissolved 8th November, 1881)24 September, 187919 December, 1879.
28 May, 1880  1 September, 1880.
  9 June, 188124 September, 1881.
Eighth (dissolved 27th June, 1884)18 May, 188215 September, 1882.
14 June, 1883  8 September, 1883.
  5 June, 188424 June, 1884.
Ninth (dissolved 15th July, 1887)  7 August, 188410 November, 1884.
11 June, 188522 September, 1885.
13 May, 188618 August, 1886.
26 April, 188710 July, 1887.
Tenth (dissolved 3rd October, 1890)  6 October, 188723 December, 1887.
10 May, 188831 August, 1888.
20 June, 188919 September, 1889.
19 June, 189018 September, 1890.
Eleventh (dissolved 8th November, 1893)23 January, 189131 January, 1891.
11 June, 1891  5 September, 1891.
23 June, 189212 October, 1892.
22 June, 1893  7 October, 1893.
Twelfth (dissolved 14th November, 1896)21 June, 189424 October, 1894.
20 June, 1895  2 November, 1895.
11 June, 189619 October. 1896.
Thirteenth (dissolved 15th November, 1899)  7 April, 189712 April, 1897.
23 September, 189722 December, 1897.
24 June, 1898  5 November, 1898.
23 June, 189924 October, 1899.
Fourteenth22nd June, 190022nd October, 1900.
1st July, 1901.8th November, 1901.

Chapter 6. SUCCESSIVE MINISTRIES

SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN NEW ZEALAND IN 1856.

Name of Ministry.Assumed Office.Retired.

* Owing to the death of the Premier, the Hon. J. Ballance, on 27th April, 1893.

  1. Bell-Sewell  7 May, 185620 May, 1856.
  2. Fox20 May, 1856  2 June, 1856.
  3. Stafford  2 June, 185612 July, 1861.
  4. Fox12 July, 1861  6 August, 1862.
  5. Domett  6 August, 186230 October, 1863.
  6. Whitaker-Fox30 October, 186324 November, 1864.
  7. Weld24 November, 186416 October, 1865.
  8. Stafford16 October, 186528 June, 1869.
  9. Fox28 June, 186910 September, 1872.
10. Stafford10 September, 187211 October, 1872.
11. Waterhouse11 October, 1872  3 March, 1873.
12. Fox  3 March, 1873  8 April, 1873.
13. Vogel  8 April, 1873  6 July, 1875.
14. Pollen  6 July, 187515 February, 1876.
15. Vogel15 February, 1876  1 September, 1876.
16. Atkinson  1 September, 187613 September, 1876.
17. Atkinson (reconstituted)13 September, 187613 October, 1877.
18. Grey15 October, 1877  8 October, 1879.
19. Hall  8 October, 187921 April, 1882.
20. Whitaker21 April, 188225 September, 1883.
21. Atkinson25 September, 188316 August, 1884.
22. Stout-Vogel16 August, 188428 August, 1884.
23. Atkinson28 August, 1884  3 September, 1884.
24. Stout-Vogel  3 September, 1884  8 October, 1887.
25. Atkinson  8 October, 188724 January, 1891.
26. Ballance24 January, 1891  1 May, 1893. *
27. Seddon  1 May, 1893. 

Chapter 7. PREMIERS OF SUCCESSIVE MINISTRIES.

Name of Premier.Name of Premier.
Henry Sewell.Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G.
William Fox.Harry Albert Atkinson.
Edward William Stafford.Harry Albert Atkinson (Ministry reconstituted).
William Fox. 
Alfred Domett.Sir George Grey, K.C.B.
Frederick Whitaker.Hon. John Hall.
Frederick Aloysius WeldFrederick Whitaker, M.L.C.
Edward William Stafford.Harry Albert Atkinson.
William Fox.Robert Stout.
Hon. Edward William Stafford.Harry Albert Atkinson.
George Marsden Waterhouse.Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G.
Hon. William Fox.Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.
Hon. Julius Vogel, C.M.G.John Ballance.
Daniel Pollen, M.L.C.Rt. Hon. Richard John Seddon, P.C.

Chapter 8. SPEAKERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL,
WITH DATES OF THEIR APPOINTMENT AND DATES OF RETIREMENT OR DEATH.

Name of Speaker.Date of Appointment.Date of Retirement or Death.
Hon. William Swainson16 May, 1854  8 August, 1855.
Hon. Frederick Whitaker  8 August, 185512 May, 1856.
Hon. Thomas Houghton Bartley12 May, 1856  1 July, 1868.
Hon. Sir John Larkins Cheese Richardson, Kt.  1 July, 186814 June, 1879.
Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.14 June, 187923 January, 1891.
Hon. Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.23 January, 189128 June, 1892.
Hon. Sir Henry John Miller  8 July, 1892 
   6 October, 1897. 

Chapter 9. SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
WITH DATES OF THEIR ELECTION AND DATES OF RETIREMENT.

Name of Speaker.Date of Election.Date of Retirement.
Sir Charles Clifford, Bart.26 May, 1854 
 15 April, 1856  3 June, 1861.
Sir David Monro, Kt. Bach.  3 June, 1861 
 30 June, 186613 Sept., 1870.
Sir Francis Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., C.B.14 August, 187121 October, 1875.
Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.15 June, 187613 June, 1879.
Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach.11 July, 1879 
 24 September, 1879 
18 May, 1882
  7 August, 1884
  6 October, 1887  3 October, 1890.
Hon. Major William Jukes Steward23 January, 1891  8 November, 1893.
Hon. Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach.21 June, 1894 
  6 April, 1897.
22 June, 1900.

Chapter 10. FOREIGN CONSULS

CONSULS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES RESIDING IN, OR WITH JURISDICTION OVER, NEW ZEALAND, 3RD APRIL, 1901.

Country represented.Office held.Name.Place of Residence.
Austria-HungaryConsulE. LangguthAuckland.
BelgiumConsul - General for Australia and FijiEdouard PolletMelbourne.
BelgiumConsulHon. Charles John JohnstonWellington.
BelgiumConsulJoseph James KinseyChristchurch.
BelgiumConsulJohn BurnsAuckland.
BelgiumConsulGeorge Lyon DennistonDunedin.
ChiliConsulWilliam BrownSydney.
DenmarkConsul (for North Island); Chief Consular Officer in New ZealandFrancis Henry Dillon BellWellington.
DenmarkConsul (for South Island)Emil Christian SkogChristchurch.
DenmarkVice-ConsulFrederick Ehrenfrid BaumeAuckland.
DenmarkVice-ConsulWilliam Edward PerryHokitika.
DenmarkVice-ConsulPeter Jorgen Wilhelm HolstedDunedin.
FranceConsul (for New Zealand)Count Louis Antoine Marie Joseph Henri De CourteWellington.
FranceHon. Vice-ConsulPercival Clay NeillDunedin.
FranceConsular AgentGeorge HumphreysChristchurch.
FranceConsular AgentGeorge DunnetAuckland.
German EmpireConsul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and FijiPaul Von BuriSydney.
German EmpireConsulCarl SeegnerAuckland.
German EmpireConsulBendix HallensteinDunedin.
German EmpireConsulPhilip KippenbergerChristchurch.
German EmpireConsulFriedrich August KrullWanganui.
German EmpireVice-ConsulEberhard FockeWellington.
Hawaiian IslandsConsul-General (for Australasia)W. E. DixonSydney.
Hawaiian IslandsConsul, ActingGeorge DunnetAuckland.
ItalyConsul - General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and FijiC. BertolaMelbourne.
ItalyConsular AgentThomas WallaceChristchurch.
ItalyConsular AgentGeorge FisherWellington.
ItalyConsular AgentEdward Bowes CargillDunedin.
ItalyConsular AgentGeraldo Giuseppe PerottiGreymouth.
ItalyConsular AgentRichard A. CarrAuckland.
JapanConsulA. S. AldrichWellington.
LiberiaConsulA. M. MeyersAuckland.
NetherlandsConsul - General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and FijiW. L. BossehartMelbourne.
NetherlandsConsulHon. Charles John JohnstonWellington.
NetherlandsVice-ConsulEdward Bowes CargillDunedin.
NetherlandsVice-ConsulAmbrose MillarAuckland.
NetherlandsVice-ConsulHarold Featherston JohnstonWellington.
PortugalConsulJohn DuncanWellington.
PortugalVice-ConsulHenry Rees GeorgeAuckland.
PortugalVice-ConsulIan G. DuncanWellington.
PortugalVice-ConsulCharles William RattrayDunedin.
RussiaConsulNicolas PassekMelbourne.
SpainVice-Consul(Vacant)Christchurch
SpainActingThomas JamiesonChristchurch
SpainHonorary Vice-ConsulAlexander H. TurnbullWellington.
Sweden and NorwayConsulArthur Edward PearceWellington.
Sweden and NorwayVice-ConsulFrank GrahamChristchurch.
Sweden and NorwayActingFrederick E. BaumeAuckland.
United StatesConsul (for New Zealand)Frank DillinghamAuckland.
United StatesVice-ConsulLeonard A. BachelderAuckland.
United StatesConsular AgentRobert PitcaithleyChristchurch
United StatesConsular AgentJohn DuncanWellington.
United StatesConsular AgentFrederick Orlando BridgmanDunedin.

Chapter 11. AGENT-GENERAL FOR NEW ZEALAND IN LONDON.

The Hon. W. P. Reeves, Westminster Chambers, 13, Victoria Street, S.W. Secretary—Walter Kennaway, C.M.G.

Chapter 12. THE COLONIAL OFFICE.

Table of Contents

APRIL, 1902.

(DOWNING STREET, S.W., LONDON), WITH DATES OF APPOINTMENT.

Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies—The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., 28th June, 1895.

Under-Secretaries: Parliamentary—The Right Hon. the Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G., November, 1900. Permanent—Sir Montague Frederick Ommaney, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., 1900.

Assistant Under-Secretaries: Frederick Graham, C.B., 1st March, 1897; Charles P. Lucas, C.B.; H. B. Cox (Legal); and Reginald L. Antrobus, C.B.

Chapter 13. CROWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES.

DOWNING STREET, S.W. CITY OFFICE: 1, TOKENHOUSE BUILDINGS, E.C., LONDON.

Crown Agents—Sir Ernest Edward Blake, K.C.M.G., Major Maurice Alexander Cameron, R.E., C.M.G., and William Hepworth Mercer.

Chapter 14. HONOURS HELD BY COLONISTS.

Buller, Sir Walter Lawry, F.R.S., C.M.G., 1875; K.C.M.G., 1886.

Cadman, Hon. Alfred Jerome, C.M.G., 1901.

Grace, Hon. Morgan Stanislaus, C.M.G., 1890.

Gresson, Hon. H.B., 1877.

Gudgeon, Lieut.-Colonel Walter Edward, C.M.G., 1901.

Hall, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., 1882.

Hector, Sir James, F.R.S., C.M.G., 1875; K.C.M.G., 1887.

Kennaway, Walter, Esq., C.M.G., 1897.

Miller, Hon. Sir Henry John, Knt.

Newall, Brevet-Colonel Stuart, C.B.

O'Rorke, Hon. Sir George Maurice, Knt. Bach., 1880.

Perceval, Sir Westby Brook, K.C.M.G., 1894.

Prendergast, Hon. Sir James, Knt. Bach., 1881.

Richardson, Hon. Edward, C.M.G., 1879.

Roberts, John, Esq., C.M.G., 1891.

Robin, Brevet-Colonel Alfred William, C.B.

Seddon, Right Hon. Richard John, P.C., 1897.

Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, K.C.M.G., 1886.

Walker, Hon. William Campbell, C.M.G., 1901.

Ward, Hon. Sir Joseph George, K.C.M.G., 1901.

Whitmore, Hon. Colonel Sir George Stoddart, C.M.G., 1869; K.C.M.G., 1882.

PERSONS ALLOWED TO RETAIN THE TITLE OF “Nelson” WITHIN HER MAJESTY'S DOMINIONS.

By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated Downing Street, 15th June, 1893, His Excellency the Governor was apprised that the title of “Honourable,” appertaining to Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils in colonies possessing Responsible Government, whether confined to duration of office or continued for life, was approved by Her late Majesty for use and recognition throughout her dominions, either during office or for life, as the case may be.

By further despatch of 10th March, 1894, the Secretary of State announced that he was prepared in future to submit for the approval of the Sovereign the recommendation of the Governor of any colony having Responsible Government that the President of the Legislative Council or the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly may, on quitting office after three years' service in their respective offices, be permitted to retain the title of “Honourable.” This title is now held by Sir G. M. O'Rorke and Major William Jukes Steward.

Besides the Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, the following ex-Ministers whose names do not appear in the list given above are allowed, as such, to retain the title of “Honourable": Bryce, John, 1884; Cadman, A. J., 1901; Fergus, Thomas, 1891; Haultain, Colonel T. M., 1870; Hislop, Thomas W., 1891; Johnston, Walter W., 1884; Mitchelson, Edwin, 1891; Oliver, Richard, 1884; Reeves, William P., 1896; Richardson, George F., 1891; Rolleston, William, 1884; Thompson, Thomas, 1900; Tole, Joseph A., 1888.

Chapter 15. GOVERNOR OF NEW ZEALAND.

RANFURLY, His Excellency The Right Honourable Sir Uchter John Mark, fifth Earl of (Ireland, 1831), Viscount Northland, (1791), Baron Welles (1781), Lord-in-Waiting to Her late Majesty (1895-97), Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George; Knight of Justice and Member of the Council of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; son of third earl, brother of fourth earl; born 14th August, 1856; succeeded, 1875; married, 1880, the Honourable Constance Elizabeth, only child of seventh Viscount Charlemont, C.B. Living issue : One son (Viscount Northland), two daughters (Ladies Constance and Eileen Knox). Appointed 6th April, 1897, and assumed office 10th August, 1897, as Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over His Majesty's Colony of New Zealand and its Dependencies. Salary, £5,000. Allowance on account of establishment £1,500, and travelling-expenses £500 per annum. The allowance is not payable for any period during which the Governor is absent from the colony. Residences: Northland House, Dungannon, Ireland; Government House, Wellington; Government House, Auckland.

Private Secretary and Aide-de-Camp: Dudley Alexander (Captain, “The Prince of Wales's Own,” West Yorkshire Regiment).

Assistant Private Secretary: The Honourable Charles Edward Hill-Trevor.

ADMINISTRATOR OF THE GOVERNMENT. — The Chief Justice appointed under a dormant commission.

Chapter 16. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

2ND MAY, 1902.

THE annual appropriation for Ministers' salaries is fixed by statute at the sum of £8,900, of which £1,600 is for the Prime Minister, £1,300 for the Minister for Railways, and £1,000 for each of six other Ministers. All Ministers to whom salaries are appropriated are members of the Executive Council, holding one or more of the offices specified by law. Members of the Executive Council travelling within the colony on public service are entitled to allowance not exceeding £1 10s. per day when so engaged, but not during the time a Minister is attending a session of the General Assembly. The members of the Executive Council to whom salaries are payable, and who are not otherwise provided with residences at the seat of Government, are entitled to an allowance in lieu thereof at the rate of £200 a year

The Executive Council now consists of:—

His Excellency the GOVERNOR presiding.

Rt. Hon. Richard John Seddon, P.C., Prime Minister, Colonial Treasurer, Minister of Defence, and Minister of Labour.

Hon. Sir Joseph George Ward, K.C.M.G., Minister for Railways, Colonial Secretary, Postmaster-General and Commissioner of Electric Telegraphs, Minister of Industries and Commerce, and Minister of Public Health.

Hon. James Carroll, Native Minister and Commissioner of Stamp Duties.

Hon. William Campbell Walker, C.M.G., Minister of Education and Minister of Immigration.

Hon. William Hall-Jones, Minister for Public Works and Minister of Marine.

Hon. James McGowan, Minister of Justice and Minister of Mines. (23rd January, 1900.)

Hon. Thomas Young Duncan, Minister of Lands and Minister for Agriculture. (2nd July, 1900.)

Hon. Charles Houghton Mills, Commissioner of Trade and Customs. (29th October, 1900.)

(Vacant) Attorney-General.

Clerk of the Executive Council—Alexander James Willis.

Chapter 17. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

The number of members at present constituting the Legislative Council is forty-two. The number cannot be less than ten, but is otherwise unlimited. Prior to 1891 Councillors summoned by the Governor held their appointments for life; but on the 17th of September of that year an Act was passed giving the Council power to elect its own Speaker for a period of five years, and making future appointments to the Council tenable for seven years only, to be reckoned from the date of the writ of summons of the Councillor's appointment, though every such Councillor may be reappointed. The qualifications are that the person to be appointed be of the full age of twenty-one years, and a subject of His Majesty, either natural-born or naturalised by or under any Act of the Imperial Parliament or by or under any Act of the General Assembly of New Zealand. All contractors to the public service to an amount of over £50 and Civil servants of the colony are ineligible as Councillors. Payment of Councillors is at the rate of £200 a year, payable monthly. Actual travelling-expenses to and from Wellington are also allowed. A deduction of £1 5s. per sitting day is made in case of an absence, except through illness or other unavoidable cause, exceeding fourteen sitting-days in any one session. Under “The Legislative Council Act, 1891,” a seat is vacated by any member of the Council: (1.) If he takes any oath or makes any declaration or acknowledgment of allegiance, obedience, or adherence to any foreign Prince or Power; or (2), if he does, or concurs in, or adopts any act whereby he may become a subject or citizen of any foreign State or Power, or is entitled to the rights, privileges, or immunities of a subject of any foreign State or Power; or (3), if he is a bankrupt, or compounds with his creditors under any Act for the time being in force; or (4), if he is a public defaulter, or is attainted of treason, or is convicted of felony or any infamous crime; or (5), if he resigns his seat by writing under his hand addressed to and accepted by the Governor; or (6), if for more than one whole session of the General Assembly he fails, without permission of the Governor notified to the Council, to give his attendance in the Council. By the Standing Orders of the Council, the presence of one-fourth of the members of the Council, exclusive of those who have leave of absence, is necessary to constitute a meeting for the exercise of its powers. This rule, however, may be altered from time to time by the Council.

The ordinary sitting-days are Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 2.30 p.m. to 5 p.m., resuming again at 7.30 when necessary.

ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE HONOURABLE THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF NEW ZEALAND,. (MAY, 1902.)

Speaker—The Hon. Sir HENRY JOHN MILLER, Kt.

Chairman of Committees—The Hon. WILLIAM DOUGLAS HALL BAILLIE.

Name.Provincial District.Date of Appointment.

* Reappointed, 16th October 1899.

† Life members.

‡ Reappointed, 6th June, 1900.

* Reappointed, 14th October, 1899.

Arkwright, the Hon. FrancisWellington.13 December, 1895.
Baillie, the Hon. William Douglas HallMarlborough.  8 March, 1861.†
Barnicoat, the Hon. John WallisNelson.14 May, 1883.†
Bolt, the Hon. William MouatOtago.15 October, 1892.*
Bowen, the Hon. Charles ChristopherCanterbury.23 January, 1891.†
Cadman, the Hon. Alfred Jerome, C.M.G.Auckland.21 December, 1899.
Feldwick, the Hon. HenryOtago.15 October, 1892.*
Fraser, the Hon. Francis HumphrisWellington.22 June, 1899.
Gourley, the Hon. HughDunedin.22 June, 1899.
Grace, the Hon. Morgan Stanislaus, C.M.G.Wellington.13 May, 1870.†
Harris, the Hon. BenjaminAuckland.  3 February, 1897.
Holmes, the Hon. JamesWetland.18 April, 1902.
Jenkinson, the Hon. John EdwardCanterbury.  6 June, 1893.‡
Jennings, the Hon. William ThomasAuckland.15 October, 1892. *
Johnston, the Hon. Charles JohnWellington.23 January, 1891.†
Jones, the Hon. GeorgeOtago.13 December, 1895.
Kelly, the Hon. ThomasTaranaki.15 October, 1892.*
Kelly, the Hon. WilliamAuckland.  3 February, 1897.
Kenny, the Hon. Courtney William Aylmer ThomasMarlborough.15 May, 1885.†
Louisson, the Hon. CharlesCanterbury.22 December, 1900.
McLean, the Hon. GeorgeOtago.19 December, 1881.†
Marshall, the Hon. JamesWestland.18 April. 1902.
Miller, the Hon. Sir Henry John, Kt. (Speaker)Otago.  8 July, 1865.†
Montgomery, the Hon. William.Canterbury.15 October, 1892.*
Morris, the Hon. George BenthamAuckland.15 May, 1885.†
Ormond, the Hon. John DaviesHawke's Bay.20 January, 1891.†
Peacock, the Hon. John ThomasCanterbury.  9 October, 1877.†
Pinkerton, the Hon. DavidOtago.  3 February, 1897.
Pitt, the Hon. Albert, Lieut.-ColonelNelson.23 December, 1899.
Reeves, the Hon. Richard Harman JeffaresNelson.13 December, 1895.
Rigg, the Hon. JohnWellington.  6 June, 1893.‡
Scotland, the Hon. HenryTaranaki.24 February, 1868.†
Shrimski, the Hon. Samuel EdwardOtago.15 May, 1885.†
Smith, the Hon. Alfred LeeOtago.18 June, 1898.
Smith, the Hon. William CowperHawke's Bay.13 December. 1895.
Stevens, the Hon. Edward Cephas JohnCanterbury.  7 March, 1882.†
Swanson, the Hon. WilliamAuckland.15 May, 1885.†
Taiaroa, the Hon. Hori KereiOtago.15 May, 1885.†
Tomoana, the Hon. HenareHawke's Bay.24 June, 1898.
Twomey, the Hon. Jeremiah MatthewCanterbury.18 June, 1898.
Walker, the Hon. LancelotCanterbury.15 May, 1885.†
Walker, the Hon. William Campbell, C.M G.Canterbury.15 October, 1892.*
Whitmore, the Hon. Sir George Stoddart, K.C.M.G.Hawke's Bay31 August, 1863.†
Williams, the Hon. HenryAuckland  7 March, 1882.†

Clerk of Parliaments, Clerk of the Legislative Council, and Examiner of Standing Orders upon Private Bills—Leonard Stowe.

Clerk-Assistant—Arthur Thomas Bothamley.

Second Clerk-Assistant—George Moore.

Interpreter—Henry S. Hadfield.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The number of members constituting the House of Representatives is seventy-four—seventy Europeans and four Maoris.§ This number was fixed by the Act of 1887, which came for the first time into practical operation at the general election of 1890. Previously (from 1881) the House consisted of ninety-five members—ninety-one Europeans and four Maoris. The North Island at present returns thirty-four European members, and the Middle Island thirty-six. The Cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin return each three members, and all other electoral districts one each. The elections are triennial, except in the case of a dissolution by the Governor. Every registered elector, being of the male sex, and free from any of the disqualifications mentioned in section 8 of “The Electoral Act, 1893,” is eligible for membership. All contractors to the public service of New Zealand to whom any public money above the sum of £50 is payable, directly or indirectly, in any one financial year, as well as the Civil servants of the colony, are incapable of being elected as, or of sitting or voting as, members. The payment made to members of the House of Representatives is £25 per month, amounting to £300 per annum. £2 for every sitting-day exceeding fourteen is deducted on account of absence during session not due to sickness or other unavoidable cause. Travelling-expenses to and from Wellington are also allowed. This scale of payment came into force on the 7th November, 1901, under the provisions of “The Payment of Members Act, 1901.” Twenty members, inclusive of the Speaker, constitute a quorum. Unless otherwise ordered, the sitting-days of the House are Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 2.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m., resuming at 7.30 p.m. Order of admission to the Speaker's Gallery is by ticket obtained from the Speaker. The Strangers' Gallery is open free to the public.

§ See foot-note on page 18, ante.

ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. (2ND MAY, 1902).

Speaker—The Hon. Sir GEORGE MAURICE O'RORKE, Kt. Bach.

Chairman of Committees—ARTHUR ROBERT GUINNESS.

Name.Electoral District.Date of Notification of Return of Writ.

* Writ indorsed, 31st January, 1901.

For European Electorates.  
Allen, Edmund GiblettWaikouaiti.27 December, 1899.
Allen, JamesBruce.27 December, 1899.
Arnold, James FrederickCity of Dunedin.27 December, 1899.
Atkinson, Arthur RichmondCity of Wellington.27 December, 1899.
Barclay, Alfred RichardCity of Dunedin.27 December, 1899.
Bennet, JamesTuapeka.27 December, 1899.
Bollard, JohnEden.27 December, 1899.
Buddo, DavidKaiapoi.27 December, 1899.
Carncross, Walter Charles FrederickTaieri.27 December, 1899.
Carroll, Hon. JamesWaiapu.27 December, 1899.
Collins, William WhitehouseCity of Christchurch.27 December, 1899.
Colvin, JamesBuller.27 December, 1899.
Duncan, Hon. Thomas YoungOamaru.27 December, 1899.
Ell, Henry GeorgeCity of Christchurch.27 December, 1899.
Field, William HughesOtaki.11 January, 1900.
Fisher, GeorgeCity of Wellington.27 December, 1899.
Flatman, Frederick RobertGeraldine.27 December, 1899.
Fowlds, GeorgeCity of Auckland.27 December, 1899.
Fraser, Alfred Levavasour DurellNapier.27 December, 1899.
Fraser, WilliamWakatipu.27 December, 1899.
Gilfedder, MichaelWallace.27 December, 1899.
Graham, JohnCity of Nelson.27 December, 1899.
Guinness, Arthur RobertGrey.27 December, 1899.
Hall, CharlesWaipawa.27 December, 1899.
Hall-Jones, Hon. WilliamTimaru.27 December, 1899.
Hanan, Josiah AlfredInvercargill.27 December, 1899.
Hardy, Charles Albert CreerySelwyn.27 December, 1899.
Haselden, Frederick HenryPatea.11 November, 1901.
Herries, William HerbertBay of Plenty.27 December, 1899.
Hogg, Alexander WilsonMasterton.27 December, 1899.
Hornsby, John Thomas MarryatWairarapa.27 December, 1899.
Houston, Robert MorrowBay of Islands.27 December, 1899.
Hutcheson, JohnCity of Wellington.27 December, 1899.
Lang, Frederic WilliamWaikato.27 December, 1899.
Laurenson, GeorgeLyttelton.27 December, 1899.
Lawry, FrankParnell.27 December, 1899.
Lethbridge, Frank YatesRangitikei.27 December, 1899.
Mackenzie, ThomasWaihemo.23 July, 1900.
McGowan, Hon. JamesThames.27 December, 1899.
McGuire, FelixHawera.27 December, 1899.
McKenzie, RoderickMotueka.27 December, 1899.
McLachlan, JohnAshburton,27 December, 1899.
McNab, RobertMataura.27 December, 1899.
Massey, William FergusonFranklin.27 December, 1899.
Meredith, RichardAshley.27 December, 1899.
Millar, John AndrewCity of Dunedin.27 December, 1899.
Mills, Hon. Charles HoughtonWairau.27 December, 1899.
Monk, RichardWaitemata.27 December, 1899.
Napier, William JosephCity of Auckland.27 December, 1899.
O'Meara, JohnPahiatua.27 December, 1899.
O'Rorke, Hon. Sir George Maurice, Kt. Bach.Manukau.27 December, 1899.
Palmer, JacksonOhinemuri.27 December, 1899.
Pirani, FrederickPalmerston.27 December, 1899.
Rhodes, Robert HeatonEllesmere.27 December, 1899.
Russell, George WarrenRiccarton.27 December, 1899.
Russell, William RussellHawke's Bay.27 December, 1899.
Seddon, Rt. Hon. Richard John, P.C.Westland.27 December, 1899.
Sidey, Thomas KayCaversham.30 December, 1901.
Smith, Edward MetcalfTaranaki.27 December, 1899.
Smith, George JohnCity of Christchurch.22 July, 1901.
Stevens, JohnManawatu.27 December, 1899.
Steward, Hon. William JukesWaitaki.27 December, 1899.
Symes, WalterEgmont.27 December, 1899.
Tanner, William WilcoxAvon.27 December, 1899.
Thompson, RobertMarsden27 December, 1899.
Thomson, James WilliamClutha.27 December, 1899.
Ward, Hon. Sir Joseph George, K.C.M.G.Awarua.27 December, 1899.
Wilford, Thomas MasonSuburbs of Well'gton27 December, 1899.
Willis, Archibald DudingstonWanganui.27 December, 1899.
Witheford, Joseph HowardCity of Auckland.8 May, 1900.
For Maori Electorates. Day of Election.
Heke, HoneNorthern Maori.9 January, 1901.*
Kaihau, HenareWestern Maori.19 December, 1899.
Parata, TameSouthern Maori.19 December, 1899.
Pere, WiEastern Maori19 December, 1899.

Clerk of House of Representative—H. Otterson.

Clerk-Assistant—A. J. Rutherfurd.

Second Clerk-Assistant—A. F. Lowe.

Sergeant-at-Arms—Major T. V. Shepherd.

Reader and Clerk of Bills and Papers-E. W. Kane.

Chief Hansard Reporter—Silas Spragg.

Interpreters—L. M. Grace, W. E. Goff.

Clerk of Writs—H. Pollen.

Deputy Clerk of Writs——

Librarian—Charles Wilson.

Chapter 18. OFFICIAL LIST.

Table of Contents

(26th April, 1902.)

PREMIER'S OFFICE.

Premier—Rt. Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.C.

Secretary to Cabinet—A. J. Willis

COLONIAL SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT.

CHIEF OFFICE.

Colonial Secretary—Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Under-Secretary—Hugh Pollen

Chief Clerk—R. F. Lynch

Clerks—J. F. Andrews, A. R. Kennedy

Officer in Charge of Government Buildings—W. H. Hennah

AUDIT OFFICE.

Controller and Auditor-General—J. K. Warburton.

Assistant Controller and Auditor—J. C. Gavin

Chief Clerk—L. C. Roskruge

Clerks—W. Dodd, H. S. Pollen, W. G. Holdsworth, E. J. A. Stevenson, C. M. Georgeson, J. H. Fowler, J. Skerrett, R. A. Gray

Cadets—C. E. Easton, G. V. Bogle

Cadette—E. A. Casey

Extra Clerks—D. C. Innes, J. Swift, A. E. Bybles, J. Ward, C. E. Briggs, E. E. Smythe, J McC. Hamilton, T. S. Hamer, S. W. Thornton

Audit Officer, Agent-General's Office, London—C. F. W. Palliser

Audit Inspectors—P. P. Webb, A. H. Maclean, J. King, A. W. Eames, G. H. I. Easton, C. P. Johnson, J. T. Dumbell, H. A. Lamb, B. A. Meek, A. A. Bethune

REGISTRAR-GENERAL'S OFFICE.

Registrar-General—E. J. Von Dadelszen

Chief Clerk and Deputy Registrar-General—G. Drury

Clerks—F. H. Machattie, W. W. Cook, Ben Keys

Index Clerk—S. Coffey

REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES.

Four Chief Towns.

Auckland—E. H. Lyons

Wellington—F. W. Mansfield

Christchurch—L. C. Williams

Dunedin—W. J. Hall

PRINTING AND STATIONERY DEPARTMENT.

Government Printer, Stationery Office Manager, and Controller of Stamp Printing—John Mackay

Superintending Overseer—J. J. Gamble

Chief Clerk and Accountant—B. B. Allen

Clerk and Computer—N. B. K. Manley

Clerks—F. Barraud, J. W. Hall, R. Watts, A. Stace, A. Williams

Cadette—A. Paterson

Hansard Supervisor—M. F. Marks

Overseers—B. Wilson, J. F. Rogers

Overseer, Jobbing-room—G. Tattle

Night Foreman—D. Archibald

Readers—W. Fuller, H. S. Mountier, H. Lee, W. Sutherland

Overseer, Machine-room—J. Phillips

Sub-overseer, Machine-room — John Burns

Overseer, Binding Branch—W. Franklin

Sub-overseer, Binding Branch — G. H. Broad

Forewoman, Binding Branch — Miss O'Malley

Stamp Printer—H. Hume

Foreman, Lithographic Branch—D. Ross

Stereotyper and Electrotyper—W. J. Kirk

Engineer—T. R. Barrer

COLONIAL TREASURER'S DEPARTMENT.

CHIEF OFFICE.

Colonial Treasurer—Rt. Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.C.

Secretary to the Treasury, Receiver-General. Paymaster-General, and Registrar of New Zealand Consols—James B. Heywood

Accountant to the Treasury—Robert J. Collins

Cashier—C. E. Chittey

Corresponding Clerk—H. Blundell

Clerks—R. B. Vincent, W. E. Cooper, E. L. Mowbray, A. O. Gibbes, J. Holmes, H. N. W. Church, A. J. Morgan, T. J. Davis, F. H. Tuckey, H. Hawthorn, E. Fisher, W. Wilson, G. A. Fraser, G. C. Rodda

Cadets— W. Gillanders, J. Christie, H W. Williams S. S. Mackenzie, W. L. Clapson, A. Hore

Cadettes— L. McIntosh, M. Ralston, D. M. Schramm, H. M. Batham, E. M. Taylor, E. S. Watts, E. A. O. Burrage

Officer for Payment of Imperial Pensions at Auckland—B. J. Daveney

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES' AND TRADE UNIONS' REGISTRY OFFICE.

Registrar—E. Mason

Revising Barrister—L. G. Reid

Clerk—C. T. Benzoni

OLD-AGE PENSIONS OFFICE.

Registrar—J. Eman Smith

Deputy Registrars—

Auckland—John King, Registrar of Electors

Wellington—F. W. Mansfield, Registrar of Births. &c.

Christchurch—L. C. Williams, Registrar of Electors

Dunedin—Robert Hill

(In all other Pension Districts Clerks of the Magistrates' Courts are the Deputy Registrars)

LAND AND INCOME TAX DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner—John McGowan

Deputy Commissioner—G. F. C. Campbell

Chief Clerk—F. J. M. D. Walmsley

Accountant—P. Heyes

Clerks—A. J. McGowan, H. Nancarrow, J. M. King, W. M. Tyers, J. W. Black, C. V. Kreeft, G. W. Jänisch, D. R. Purdie, D. G. Clark, J. Stevenson, E. Randell, R. Hepworth, S. Ruddock, J. Ferguson, H. S. Barron

Cadets—C. E. J. Dowland, H. A. Anderson, C. J. Lovatt, J. M. Park

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.

HEAD OFFICE.

Minister of Justice — Hon. James McGowan

Under-Secretary—F. Waldegrave

Chief Clerk—C. B. Jordan

Translator—G. H. Davies

Clerks—C. E. Matthews, G. F. Dixon, A. J. Thompson

CROWN LAW OFFICE.

Attorney-General—(vacant)

Solicitor-General—F. Fitchett, M.A., LL.D.

Assistant Law Officer—L. G. Reid

Law Draftsman—

Clerk—E. Y. Redward

PATENT OFFICE.

Registrar of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks—F. Waldegrave

Deputy Registrar—J. C. Lewis

Clerk—Mary Eyre

JUDICIAL.

Supreme Court Judges.

Chief Justice—

Wellington—Sir R. Stout, K.C.M.G.

Judges—

Wellington—W. B. Edwards, Theo. Cooper

Auckland—E. T. Conolly

Christchurch—J. E Denniston

Dunedin—J. S. Williams

District Court Judges.

Wairarapa, Wanganui, New Plymouth, Hawera, and Palmerston North—C. C. Kettle

Nelson—H. W. Robinson

Ashburton, Timaru, Oamaru, Queenstown, Naseby, Lawrence, Invercargill, Hokitika, Greymouth, Westport, Reefton, and Kumara—C. D. R. Ward

Registrars of the Supreme Court.

Auckland—H. C. Brewer

New Plymouth—R. L. Stanford

Wanganui—C. C. Kettle

Napier—A. Turnbull

Gisborne—W. A. Barton

Wellington—D. G. A. Cooper

Nelson—H. W. Robinson

Blenheim—A. McArthur

Christchurch—A. R. Bloxam

Hokitika—V. G. Day

Dunedin—G. A. King

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer

Sheriffs.

Auckland—H. C. Brewer

Taranaki—A. H. Holmes

Hawke's Bay—A. Turnbull

Poverty Bay—W. A. Barton

Wellington—D. G. A. Cooper

Wairarapa—E. Rawson

Wanganui and Rangitikei—C. A. Barton

Nelson—W. Heaps

Westland North—E. C. Kelling

Central Westland—A. Askenbeck

Marlborough—J. Terry

Canterbury—A. R. Bloxam

Timaru—C. A. Wray

Westland—V. G. Day

Otago—G. A. King

Southland—J. R. Colyer

Crown Solicitors.

Auckland—Hon. J. A. Tole

New Plymouth—A. Standish

Gisborne—J. W. Nolan

Napier—A. J. Cotterill

Wellington—H. Gully

Wanganui—S. T. Fitzherbert

Nelson—C. Y. Fell

Blenheim—R. McCallum

Christchurch—T. W. Stringer

Timaru—J. W. White

Dunedin—J. F. M. Fraser

Invercargill—T. M. Macdonald

Oamaru—A. G. Creagh

Crown Prosecutors (District Courts).

New Plymouth—A. Standish

Hawera—E. L. Barton

Wanganui and Palmerston North—S. T. Fitzherbert

Masterton—A. R. Bunny

Nelson—C. Y. Fell

Westport and Reefton—C. E. Harden

Hokitika—J. Park

Greymouth—M. Hannan

Timaru—J. W. White

Oamaru—A. G. Creagh

Queenstown—Wesley Turton

Invercargill—T. M. Macdonald

Stipendiary Magistrates.

Auckland—H. W. Brabant

Pokeno, Waikato, &c.—H. W. Northcroft

Onehunga, &c.—T. Hutchison*

Russell, &c.—E. C. Blomfield

Tauranga, &c.—J. M. Roberts*

Thames, &c.—R. S. Bush*

Gisborne, &c.—W. A. Barton

New Plymouth—R. L. Stanford

Hawera, &c.—H. Eyre-Kenny

Wanganui, &c.—C. C. Kettle

Palmerston North, &c.—A. Greenfield

Wellington, &c.—W. R. Haselden

Wairarapa, &c.—W. P. James

Napier &c.—A. Turnbull

Nelson—H. W. Robinson*

Motueka, Collingwood, &c. — Wilson Heaps*

Blenheim, &c.—A. McArthur*

Christchurch, &c.—R. Beetham

Kaiapoi, &c.—H. W. Bishop

Timaru, &c.—C. A. Wray

Greymouth, Westport, &c. — R. S. Hawkins*

Hokitika, &c.—D. Macfarlane*

Dunedin, &c.—E. H. Carew* and C. C. Graham

Oamaru, &c.—J. Keddell*

Milton, &c.—G. Cruickshank*

Clyde, &c.—F. J. Burgess*

Naseby—J. McEnnis*

Invercargill, &c.—S. E. McCarthy*

Chatham Islands—R. S. Florance

Official Assignees in Bankruptcy.

Auckland—J. Lawson, J.P.

Wellington—J. Ashcroft, J.P.

Christchurch—G. L. Greenwood

Dunedin—C. C. Graham, S.M.

Clerks of District and Magistrates' Courts.

New Plymouth—A. H. Holmes

Hawera—A. Trimble

Wanganui—C. A. Barton

Palmerston North—W. Matravers

Masterton—E. Rawson

Nelson—C. H. Webb-Bowen

Hokitika—W. A. D. Banks

Kumara—T. M. Lawlor

Greymouth—B. Harper

Westport—E. C. Kelling

Reefton—A. Askenbeck

Timaru—T. Howley

Ashburton—T. W. Tayler

Oamaru—R. P. Ward

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer

Queenstown—A. A. Mair

Lawrence—A. M. Eyes

Naseby—F. Hart

Receivers of Gold Revenue, Mining Registrars, and Clerks of Wardens' and Magistrates' Courts.

Thames—J. Jordan

Coromandel—D. Banks

Paeroa—H. R. Bush

Waihi—E. W. Cave

Tauranga—W. A. Thom

* Are also Wardens of Goldfields.

Whangarei—G. M. Robertshaw

Havelock (Marlborough) — H. McArdle

Nelson—C. H. Webb-Bowen

Blenheim—John Terry

Motueka—H. E. Gilbert

Collingwood—W. Scale

Westport—E. C. Kelling

Charleston—T. A. Godfrey

Reefton—A. Askenbeck

Ahaura—J. C. Malfroy

Greymouth—B. Harper

Kumara—T. M. Lawlor

Hokitika—W. A. D. Banks

Naseby, &c.—F. Hart

Wyndham—D. Bogue

Clyde, Black's, and Alexandra—F. T. D. Jeffrey

Cromwell—J. Fleming

Queenstown and Arrowtown — A. A. Mair

Lawrence—A. M. Eyes

Gore—M. Foley

Riverton—A. G. Ashby

Clerks of Magistrates' Courts.

Auckland—H. G. Ralfe

Gisborne—G. J. Johnstone

Hamilton—T. Kirk

Napier—R. B. Mathias

Hastings—P. Skerrett

Stratford—J. B. Stoney

Dannevirke—S. Tansley

Marton, &c.—F. M. Deighton

Wellington—A. D. Thomson

Christchurch—W. Martin

Lyttelton—W. Shanaghan

Kaiapoi—M. Lynskey

Waimate—W. Y. Purchase

Dunedin—W. G. P. O'Callaghan

NATIVE LAND COURT.

Chief Judge—G. B. Davy

Judges—A. Mackay, D. Scannell, H. W. Brabant, W. J. Butler, H. F. Edger, W. G. Mair, H. D. Johnson, J. M. Batham

Registrars — Auckland, J. W. Browne; Gisborne, J. Brooking; Wellington, R. C. Sim

Commissioners of the Native Land Court.

R. S. Bush, A. Turnbull, E. C. Blomfield, C. C. Kettle, J. M. Roberts, W. Stuart, H. W. Bishop, E. H. Carew, H. E. Kenny, R. L. Stanford, T. Hutchison, H. W. Robinson, R. S. Florance: Sub - Commissioners — J. Brooking, W. A. Thom

Government Native Agent, Otorohanga—G. T. Wilkinson

VALIDATION COURT.

Chief Judge—G. B. Davy

Judges—The Judges of the Native Land Court

Registrars—The Registrars of the Native Land Court

CORONERS.

Coroners—Auckland, E. Baker, T. Gresham; Coromandel, A. R. H. Swindley; Collingwood, E. Davidson; Foxton, E. S. Thynne; Hamilton, J. S. Bond; Hawera, C. E. Major; Hokitika, R. W. Wade; Marton, A. Ross; Ohakana, Ohiwa, S. Bates; Otahuhu, S. Luke; Otaki. W. H. Simcox; Paeroa, W. Forrest; Pahi, J. B. Ariell; Palmerston North, J. Mowlem; Port Albert, L. P. Becroft; Queenstown, L. Hotop; Raglan, W. H. Wallis; Midhirst, J. Mackay; Takaka, A. Sinclair; Thames, A. Bruce; Tauranga, A. C. H. Tovey; Te Awamutu, J. B. Teasdale; Te Kopuru, T. Webb; Waipawa, S. Johnson; Wellington, J. Ashcroft; Whangarei, J. M Killen; Woodville, E. J. Gothard. All Stipendiary Magistrates are ex officio Coroners.

NEW ZEALAND POLICE FORCE.

Head Office.

Commissioner—John Bennett Tunbridge

Chief Clerk—John Evans

Clerks — John Tasker, William John Mahoney, Walter Gollan

Police Department.

Inspectors—Peter Pender, William Stone Pardy, John Cullen, John Wybrant Ellison, Robert James Gillies, Terence O'Brien, Ewen Macdonell

Sub-Inspectors—Nicholas Kiely, Edward Wilson, Alfred James Mitchell, Patrick Black, Henry Green

PRISONS DEPARTMENT.

Inspector—Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Hume, N.Z.M.

Clerk—T. E. Richardson

Gaolers — Auckland, Francis Egerton Severne, Dunedin, Samuel Charles

Phillips; Hokitika, Thomas Rosson Pointon, Invercargill, John Henry Bratby; Lyttelton, Matthew Michael Cleary; Napier, Michael Flannery; New Plymouth, Bartholomew Lloyd O'Brien; Wanganui, Robert T. N. Beasley; Wellington, Patrick Samuel Garvey

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE.

Minister—Hon Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Secretary—T. E Donne

Chief Clerk—G. S. Munro.

DEPARTMENT OF TOURIST AND HEALTH RESORTS.

Minister—Hon. Sir J G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Superintendent—T. E. Donne

Chief Clerk—O. R. C. Robieson

Inspector—F. Moorhouse

Clerks—H. Kirk, H. R. Robinson

Shorthand and Typist—S. Dimant

DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR.

Minister of Labour—Rt. Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.C.

Secretary for Labour and Chief Inspector of Factories—E. Tregear

Chief Clerk and Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories—James Mackay

Clerks—F. Rowley, F. A. de la Mare

Shorthand Writer and Typist—J. W. Collins

Cadet—W. Linklater

INSPECTORS OF FACTORIES.

North Island — J. Shanaghan, H. Ferguson, L. D. Browett, W. J. Blake, W. H. Hagger, Margaret Hawthorne, and 71 local Inspectors

South Island—J. Shanaghan, J. Lomas, H. Maxwell, J. B. Lindsay, W. H. Hagger, Margaret Hawthorne, and 68 local Inspectors

(There are also 200 Bureau Agents in different parts of the colony.)

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT.

HEAD OFFICE.

Minister for Public Works—Hon. W. Hall-Jones

Under-Secretary—H. J. H. Blow

Engineer-in-Chief—W. H. Hales

Superintending Engineer—P. S. Hay, M.A., M. Inst. C.E.

Inspecting Engineer — R. W. Holmes, M.Inst.C.E.

Chief Clerk—W. D. Dumbell

Accountant—G. J. Clapham

Land-purchase Officer—H. Thompson

Record Clerk—H. W. H. Millais

Clerks—P. S. Waldie, E. McCarthy, A. Biddell, E. Bold, A. H. Kimbell, N. Jacobs, H. F. Curtis, A. Sampson, C. E. Crawford, P. J. Garvey, G. C. Schmidt, W. McNamara, J. J. Bennett, A. L. Goldfinch, L. White, E. Kidd, K. Webb

Chief Draughtsman—W. G. Rutherford

Architect—J. Campbell

Draughtsmen—T. Perham, E. Jackson, C. A. Lawrence, W. Withers, W. G. C. Swan, J. H. Price, A. E. King, R. G. Applegarth, G. W. Phillips, J. Baird, A. A. Nicholson, C. A. Owen, J J Fraser, A. F Macrae, F. I. Ellis, S. T. Silver, A. T. Ford

Head Storekeeper—John Young

Engineering Cadets—J McNair, J. Norris

Clerical Cadets—A. D. Park, G.C. Perry

Clerical Cadette—E. M. B. Lynch

DISTRICT OFFICES.

District Engineers — Auckland, C. R. Vickerman; Dunedin, E. R. Ussher, M.Inst.C.E.

Resident Engineers—Hunterville, G. L. Cook, M.Inst.C.E.; North Island Main Trunk Railway, J. A. Wilson, J. D. Louch; Nelson, W. A. Shain; Westport, R. A. Young, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E.; Greymouth, J. Thomson, B.E.; Springfield, W. H. Gavin

Assistant. Engineers—J. J. Hay, M.A.; J. S. Stewart, S. J. Harding, J. H. Dobson, F. M. Hewson, J. Hannah, J. H. Lewis, A. Jack, G. C. McGlashan, F. H. Geisow, C. E. Armstrong, W. Widdowson, H. Dickson, J. W. E. McEnnis. A. Ross, J. V. Haskell, J. W. Thomson, F. W. Furkert, J. Meenan. W. P. Moynihan, A. Stewart, W. A. Jeff, W. Sherratt, C. J. McKenzie, F. P. Bartley

Engineering Cadets—J. J. Wilson, H. Vickerman, F. S. Dyson, J. Wood, L. B Campbell

Draughtsmen — C. Wood, W. A. Cumming, P. F. M. Burrows, W. H. Hislop, T. J. McCosker, L. L. Richards. J. B. Robertson, H. C. W. Wrigg, W. G. Harding

Clerks—W. Black. C. T. Rushbrook, A. R. Stone, A. J, E. Waddell, J. H. Denton, J. B. Borton, L. P. Cabot, F. E. Banks, H. Grave, G. T. Grace, E. G Beale, E. Crouch, J. A. White, W. E. Fitzgerald, L. M. Shera, H. M. O'Donnell, S. A. Holland, H. J. C. Patrick

Storekeepers—T. Douglas, J. C. Fulton, S. J. Moncrieff

RAILWAYS DEPARTMENT.

Minister for Railways—Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

General Manager—T. Ronayne

Chief Clerk—R. W. McVilly

Clerks—E. J. Andrews, B. M. Wilson, W. S. Ridler, J. L. Day, W. Johnston, J. Hislop, C. G. Edwards, W. H. Gifford, A. J. Will, J. R. de Lambert, W. A. Wellings, P. J. McGovern, W. H. Warren, A. N Longton, S. S. Millington, G. L. Sentch, W. H. B. Donovan, C. T. Reehal, H. Gerard.

Audit Inspectors—H. Baxter, D. Munro, R. Hislop, jun.

Railway Accountant—A. C. Fife

Clerks—H. Davidson, J. H. Davies, G. G. Wilson, S. P. Curtis, J. McLean, E. Davy, A. Morris, C. Batten, T. Pattle, W. B. Fisher, J. Firth, E. J. Fleming, H. H. Leopard, R. J. Loe, W. Bourke, A. J. Belworthy, F. W. Lash, A. H. Hunt, W. E. Ahern, F. K. Porteous, T. A. O'Connor, J. W. Dayman, W. H. Simmons, J. B. Gauntlett, J. Underhill.

Stores Manager—G. Felton

Stores Audit Inspector—F. J. Dawes

Clerks—M. C. Rowe, G. H. Norie, C. F. F. A. R. Isherwood, G. Bennett, S. Alpe, H. W. Barbor, E. J. Maguiness, R. P. Bray, J. T. Bain, L. G. Porter, L. B. Archibald, E. J. Scanlan, S. J. H. Dyer, J. R. Robertson, A. D. Lincoln, J. Kerr, J. Brabiner, J. Hayes, J. Ginnane, E. Goldfinch

Chief Traffic Manager—W. H. Gaw

Clerks—J. E. Armstrong, G. A. C. Robieson, J. E. Widdop, G. Murchie, F. C. Fraser, T. T. Halbert.

Traffic Superintendents—Wellington, T. Arthur; Dunedin, A. Grant

District Managers—Whangarei, E.E. Gillon; Auckland, H. Buxton; Wanganui, S. F. Whitcombe; Westland, W. Crombie; Christchurch, T. W. Waite; Invercargill, C. A. Piper

Stationmasters in charge—Kawakawa, J. T. Parsons; Kaihu, R. B. Peat; Westport, T. Hay-Mackenzie; Nelson, E. G. Wilson; Picton, T. S. Edwards

Chief Engineer for Working Railways—J. Coom, M.Inst.C.E.

Inspecting Engineer—J. Burnett, M.Inst.C.E.

Signal Engineer—H.J. Wynne, A.M.Inst.C.E.

Railway Land Officer—E. G. H. Main-waring

Chief Draughtsman—G. A. Troup

Draughtsmen—J. Besant, W. R. B. Bagge, C. T. Jeffreys, Ad. Howitt, L. Reynolds, A. S. Henderson, W. W. Fry, W. R. Davidson, A. L. Baumgart, A. S. Wansbrough

Clerks—W. P. Hicks, J. T. Ford, W. A. Mirams, H. Jessup, T. H. Wilson, E. S. Kelly, H. W. Rowden, T. M. Lucy, H. H. Gardner, J. M. Robb, F. J. Rowden, E. D. Richards, G. P. Parrell, E J. Guthrie, T. Trezise, H. McAlister, G. G. Wilson, jun., J. A. F. Cundy, V. W. W. Venimore, F. T. A. Williams

District Engineers—Auckland, C. H. Biss; Wanganui, D. T. McIntosh; Wellington, A. C. Koch; Westport and Westland, F. J. Jones; Christ-church, H. Macandrew; Dunedin, F. W. MacLean; Invercargill, A. J. McCredie

Chief Mechanical Engineer—A. L. Beattie

Clerks—J. P. Kelly, R. Aekins, D. D. Weir, J. Rumgay, H. McKeowen, H. B. Sturmer, C. L. Pettit, A. Beaton, E. Hagenson, E. J. Flowerday, A. A. B. Boult, J. H. Leopard, J. P. McKeowen, R. M. Walker, W. Somerville

Chief Draughtsman—G. A. Pearson

Draughtsmen—R. Pye-Smith, G. Wilson, A. Smellie, J. M. Porteous

Boiler Inspector—J. W. Nichols

Locomotive Engineers—Auckland, A. V. Macdonald; Wellington-Napier-New Plymouth, T. A. Peterkin; Hurunui-Bluff, H. H. Jackson; Westport and Westland, G. E. Richardson. Relieving, J. D. Harris, F. T. Murison.

Brake Engineer—J. H. Fox

BOARD OF APPEAL.

North Island.

H. Eyre Kenny, Stipendiary Magistrate, Chairman, appointed by the Governor.

H. Davidson, Railway Accountant's Office, elected.

T. Wilson, Engineman, elected

M. J. Mack, Guard, elected

W. Austin, Leading Carpenter, elected

W. Morrison, Ganger, elected

Middle Island.

C. D. R. Ward, District Judge, Chairman, appointed by the Governor.

T. W. Brebner, Stationmaster, elected.

P. E. Nolan, Signalman, elected.

J. A. McCullough, Leading Tinsmith, elected

T. Milroy, Engineman, elected

R. Duncan, Sub-ganger, elected

POST AND TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT.

GENERAL POST OFFICE.

Postmaster-General and Electric Telegraph Commissioner—Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Secretary—W. Gray

Superintendent of Electric Lines—J. K. Logan

Assistant Secretary and Inspector—T. Rose

Controller of Money-orders and Savings-banks, and Accountant—G. Gray

Chief Clerk—D. Robertson

Assistant Controller Money-Orders and Savings - Banks, and Assistant Accountant—W. R. Morris

Clerks, Secretary's Office—F. V. Waters, H. Plimmer, J. C. Williamson, W. Crow, B. C. Dean, V. J. Brogan, D. E. Lindsay, H. D. Grocott, J. C. Redmond, A. T. Markmann, W. J. Gow, F. W. Furby, J. B. Jordan, S. Macalister, J. P. P. Clouston, A. Donovan

Mail Agent—W. Isbister

Clerks, Inspector's Branch—G. V. Hudson, J. Brennan, W. A. Tanner, F. S. Robins, S. M. Harrison, A. S. Harper, H. McGill

Clerks, Accountant's Branch — J. L. H. Ledger, H. A. R. Huggins, G. W. Moorhouse, W. Callaghan, W. Chegwidden, R. J. Thompson, H. Cornwall, F. Perrin, J. J. Esson, R. E. Hayes, D. A. Jenkins, E. Fitzsimons, H. N. McLeod, J. D. Avery, C. B. Harton W. J. Drake, C. Dempsey, J. G Roache, J. Coyle, F. W. Faber, F. J Beamish, P. J. Kelleher, A. C. Elliott, G. H. Harris, H. C. Milne, C. W. J Panting, H. C. Hickson, P. D. Hoskins, W.R. Wakelin, F. Stewart, T. W. West, G. G. Rose, G. T. Withers, H. E. Combs, J. E. Hull, A. Marshall, F. G. A. Eagles, C. G. Collins, T. M. Highet, E. C. Gamble, J. C. A. Dudley, T. H. N. Beasley, G. H. Davis, W. I. Dawson, W. K. Frethey, J. Snell, W. Gilbert, G. L. Messenger, R. W. Penfold, W. A. Smith, R. H. Twose, E. White, C. Gamble, J. Madden, J. Alexander, E. Bermingham, S. Brock, E. Harris, B. M. Kenny, V. Johnston, M. A. MacLeod, C. Smith, M. A. Asquith, E. O'Leary, E. E. Warren

Electrician and Inspector—W. S. Furby

Assistant Electrician—T. Buckley

Mechanicians—R. Heinitz, F. Palmer

Storekeeper—J. Black

Assistant Storekeeper—C. B. Mann

Clerks in Store—C. Nicholls, T. Palmer, W. H. Carter, M. McGilvray, J. G. Howard

CHIEF POSTMASTERS.

Auckland—S. B. Biss

* Thames—S. P. Stevens

* Gisborne—G. W. Sampson

Napier—D. Cumming

* New Plymouth—F. D. Holdsworth

* Wanganui—J. F. McBeth

Wellington—S. J. Jago

* Blenheim—J. Bull

* Nelson—H. Calders

* Westport—T. T. King

* Greymouth—C. J. Berry

* Hokitika—J. H. Sheath

Christchurch—R. Kirton

* Timaru—J. A. Hutton

* Oamaru—W. W. Beswick

Dunedin—E. Cook

* Invercargill—J. W. Wilkin

INSPECTORS OF TELEGRAPHS.

Auckland—W. G. Meddings

Christchurch—J. W. Gannaway

Dunedin—J. Orchiston

Nelson—C. C. Robertson

ASSISTANT INSPECTORS OF POST-OFFICES.

D. Miller (Northern District), W. St. G. Douglas (Midland District), C. J. A. H. Tipping (Southern District)

OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF TELEGRAPH OFFICES.

Auckland—H. F. Seager

Napier—B. H. Keys

Wellington—H. W. Harrington

Christchurch—J. W. Mason

Dunedin—J. G. Ballard

*Combined post- and telegraph-offices.

BOARD OF APPEAL.

J. McGowan, Commissioner of Taxes, Chairman (by Act).

J. K. Logan, Superintendent of Electric Lines (by Act).

J. H. Stevens, Representing Postal Branch, elected.

H. G. Greatbatch, Representing Telegraph Branch, elected.

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND CUSTOMS.

Commissioner of Trade and Customs—Hon. C. H. Mills

Secretary and Inspector of Customs and Secretary of Marino—W. T. Glasgow.

Chief Clerk—T. Larchin

Clerks, Customs—V. R. Meredith, C. H. Manson

Cadets—E. W. Thompson, W. A. Cameron

Audit—H. W. Brewer, H. Crowther (Writer)

COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS.

Auckland—A. Rose

Poverty Bay—W. J. Hawley

New Plymouth—H. Bedford

Napier—E. R. C. Bowen

Wellington—D. Johnston

Wanganui—A. Elliott

Nelson—W. Heaps

Westport—H. R. Spence

Greymouth—C. Colebrook

Hokitika—W. Rose

Lyttelton and Christchurch—J. Mills

Timaru—C. S. Nixon

Oamaru—T. M. Cullen

Dunedin—C. W. S. Chamberlain

Invercargill and Bluff Harbour—A. McDowell

OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF PORTS, AND COASTWAITERS.

Thames—T. C. Bayldon, Coastwaiter

Russell—H. Stephenson, Coastwaiter

Tauranga—E. Northcroft, Officer in Charge

Whangaroa—A. G. Ratcliffe, Coastwaiter

Whangarei—J. Munro, Coastwaiter

Mongonui—A. D. Clemett, Officer in Charge

Hokianga—G. Martin, Coastwaiter

Kaipara—J. C. Smith, Officer in Charge

Waitara—J. Cameron, Coastwaiter

Foxton—T. Lewis, Officer in Charge

Patea—J. W. Glenny, Officer in Charge

Wairau—H. A. Jackman, Officer in Charge

Picton—T. W. Lecocq, Officer in Charge

Chatham Islands—R. S. Florance, Officer in Charge

MARINE DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Marine—Hon. W. Hall-Jones

Secretary—W. T. Glasgow

Chief Clerk—G. Allport

Clerks—J. J. D. Grix, G. Sinclair

Cadet—B. W. Millier

Marine Engineer for the Colony—W. H. Hales

Nautical Adviser and Chief Examiner of Masters and Mates—H. S. Blackburne

Weather Reporter—R. A. Edwin, Com. R.N.

Superintendent of Mercantile Marine and Examiner of Masters and Mates, Auckland—W. D. Reid

Superintendent of Mercantile Marine and Examiner of Masters and Mates—Wellington, G. G. Smith

Superintendent of Mercantile Marine and Examiner of Masters and Mates, Lyttelton—J. A. H. Marciel

Superintendent of Mercantile Marine and Examiner of Masters and Mates, Dunedin—C. E. W. Fleming

Master of s.s. “Tutanekai"—C. F. Post

Master of s.s. “Hinemoa"—J. Bollons

INSPECTORS OF SEA-FISHERIES.

Wellington, Chief Inspector — L. F. Ayson

Russell—H. Stephenson

Whangarei—J. Munro

Hokitika—J. Duncan

Bluff—P. McGrath

HARBOURMASTERS.*

Collingwood—F. Stallard

Foxton—A. Seabury

Hokianga—G. Martin

Kaipara—J. Christy Smith

Manukau—J. Neale

Motueka—H. L. Moffatt

Picton—T. Edwards

Port Robinson—J. Sinclair

Russell—H. Stephenson

Waitapu—S. Fittall

* The more important harbours are controlled by local Boards, not by the Marine Department.

INSPECTION OF MACHINERY DEPARTMENT.

Chief Inspector of Machinery, Principal Engineer Surveyor, and Chief Examiner of Engineers—R. Duncan, Head Office, Wellington

Chief Clerk—R. P. Milne

Clerk—J. H. Macalister

Extra Clerks—R G. Stone, W. D. Andrews, J. G. Macpherson

Cadet—H. Patterson

Inspectors of Machinery, Engineer Surveyors, and Examiners of Engineers:—

Auckland — H. Wetherilt, S. Dalrymple, G. McGregor

Wellington—H. A. McGregor, P. J. Carman, A. Calvert, W. R. Douglas

Christchurch—G. Croll, A. McVicar

Dunedin— —A. Walker, M. Sharp

Invercargill—A. W. Bethune

Board of Examiners of Stationary, Traction, Locomotive, and Winding Engine Drivers—Robert Duncan, Chief Inspector of Machinery, M. Ins.Nav A., M.Inst.Soc.A.Lond., Chairman; John Hayes, F.S.G.C, Inspecting Engineer of Mines; P. G. Hay, M.A., M.Inst.C.E.; R. P. Milne, Secretary

STAMP DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner of Stamp Duties—Hon. Jas. Carroll

Secretary for Stamps—C.A.St.G. Hickson

Chief Clerk and Accountant—H. O. Williams

Custodian and Issuer of Stamps—W. H. Shore

Record and Receiving Clerk—J. P. Murphy

Clerks—V. Willeston, J. Murray

Chief Stamper—C. Howe

Cadet—D. Hodges

Cadette—C. McIntosh

DEPUTY COMMISSIONERS OF STAMPS.

Auckland—E. Bamford

Gisborne—C. H. W. Dixon

Taranaki—R. L. Stanford

Hawke's Bay—Thos. Hall

Wellington—C. A. St G. Hickson

Wanganui—J. F. McBeth

Nelson—W. W. de Castro

Marlborough—C. E. Nalder

Canterbury—P. G. Withers

Timaru—J. A. Hutton

Otago—P. C. Corliss

Southland—W. Wyinks

Westland—V. G. Day

LAND TRANSFER DEPARTMENT AND DEEDS REGISTRY.

Registrar-General of Land and Deeds—G. B. Davy

Secretary, Land and Deeds—C. A. St. G. Hickson

DISTRICT LAND REGISTRARS AND REGISTRARS OF DEEDS.

Auckland—E. Bamford

Taranaki—R. L. Stanford

Wellington—Wm. Stuart

Hawke's Bay—Thos. Hall

Gisborne—J. M. Batham

Nelson—H. W. Robinson

Marlborough—C. E. Nalder

Canterbury—G. G. Bridges

Otago—H. Turton

Southland—W. Wyinks

Westland—V. G. Day

EXAMINERS OF TITLES.

Auckland—E. Bamford

Taranaki—R. L. Stanford

Wellington—Wm. Stuart, H. Howorth

Hawke's Bay—Thos. Hall

Gisborne—J. M. Batham

Nelson—H. W. Robinson

Marlborough—Wm. Stuart

Canterbury—G. G. Bridges

Otago—H. Turton

Southland—W. Wyinks

Westland—V. G. Day

REGISTRAR OF JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES.

C. A. St. G. Hickson

REGISTRARS OF BUILDING SOCIETIES, INDUSTRIAL AND PROVIDENT SOCIETIES, AND ASSISTANT REGISTRARS OF JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES.

Auckland—E. Bamford

Taranaki—R. L. Stanford

Hawke's Bay—Thos. Hall

Wellington—H. O. Williams

Nelson—W. W. de Castro

Marlborough—C. E. Nalder

Canterbury—P. G. Withers

Otago—P. C. Corliss

Southland—W. Wyinks

Westland—V. G. Day

Poverty Bay—C. H. W. Dixon

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Education (administering also Native schools, industrial schools, and the institution for deaf-mutes)—Hon W. C. Walker, C.M.G.

Secretary for Education and Inspector-General of Schools—George Hogben, M.A.

Assistant Secretary—Sir E. O. Gibbes, Bart.

Clerks—F. K. de Castro, H. B. Kirk, M.A., R. H. Pope, F. L. Severne, E. C. Banks, F. D. Thomson, B. A., H. J. Barrett, T. G. Gilbert, J. Beck, I. Davey, I. Robertson, C. T. Wild, G. P. Prichard

Inspector of Native Schools—James H. Pope. Assistant Inspector—H. B. Kirk, M. A. Organizing Instructor—W. W. Bird, M. A.

Inspectors of Technical Instruction—E. C. Isaac, M. H. Browne

Assistant Inspectors of Industrial Schools—R. H. Pope, T. A. Walker

EDUCATION BOARDS, WITH NAMES OF SECRETARIES.

Auckland—V. E. Rice

Taranaki—P. S. Whitcombe

Wanganui—W. J. Carson

Wellington—A. Dorset

Hawke's Bay—G. T. Fannin

Marlborough—J. Smith

Nelson—S. Ellis

Grey—W. Riemenschneider

Westland—A. J. Morton, B.A.

Canterbury North—H. C. Lane

Canterbury South—J. H. Bamfield

Otago—P. G. Pryde

Southland—J. Neill

SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS

(Administrators of Education Reserves, with Names of Secretaries).

Auckland—H. N. Garland

Taranaki—F. P. Corkill

Wellington—N. J. Tone

Hawke's Bay—E. P. A. Platford

Marlborough—J. Smith

Nelson—A. T. Jones

Westland—A. J. Morton

Canterbury—H. H. Pitman

Otago—C. Macandrew

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS.

Government Schools.

Auckland Industrial School—Miss S. E. Jackson, Manager

Wellington Receiving Home—Mrs. E. S. Dick, Manager

Burnham Industrial School (Canterbury)—T. Archey, Manager

Te Oranga Home (Canterbury)— rs. E. T. Branting, Manager

Christchurch Receiving Home—Miss A. B. Cox, Manager

Caversham Industrial School (Otago)—G. M. Burlinson, Manager

Private Schools.

St. Mary's Industrial School, Ponsonby—Rev. G. H. Gillan, Manager

St. Joseph's Industrial School, Wellington—Rev. W. J. Lewis, Manager

St. Mary's Industrial School, Nelson—Very Rev. Dean Mahoney, Manager

St. Vincent de Paul's Industrial School, Dunedin—Right Rev. M. Vernon, Manager

INSTITUTION FOR DEAF-MUTES, SUMER.

Director—G. van Asch

Steward—H. Buttle

LUNATIC ASYLUMS.

Inspector—Duncan MacGregor, M.A., M.B., C.M.*

Assistant Inspector—Mrs. Grace Neill

Medical Superintendent, Auckland Asylum—R. M. Beattie, M.B.

Medical Superintendent, Christchurch Asylum—E. G. Levinge, M.B.

Medical Superintendent, Porirua Asylum—Gray Hassell, M.D.

Medical Superintendent, Wellington Asylum—W. Baxter Gow, M.D.

Medical Superintendent, Seacliff Asylum—F. Truby King, M.B.

Superintendent, Hokitika Asylum—H. Gribben; Medical Officer, H. Macandrew, M.B.

Superintendent, Nelson Asylum—J. Morrison; Medical Officer, W. J. Mackie, M.D.

Ashburn Hall, Waikari (private asylum)—Proprietors, Dr. Alexander and Executor of James Hume; Medical Officer, Frank Hay, M.B.

* Also holds appointment of Inspector of Hospitals and Charitable Institutions.

MINES DEPARTMENT.

CHIEF OFFICE.

Minister of Mines—Hon. James McGowan

Under-Secretary for Mines—H. J. H. Eliott

Inspecting Engineer—John Hayes

Chief Clerk—T. H. Hamer

Clerk—H. E. Radcliffe

Analyst—J. S. Maclaurin, D.Sc., F.C.S.

Geologist—Alexander McKay, F.G.S.

Assistant Geologist—W. A. McKay

Draughtsman—C. H. Pierard

Shorthand Writer—J. T. Watkins

INSPECTORS OF MINES.

Thames and Auckland Districts—James Coutts; Assistant Inspector, Thomas Ryan: Canterbury, Dunedin, and Southland Districts—E. R. Green; Assistant Inspector, Robert McIntosh; Cadet, H. Paton: West Coast Districts—R. Tennent; Assistant Inspector—A. H. Richards

MINING BUREAU.

Secretary—P. Galvin

MANAGERS OF WATER-RACKS.

Waimea-Kumara—A. Aitken

Mount Ida—R. Murray

SCHOOLS OF MINES.

Lecturers and Instructors: Thames—F. B. Allen, M.A., B.Sc.; Assistant, A. H. V. Morgan, M.A.: Reefton—J. W. Lee: Coromandel—D. V. Allen: Waihi—P. G. Morgan, M.A.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS UNDER “THE COAL-MINES ACT, 1891.”

The Director of the Geological Survey of New Zealand; the Surveyor-General; the Inspecting Engineer of Mines; the Chief Inspector of Machinery, Wellington; James Bishop, of Brunnerton; Alfred Benjamin Lindop, of Denniston; and (vacant)

BOARD OF EXAMINERS UNDER “THE MINING ACT, 1891.”

Same official members as above Board, excepting the Chief Inspector of Machinery, Wellington, with the following private members: H. A. Gordon, F. G. S., Auckland; Thomas Aitken Dunlop, Thames; Patrick Quirk Caples, Reefton; and Francis Hodge, Coromandel

The Director of the Geological Survey of New Zealand is Chairman of both Boards, and Mr. T. H. Hamer is the Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MUSEUM, AND OBSERVATORIES.

Minister in Charge—The Hon. Minister of Mines

Director—Sir J. Hector, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.

Clerk, Curator, and Meteorological Observer for Wellington—R. B. Gore

Astronomical Observer—T. King

Meteorological Observer, Auckland—T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S.

Meteorological Observer, Dunedin—H. Skey

Meteorological Observer, New Plymouth—G. W. Palmer

Meteorological Observer, Hokitika—A. D. Macfarlane

Meteorological Observer, Rotorua—Dr. Kenny

Meteorological Observer, Te Aroha—W. Hill

Meteorological Observer, Lincoln—M. Guérin

Meteorological Observer, Hanmer Plains—Miss C. Taylor

NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE.

Manager—Sir J. Hector, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.

Hon. Treasurer—W.T.L. Travers, F.L.S.

Secretary—R. B. Gore

DEFENCE DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Defence—Rt. Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.C.

Under-Secretary—Sir A. P. Douglas, Bart. (Retired Lieutenant, R.N.), Major, N.Z.M.

Commandant of the N.Z. Forces.

Colonel James Melville Babington, H.M. General Staff (local Major-General)

Staff Officer of Artillery.

Major St. Leger Montgomery Moore, N.Z.M. (Captain R.G.A.)

Acting Staff Officer to the Commandant of the N.Z. Forces.

Major N. L. D'A. Smith, N.Z.M.

Clerk—T. F. Grey

Clerical Cadet—A. J. Baker

Commandant Military School of Instruction, Wellington.

Lieut.-Colonel Robert Haylock Owen, N.Z.M. (Captain, H.M. South Lancashire Regiment)

Defence Store Department.

Storekeeper—J. O'Sullivan

Assistant Storekeeper—H. Jerred

NEW ZEALAND PERMANENT MILITIA.

No. 1 Service Company.

Lieut.-Colonel W. B. Messenger

Captain H. C. Morrison

Captain J. E. Hume

Lieutenant H. E. Pilkington

Lieutenant W. P. Wall

Lieutenant M. M. Gardner

Lieutenant G. E. B. Mickle

Lieutenant R. O. Chesney

Lieutenant S. G. Sandle

Inspectors of Submarine Mining Establishments.

Captain J. Falconer

Captain William Coyle, late Coast Brigade, R.E.

No. 2 Service Company.

Captain J. Falconer

Captain William Coyle, late Coast Brigade, R.E.

Lieutenant F. Symon

Lieutenant R. B. Smythe

Surgeon, Permanent Militia (Wellington).

John Teare, M.B.

Surgeon, Permanent Militia (Auckland).

John A. Laing, M.D.

Surgeon, Permanent Militia (Lyttelton).

C. H. Upham, M.R.C.S.E.

Honorary Surgeon, Permanent Militia.

Patrick J. O'Neill O'Carroll, L.R.C.S.I.

Honorary Chaplain, Lyttelton Detachment Permanent Militia.

The Rev. E. E. Chambers

Honorary Chaplain, Wellington Detachment Permanent Militia.

The Rev. W. C. Waters, M.A.

Officers Commanding Militia and Volunteer Districts, and Adjutants.

Auckland — Acting Adjutant, Major James Reid, N.Z.M.

Wellington — Brevet - Colonel Stuart Newall, C.B., N.Z.M.

Canterbury — Brevet - Colonel William Holden Webb, N.Z.M., late H.M. 109th Foot

North Otago (sub-district)—V.D. Lieut.-Colonel Alfred Headland, N.Z. Vols.

Otago—Brevet-Colonel Alfred William Robin, C B., N.Z.M.; Adjutant, Captain L. J. Joyce, N.Z.M.

Southland (sub-district) — Major John Edward Hawkins, N.Z. Vols.

Nelson (temporary)—Major George Cecil Burleigh Wolfe, N.Z.M., late Captain R.M.L.I.

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY.

HEAD OFFICE.

Minister of Lands—Hon. Thomas Young Duncan

Surveyor-General and Secretary for Crown Lands—J. W. A. Marchant

Under-Secretary for Crown Lands—W. C. Kensington

Chief Draughtsman—F. W. Flanagan

Chief Clerk—F. T. O'Neill

Auditor of Land Revenue—W. G. Runcie

Superintendent of Village Settlements—J. E. March

AUCKLAND DISTRICT.

Assistant Surveyor-General, Chief Surveyor, and Commissioner of Crown Lands—G. J. Mueller

District Surveyors—L. Cussen, J. Baber, jun., G. A. Martin, H. D. M. Haszard, T. K. Thompson

Assistant Surveyors—R. S. Galbraith, D. A. I. Barron, H. F. Edgecumbe, H. T. Mitchell

Chief Draughtsman—C. R. Pollen

Receiver of Land Revenue — T. M. Taylor

HAWKE'S BAY DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—E. C. Gold Smith

District Land Officer, Gisborne, F. S. Smith

District Surveyors—F. S. Smith, James Hay, P. A. Dalziel

Assistant Surveyor—T. Brook

Chief Draughtsman—F. Simpson

Receiver of Land Revenue—F. Bull

TARANAKI DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—J. Mackenzie

District Surveyors—H. M. Skeet, G. H. Bullard

Assistant-Surveyors—J. F. Frith, W. T. Morpeth, R. W. Watson

Chief Draughtsman—J. Langmuir

Receiver of Land Revenue—G. P. Doile

WELLINGTON DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—J. Strauchon

District Surveyors—J. D. Climie, F. A. Thompson, H. J. Lowe, W. J. Wheeler, J. McKay

Assistant Surveyor—J. R. Strachan

Chief Draughtsman—L. Smith

Receiver of Land Revenue—T. G. Waitt

NELSON DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—W G. Murray

District Surveyors—J. A. Montgomerie, J. Snodgrass, R. T. Sadd

Assistant Surveyors—J. D. Thomson, E. C. Robinson, A. G. Muir, W. C. McAlister

Chief Draughtsman and Receiver of Land Revenue—H. Trent

MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—C. W. Adams

District Surveyor—D. W. Gillies

Assistant Surveyor—E. W. Buckeridge, H. Maitland

Chief Draughtsman and Receiver of Land Revenue—W. Armstrong

WESTLAND DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—G. J. Roberts

Assistant Surveyor—W. Wilson

Chief Draughtsman—T. M. Grant

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. D. A. Macfarlane

CANTERBURY DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—T. Humphries

District Surveyors—T. N. Broderick, G. H. M. McClure, L. O. Mathias

Chief Draughtsman—C. B. Shanks

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. A. McNab

OTAGO DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—David Barron

District Surveyors—E. H. Wilmot, D. M. Calder, W. T. Neill

Chief Draughtsman—S. Thompson

Receiver of Land Revenue—G. A. Reade

SOUTHLAND DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—John Hay

Assistant Surveyor—A. Hodgkinson

Chief Draughtsman—G. Robinson

Receiver of Land Revenue—H. L. Welch

MEMBERS OF LAND BOARDS.

Auckland—G. J. Mueller, R. Thompson, D. Lundon, J. Renshaw

Hawke's Bay — E. C. Gold Smith, C. Hall, T. Hyde, R. R. Groom, G. Mathewson

Taranaki — J. Mackenzie, J. Heslop, James Rattenbury, J. B. Connett

Wellington—J. Strauchon, A. W. Hogg, A. Reese

Nelson—W. G. Murray, John Graham, D. Bate, J. Marshall, O. Lynch

Marlborough—C. W. Adams, J. Redwood, A. P. Seymour, J. Duncan, F. Parsons

Westland—G. J. Roberts, A. Matheson, J. Chesney, J. S. Lang, A. Cumming

Canterbury—T. Humphries, A. C. Pringle, J. McLachlan, J. Sealy

Otago—D. Barron, H. H. Kirkpatrick, H. Clark, J. Duncan, W. Dallas

Southland—J. Hay, A. Kinross, J. McIntyre, A. Baldey, D. King

DEPARTMENT OF ROADS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Minister in Charge—Hon. T. Y. Duncan

Chief Engineer of Roads—C. W. Hursthouse

Chief Clerk—W. S. Short

Chief Accountant—H. J. Knowles

District Officers.

Road Surveyors — Auckland, A. B. Wright; Te Kuiti, T. Burd; Rotorua, A. C. Turner; Hawke's Bay, D. N. McMillan; Taranaki, G. T. Murray; Wanganui, R. H. Reaney; Wellington, G. F. Robinson; Marlborough, C. H. Williams; Canterbury, F. Wither; Otago, W. D. R. McCurdie; Southland, N. L. Falkiner

“THE LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS ACT, 1894.”

BOARD OF LAND PURCHASE COMMISSIONERS.

Chairman of Board and Land Purchase Inspector—Alexander Barron.

The Board consists of the Land Purchase Inspector as Chairman, the Surveyor - General, the Commissioner of Taxes—these for the whole colony—with the Commissioners of Crown Lands and a member of the Land Board in each land district, who are members only for the business arising within their respective districts.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Minister in Charge—Hon. T. Y. Duncan

HEAD OFFICE.

Secretary of Agriculture and Chief Inspector of Stock—John D. Ritchie

Chief Clerk—Richard Evatt

Compiler of Statistics—E. B. Burdekin

Clerks—Correspondence branch: F. S. Pope, J. Longton, R. W. Atkinson. D. Sinclair, A. McTaggart, T. D. H. Hall, T. Kennedy. Accountant's Branch—J. E. D. Spicer, A. Calcott, F. C. Hjorring, T. R. Walton, A.E. Rowden, E. Fitzgibbon

LONDON OFFICE.

Produce Commissioner, London—H. C. Cameron

VETERINARY DIVISION.

Chief Veterinary Surgeon—J. A. Gilruth, M.R.C.V.S.

Assistant Chief Veterinarian — C. J. Reakes, M.R.C.V.S.

Laboratory Assistant—G. H. Barker

Veterinarians (Ms.R.C.V.S.) — H. C. Wilkie (F.R.C.V.S.). A. R. Young, T. M. Edgar, J. Lyons, J. Douglas, J. Brand (F.R.C.V.S.), S. Burton

Meat Inspectors and Veterinarians (Ms.R.C.V.S.)—J. G. Clayton, A. Crabb, D H. Rait, C. R. Neale, J. R. Charlton, T. G. Lilico, J. A. R. Towers, A. McL. Paterson, D. Machattie, H. A. Reid, J. Kerrigan, V. A. Bankes, J. Nuttall, F. C. Robertson, W. H. Hawthorn, W. G. Taylor, W. D. Snowball, A. W. Barnes, J. McKie, T. Cunningham

Meat Inspectors —H. S. S. Kyle, H. Marsack, F. Beattie, W. A. P. Sutton

DAIRY DIVISION.

Dairy Commissioner—J. A. Kinsella

Dairy Instructors— D. J. McGowan, D. Cuddie, W. M. Singleton

Dairy Produce Graders—A. A. Thornton, J. Johnston, E. Townshend, D. Dickie, A. G. Shirley, S. A. Dumbleton, T. C. Brash

BIOLOGICAL AND HORTICULTURAL DIVISION.

Biologist—T. W. Kirk, F.L.S.

Assistant Entomologist—Auckland, Captain T. Broun, F.E.S.

Pomologists — North Island, W. J. Palmer, S. I. Fitch, W. A. Boucher. South Island, J. C. Blackmore

Fruit Inspectors—Auckland, Captain T. Broun, F.E.S.; Wellington, H. Palethorpe; Christchurch, A. C. Smale; Dunedin, A. F. Cargill

CHEMICAL DIVISION.

Chemist—B. C. Aston, F.C.S.

Laboratory Assistant—G. Williams

POULTRY DIVISION.

Poultry Expert—D. D. Hyde

Poultry Graders — Auckland, R. W. Pounsford; Wellington, W. Blowers; Christchurch, S. Newton; Dunedin, T. F. Leihy

Poultry-station Attendants — Ruakura, C. Cussen; Momohaki, H. C. Collett; Burnham, W. S. McRae; Milton, J. W. Stewart

Hemp Graders—Auckland, W. H. O. Johnston; Wellington, C. J. Fulton

Dairy Inspectors — Auckland, G. M. Williamson; Paeroa, F. Beattie; Thames, W. A. P. Sutton, Wellington, P. Thomson; Christchurch, A. Macpherson; Dunedin, J. G. Parker

Overseers of Experimental Farms—Wairangi, N. Kensington; Ruakura, M. Mulcahy; Momohaki, F. Gillanders; Weraroa, G. Ross

Caretakers, Quarantine-stations—Auckland, A. Dickson; Wellington, J. P. Ross; Lyttelton, W. J. Thomas

INSPECTORS OF STOCK.

(Also Registrars of Brands and Inspectors under the Slaughtering and Inspection. Dairy Industry, and Noxious Weeds Acts)

Auckland District—Auckland, E. Clifton (in charge), F. H. Brittain; Ohaeawai, D. A. Graham; Whangarei, J. T. Stone; Hamilton, D. Ross; Kihikihi, J. Kerr; Tauranga, H. E. Collett

Hawke's Bay District—Napier, W. Miller (in charge); Gisborne, C. Thomson and D. Fleming; Wairoa, W. R. Rutherfurd; Hastings, F. G. Wayne; Woodville, J. Harvey,

Wairarapa District—Masterton, G. H. Jenkinson (in charge); Carterton, T. C. Webb

Wellington District — Wellington, J. Drummond (office and port), D. Munro

Manawatu District—Palmerston North, J. Duncan (in charge)

West Coast (North Island) District—Wanganui, A. K. Blundell (in charge); Hunterville, V. A. Huddleston; Hawera, J. W. Deem; Stratford, J. Budge; New Plymouth, R. Rowan

Marlborough District — Blenheim, J. Moore

Canterbury District—Christchurch, R.F. Holderness (in charge), and E. A. Dowden (office); Rotherham, J. C. Huddleston; Rangiora, C. A. Cunningham; Ashburton, B. Fullarton; Timaru, E. A. Field

Southern District — Dunedin, T. A. Fraser, Assistant Chief Inspector (in charge) and J. E. Thomson (office and port); Fairlie, W. Black; Kurow, W. Wills; Oamaru, J. C. Miller; Palmerston South, H. Hill; Mosgiel, A. Ironside; Naseby, R. I. Gossage; Clyde, G. McLeod; Lawrence, A. Mills; Milton, R. Wright; Balclutha, J. L. Bruce; Gore, W. Dalgliesh; Invercargill, H. T. G. Turner; Bluff, J. W. Raymond (port); Riverton, T. Gilmour; Queenstown, —

Westland District—Hokitika, C. C. Empson (in charge)

Nelson District — Nelson, H. McN. Campbell (in charge); Richmond, G. S. Cooke

VALUATION DEPARTMENT.

Valuer-General—John McGowan

Deputy Valuer-General—G. F. C. Campbell

Chief Clerk—F. J. M. D. Walmsley

Clerks—A. E. Fowler, H. L. Wiggins,

J. Atkinson, G. Halliday

Draughtsman—H. H. Seed

Supervising Valuers—W. Duncan, Auckland; A. P. O'Callaghan, Christ-church; A. McKerrow, Dunedin; H. Carswell, Invercargill

District Valuers—James I. Wilson, jun., Whangarei; W. Garrett, J. J. Reynolds, Auckland; W. H. Wallis, Hamilton; Ian S. Simson, Gisborne; W. E. Griffin, Napier; H. J. C. Coutts, Hawera; S. Hill, New Plymouth; A. Barns, Wanganui; R. Gardner, Palmerston North; J. Fraser, Masterton; J. Ames, Wellington; T. W. Caverhill, Petone; E. Kenny, Picton; J. Glen, Nelson; J. Webster, Hokitika; A. D. Bayfield, Westport; D. Dick, Ashley; H. Murray, Christchurch; A. Freeman, Christchurch; A. Allan, Timaru; E. A. Atkinson, Oamaru; W. L. Craig, Palmerston South; W. Dallas, Balclutha; J. Wright, Dunedin; J. George, Queenstown; John Smaill, Gore; Charles Rout, A. Pyper, Invercargill

Clerks—Auckland, E. W. Watson, T. C. Somers; Christchurch, J. M. Wheeler, A. Millar; Dunedin, A. Clothier, J. T. Bolt; Invercargill, T. Oswin, C. de R. Andrews

Cadets—Auckland, E. Panting; Wellington, E. J. R. Cumming and F. C. Douglas; Invercargill, D. Corcoran

GOVERNMENT INSURANCE DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner—J. H. Richardson, F.F.A., F.I.A.V.

Assistant Commissioner—D. M. Luckie Actuary—Morris Fox

Secretary—W. B. Hudson

Chief Medical Officer—T. Cahill, M.D.

Accountant—G. W. Barltrop

Chief Clerk—R. C. Niven

Assistant Actuary—G. Leslie

Second Assistant Actuary—P. Muter

Office Examiner—G. A. Kennedy

Clerks—J. W. Kinniburgh, W. S. Smith,

A. H. Hamerton, D. J. McG. McKenzie,

A. Avery, F. B. Bolt, T. L. Barker, A. L. B. Jordan, H. S. Manning, C. E. Galwey, G. Webb, F. K. Kelling, J. B. Young, G. C. Fache, J. A. Thomson, H. Rose, A. de Castro, R. P. Hood, G. A. N. Campbell, A. T. Traversi, C. J. Alexander, H. T. Smith, F. M. Leckie, H. L. Levestam, W. H. Woon, S. P. Hawthorne, J. G. Reid, A. E. Jackson, C. H. E. Stichbury, J. R. Samson, H. H. Henderson, R. Fullerton, A. H. Johnstone, G. S. Nicoll, R. S. Latta, T. Fouhy, G. E. Sadd, J. T. Gunn, J. R. Fraser, W. Spence, J. J. Feeney, T. M. Dimant, W. J. Ewart, H. Wylie, M. L. Wilson, B. Trevithick

Chief Messenger—W. Archer

AUCKLAND. AGENCY.

District Manager—W. J. Speight

Chief Clerk—J. K. Blenkhorn

Clerks—C. H. Ralph

NAPIER AGENCY.

Resident Agent—J. H. Dean

WANGANUI AGENCY.

Resident Agent—A. E. Allison

WELLINGTON AGENCY.

District Manager and Supervisor of New Business—G. Robertson

Chief Clerk—M. J. K. Heywood

Clerks—W. C. Marchant, A. M. McDonald

NELSON AGENCY.

Resident Agent—A. P. Burnes

GREYMOUTH AGENCY.

Resident Agent—A. W. G. Burnes

CHRISTCHURCH AGENCY.

District Manager—J. C. Prudhoe

Chief Clerk—J. W. H. Wood

Clerk—G. J. Robertson

TIMARU AGENCY.

Resident Agent—S. T. Wicksteed

OAMARU AGENCY.

Resident Agent—O. H. Pinel

DUNEDIN AGENCY.

District Manager—R. S. McGowan

Chief Clerk—G. Crichton

Clerks—A. Marryatt

INVERCARGILL AGENCY.

Resident Agent—J. Findlay

PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE.

Public Trustee—J. W. Poynton

Solicitor—F. J. Wilson

Chief Clerk—A. A. K. Duncan

Assistant Chief Clerk—T. S. Ronaldson

Clerks—T. Stephens, P. Fair, C. Zachariah, P. Hervey, E. C. Reeves, W. A. Fordham, A. Purdie, G. A. Smyth, A. J. Cross, E. A. Smythe, J. B. Jack, W. Barr, E. O. Hales, C. Morris, S. W. Smith, C. A. Goldsmith, H. Masters, R. Price, N. M. Chesney, H. Turner, C. M. Calders, A. Peterson, O. Beck, M. E. Nash, F. Downes, J. Menzies, E. P. Hay, R. MacGibbon, G. Purnell

District Agent, Christchurch — M. C. Barnett; Clerks, T. R. Saywell, J. Allen, P. A. Devereux, A. R. Hadfield

District Agent, Auckland—E. F. Warren; Clerk, K. N. H. Browne, V. Adams, C. Robinson

District Agent, Dunedin—F. H. Morice; Clerks, W. S. McGowan, T. Young

District Agent, Greymouth—T. D. Kendall

District Agent, Nelson—E. P. Watkis

West Coast Settlement Reserves Agent and District Agent, New Plymouth—Thomas W. Fisher; Clerk, H. Oswin

ADVANCES TO SETTLERS OFFICE.

Superintendent—John McGowan

Deputy Superintendent—G. F. C. Campbell

Chief Clerk—F. J. M. D. Walmsley

Inspecting Accountant—P. Heyes

Clerks—W. Waddel, H. E. Williams, W. N. Hinchcliffe, J. E. Thompson, A. W. Knowles, W. Auld, M. J. Crombie, T. W. Foote, C. T. Fraser, J. B. Wallis, A. A. Prichard, H. O'Rourke, C. Wilson, C. B. Collins, R. G. McLennan, A. Tudhope, J. F. O'Leary, T. W. Vickery

Chief Valuers—W. Duncan, Auckland; A. P. O'Callaghan, Christchurch; A. McKerrow, Dunedin; H. Carswell, Invercargill

Clerk at Auckland—F. B. Robertson

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH.

Minister of Health—Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Chief Health Officer—J. Malcolm Mason, M.D., F.C.S., D.P.H., Cambridge

District Health Officer—T. H. A. Valentine, M.R.C.S.E., L. and D.P.H., R.C.P. Lond.

Native Health Officer — Maui Pomare, M.D.

Secretary—E. Horneman

Clerks—Herbert B. Magrath, F. Willis, H. Eastgate, T. P. Butler, J. W. Taylor. Typists, Ethel Evans, G. Craig

Port Health Officers,—

Whangarei — G. B. Sweet, M.B. et Ch.M., Sydney

Auckland—Edward Wm. Sharman, L.R.C.P. et R.C.S. Edin., L.F.P S. Glas.

Kaipara Heads—Captain J. C. Smith

Onehunga—W. G. Scott, L.S.A. Lond., M.R.C.S. Eng., M.D. Durh.

Gisborne—J. W. Williams, M.B. et Oh.M., M.D. Edin.

Napier—T. C. Moore, M.B. et B.S., M.D. Univ. Dubl.

Nelson—E. J. Roberts, M.B. et B.S., Univ. of N.Z.

Wanganui — R. C. Earle, M.R.C.S. Eng., L.S.A. Lond.

Wellington—H. Pollen, M.D., M.S.

Picton—H. A. H. Claridge, M.B. et B.S., Univ. Durham

Lyttelton—C. H. Upham, M.R.C.S. Eng., L..C.P. Lond.

Timaru — R. S. Reid, L.R.C.P. et L.R.C.S. Edin.

Oamaru—A. Douglas, M.B. et M.S. Edin.

Port Chalmers—G. Hodges, M.B. et M.S. Edin.

Bluff—Jas. Torrance, M.B. et B.S. Univ. of N.Z.

Westport—M. Mackenzie, L.R.C.P., L. R.C.S. Edin., L.F.P.S. Glas., M.B. et B.S. Univ. Melb.

Greymouth—C. L. Morice, M.R.C.S. Eng., L.R.C.S. Eng., L.S.A. Lond.

Vaccine Distributor—J. G. F. Wilford, M.R.C.S. Eng., L.S.A. Lond.

Bacteriologist—J. A. Gilruth, M.R.C.V.S.

Assistant in Laboratory—G. H. Barker

District Health Officers—

Auckland—R. H. Makgill, M B., M.S.

Dunedin—F. Ogston, M.D. M.S.

Acting District Health Officers—

Christchurch—W. H. Symes, M.D., M.B., M.S., B.Sc.

Nelson—E. J. Roberts, M.B., B.S.

Blenheim—W. Anderson, M.B., M.S. Napier—H. E. Finch, M.B., Ch.B., D.P.H.

Sanitary Inspectors—

Dunedin—J. E. Gunn

Wellington — A. H. Kendall, C. A. Schauer

Auckland—C. C. Winstanley

Napier—M. Kershaw

Nelson—E. Middleton

Christchurch—D. Munro

Invercargill—K. Cameron

CADETS IN GOVERNMENT SERVICE TO BE VOLUNTEERS.

Cadets in the Civil Service are required, after arriving at the age of eighteen years, to serve for three years in a Volunteer corps. Heads of departments are required to see that cadets who come within the regulations join the Volunteer Force, and serve for the period named, and also to notify the Under-Secretary for Defence of the appointment of all cadets coming within this regulation.

Chapter 19. ECCLESIASTICAL.

THERE is no State Church in the colony, nor is State aid given to any form of religion. Government in the early days set aside certain lands as endowments for various religious bodies, but nothing of the kind has been done for many years past.

CHURCH OF THE PROVINCE OF NEW ZEALAND, COMMONLY CALLED THE “CHURCH OF ENGLAND.”

Bishops.

The Most Rev. William Garden Cowie, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1869 (Primate).

The Right Rev. William Leonard Williams, D.D., Waiapu; consecrated 1895.

The Right Rev. Frederic Wallis, D.D., Wellington; consecrated 1895.

The Right Rev. Charles Oliver Mules, M.A., Nelson; consecrated 1892.

The Right Rev. Churchill Julius, D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1890.

The Right Rev. Samuel Tarratt Nevill, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1871.

The Right Rev. Cecil Wilson, M.A., Melanesia; consecrated 1894.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.

Archbishop.

The Most Rev. Francis Redwood, S.M., D.D., Archbishop and Metropolitan, Wellington; consecrated 1874.

Bishops.

The Right Rev. George Michael Lenihan, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1896.

The Right Rev. John Joseph Grimes, S.M., D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1887.

The Right Rev. Michael Verdon, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1896.

ANNUAL MEETINGS AND OFFICERS.

The principal present heads or officers of the various churches, and the places and times of holding the annual or periodical assemblies or meetings, are as follow:—

Church of England.—For Church purposes, the colony is divided into six dioceses, viz.: Auckland, Waiapu, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Dunedin. The General Synod meets every third year in one or other of the dioceses. Representatives attend from each diocese, and also from the diocese of Melanesia.—President, the Bishop of Auckland, Primate. The Diocesan Synods meet once a year, under the presidency of the Bishop of the diocese. The next General Synod will be held in Auckland, on the 28th January, 1904.

Roman Catholic Church.—The diocese of Wellington, established in 1848, was in 1887 created an Archdiocese and the metropolitan see. There are three suffragan dioceses—Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin. A Retreat is held annually in each of the four dioceses, at the end of which a Synod is held, presided over by the Bishop, and at which all his clergy attend.

In January, 1899, the first Provincial Council of New Zealand was held in Wellington, under the presidency of the Metropolitan, and attended by all the Suffragan Bishops, and a number of priests elected specially in each diocese as representatives of the whole Catholic clergy in the colony. The decrees of this Council were approved by Rome in April, 1900, were published on 1st January, 1901, and are now binding in every diocese in New Zealand.

Presbyterian Church of New Zealand.—The union of the Otago and Southland Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Church of northern New Zealand was effected in Dunedin on the 31st October, 1901. The united Church bears the name “The Presbyterian Church of New Zealand.” The General Assembly will meet on the second Tuesday of November, 1902, in St. John's Church, Wellington; and thereafter, on ordinary occasions, alternately in Dunedin and Wellington. Moderator, the Rev. James Gibb, Dunedin; Clerk and Treasurer, Rev. David Sidey, D.D., Napier.

Methodist Church of Australasia.—The annual New Zealand Conference meets on or about the last Tuesday in February, the exact date being determined by the President, who holds office for one year. Each Conference determines where the next one shall assemble. President (1902-3), Rev. D. J. Murray, Masterton; Secretary, Rev. S. Lawry, Palmerston North. The next Conference is to meet in Durham Street Church, Christchurch.

Primitive Methodist Church.—A Conference takes place every January. The next is to be held at Ashburton, commencing 8th January, 1903. The Conference officials for the present year are: President, C. M. Luke, Esq., Wellington; Vice-President, Rev. G. Clement, Westport; Secretary, Rev. R. Hall, Bluff; Secretary of Executive Committee, Mr. D. Goldie, Pitt Street, Auckland; Treasurer of Mission Funds, Mr. Joseph Watkinson, Mangere, Auckland.

Baptist Union of New Zealand.—President, Rev. F. W. Boreham, Mosgiel; Treasurer, Mr. A. Chidgey, Christchurch; Secretary, Rev. J. J. North, Spreydon. The Union comprises 34 churches, 3,679 members, 4,678 scholars in the Sunday schools, with 590 teachers. There are also 110 local preachers, and 26 preaching-stations. This religious body has a newspaper of its own, the New Zealand Baptist, published in Christchurch; Editor, Rev. F. W. Boreham, Mosgiel.

Congregational Union of New Zealand.—The annual meetings are held during the month of February, at such place as may be decided on by vote of the Council. Chairman for 1902-1903, Rev, I. Sarginson, Christchurch; Chairman-elect, Rev. W. A. Evans. Wellington; Secretary, Rev. W. Day, Auckland; Treasurer, Mr. W. H. Lyon, Auckland; Registrar, Mr. F. Meadowcroft, Wellington; Head Office, Auckland. In 1903 the meeting of the Council will be held at Dunedin. The Committee of the Union meets at Auckland on the second Tuesday of each month.

Hebrews.—Ministers: Rev. S. A. Goldstein, Auckland; Rev. H. van Staveren, Wellington; Rev. I. Zachariah, Christchurch; Rev. A. T. Chodowski, Dunedin; Mr. Alexander Singer, Hokitika. Annual meetings of the general Congregations are usually held at these places during the month of Elul (about the end of August).

Chapter 20. DEFENCES, MILITARY AND NAVAL.*

THE defence forces consist of the Royal N.Z. Artillery and Royal N.Z. Engineers, and the auxiliary forces of Volunteers (Mounted Rifles, Naval, Garrison, and Field Artillery, Submarine Miners, Engineers, Rifle, Cycle, Bearer companies, and Defence Rifle Clubs). There is a Commander of the Forces, who is an Imperial officer. A Royal Artillery officer is Staff Officer for Artillery. To the Under-Secretary for Defence all questions of expenditure are referred.

MILITARY INSTRUCTION.

A School of Military Instruction has been established at Wellington, with an officer of the Imperial forces as Commandant.

MILITIA AND VOLUNTEER DISTRICTS.

The two islands (North and Middle) are divided into five districts and two sub-districts, each commanded by a Field Officer of Militia or Volunteers, with a staff of drill-sergeants.

ROYAL N.Z. ARTILLERY.

This Force is divided into four detachments, which are stationed at Auckland, Wellington (head-quarters), Lyttelton, and Dunedin; their principal duties are to look after and take charge of all guns, stores, ammunition, and munitions of war at these four centres. The Force consists of one lieut.-colonel, three captains, four subalterns, with an establishment of 240 rank and file.

* For information as to military contingents sent for service in South Africa, see .

ROYAL N.Z. ENGINEERS.

This branch, like the Artillery, is divided amongst the four centres for submarine mining and torpedo work, and consists of two captains, two subalterns, and one probationary cadet, with a total establishment of 96 of all ranks. They have charge of two torpedo boats and three steam launches, two submarine mining steamers of the “Sir F. Chapman” class, and of all submarine mining and torpedo stores.

VOLUNTEERS.—MOUNTED RIFLES.

There are forty-two corps of Mounted Rifles in the North Island and thirty-one in the Middle Island, with a total strength of 5,464 of all ranks. These corps go into camp for an annual training of six days.

VOLUNTEERS.—NAVAL AND GARRISON ARTILLERY.

There are five Naval Artillery Corps and one Garrison Artillery Corps in the North Island, and three Naval and two Garrison Artillery Corps in the Middle Island, comprising in all a total of 50 officers and 917 rank and file. They go into camp annually for sixteen days.

VOLUNTEERS.—SUBMARINE MINERS.

There are two corps of Submarine Miners in the North Island, of a total strength of 190. These corps also have cutters, &c., provided, and are instructed in rowing, knotting, splicing, signalling, and other duties pertaining to this branch of the service. Attendance at an annual camp is also compulsory.

VOLUNTEERS.—FIELD ARTILLERY.

There are five batteries of Field Artillery (two in the North Island and three in the Middle Island), with a total of 430 of all ranks. They are armed with 15-pounder B.L., 9-pounder Armstrong R.B.L. guns, and 6-pounder Nordenfeldts, on field-carriages, and go into camp annually for sixteen days.

VOLUNTEERS.—ENGINEERS.

This branch consists of four corps, with a total of 349 of all ranks, two in the North and two in the Middle Island. Besides carrying rifles they are provided with entrenching tools and all appliances for making and blowing up bridges or laying land-mines.

VOLUNTEERS.—RIFLE CORPS.

In this branch of the service there are a hundred and sixteen corps, fifty-five being in the North Island and sixty-one in the Middle Island, with a total strength of 7,762 of all ranks, including garrison bands.

VOLUNTEERS.—CYCLE CORPS.

There are Volunteer cycle corps at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin, of a maximum strength of two officers and twenty-five non-commissioned officers, rank and file: they are attached to the infantry battalions at those centres.

VOLUNTEERS.—BEARER CORPS.

Volunteer bearer corps at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin are of a maximum strength of three officers and fifty non-commissioned officers, rank and file. There is also a bearer corps at Nelson of a maximum strength of two officers and twenty-five non-commissioned officers, rank and file.

DEFENCE RIFLE CLUBS.

These have lately been established by the Government. Members can purchase rifles at cost price from Government. An annual grant of ammunition is made to those members who fulfil conditions as to quarterly drills. There are seventy-four rifle clubs, comprising about 1,500 men.

VOLUNTEERS.—CADET CORPS.

There is a force of fifty-eight cadet corps—viz., twenty-two in the North Island and thirty-six in the Middle Island.

ARMS, ETC.

The whole of the adult portion of the Force have carbines or rifles; Cadets being armed with Martini-Enfield and Snider carbines. Defence rifle clubs are armed with Martini-Enfield rifles.

ENROLMENT, ETC.

Members of the Permanent Forces are enrolled to serve for a period of eight years from enrolment, the last three years of such being in the Reserve; adult Volunteers for three years, and cadets two years. The Permanent Forces are principally recruited from men who have one year's efficient service in the Volunteers. After passing the gunnery and other courses and serving three years in the Permanent Forces the men are eligible for transfer to police and prison services.

INSTRUCTORS.

The Instructors for artillery and engineer and submarine mining corps are obtained from the School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness, and from the Royal Engineers, under a three years' engagement, on completion of which they return to their regiments.

CAPITATION.

An annual capitation of £2 10s. is granted to each efficient Volunteer, and a sum not exceeding £20 to each efficient cadet corps. One hundred and fifty rounds of ball-cartridge are issued each year free to every adult Volunteer, and twenty-five rounds to each cadet over thirteen years of age.

ADMINISTRATION.

The defence forces of New Zealand are administered under “The Defence Act, 1886,” and “The Defence Act Amendment Act, 1890.”

EXPENDITURE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF DEFENCES FROM 1884-85 TO 1900-1901.
Year.Military Expenditure.Harbour Defences.Total.
 £££
1884-85  90,816    9,601100,417
1885-86  91,242127,167218,409
1886-87  89,927139,429229,356
1887-88122,061  73,458195,519
1888-89  53,591  50,089103.680
1889-90  63,614  15,752  79,366
1890-91  80,891  10,798  91,689
1891-92  75,343    7,644  82,987
1892-93  59,808  11,205  71,013
1893-94  56,570    3,976  60,546
1894-95  62,181    2,495  64,676
1895-96  84,981    3,314  88,295
1896-97  82,443    4,690  87,133
1897-98  83,004    2,525  85,529
1898-99114,789  10,158124,947
1899-1900184,970    5,328190,298
1900-1901156,218    3,960160,178

Chapter 21. DÉPÔTS FOR SHIPWRECKED MARINERS.

ELEVEN of the crew of the barque “Spirit of the Dawn,” which was wrecked on Antipodes Island on the 4th September, 1893, remained on the island for eighty-eight days without becoming aware of the existence of the dépôts of provisions and clothing for castaways which is established there. Attention is now drawn to the fact that such dépôts are maintained by the New Zealand Government on that island, and on the Auckland, Campbell, Bounty, Kermadec, and Snares Islands.

The following are the positions of the dépôts:—

Auckland Islands.—A dépôt is placed on the south side of Erebus Cove, Port Ross, and another in Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour, and a third at the head of Norman Inlet. One boat is placed on the north-west end of Adams Island, another on Enderby Island, and another on Rose Island.

Campbell Island.—A dépôt is erected in Tucker Cove, Perseverance Harbour, and a boat has been placed at the head of that harbour.

Antipodes Islands.—A dépôt is placed abreast the anchorage on the north-east side of the principal island.

Bounty Islands.—There is a dépôt on the principal island.

Snares Island.—A dépôt has been established on this island in Boat Harbour.

Kermadec Islands.—A dépôt is established on Macaulay Island, near Lava Cascade, on the north-east end of the island, and another on Curtis Island, at the head of Macdonald Cove, on the northwestern end of the island.

Finger-posts to indicate the direction of the dépôts have also been put up.

The Government steamer visits the Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes, Bounty, and Snares Islands twice a year, and the Kermadec Islands once a year.

Chapter 22. GRAVING DOCKS AND PATENT SLIPS.

VESSELS visiting New Zealand, and requiring docking or repairs, will find ample accommodation at the principal ports of the colony.

There are in New Zealand four graving-docks; two of these are situated in Auckland, one at Lyttelton, and one at Port Chalmers.

AUCKLAND DOCKS.

The Auckland Docks are the property of the Auckland Harbour Board, and cost, with machinery, appliances, &c., £247,000. The dimensions of the docks at Auckland are as follow:—

 Calliope Dock.Auckland Dock.
Length over all525 feet.312 feet.
Length on floor500 feet300 feet
Breadth over all110 feet65 feet
Breadth on floor40 feet42 feet
Breadth at entrance80 feet43 feet
Depth of water on sill at high water ordinary spring tides)33 feet13 1/2 feet

The following is the scale of charges for the use of the Auckland and Calliope Graving Docks and appliances :—

AUCKLAND GRAVING DOCK.

 £s.d.
Entrance fee110
For every vessel of 100 tons (gross register), or under, per day400
For every vessel over 100 tons (gross register), for first 100 tons, per day400
For every additional ton (gross register), per day002
For two or more vessels docking at the same time, the tonnage of which
together does not exceed 100 tons (gross register), per day each
2100
For shores cut in docking or hanging the vessel, there must be paid,
according to injury done, such amount as may be fixed by the Dockmaster.
For use of steam-kiln, 10s. per day.
For use of pitch furnace, 10s. per day.

CALLIOPE GRAVING DOCK.

 £s.d.
Entrance fee550
For all vessels up to 300 tons (gross register)2000
For all vessels 301 to 400 tons (gross register)22100
For all vessels 401 to 500 tons (gross register)2500
For all vessels 501 to 600 tons (gross register)27100
For all vessels 601 to 700 tons (gross register)3000
For all vessels 701 to 800 tons (gross register)32100
For all vessels 801 to 900 tons (gross register)3500
For all vessels 901 to 1,000 tons (gross register)37100
For all vessels 1,001 to 1,100 tons (gross register)4000
For all vessels 1,101 to 1,200 tons (gross register)4500
For all vessels 1,201 to 1,300 tons (gross register)5000
For all vessels 1,301 to 1,500 tons (gross register)5500
For all vessels 1,501 to 2,000 tons (gross register)6000
For all vessels 2,001 to 3,000 tons (gross register)6500
For all vessels 3,001 to 4,000 tons (gross register)7000
For all vessels 4,001 to 5,000 tons (gross register)7500

The foregoing charges are for three days or less. After the third day in dock the following rates are charged :—

For all vessels up to 500 tons (gross register)4d. per ton per diem.
For all vessels of 501 tons to 1,000 tons3d. per ton per diem.
For all vessels over 1,001 tons up to 2,000 tons2 1/2 d. per ton per diem.
For all vessels over 2,001 tons and upwards2d. per ton per diem.

Twenty per cent, reduction on Calliope Dock rates is allowed when two or three vessels can arrange to dock on the same tide, and remain in dock the same number of hours; but such reduction is not allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.

For shores cut in docking or hanging the vessel, there is to be paid, according to injury done, such amount as may be fixed by the Dockmaster.

During the year 1901, 94 vessels of various descriptions, with a total of 31,438 tons, made use of the Auckland Graving Dock, occupying it in all 223 days 10 hours, for repairs or painting.

In Calliope Dock 16 vessels were docked, with an aggregate tonnage of 23,494, and occupying the dock for 98 days 5 hours.

Dock dues for the year amounted to £2,354 5s. 4d.

Under arrangement with the Admiralty, a complete plant of the most efficient and modern machinery has been provided at Calliope Dock-yard. The workshops are now erected, and all the machinery is placed in position, with the exception of the shear-legs. This plant includes 80-ton shear-legs complete, trolly to carry 80 tons and rails, 10-ton steam crane at side of dock, engines, boilers, overhead travellers; planing, shaping, and slotting machines; radial drills, vertical drills, band-saws for iron, punching and shearing machines, plate-bending rolls; 24 in.-centre gantry lathe, 70 ft. bed; 9 in. and 12 in. gantry lathes, milling - machines, emery - grinders, screwing - machines, ditto for pipes, horizontal boring - machines, Root's blower, smiths' forges (six), coppersmith's forge, levelling-slabs, steam - hammers, lead-furnace, wall-cranes, zinc-bath, plate-furnace, jib-crane for foundry, circular-saw bench, band-saw for wood, lathe for wood, general joiner, carpenters' benches (four), kiln for steaming boards, Fox's trimmer, cupola to melt 5 tons of metal, countersinking machine, pipe-bending machine, tools of various descriptions, moulders' bins, force-pumps for testing pipes, vice-benches, electric-light engines, dynamos, &c. (two); and all other appliances and machinery required to render the plant adequate to repair any of His Majesty's ships upon the station, or any merchant vessel visiting the port. The dock and machinery will be available for use, when not required for His Majesty's vessels, in effecting repairs to any merchant vessel requiring same. Electric lights have been provided for workshops, dock, and dockyard. The dockyard is now connected by telephone with the central exchange. An abundant supply of the purest fresh water is available at Calliope Dock and Calliope Wharf; and a most complete establishment of up-to-date machinery and appliances has been provided.

WELLINGTON PATENT SLIP.

The Port of Wellington has no dock; but there is a well-equipped patent slip at Evans Bay, on which vessels of 2,000 tons can be safely hauled up. This slip is the property of a private company, and is in no way connected with the Harbour Board. It is 1,070ft. long, with a cradle 260ft. in length. There is a depth of 32ft. at high water at the outer end of the slip. A dolphin and buoys are laid down for swinging ships in Evans Bay.

The company has convenient workshops, which contain machinery necessary for effecting all ordinary repairs to vessels using the slip.

During the year ending 31st March, 1901, ninety-six vessels of various sizes, of an aggregate of 45,121 tons, were taken up on the slip for repairs, cleaning, painting, &c. The charges for taking vessels on the slip and launching them are Is. per ton on the gross tonnage for the first full twenty-four-hours, and 6d. per ton per day afterwards, unless by special agreement.

OTAGO GRAVING DOCK.

The dock at Port Chalmers is vested in the Otago Dock Trust, a body entirely distinct from the Otago Harbour Board. Vessels of large size can be taken in the Otago Dock, as the following measurements will show:—

Length over all335 feet.
Length on the floor328 feet.
Breadth over all68 feet.
Breadth on floor41 feet.
Breadth where ship's bilge would be43 feet.
Breadth at dock gates50 feet.
Depth of water on sill at high-water (ordinary spring tides)17 1/2 feet.

Connected with the Otago Dock are a large machine-shop, steam-hammer, and forge, with all the appliances necessary for performing any work that may be required by vessels visiting the port. An 80-ton shear-legs has also been erected for heavy lifts.

There is also a patent slip, used for taking up small vessels.

All vessels using the Otago Graving Dock are liable to dock dues according to the following scale (unless under special contract), revised since the beginning of 1896 :—

 £s.d.
Vessels under 200 tons, for the first three days, or part of three days2500
Vessels of 200 tons, and under 800 tons3500
800 tons and upwards5000

And for every day, or part of a day, after the first three days :—

Vessels under 300 tons8d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 300 tons and under 400 tons7 3/4d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 400 tons and under 500 tons7 1/2d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 500 tons and under 600 tons7 1/4d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 600 tons and under 700 tons7d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 700 tons and under 800 tons6 1/2d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 800 tons and under 900 tons6 1/2d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 900 tons and under 1,000 tons6 1/4d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 1,000 tons and upwards6d. per register ton per day.

During the twelve months ended 31st December, 1901, the dock was in use 205 working-days. The number of vessels docked was fifty-eight, having a total registered tonnage of 48,058.

LYTTELTON DOCK AND PATENT SLIP.

The Graving-dock at Lyttelton, which is the property of the Harbour Board, is capable of docking men-of-war, or almost all of the large ocean steamers now running to the colony. Its general dimensions are : Length over all, 503ft.; length on floor, 450ft.; breadth over all, 82ft.; breadth on floor, 46ft.; breadth at entrance, 62ft.; breadth where ship's bilge would be, on 6ft. blocks, 55ft.; depth of water on sill at high-water springs, 23ft.

The scale of charges for the use of the dock and pumping machinery are as follow :—

 £s.d.
For all vessels up to 300 tons, for four days or less2000
For all vessels 301 to 400 tons, for four days or less22100
For all vessels 401 to 500 tons, for four days or less2500
For all vessels 501 to 600 tons, for four days or less27100
For all vessels 601 to 700 tons, for four days or less3000
For all vessels 701 to 800 tons, for four days or less32100
For all vessels 801 to 900 tons, for four days or less3500
For all vessels 901 to 1,000 tons, for four days or less37100
For all vessels 1,001 to 1,100 tons, for four days or less4000
For all vessels 1,101 to 1,200 tons, for four days or less4500
For all vessels 1,201 tons and upwards, for four days or less5000

After the fourth day in dock, the following rates are charged :—

For all vessels up to 500 tons4d. per ton per day.
For all vessels of 501 tons to 1,000 tons3d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 1,001 tons up to 2,000 tons2 3/4d. per ton per day.
2,001 tons up to 3,000 tons2 1/2 d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 3,001 tons up to 4,000 tons2 1/4 per ton per day.
For all vessels over 4,001 tons up to 5,000 tons2d. per ton per day.

Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates is allowed when two or three vessels can arrange to dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours. Two vessels of 1,000 tons each can be docked at the same time. The 20-per-cent. rebate is not allowed if any of the Lyttelton Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel. The twenty-four hours constituting the first day of docking commences from the time of the dock being pumped out.

Any vessel belonging to H.M. Navy or any colonial Government, or any commissioned ship belonging to any foreign nation, is admitted into the graving dock without payment of the usual dock dues, but is charged only such sum as is necessary for the reimbursement of actual expenditure of stores, wages, and materials.

There are electric lights, one on each side of the graving-dock; and there is a workshop alongside the dock, and several other engineering works within a short distance of it, where repairs and heavy foundry-work can be done.

The graving dock and machinery cost £105,000. The interest and sinking fund on that sum, at 6 1/2 per cent., amounts to £6,825 per annum. Since its construction, the dock dues for the nineteen years, ended 31st December, 1901, amounted to £19,161 5s. 7d., and the working expenses to £11,526 14s. 11d., leaving a credit balance for nineteen years, ended 31st December, 1901, of £7,634 10s. 8d.

During the year 1901 twenty-six vessels were docked, and the dock dues amounted to £1,864 3s. 5d. For the nineteen years ending 1901, 379 vessels were docked.

PATENT SLIP, LYTTELTON.

Alongside the graving dock is a patent slip, with a cradle 150ft. in length, suitable for vessels of 300 tons. It belongs to the Harbour Board.

The following is the scale of charges :—

Up to 75 tons gross register, £4 for five days, and 10s. per day after the fifth day. Over 75 tons and up to 150 tons gross register, £6 for five days, and 15s. per day after fifth day.

Over 150 tons and up to 250 tons gross register, £8 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day.

Over 250 tons gross register, £10 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day.

A day to mean between sunrise and sunset.

The above rates cover the cost of all labour connected with hauling up and launching (the crew of the vessel to give their assistance as may be required), and the cost of blocking a vessel and shifting the blocks after hauling up.

TIMARU SLIP.

The Timaru slip is capable of taking up a vessel of 200 tons.

NELSON CRADLE.

The Anchor Steamship Company's cradle can take up a vessel of 150 tons.

Chapter 23. HARBOURS.

PILOTAGE, PORT CHARGES, ETC.

PILOTAGE, port charges, berthage charges, &c., at fourteen of the principal harbours in New Zealand, as on the 1st January, 1902 (compiled by Mr. C. Hood Williams, Secretary to the Lyttelton Harbour Board):—

AUCKLAND.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Sailing-vessels, inwards and outwards, 3d. per ton each way.

Steamers, inwards and outwards, 2d. per ton each way when services of pilot are taken.

Port charges: 3d. per ton half-yearly (on all vessels over 15 tons) in one payment.

Harbourmaster's fees: 1d. per ton.

Berthage : Every person who shall use any wharf with any vessel shall pay for the use thereof—Ferry steamers, £1 to £1 10s. per month; other vessels under 20 tons, 1s. per day, not exceeding 10s.. For every vessel not included in the above, 1/4d. per ton per day. Outside berths, 1/8d. per ton per day.

GISBORNE.

Pilotage (not compulsory) : Sailing-vessels over 100 tons, first 100 tons, 6d. per ton; every ton over 100 tons, 2d. per ton. Into and out of Turanganui River: Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton; sailing - vessels towed, 2d. per ton; steamers, 2d. per ton.

Port charges: Steamers, sailing-vessels, or boats plying within the harbour or engaged in coasting only, 3d. per ton quarterly; steamers sailing-vessels, or boats plying within the harbour and not engaged in coasting, only on arrival (not to exceed 10d. per ton in any half-year), 1d. per ton; steamers or sailing-vessels from beyond the Australian Colonies, on arrival, 4d. per ton.

Harbourmaster's fees: Free.

Berthage alongside the wharves: Per day or part, under 50 tons, 5s.; over 50 tons and up to 75 tons, 7s. 6d.; over 75 tons up to 100 tons, 10s.; for every additional 50 tons or fraction thereof, 2s. 6d. Vessels discharging outside of bars to pay half foregoing dues. Steamers to pay double rates as per tonnage; and in all cases sailing-vessels to make way for steamers.

NAPIER.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Into Inner Harbour—Sailing-vessels, 4d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. To roadstead—First 100 tons, sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Every ton over 100 tons—Sailing vessels 2d. per ton; steamers, 1d. per ton. Into Breakwater Harbour—First 100 tons, sailing vessels, 6d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Every ton over 100 tons—Sailing-vessels, 2d. per ton; steamers, 1d. per ton. Outward pilotage, half rates.

Port charges: 6d. per ton quarterly in advance, vessels plying within port or engaged in coasting only; 2d. per ton on arrival of vessels not plying within port or not solely employed in coasting, but not to exceed 1s. per ton in any half-year. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial trading” or coasting vessels) returning to port within one month from date of first arrival are exempt from port charges for second or subsequent arrivals within one calendar month.

Harbourmaster's fees: 5s. per vessel of less than 60 tons. Steamers under 60 tons and licensed as lighters are exempt. 1d. per ton sailing-vessels 60 tons and upwards; 10s. per vessel steamers of 60 tons and under 120 tons; 1d. per ton steamers of 120 tons and upwards. Vessels paying for pilotage service inwards do not pay Harbourmaster's fees.

Berthage: Breakwater Harbour wharves—3d. per ton on cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped; 1s. each horse or large cattle shipped or transhipped; 1/2d. each sheep or small animal shipped or transhipped. Other wharves—10s. per vessel of 60 tons; £1 per vessel over 60 tons to 120 tons; 2d. per ton vessels over 120 tons. Half rates only charged where vessels entering the Inner Harbour pay for pilotage services. Vessels licensed as lighters or towboats shall, whilst actually employed at lighterage work, pay one-third of the foregoing charges upon each and every trip.

Hawsers and moorings : Vessels at wharf in Breakwater Harbour—1/4d. per ton per day, or part of a day, on registered tonnage. Vessels moored to buoys within Breakwater Harbour, 1/8d. per ton per day or part of a day.

Fenders: Vessels at wharves in Breakwater Harbour—5s. per day, vessels under 500 tons; 7s. per day, vessels of 500 tons and under 1,000 tons; 10s. per day vessels of 1,000 tons and under 1,500 tons; 15s. per day, vessels of 1,500 tons and under 2,000 tons; £1 per day, vessels of 2,000 tons; and so on, in proportion.

NEW PLYMOUTH.

Pilotage (compulsory): Charged both inwards and outwards, intercolonial or coasting—Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton; steamers, 1 1/2d. per ton; foreign sailing-vessel or steamer, 1/2d. per ton.

Port charges: Intercolonial, 4d. per ton, payable half-yearly; foreign, 1/2d. per ton on arrival in roadstead.

Berthage rate: 3 1/2d. per ton on all cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped outwards; on registered tonnage also 1/2d. per ton.

Warps: 1d. per ton register for first 100 tons; 1/2d. per ton for excess.

Fenders : 1s. per day or part of day.

Water (minimum 3s.): 5s. per 1,000 gallons.

WANGANUI.

Pilotage: All vessels when piloted by signals from the staff only, 1d. per ton register. River pilotage, to be charged for any assistance rendered by the pilot or any of his crew inside the bar, 2d. per ton. When a pilot boards and conducts a vessel outside the bar, 3d. per ton. Steamers engaged in tendering ocean steamers at anchor in the roadstead charged half pilotage rates.

Port charges: Nil.

Harbourmaster's fees: Free.

Berthage: For every steamer using any wharf, being berthed alongside, and whether discharging or loading cargo or not, 2d. per ton on gross register for first day of eight working hours, and 1d. for every succeeding day of eight working hours. For every sailing-vessel the charge to be 2d. for first day of eight working hours, and 1/2d. for every succeeding day of eight working hours, not exceeding five days. For every vessel occupying a berth outside another vessel, and loading or discharging cargo, 1/4d. per ton on gross register per day of eight working hours whilst loading or discharging. Ships' dues on vessels detained in port by stress of weather will not be charged after the third day.

WELLINGTON.

Pilotage (optional): Sailing-vessels inwards, 4d. per ton; sailing-vessels outwards, 3d. per ton; steamers inwards, 3d. per ton; steamers outwards, 2d. per ton. Pilotage includes the removal fee to or from the berth at 1d. per ton.

Port charges: 2d. per ton on arrival; not exceeding 6d. in any half-year. Half-yearly days, 1st January and July. Steamers arriving for coal, stores, water, or for receiving or landing mails or passengers and their luggage, which do not come to any wharf or receive or discharge cargo within the port, are exempt from port charges.

Harbourmaster's or berthing fee on vessels of 120 tons and upwards, 1d. per ton; under 120 tons, 10s. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt. Exemption berthage certificates are given to competent masters in the coastal and intercolonial trades, but not to those in foreign trade.

Berthage: None, unless vessels delay discharging or loading for an undue time.

NELSON.

Pilotage (compulsory): Steamers, inwards and outwards, 1d. per registered ton. Sailing-vessels, inwards and outwards, 3d. per ton. Minimum pilotage each way (in all cases), £1.

Port charges: For vessels not employing the pilot, to pay the following, upon first arrival, half-yearly : Vessels over 100 tons register, 1s. per ton; vessels under 100 tons register, 6d. per ton.

Harbour lights: Vessels not employing the pilot, over 100 tons register, 1d. per ton; under 100 tons register, 1/2d. per ton, on arrival.

Harbourmaster's fees : 120 tons and upwards, 1d. per ton; less than 120 tons, 10s. for each removal of any steamer or sailing vessel within the harbour.

Berthage, fenders, and warps : Nil.

WESTPORT.

Pilotage: Free (signal-station). Four pilots authorised.

Port charges: Receiving and discharging ships' ballast, 1s. per ton; minimum charge, 20s.; 1d. per ton for use of shoot.

Harbourmaster's fees : Free.

Berthage : Use of wharf, 1/4d. per ton per day; minimum charge, 5s.; maximum charge, £5 10s.

GREYMOUTH.

Pilotage: Free (signal-station).

Port charges : Discharging ships' ballast, 6d. per ton.

Harbourmaster's fees : Free.

Berthage : Use of wharf, 6d. per ton net register per trip. Vessels in ballast for coal or timber, 1d. per ton net register for the first four days; maximum, £5 10s.; minimum, 5s.

LYTTELTON.

Pilotage (compulsory): Pilotage, inwards and outwards, sailing-vessels 3 1/2d. per ton; steamers, 2 1/2d. per ton. Free on second call on same voyage.

Port charges : 2d. per ton, quarterly in advance, for vessels of 100 tons and upwards plying within the port or employed in coasting only, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year; 2d. per ton for vessels of 100 tons and upwards not plying within the port or not solely employed in coasting, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year. For exemptions from pilotage and harbour fees, see sections 132, 133, and 134 of “The Harbours Act, 1878.”

Harbourmaster's fees : Free.

Berthing charges: None.

Warps (21 in. coir hawsers): £2 per warp for use during a vessel's stay in port, not exceeding six months.

Fenders (soft wood) : £1 for first day, and 10s. per day after. 10s. for use of each hardwood fender.

TIMARU.

Pilotage (compulsory) : Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton inwards and outwards; when tug used, 2d. per ton; steamers, 2d. per ton inwards.

Port charges : Coasters, 1 1/2d. per ton each trip; sailing-vessels, not coasters, 3d. per ton each trip; steam-vessels, not coasters, 6d. per ton in cargo worked; in all cases not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in any half-year.

Harbourmaster's fees : 1d. per ton each service. This fee is charged to all vessels or steamers not paying pilotage.

Berthage: 3d. per ton on all cargo landed or shipped.

Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharves, 1/2d. per ton register for first seven days; subsequent days, 1/4d. per ton. Vessels at buoys, under 800 tons register, 1/8d. per ton; over 800 tons, 1/16d. per ton.

Fenders: Sailing-vessels under 500 tons register, 2s. per day; under 1,000 tons, 3s. per day; over 1,000 tons, 4s. per day. Steamers under 1,000 tons register, 4s. per day; under 1,500 tons, 10s. per day; under 2,000 tons, 15s. per day; over 2,000 tons, £1 per day.

OAMARU.

Tonnage rate: On cargo, inwards or outwards—Coal, merchandise, stone, produce, and timber, 8d. per ton; wool, 2s. per ton; frozen sheep, 1d. per carcase; frozen lamb, 1d. per carcase; rabbits and hares, 3s. per ton, gross-weight; all other frozen goods 3s. per ton, gross dead weight; live-stock, 1s. 8d. per ton. Note.—Collected in the same manner as berthage dues have been collected.

Warps: 1/2d. per ton per day for seven days; 1/4d. per ton per day thereafter.

OTAGO.

Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards, sailing-vessels without tug, 6d. per ton; with tug, 4d. per ton; steamers, 4d. per ton. Foreign steamers calling twice on one voyage only charged once. All vessels holding exemption certificates, one annual pilotage. For every vessel under steam carrying an exempt pilot and employing a Board's pilot the charge shall be 1/2d. per ton for the Upper Harbour.

Port charges : 6d per ton half-yearly, all vessels.

Harbourmaster's fees : Vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; over 120 tons, 1d. per ton.

Berthage: Vessels trading within the port—10 tons, 5s. per quarter; 25 tons, 10s. per quarter; 50 tons, 15s. per quarter; 100 tons, £1 per quarter. Vessels trading beyond the port—Sailing-vessels 1/4d. per ton (maximum, eighteen days, £10); steam-vessels, 1/2d. per ton per day. Vessels laid up for less than a month, one-half the above rates; over a month, 1/2d. per ton per month.

Towage: When assistance is given to steam-vessels under steam, one-fourth usual towage, not exceeding £5 for Upper Harbour, and £7 for Lower Harbour.

BLUFF.

Pilotage (compulsory) : Steamers, inwards and outwards, 3 1/2d. per registered ton; sailing-vessels, 5 1/2d. inwards and outwards if tug not employed; 3 1/2d. per registered ton inwards and outwards if tug employed. Sailing-vessels in ballast, 3 1/2d. per registered ton inwards and outwards. Steamers in and out, 7d. per registered ton, payable yearly; sailing-vessels, in and out, 11d. per registered ton, payable yearly.

Port charges : On all vessels, per trip, 2d. per registered ton, or in one sum, half-yearly from date of entry, 6d. per registered ton.

Harbourmaster's fees : Free.

Berthage: Steamers, 2d. per ton net register for the first day, and 1d. per ton per week or part of a week thereafter. Sailing-vessels and hulks of over 50 tons register, 1d. per ton net register per week for the first four weeks, and 1/4d. per ton per week thereafter.

WHARFAGE RATES.

Wharfage rates at fourteen of the principal harbours in New Zealand, as on 1st January, 1902 (compiled by Mr. C. Hood Williams, Secretary to the Lyttelton Harbour Board):—

AUCKLAND.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports.

Transhipments: Half-rates when declared, or 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped. Transhipments: Half-rates when declared, or 2s. 6d. per ton, including seven days' storage and labour.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped.

Transhipments: Half-rates when declared, or 2s. 6d. per ton, including seven days' storage and labour.

Wool.—6d. per bale, shipped or landed.

Transhipments : If landed, dumped, and re-shipped, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton landed; 6d. per ton shipped.

Transhipments: Shipped or discharged over side for steamer's use, free.

Timber.—Sawn, 2s. per 1,000 ft. landed; 1s. per 1,000 ft. shipped. Baulk or round (less 12 1/2 per cent.), 1s. per 1,000 ft. landed, 6d. per 1,000 ft. shipped.

Transhipments: Half landing charges when declared, or 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage.

NOTE.-Wharfage on agricultural produce, frozen meat, coal, &c., was raised 2d. per ton, and on wool 2d. per bale, and timber 1d. per 100 ft., on 1st August, 1899.

GISBORNE.

General Merchandise.—Imports, 5s. to 6d.; exports, 2s. 6d. to 6d. By measurement, from 40 cubic feet to 4 cubic feet; same for weight. Ale, beer, and porter, per gallon—Import, 1 1/2d., export, 1/2d.; spirits and wine, per ton measurement, 7s. 6d. No export charges on goods that have paid inward wharfage.

Transhipments: Free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Grain—Imports, 5s.; exports, 1s. Grass-seed-Imports, 5s.; exports, 2s. Potatoes—Imports, 5s.; exports, 2s. 6d. (12 sacks).

Transhipments: Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Sheep, 2d. per carcase; lambs, 1d. per carcase; haunches. legs, &c., 2s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Wool.—1s. 3d. per bale, export.

Transhipments: 3d. per bale if landed and reshipped. Free if transhipped into vessel.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Coal for engines and freezing-ships, free.

Timber.—Sawn, 4s. per 1,000 ft.; baulk, 1s. per 1,000 ft., imports; 1s., and 6d., per 1,000 ft., exports.

Transhipments: Free.

NAPIER.

General Merchandise.—2s. 6d. per ton imports, 1s. 3d. per ton exports, according to measurement or weight. Ballast, inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton. Empties, half rates.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner Harbour.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. 6d. imports; 1s. 3d. exports, according to measurement or weight.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner Harbour.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Imports free; exports 2s. 6d. per ton. Tallow and pelts, imports free; exports 2s. 6d.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates Inner Harbour.

Wool.—1s. per bale, exports only. Imports, free.

Transhipments: 3d. over side; 6d. per bale if landed for transhipment.

Coal.—2s. imports; 1s. exports.

Transhipments: Quarter rates, Outer Harbour; half rates, Inner Harbour. Coal for engines and freezing-ships, Outer Harbour, free, if declared so.

Timber.—3s. 4d. per 1,000 ft., imports; 1s. 3d. per 1,000 ft. exports.

Transhipments: Half rates, Inner Harbour; quarter rates, Outer Harbour.

NOTE.-Goods other than wool and flax landed on a wharf for transhipment to a vessel lying at another berth, charged inward wharfage only when declared at time of entry

NEW PLYMOUTH.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments : 1s. 6d. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. (20 sacks).

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments : 1s. 6d. per ton.

Wool.—6d. per bale; five bales of 4cwt., 2s. per ton; three bales of over 4 cwt. 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

Coal.—2s. per ton; brown coal, 1s. 9d., with labour.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates, with labour.

Timber.—480 ft. per ton, 2s.; 320 ft. per ton (rough or sawn), with labour.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

WANGANUI.

General Merchandise.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments : Half-rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce. — Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 2s. per ton. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments : Half-rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Sheep, 1/2d. per carcase; lambs, 1/2d. per carcase; legs, shoulders, and Joins calculated at so many to a carcase, according to freight.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments : Half rates.

Coal.—1s. per ton. Coal for ship's use, outward, 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Timber.—6d. per 100 ft.; for shipment, 2d.; white pine, 1d.

Transhipments : Half rates.

WELLINGTON.

General Merchandise.—2s per ton inwards, including labour and one night's storage. Inward cargo landed after noon on Friday is stored free till noon on following Monday; landed after noon on Saturday is stored free till 5 p.m. on the following Tuesday. 1s. per ton outwards, including labour. Railway wharfage—1s. inwards; 6d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage. Over side of vessel lying at wharf, 6d. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton inwards, including labour and one night's storage; 1s. per ton outwards, including labour. Railway wharfage—1s. inwards; 6d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 2s. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage. Over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. inwards; 1s. outwards, without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. inwards; 6d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: Meat, 1s. 3d. per ton, without labour; butter, 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and storage. Meat, butter, &c., over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton.

Wool.—4d. per bale at Railway Wharf, without labour; 6d. per bale at other wharves, including labour.

Transhipments: 6d. per bale, including labour, and 3d. additional if stored. Over side of vessel to vessel at wharf, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—1s. per ton imports; 6d. per ton exports, without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. per ton inwards; 6d. per ton outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: Across wharf for steamer's use, free. From vessel or hulk to vessel at wharf, free.

Timber.—2d. per 100ft. inwards; 1/2d. per 100ft. outwards, without labour. If labour supplied, 2d. per 100 ft. added inwards, and 1 1/2d. outwards. Railway wharfage—2d. inwards; 1 1/2d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including seven days' storage and labour; and 6d. over vessel's side into another.

NELSON.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports, with labour.

Transhipments: Free, when not landed on wharf; 2s. 6d. if landed.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports and exports, with labour.

Transhipments : Free, when not landed on wharf; 2s. 6d. if landed.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—None shipped.

Transhipments: Free, when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Wool.—Exports, 1s. per bale; imports free.

Transhipments: Free, when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Coal.—1s. per ton imports; 2s. with labour. Free exports.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, with labour. Free, when not landed on wharf.

Timber.—1d. per 100 ft. super., import; 1d. per 100 ft. super., export; 2s. per ton by measurement, with labour.

Transhipments: Free, when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed on wharf. Re-shipments, 2s. 6d. per ton.

WESTPORT.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments : 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Coal.—6d. per ton.

Timber.—2d. per 100 ft. If for export and carried by rail, free.

GREYMOUTH.

General Merchandise.—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments; 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Grain and Agricultural Produce—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton If transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Coal.—6d. per ton inwards; 3d. outwards.

Timber.—2d. per 100 ft. If for export and carried by rail, free.

LYTTELTON.

General Merchandise.—1s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—6d. per ton.

Transhipments : Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—6d. per ton.

Transhipments : Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Wool.—6d. par bale.

Transhipments : Free.

Coal.—6d. per ton.

Transhipments : Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Timber.—3d. per 100 ft.

Transhipments: Free.

N.B.—All re shipments of goods from Lyttelton under declaration, free.

TIMARU.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments : Half rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Is. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments : Half rates.

Frozen Meat.—1/2d. per carcase.

Transhipments : Half rates.

Wool.—1s. per bale.

Transhipments : Half rates.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments : Half rates. For bunkering purposes, free.

Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.

Transhipments : Half rates.

OAMARU.

General Merchandise.—3s. per ton.

Transhipments : Free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments : Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1/2d. per sheep. Butter, as merchandise, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments : Free.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments : Free.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Timber.—5d. and 7d. per 100 ft. Fencing posts and rails, 4s. per 100. Palings, 7d. per 100.

Transhipments: Free.

DUNEDIN.

General Merchandise.—3s., 4s., and 5s. per ton, imports; 9d., 2s., and 3s. per ton, exports. (Classified.)

Transhipments : 2s. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. per ton, imports; 1s. 3d. per ton by weight, exports; 9d. per ton on bran and pollard, exports.

Transhipments : 1s. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—3s. per ton, exports; butter, imports, 4s. per ton; frozen meat, imports, 5s. per ton; sheep and lambs, 1d. per carcase.

Transhipments : 2s. per ton.

Wool.—Exports, 3s. per ton by measurement; 4s. per ton, imports (three bales to ton).

Transhipments : 2s. per ton by measurement.

Coal.—3s. per ton, imports : 9d. per ton, exports.

Transhipments : 2s. per ton.

Timber.—6d. and 3d. per 100 superficial feet, imports; 9d. per ton by measurement, exports.

Transhipments : 2s. per ton by measurement. Notice of transhipment must be given within twenty-four hours after ship's arrival.

BLUFF.

General Merchandise.—1s. 10d. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments: Free, when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—11d. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments : Free, when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—11d. per ton, exports; cheese, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments : Free, when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Wool.—Exports, 9d. per bale; imports free.

Transhipments : Free, when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Coal.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports; free exports.

Transhipments : 1s. 6d. per ton when landed ex hulk; free when not landed on wharf.

Timber.—Is. per 1,000 ft. super., import; 1s. per 1,000 ft. super., export.

Transhipments: Free, when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed on wharf.

Chapter 24. LIGHTHOUSES.

THE coasts of New Zealand are, considering their extent, fairly well lighted, but there are many places where lights are still required. Additions to the existing lights are made from time to time as funds are available.

There are twenty-nine coastal lights—eight of the first order, fifteen of the second., three of the third, and three of smaller orders, and a second order light is about to be erected on Kahurangi Point, on the west coast of the South Island.

There has been no special difficulty in the erection of lighthouses in New Zealand, apart from the trouble caused by indifferent landings. There are no lighthouses built in the sea, such as the well-known Eddystone or Bell Rock. That on The Brothers is the only one which it is considered necessary to keep as a rock-station: that is, the keepers are relieved from time to time, three being always at the station and one on shore.

The cost of the erection of the lighthouses is given by the Marine Department as about £181,600 (the Ponui Passage Light-house, having been built by the Provincial Government of Auckland, the cost is not given). The annual consumption of oil is about 20,000 gallons; and the cost of maintenance, irrespective of the cost of maintaining the lighthouse steamer, is about £13,500 a year.

Besides the coastal lighthouses, there are harbour-lights at most of the ports of the colony for the guidance of vessels into and out of the ports.

The following table shows the names of the lighthouses, indicating also their situation, the order of apparatus, description, period (in seconds) and colour of the lights, and of what material the respective towers are built:—

Name of Lighthouse.Order of Apparatus.Description.Period of Revolving Light.Colour of Light.Tower built of.
 Dioptric. Seconds.  
Cape Maria van Diemen1st orderRevolving Fixed60White Red, to show over Columbia ReefTimber.
Moko Hinou1st OrderFlashing Fixed10WhiteStone.
Tiri-Tiri (Auckland)2nd OrderFixed..White, with red arc over Flat RockIron.
Ponui Passage5th OrderFixed..White and redTimber
Cuvier Island1st OrderRevolving30WhiteIron.
East Cape2nd OrderRevolving10WhiteIron.
 2nd OrderRevolving30WhiteIron.
Portland Island..Fixed..Red, to show over Bull RockTimber.
Cape Palliser2nd OrderFlashingTwice every half-minute, with three seconds intervals between flashesWhiteIron.
Pencarrow Head2nd OrderFixed..WhiteIron.
Cape Egmont2nd OrderFixed..WhiteIron.
Manukau Head3rd OrderFixed..WhiteTimber
Kaipara Head2ndFlashing10WhiteTimber
Brothers (in Cook Strait)..Fixed..Red, to show over Cook RockTimber
Capo Campbell2nd OrderRevolving60WhiteTimber
Godley Head (Lyttelton)2nd OrderFixed..WhiteStone.
Akaroa Head2nd OrderFlashing10WhiteTimber.
Moeraki3rd OrderFixed..WhiteTimber.
Taiaroa Head3rd OrderFixed..RedStone.
Cape Saunders2nd OrderRevolving60WhiteTimber.
Nugget Point1st OrderFixed..WhiteStone.
Waipapapa Point2nd OrderFlashing10WhiteTimber.
 Catadioptric.    
Dog Island1st orderRevolving30WhiteStone.
 Dioptric.    
Centre Island1st orderFixed..White, with red ares over inshore dangersTimber.
Puysegur Point1st OrderFlashing10WhiteTimber.
Cape Foulwind2nd OrderRevolving30WhiteTimber.
Farewell Spit2nd OrderRevolving60White, with red arc over Spit endTimber.
Nelson4th OrderFixed..White, with red arc to mark limit of anchorageIron.
French Pass6th OrderFixed..Red and white, with white light on beaconIron.
Stephens Island1st OrderGroup flashing30WhiteIron.

Chapter 25. ANNUAL PENSIONS

PAID BY THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND, AS ON 31ST MARCH. 1902

Name.Date from which Pension commenced.Amount.Name.Date from which Pension commenced.Amount.
Under “The Civil Service Act, 1866.”*
* By an Act passed in 1871 the pension system was abolished in New Zealand. In 1893 the Civil Service Insurance Act was passed, the main provisions of which are described at the end of this table.
  £s.d.  £s.d.
Andrews, A.1 May, 1896141120Hill, C. J.9 Feb., 18957200
Arrow, H.1 Aug., 18812600Holden, T.13 Oct., 18783150
Austin, A. D.1 Oct., 1887247100Jackman, S. J.1 May, 189214968
Anderson, J. G.6 Jan., 1896261181Johnson, J. W1 May, 18987816
Bacon, T.1 Nov., 19019640Johnston, S.8 June, 190017383
Baddeley, H. C.12 Jan., 188822500Judd, A.1 April, 188717368
Baker, E.1 Nov., 1880214171Keetley, E.1 July, 1884181210
Barnes, G. H.16 Feb., 189610000Kissling, T.1 Jan., 189431752
Batkin, C. T.1 April 189053360Laing, E. B.1 April, 1887112100
Bertrand, J. R17 Feb., 189513500Laing, W.1 Feb., 1896212100
Bicknell, F.1 Feb., 188296134Lang, A.1 Feb., 189375153
Blomfield, J.21 Mar., 1889101150Lincoln, R. S.1 Mar., 188968170
Bridson, W.1 Aug., 189314687Lodge, W. F.1 Oct., 188118500
Brown, W. R. E.1 Aug., 1892265168Lubecki, A. D.1 April, 189620000
Burgess, A.1 June, 1886116134Lusher, R. A.31 Aug., 188076168
Burke, J.1 July, 189989011Maitland, J. P.15 Jan., 1901411134
Butts, E. D.1 April, 189325868Millar, F.1 Feb., 18968070
Campbell, F. E.1 Mar., 1890466130Miller, F.1 April, 1899141134
Catley, J. T.1 Oct., 189822368Mitford, G. M.1 Feb., 1869196150
Cheesman, W. F.1 April, 1890154151Monson, J. R.1 Oct., 1882271160
Clarke, H. T.1 Jan., 187940000Monro, H. A. H.1 Nov., 1880342172
Clarke, H.1 Oct., 187998130Morpeth, W. J.4 Aug., 189419549
Cook, R. C.1 Sept. 1895160143Morrow, H.1 June, 1890120168
Costall. J.10 July, 1892131310McCulloch, H.1 Aug., 189023300
Creeke, W.1 April, 189152158MacDonnell, R. T.23 July, 189015000
Crowe, A.31 Dec., 188568123McKellar, D.1 Nov., 1901347139
Culpan, W.1 Dec., 186862100McKellar, H. S.1 Aug., 189243368
Cunningham, J.1 Feb., 188817500Nelson, J.1 Oct., 19019000
Dick, S. J.1 Feb., 189325000Norris, E. F.1 Oct., 189588179
Dickey, A. J.1 Nov., 187512205Nuttall, J.1 July, 189774134
Earle, J.13 Nov., 1888104100O'Connor, R.1 Sept., 189214706
Elliott, S.1 July, 1898110114Parris, R.1 Jan., 187731458
Falck, F.1 Mar., 1893125134Pasley, E. W.1 Nov., 1901215168
Filleul, W. G.16 April, 1896140168Pearson, W. H.30 Sept., 188434096
Freeth, J. J.1 Mar., 1894116134Phillips, W. M.1 Dec., 18946945
Gill, R. J.1 Sept., 1886228115Pickett, R.1 Aug., 1866209106
Graham, G. H.8 Sept., 189152100Pinwill, A.1 July, 1891120170
Giles, J.1 Feb., 189423868Pitt, H.1 May, 188110000
Halliday, C.31 Aug., 188696134Powell, D.1 July, 18934418
Hamilton, M.11 July, 188020000Rawson, C. E.1 Dec., 1895244011
Hart, J. T.12 Nov., 189019370Reid, W. S.1 Nov., 190050000
Haselden, C. J. A.1 July, 1896255191Rennell, W.1 Dec., 1895167184
Heddell, P.17 Oct., 18949000Robertson, J.6 Oct., 189215500
Henn, J.1 April, 18938834Rodgerson, W. J.1 July, 189224868
Name.Date from which Pension commenced.Amount.

* Per diem.

(a) 1s. 6d. from 25th October, 1869; increased to 2s. 2d., 7th December, 1870.

(b) 1s. from 17th December, 1868, to 17th December. 1869; 1s. 6d. from 17th December, 1869, to 17th December, 1870; 8d. from 17th December, 1870, to 30th September, 1874; increased to 1s. 6d. 1st October, 1874.

(c) 2s. from 5th June, 1867, to 5th June, 1868; 2s. from 5th June, 1868, to 5th June, 1869; permanent from 9th November, 1869.

(d) 1s. 6d. for twelve months, from 26th April, 1869; renewed for twelve months, 1870; renewed for twelve months, 1871; permanent from 12th May, 1872.

(e) 2nd October, 1869; ceased on 9th April, 1870; renewed, 22nd April, 1874.

(f) 1s. 6d. from —, 1867; increased to 2s. from 14th February, 1868.

(g) 1s. for twelve months, from 9th April, 1870; 2s. 8d., permanent, from 1st May, 1871.

(h) 1s. 6d. for twelve months, from 18th October, 1869; 1s. 6d. for twelve months, from October, 1870; permanent, from 5th November, 1871.

(i) 1s. 6d. for eight months, from 20th September, 1869; 2s. 2d. for twelve months, from 11th June, 1870; 2s. 2d. for twelve months, from 11th June, 1871; 2s. 2d. from 11th June, 1872; permanent from 12th June, 1873.

(k) 1s. from 10th May, 1805; renewed for twelve months, April, 1866; again renewed for twelve months; 8d. for twelve months, from 1868 to 10th May, 1869; 6d. for twelve months, from May, 1869; permanent from 11th May, 1870.

Rowe, C.1 Oct., 18941009160
Searancke, W. N.1 Feb., 187924000
Shrimpton, J.16 July, 1889146140
Silvius, H.17 Jan., 190072100
Sinclair, A.1 June, 187819500
Slater, J.1 April, 1898223162
Smith, J.1 June, 18944956
Smith, S. P.1 Nov., 190050000
Smith, T. H.1 July, 187637187
Stevens, F.1 Dec., 189218300
Stewart, J. T.1 May, 188930000
Swingland, P.1 Nov., 18999600
Teesdale, F.7 Oct., 1899118168
Tennant, J.1 Jan., 190129368
Thomas, G. W.1 Nov., 187538150
Thompson, :R.1 Mar., 189622000
Tizard, E. F.1 July, 1888180190
Treseder, P.13 Oct., 189718434
Tucker, W.31 Dec., 1880104134
Veal, J.1 Sept., 188549153
Veale, J. S.1 Sept., 188756210
Von Sturmer, S.1 July, 1895288111
Wardell, H. S.1 July, 1888366130
White, W.1 July, 18813650
White, W. B.1 July, 187337549
Williams, E. M.1 April, 188013500
Woon, J. G.1 July, 1892209106
Wrigg, H. C. W.1 Aug., 1889157210
Under “The Hamerton Pension Act, 1891.”
Hamerton, R. C.11 Sept., 189125000
Under “The Meredith and Others Pensions Act, 1870.”
Hamlin, Rhoda B.— 18655000
Under “The Military Pensions Act, 1866.”
  £s.d.
Arapera te Reo1 July, 18702000  
Brown, M. R. 7500  
Hastings, L. 5500  
Iritona, Hanita8 Nov., 18681200  
Marara, Ngakoa3 Dec., 18603600  
McDonald, E. 3600  
Morrison, Ann26 Oct., 18663600  
Russell, C. 3600  
Adamson, T.(a)        02*
Beamish, J. G.(b)        016*
Corbett, George(c)        020*
Crawford, C. F...020*
Gibbons, M. C12 Oct., 1869022*
Hamblyn, J.1 Oct., 1872022*
Hope, “E. L.(d)        016*
Kelly, T.9 April, 1870002*
Kershaw, P.9 Aug., 1869016*
Lacey, Garrett..022*
Lake, T...026*
Lloyd, T.(e)        020*
McDonnell, W...15000  
McDougall, T. R.1 April, 18984000  
McKay, G...010*
McMahon, T.(f)        020  
Ross, Edward O.17 Nov., 18667500  
Shanaghan, J...016*
Shepherd, R.(g)        028*
Timms, W.(h)        016*
Tuffin, G...022*
Vance, R.8 April, 1870022*
Walsh, W.15 Nov., 1866016*
Wasley, Edw. O.(i)        022*
Williamson, F.1 June, 1869020*
Apera te Keunga14 May, 1864026*
Karena Ruataniwha1 July, 1870010*
Matiu Whitiki1 April, 1885006*
Mauparoa1 July, 1867010*
Mehaka, Kepa2 Aug., 1865009*
Pera Taitimu12 Oct., 1869010*
Under “The Military Pensions Extension to Contingents Act, 19900.”
Berry, Mrs. Charlotte, and children11 June, 19007400  
Collins, Lieut. Robt. W. G.16 Aug., 190110000  
Connel, Mrs. M.A.17 Jan., 19012600  
Harvey, Mrs. M.P.16 Aug., 19005000  
Love, Mrs. S., and children25 Aug., 19016600  
Under “The Walsh and Other Pensions Act, 1869.”
Hewett, Ellen A.10 Feb., 18655000  
Under “The Supreme Court Judges Act 1858 Amendment Act, 1874,” and “The Supreme Court Act, 1882.”
Prendergast, Sir J.26 May, 1899113368  
Under “The Militia Act Amendment Act, 1862.”
Bending, W...020*
Bilton, F...020*
Cody, W...010*
Dunn, A. J. N...020*
King, E. M...8000  
Leaf, R.(k)        006*
Skinner, W. H...026*
Vickery, W...020*
Woolfe, T...020*
Under “The Schafer, McGuire, and Others Pensions Act, 1872.”
McGuire, E.29 Sept., 1871010*
Russell, W.1 July, 1871010*

NEW ZEALAND CROSS GRATUITIES (£10 per Annum).

Adamson, Thomas. 7th May, 1869.
Austin, Samuel, 10th March, 1869.
Black, Solomon, 10th March, 1869.
Biddle, Benjamin, 10th March, 1869.
Hill, George, 10th April, 1869.
Lingard, William, 10th March, 1869.
Mace, Francis Joseph, 10th March, 1869.
Maling, Christopher, 10th March, 1869.
Mair, Gilbert, 7th February, 1870.
Preece, George, 10th March, 1869.
Roberts, John Mackintosh, 10th March, 1869.
Rodriguez. Antonio, 10th March, 1869.
Shepherd, Richard, 13th March, 1869.
Smith, Angus, 7th June, 1869.

MISCELLANEOUS PENSIONS.

Pensions of late Provincial Government, Nelson—Mrs. Robinson's three daughters, £100.

Pension to Mrs. Elizabeth Ford, £16; pension of late F. G. Rawson continued to his widow, £45; pension to Aperahama Tahumirangi for wounds received when in the service of the New Zealand Government, £10.

Chapter 26. NEW ZEALAND NEWSPAPERS.

THERE are (January, 1902) 211 publications on the register of newspapers for New Zealand.

The names of the newspapers, with the postal districts and towns in which they are printed, are given in the following list, the second column showing the day or period of publication.

M. signifies morning paper; E. evening paper:—

AUCKLAND.
Auckland—
          Auckland Evening Star (E.)Daily.
          Auckland Weekly News and Town and Country Journal (M)Saturday
          Bible Standard (M.)Monthly.
          Catholic Chronicle (M.)Monthly.
          Christian WorkerMonthly.
          Church Gazette (M.)Monthly.
          Danica (M.)Thrice monthly (1st, 10th, 20th).
          New Zealand A B C GuideMonthly.
          New Zealand Farmer, Bee and Poultry Journal (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Graphic, Ladies' Journal, and Youths' CompanionWednesday.
          New Zealand Herald (M.)Daily.
          New Zealand Illustrated MagazineMonthly.
          New Zealand Illustrated Sporting Review and Licensed Victualler's Gazette (M.)Thursday.
          New Zealand Illustrated Tit-Bits (M.)Saturday.
          New Zealand Joyful NewsMonthly.
          Observer (M.)Saturday.
          Produce Circular and Monthly Report (M.)Monthly.
          Sharland's Trade JournalSaturday.
Coromandel—
          Coromandel County News (E).Tuesday, Friday.
Dargaville—
          Wairoa Bell and Northern Advertiser (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Hamilton—
          Waikato Argus (E.)Daily.
          Waikato Times and Thames Valley Gazette (E.)Daily.
Kawakawa—
          Northern Luminary (E.)Friday.
Kawhia—
          Kawhia Settler and Raglan Advertiser (M.)Saturday.
Onehunga—
          Manukau and Franklin Mail and Auckland Courier (E.)Friday.
          Manukau County Chronicle (M.)Saturday.
          Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette (M.)Friday.
          Weekly Onehunga Independent and District Advertiser (M.)Saturday.
Rotorua—
          Hot Lakes Chronicle (M.)Saturday.
Whangarei—
          Northern Advocate (E.)Friday.
THAMES.
Karangahake—
          Goldfields Advocate and Ohinemuri County Chronicle (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Opotiki—
          East Coast Guardian (E.)Wed., Saturday.
          Opotiki Herald, Whakatane County and East Coast Gazette (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Paeroa—
          Ohinemuri Gazette (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Tauranga—
          Bay of Plenty Times and Thames Valley Warden (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Te Aroha—
          Te Aroha and Ohinemuri News and Upper Thames Advocate (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Thames—
          Thames Advertiser and Miners' News (M.)Daily.
          Thames Star (E.)Daily.
Waihi—
          Waihi Chronicle (M.)Wed., Saturday.
          Waihi Daily Telegraph (E.)Daily.
Waitekauri—
          Golden Age (E.)Wed., Saturday.
GISBORNE.
Gisborne—
          Gisborne Times (M.)Daily.
          Poverty Bay Herald (E.)Daily.
NEW PLYMOUTH.
Inglewood—
          Record and Waitara Age (M.)Wed., Saturday.
          Weekly Record (M.)Saturday.
New Plymouth—
          Budget and Taranaki Weekly Herald (M.)Saturday.
          Daily News (M.)Daily.
          Taranaki Herald (E.)Daily.
          Taranaki News (M.)Saturday.
Opunake—
          Opunake Times (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Stratford—
          Egmont Post (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
          Egmont Settler (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Waitara—
          Waitara Evening Mail and Clifton County Chronicle (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
NAPIER.
Dannevirke—
          Dannevirke Advocate (E.)Daily.
          Dannevirke Daily Press (E.)Daily.
Hastings—
          Hastings Standard (E.)Daily.
Napier—
          Daily Telegraph (E.)Daily.
          Hawke's Bay Herald (M.)Daily.
          New Zealand Fire and Ambulance RecordMonthly.
Waipawa—
          Waipawa Mail (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Wairoa—
          Wairoa Guardian and County Advocate (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
WANGANUI.
Eltham—
          Eltham Argus and Daily Advertiser (E.)Daily.
          Eltham Guardian; Kaponga, Ngaire, Te Roti, Hawera, Stratford, and Cardiff Advertiser (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Hawera—
          Egmont Star (M.)Saturday.
          Hawera and Normanby Star, Patea County Chronicle, and Waimate Plains Gazette (E.)Daily.
Hunterville—
          Hunterville Express, Hunterville, Ohingaiti, Moawhango, and Rata Advertiser (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Manaia—
          Waimate Witness (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Mangaweka—
          Settler (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Marton—
          Rangitikei Advocate and Manawatu Argus (E.)Daily.
Patea—
          Patea County Press (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Raetihi—
          Waimarino Argus and Raetihi, Ohakune, Karioi, Pipiriki and Upper Wanganui Advocate (M.)Tuesday.
Wanganui—
          Jubilee (M.)Tuesday.
          New Zealand Good Templar Watchword (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Tit Bits (M.)Saturday.
          Wanganui Chronicle and Patea-Rangitikei Advertiser (M.)Daily.
          Wanganui Herald (E.)Daily.
          Weekly Chronicle and Patea-Rangitikei Record (M.)Saturday.
          Yeoman (M.)Friday.
WELLINGTON.
Carterton—
          Wairarapa Leader (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
          Wairarapa Observer, Featherston Chronicle, East Coast Advertiser, and South County Gazette (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Eketahuna—
          Eketahuna Express and North Wairarapa Courier (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
          Farmers Friend (M.)Monthly (1st).
Feilding—
          Feilding Star (E.)Daily.
Foxton—
          Manawatu Herald (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Greytown North—
          Te Puke ki Hikurangi (E.)Tues., fortnightly.
          Wairarapa Standard and Featherston Advocate (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Levin—
          Manawatu Farmer and Horowhenua County Chronicle (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
          Wairarapa Daily Times (E.)Daily.
          Wairarapa Star (E.)Daily.
          Weekly Star and Wellington District Advertiser (M.)Thursday.
Otaki—
          Otaki Mail and Horowhenua County and West Coast Advertiser (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Pahiatua—
          Pahiatua Herald (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Palmerston North—
          Manawatu Daily Standard, Rangitikei Advertiser, and West Coast Gazette (E.)Daily.
          Manawatu Daily Times (E.)Daily.
Petone—
          Hutt and Petone Chronicle (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Wellington—
          Advocate (M.)Tuesday.
          Church Chronicle (M.)Monthly.
          Evening Post (E.)Daily.
          Mercantile Record (M.)Saturday.
          New Zealand Craftsman (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Cyclists' Touring Club Gazette (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Dairyman and Dairy Messenger (E.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Field (M.)Friday.
          New Zealand Free Lance (M.)Saturday.
          New Zealand Insurance, Finance, and Mining Journal (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Mail, Town and Country Advertiser (M)Friday.
          New Zealand Mines Record (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Times (M.)Daily.
          Register and Property Investors' Guide (M)Monthly.
          Wellington Price Current and New Zealand Trade Review (M.)Monthly.
Woodville—
          Woodville Examiner (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
BLENHEIM.
Blenheim—
          Marlborough Daily Times and Town and Country Advertiser (M.)Daily.
          Marlborough Express (E.)Daily.
Havelock—
          Pelorus Guardian and Miners' Advocate (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
Picton—
          Marlborough Press, County of Sounds Gazette (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
NELSON.
Brightwater—
          Brightwater Independent Chronicle (M.)Thursday.
Collingwood—
          Golden Bay Argus (E.)Thursday.
Motueka—
          Motueka Star (E)Tuesday, Friday.
Nelson—
          Colonist (M.)Daily.
          Nelson Evening Mail (E.)Daily.
Takaka—
          Takaka News and Collingwood Advertiser (E.)Thursday.
WESTPORT.
Charleston—
          Charleston Herald, Brighton Times, and Croninville Reporter (M.)Wed., Saturday.
Murchison—
          Buller Post (E.)Tuesday.
Westport—
          Buller Miner (M.)Friday.
          Westport News (M.)Daily.
          Westport Times and Evening Star (E.)Daily.
GREYMOUTH.
Greymouth—
          Evening Star and Brunnerton Advocate (E.)Daily.
          Grey River Argus (M.)Daily.
          Weekly Argus (M.)Weekly.
Reefton—
          Inangahua Herald and New Zealand Miner (M.)Daily.
          Inangahua Times and Reefton Guardian (E.)Daily.
HOKITIKA.
Hokitika—
          Hokitika Guardian and Evening Star (E.)Daily.
          Leader (M.)Saturday.
          West Coast Times (M.)Daily.
Kumara—
          Kumara Times and Dillman's and Goldsborough Advertiser (M.)Daily.
Ross—
          Ross and Okarito Advocate and Westland Advertiser (M.)Wed., Saturday.
CHRISTCHURCH.
Akaroa—
          Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
Ashburton—
          Ashburton Guardian (E.)Daily.
          Ashburton Mail, Rakaia, Mount Somers, and Alford Forest Advertiser (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
          Ashburton Standard and Farmers' Advocate (M.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Cheviot—
          Cheviot News (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
          Christchurch—
          Canterbury Times (M.)Wednesday.
          Lyttelton Times (M.)Daily.
          Mercantile and Bankruptcy Gazette of New Zealand (E.)Wednesday.
          New Zealand BaptistMonthly.
          New Zealand Church News (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Fanciers' Chronicle (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Railway ReviewMonthly.
          New Zealand Schoolmaster (E.)Monthly.
          New Zealand War Cry and Official Gazette of the SalvationMonthly.
          Army (M.)Saturday.
          New Zealand Wheelman (M.)Wednesday.
          Press (M.)Daily.
          ProhibitionistFri., fortnightly.
          Spectator (M.)Tuesday.
          Sportsman and New Zealand Cyclist (M.)Wednesday.
          Star (E.)Daily.
          Truth (E.)Daily.
Weekly Press (incorporating “The Referee ”) (M.) East Oxford—
          Wednesday. 
          Oxford Observer (M.)Saturday.
Kaikoura—
          Kaikoura Star and North Canterbury and South Marl-borough News (E.)Daily.
Rangiora—
          Rangiora Standard and North Canterbury Guardian (M.)Wed., Saturday.
Southbridge—
          Ellesmere Guardian (M.)Wed., Saturday.
TIMARU.
Temuka—
          Geraldine Guardian (M.)Tues.,Thur.,Sat.
          Temuka Leader (M.)Tues.,Thur.,Sat.
Timaru—
          Timaru Herald (M.)Daily.
          Timaru Post (E.)Daily.
Waimate—
          Waimate Advertiser (M.)Saturday.
          Waimate Times (M.)Tues.,Thur.,Sat.
OAMARU.
Oamaru—
          North Otago Times (M.)Daily.
          Oamaru Mail (E.)Daily.
DUNEDIN.
Alexandra South—
          Alexandra Herald and Central Otago Gazette (M.)Thursday.
Balclutha—
          Clutha Leader (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
          Free Press (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
Clyde—
          Dunstan Times, Vincent County Gazette, and General Goldfields Advertiser (M.)Friday.
Cromwell—
          Cromwell Argus and Northern Goldfields Gazette (M.)Tuesday.
Dunedin—
          Evening Star (E.)Daily.
          Farmers' Circular (M.)Thur., fortn'ly
          KatipoMonthly.
          New Zealand Guardian (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Journal of EducationMonthly.
          New Zealand Mining and Engineering Journal (M.)Thursday.
          New Zealand Tablet (M.)Friday.
          Otago Daily Times (M.)Daily.
          Otago Witness (M.)Thursday.
          Otago Liberal and Workman (M)Saturday
          Outlook (M.)Saturday
          SchoolmatesMonthly.
          Temperance StandardMonthly.
          Trade Review and Farmers' Gazette (M.)Thursday.
          Triad (M.)Monthly.
          Weekly Budget (M.)Saturday.
Lawrence—
          Tuapeka Times (M.)Wed., Saturday.
Milton—
          Bruce Herald (M.)Tuesday, Friday
Mosgiel—
          Taieri Advocate (M.)Wed., Saturday.
Naseby—
          Mount Ida Chronicle (E.)Friday (twice).
Palmerston—
          Palmerston and Waikouaiti Times (M.)Friday.
Roxburgh—
          Mount Benger Mail (M.)Saturday.
Tapanui—
          Tapanui Courier and Central Districts Gazette (M.)Wednesday.
INVERCARGILL.
Arrowtown—
          Lake County Press (E.)Thursday.
Gore—
          Mataura Ensign (E.)Tues.,Thur.,Sat.
          Southern Standard (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
Invercargill—
          Southern Cross (M.)Saturday.
          Southlander (M.)Friday.
          Southland Daily News (E.)Daily.
          Southland Times (M.)Daily.
          Weekly Times (M.)Friday.
Queenstown—
          Lake Wakatipu Mail (E.)Friday.
Riverton—
          Western Star and Wallace County Gazette (E.)Tues.,Thur.,Sat.
Winton—
          Winton Record and Hokonui Advocate (M.)Friday.
Wyndham—
          Wyndham Farmer (M.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
          Wyndham Herald (M.)Tuesday, Friday.

The foregoing towns are arranged according to the postal district in which they are situated.

Taking the provincial districts, Auckland has 43 publications registered as newspapers, Taranaki 16, Hawke's Bay 9, Wellington 43, Marlborough 4, Nelson 14, Westland 8, Canterbury 31, and Otago 43.

Chapter 27. THE CUSTOMS TARIFF OF NEW ZEALAND,
Under the Customs and Excise Duties Acts, 1888 and 1895, “The Tobacco Excise Duties Act, 1896,” and “The Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1900.”

TABLE OF DUTIES.

THE headings of the respective classes in this Table and in the Table of Exemptions are used solely for convenience of classification, and shall not in any way affect the articles specified therein, or be construed to indicate the material of which any such article is made.

The word “iron” includes steel, or steel and iron combined.

Neither steam-engines, nor parts of steam-engines, nor steam-boilers (land or marine) are included in the expression “machines” or “machinery” in either this Table or the Table of Exemptions.

The abbreviation “n.o.e.” means not otherwise enumerated.

In computing “ad valorem” duties the invoice value of the goods is increased by 10 per cent.

CLASS I.—FOODS AND ARTICLES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.

Names of Articles and Rates of Duty.

1. Almonds, in shell, 2d. the lb.

2. Almonds, shelled, n.o.e., 3d. the lb.

3. Bacon and hams, 2d. the lb.

4. Biscuits, ships' plain and unsweetened, 3s. the cwt.

5. Biscuits, other kinds, 2d. the lb.

6. Boiled sugars, comfits, lozenges, Scotch mixtures, and sugar-candy, 2d. the lb., including internal packages.

7. Candied peel and drained peel, 3d. the lb.

8. Capers, caraway seeds, catsup, cayenne pepper, chillies, chutney, curry-powder and -paste, fish-paste, gelatine, isinglass, liquorice, olives, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

9. Chocolate confectionery, and all preparations of chocolate or cocoa—

In plain trade packages, 3d. the lb.

In fancy packages, or in small packages for retail sale, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

10. Confectionery n.o.e., 2d. the lb., including internal packages.

11. Currants, Id. the lb.

12. Fish, dried, pickled, or salted, n.o.e., 10s. the cwt.

13. Fish, potted and preserved, 2d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.

14. Fruit, fresh, viz. :—

Apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, medlars, apricots, quinces, tomatoes, 1d. the lb. (No duty exceeding 1/2. the lb. to be levied on apples and pears from 14th July to 31st December.)

Currants, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, and strawberries, 1/2d. the lb.

Lemons, 1/2d. the lb.

15. Fruits, dried, 2d. the lb.

16. Fruits, preserved in juice or syrup, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

17. Fruit-pulp, and partially preserved fruit n.o.e., 1 1/2d. the lb.

18. Fruits preserved by sulphurous acid, 1d. the lb.

19. Glucose, 1d. the lb.

20. Honey, 2d. the lb.

21. Jams, jellies, marmalade, and preserves, 2d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.

22. Jellies concentrated in tablets or powder, 4d. the lb.

23. Maizena and cornflour, 1/4d. the lb.

24. Meats, potted or preserved, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

25. Milk, preserved, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

26. Mustard, 2d. the lb.

27. Nuts of all kinds, except cocoa-nuts, 2d. the lb.

28. Oysters, preserved, 2d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.

29. Pearl barley, 1s. the cwt.

30. Peas, split, 2s. the cwt.

31. Pickles, 3s. the imperial gallon.

32. Provisions, n.o.e., 20 per cent, ad valorem.

33. Raisins, 1d. the lb.

34. Rice-flour, 6s. the cwt.

35. Sardines, including the oil, 2d. the lb.

36. Sauces, 4s. the imperial gallon.

37. Spices, including pepper and pimento, unground, 2d. the lb.

38. Spices, including pepper and pimento, ground, 4d. the lb.

39. Sugar, 1/2d. the lb.

40. Treacle and molasses, 1/2d. the lb.

41. Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

42. Vinegar, table, not exceeding 6.5 per cent. of acidity,* 6d. the gallon.

CLASS II.—TOBACCO.

43. Cigarettes, not exceeding in weight 2 1/2 lb. per 1,000, 17s. 6d. the 1,000. And for all weight in excess of 2 1/2 lb. per 1,000, 6d. the oz.

44. Cigars, 7s. the lb.

45. Snuff, 7s. the lb.

46. Tobacco, 3s. 6d. the lb.

47. Tobacco, unmanufactured, entered to be manufactured in the colony in any licensed tobacco manufactory, for manufacturing purposes only, into tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, or snuff, 2s. the lb.

CLASS III.—ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, AND MATERIALS FOR MAKING SAME.

48. Ale, beer of all sorts, porter, cider, and perry, the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or 12 reputed pint bottles, 2s. the gallon.

49. Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, 16s. the liquid gallon.

50. Hops, 6d. the lb.

51. Malt, 2s. the bushel.

52. Rice malt, 1d. the lb.

53. Solid wort, 6d. the lb.

54. Spirits and strong waters, the strength of which can be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer, 16s. the proof gallon. (No allowance beyond 16.5 under proof shall be made for spirits or strong waters of a less hydrometer strength than 16.5 under proof.)

55. Spirits and strong waters, sweetened or mixed, when not exceeding the strength of proof, 16s. the liquid gallon.

56. Spirits and strong waters in cases shall be charged as follows, namely:— Two gallons and under, as two gallons; over two gallons and not exceeding three, as three gallons; over three gallons and not exceeding four, as four gallons; and so on for any greater quantity contained in any case.

57. Spirits or strong waters, mixed with ingredients in any proportion exceeding 33 per cent. of proof spirit, and although thereby coming under any other designation, excepting patent or proprietary medicines, or tinctures and medicinal spirits otherwise enumerated, 16s. the liquid gallon.

*Vinegar exceeding 6.5 per cent. of acidity to be treated as acetic acid.

58. Wine, Australian, containing not more than 35 per cent. of proof spirit verified by Sykes's hydrometer, the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or twelve reputed pint bottles, 5s. the gallon.

59. Wine, other than sparkling and Australian, containing less than 40 per cent. of proof spirit verified by Sykes's hydrometer, the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or twelve reputed pint bottles, 6s. the gallon.

60. Wine, sparkling, 9s. the gallon.

CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, AND MATERIALS FOR MAKING SAME.

61. Aerated and mineral waters and effervescing beverages, 20 per cent, ad valorem.

62. Chicory, 3d. the lb.

63. Chocolate, 3d. the lb.

64. Cocoa, 3d. the lb.

65. Coffee, essence of, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

66. Coffee, roasted, 3d. the lb.

67. Syrups; lime- or lemon-juice sweetened; raspberry vinegar, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

68. Tea, 2d. the lb.

CLASS V.—DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, AND DRUGGISTS' SUNDRIES.

69. Acid, acetic, n.o.e., containing not more than 30 per cent. of acidity, 1 1/2d. the lb.

For every 10 per cent. of acidity or fraction thereof additional, 1/2d. the lb.

70. Acid, tartaric, 1d. the lb.

71. Baking-powder, yeast preparations, and other ferments, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

72. Chemicals n.o.e., including photographic chemicals, and glacial acetic acid (B.P. standard), 15 per cent. ad valorem.

73. Cream of tartar, 1d. the lb.

74. Drugs and druggists' sundries and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e., 15 per cent. ad valorem.

75. Essences, flavouring, spirituous : 15 per cent. ad valorem until 1st February, 1896, and thereafter 16s. the liquid gallon.

76. Essences, flavouring, n.o.e., 15 per cent.

77. Eucalyptus oil, in bulk or bottle, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

78. Glycerine, refined, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

79. Opium, 40s. the lb.

80. Patent medicines, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

81. Proprietary medicines, or medicaments, (1) bearing the name of the proprietor on label or package; (2) bearing a prefixed name in the possessive case; (3) n.o.e., prepared by any occult secret or art, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

82. Saccharine, except in the form of tabloids or tablets, 1s. 6d. the ounce.

83. Sarsaparilla, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

84. Soda, carbonate and bicarbonate, 1s. the cwt.

85. Soda, crystals, 2s. the cwt.

86. Tinctures and medicinal spirits of any recognised pharmacopœia, containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, 1s. the lb.

87. Tinctures and medicinal spirits of any recognised pharmacopœia, containing 50 per cent. proof spirit or less, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILE GOODS.

88. Apparel and ready made clothing, and all articles n.o.e. made up wholly or in part from textile or other piece-goods, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

89. Apparel made by British or foreign tailors, dress-, mantle-, or jacket-makers to the order of residents in the colony, and intended for the individual use of such residents, whether imported by the residents themselves or through an importing firm, 40 per cent. ad valorem.

90. Blankets, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

91. Collars and cuffs, of paper or other material, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

92. Cotton counterpanes, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

93. Cotton piece-goods, to include turkey twills, dress prints (hard-spun and plain-woven), where the invoice value does not exceed 4d. the yard; and cotton piece-goods n.o.e., 10 per cent. ad valorem.

94. Cotton piece-goods-namely, tapestry; cretonnes; chintz art crêpe, and serges; velveteens, velvets, and plushes, all kinds; damasks; moquette; sateens; linenettes; crepons; crimps; zephyrs; ginghams; turkey twills; prints; printed cottons; piqués; vestings; quiltings, and marcellas; muslins of all kinds; nets; window-nets; hollands, curtains, and blinds; diapers; ticks, including coloured Belgian; towellings; laces, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

95. Drapery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

96. Feathers, ornamental (including ostrich), and artificial flowers, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

97. Forfar, dowlas, and flax sheeting, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

98. Furs, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

99. Haberdashery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

100. Hats of all kinds, including straw hats, also caps, 25 per cent, ad valorem.

101. Hosiery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

102. Lace, and laces, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

103. Millinery of all kinds, including trimmed hats, caps, and bonnets, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

104. Ribbons and crape, all kinds, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

105. Rugs, woollen, cotton, opossum, or other, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

106. Shawls, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

107. Silks, satins, velvets, plushes, n.o.e., composed of silk mixed with any other material, in the piece, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

108. Textile piece-goods other than cotton or silk, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

109. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

110. Yarns n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VII.—LEATHER AND MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER.

111. Boots, shoes, and slippers, n.o.e.; goloshes, clogs, pattens, vamps, uppers-and laces, 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem.

112. Heel-plates, and toe stiffeners and plates, 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem.

113. Leather—

Leather belting, and belt-leather, harness, bridle, legging, bag, kip (other than East India), 4d. the lb.

Buff and split, including satin hides and tweeds, 3d. the lb.

Cordovan, levanted leather, roans, sheepskins, morocco n.o.e., basils, 3d. the lb.

Sole-leather, 2d. the lb.

East India kip, Persians, lambskins and goatskins (dressed other than morocco), kangaroo and wallabi skins (dressed), tan and coloured calf, 2d. the lb.

Leather n.o.e., 1d. the lb.

114. Leather board or compo, 4d. the lb.

115. Leather bags and leather-cloth bags, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

116. Leather, chamois, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

117. Leather cut into shapes, 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem.

118. Leather leggings, 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem.

119. Leather manufactures n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

120. Portmanteaux; trunks; travelling-bags and brief-bags of leather or leather-cloth, 10in. in length and upwards, and carpet-bags, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

121. Saddlery, and harness, whips and whip-thongs, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD FURNISHING.

122. Basket and wicker-ware n.o.e., not being furniture, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

123. Carpets, and druggets; floorcloth; mats, and matting, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

124. Desks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

125. Furniture and cabinetware, n.o.e., and other than iron, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

126. Furniture-, knife-, and plate-powder and polish, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

127. Mantelpieces, other than stone, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

128. Upholstery n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHEN GOODS.

129. Bricks, known as firebricks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

130. China, porcelain, and parianware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

131. Drainage pipes and tiles, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

132. Earthen flooring and garden-tiles, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

133. Earthenware, stoneware, and brownware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

134. Filters, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

135. Fireclay, ground, and fireclay goods, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

136. Glass, crown, sheet, and common window, 2s. the 100 superficial feet.

137. Glassware; also plate-glass, and glass polished, coloured, and other kinds, n.o.e.; globes and chimneys for lamps, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

138. Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

139. Plate-glass, bevelled or silvered; mirrors and looking glasses, framed or un-framed, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC.

140. Artificial flies, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

141. Cards, playing, 6d. per pack.

142. Clocks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

143. Dressing-cases, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

144. Fancy goods, and toys, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

145. Fishing tackle, including artificially-baited hooks other than flies, 20 per per cent. ad valorem.

146. Jewellery; plate, gold or silver; greenstone, cut or polished, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

147. Mouldings in the piece for picture frames, cornices, or ceilings, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

148. Musical instruments of all kinds n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

149. Oil, perfumed, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

150. Papier-maché ware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

151. Perfumery n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

152. Perfumed spirits and Cologne-water: £1 1s. the liquid gallon until the 1st February, 1896, and thereafter £1 10.s. the liquid gallon.

153. Photographic goods n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

154. Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or un-framed; picture- or photograph-frames and mourns, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

155. Platedware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

156. Statues, statuettes, casts, and bronzes, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

157. Tobacco-pipes and -cases, cigar- and cigarette-holders and -cases, cigarette-papers and -cases, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

158. Toilet preparations n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

159. Watches, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

160. Walking-sticks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XI.—PAPER MANUFACTURES AND STATIONERY.

161. Calendars and show-cards, all kinds, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

162. Cardboard boxes complete, or cardboard cut and shaped for boxes (including match-boxes), 20 per cent. ad valorem.

163. Directories of New Zealand, or of any part thereof; also covers for directories, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

164. Handbills, programmes and circulars, playbills and printed posters, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

165. Ink, writing, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

166. Paper bags, coarse (including sugar-bags), 7s. 6d. the cwt.

167. Paper bags n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

168. Paper-hangings, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

169. Paper wrapping—viz., blue candle, glazed cap, glazed casings, small hand, lumber hand, and tissue, 5s. the cwt.

170. Paper, wrapping, other kinds, including brown, cartridge, and sugar papers, 5s. the cwt.

171. Printing matter relating to patent or proprietary medicines; trade catalogues, price-lists, and fashion-plates of the goods of firms or persons in the colony, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

172. Stationery and writing-paper n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

173. Stationery, manufactured—viz., account-books; manuscript books; bill-head, invoice;, and statement forms; printed or ruled paper; counter-books; cheque- and draft-forms; tags; labels; blotting-pads; sketch-books; book-covers; copying letter-books; manifold writers; albums (other than for photographs); diaries; birthday-books; plain or faint-lined ruled books; printed window-tickets; printed, lithographed, or embossed stationery; and Christmas, New Year, birthday, and Easter cards and booklets, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

174. Stereotypes and matrices, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XII.—MANUFACTURES OF METAL.

175. Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles; also finished or partly finished or machined parts of same, n.o.e., including weldless steel tubing cut to short lengths, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

176. Boilers, land and marine, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

177. Brass cocks, valves, unions, lubricators, and whistles, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

178. Brass manufactures, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

179. Cartridges (shot), 10- to 24-bore, 1s. 6d. the 100.

180. Cartridge cases, 9d. the 100.

181. Cartridges n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

182. Cash-registering machines, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

183. Coffin-furniture, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

184. Composition-piping, 3s. 6d. the cwt.

185. Copper manufactures n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

186. Copying-presses, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

187. Crab-winches, cranes n.o.e., capstans, and windlasses, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

188. Cutlery, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

189. Firearms, all kinds, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

190. Galvanised iron manufactures n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

191. Gasometers, and other apparatus for producing gas; also gas-meters, 10 per cent, ad valorem.

192. Gaspipes, iron, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

193. Hardware, ironmongery, and holloware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

194. Iron bridges, and iron material n.o.e. for the construction of bridges, wharves, jetties, or patent slips, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

195. Iron columns for buildings, and other structural ironwork, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

196. Iron doors for safes and vaults, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

197. Iron, galvanised corrugated sheets, screws, and nails, 2s. per cwt.

198. Iron galvanised tiles, ridging, guttering, and spouting, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

199. Iron gates and gate-posts, staples, standards, straining posts and apparatus, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

200. Iron nails, 2s. per cwt.

201. Iron pipes, and fittings for same, including main-cocks, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

202. Iron, plain galvanised sheet and hoop, 1s. 6d. the cwt.

203. Iron tanks, exceeding 200 gallons and not exceeding 400 gallons, 10s. each.

204. Iron tanks of and under 200 gallons, 5s. each.

205. Iron work and wire work, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

206. Japanned and lacquered metal ware, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

207. Lawn-mowers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

208. Lead, in sheets, 1s. 6d. the cwt.

209. Lead piping, 3s. 6d. the cwt.

210. Machinery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

211. Machinery, electric, and appliances, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

212. Machinery for flour-mills, woollen-mills, paper-mills, rope- and twine- making, dredging, saw-milling, planing, oil refining, boring; and also machinery for refrigerating or preserving meat, leather-splitting machines and band-knives for same, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

213. Manufactures, n.o.e., of metal, or of metal in combination with any other material, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

214. Nails n.o.e., 3s. the cwt.

215. Printing machines and presses, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

216. Pumps and other apparatus for raising water n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

217. Railway and tramway plant and materials n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

218. Sad-irons, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

219. Shot, 10s. the cwt.

220. Soda water machines; also, machines for aerating liquids, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

221. Steam-engines and parts of steam-engines n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

222. Steam-engines, and parts thereof, including the boiler or boilers therefor, imported specially for mining or gold-saving purposes and processes, or for dairying purposes, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

223. Tinware, and tinsmiths' furniture n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

224. Waterworks pipes, iron, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

225. Weighbridges and weighing-machines, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

226. Wire mattresses and webbing, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

227. Zinc tiles, ridging, guttering, piping, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

228. Zinc manufactures n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, AND ARTICLES MADE FROM TIMBER.

229. Bellows, other than forge, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

230. Blocks, wooden tackle, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

231. Buckets and tubs, of wood, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

232. Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, and perambulators, and wheels for the same, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

233. Carriage shafts, spokes, and felloes, dressed; bent carriage timber, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

234. Doors, glazed with ornamental glass, 4s. each.

235. Doors, plain, 2s. each.

236. Sashes, glazed, with ornamental glass, 4s. the pair.

237. Sashes, plain, 2s. the pair.

238. Timber, palings, 2s. the 100.

239. Timber, posts, 8s. the 100.

240. Timber, rails, 4s. the 100.

241. Timber, sawn, dressed, 4s. the 100 ft. superficial.

242. Timber, sawn, rough, 2s. the 100 ft. superficial.

243. Timber, shingles and laths, 2s. the 1,000.

244. Wooden ware and turnery n.o.e, and veneers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XIV.—OILS, PAINTS, ETC.

245. Axle-grease, and other solid lubricants, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

246. Harness oil and composition, and leather dressing, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

247. Naphtha, 6d. the gallon.

248. Oil, linseed, 6d. the gallon.

249. Oil, mineral, including shale-waste or unrefined mineral-oil n.o.e., 6d. the gallon.

250. Oil n.o.e., 6d. the gallon.

251. Oil, olive, in bulk, 6d. the gallon.

252. Oil vegetable, in bulk, n.o.e., 6d. the gallon.

253. Oil vegetable or other, in bottle, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

254. Paints and colours ground in oil or turpentine, 2s. 6d. the cwt.

255. Paints and colours mixed ready for use, 5s. the cwt.

256. Putty, 2s. the cwt.

257. Stearine, 1 1/2d. the lb.

258. Stearine for match-making, 3/4d. the lb.

259. Varnish; enamel paints; gold size, 2s. the gallon.

260. Whiting and chalk, 1s. the cwt.

CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL AND FARM PRODUCTS, ETC.

261. Animals, food for, of all kinds, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

262. Cattle (horned), 10s. each.

263. Chaff, £1 the ton.

264. Grain—namely, barley, 2s. the 100 lb.

265. Grain and pulse of every kind n.o.e., 9d. the 100 lb.

266. Grain and pulse of every kind, when ground or in any way manufactured, n.o.e., 1s. the 100 lb.

267. Horses, £1 each.

268. Linseed, £1 the ton.

269. Maize, 9d. the 100 lb.

270. Onions, £1 the ton.

271. Prepared calf-meal, £1 5s. the ton.

CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS.

272. Bags, flour, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

273. Bags, calico, forfar, hessian, and linen, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

274. Bagging and bags n.o.e., 15 per cent. ad valorem.

275. Blacking and boot-gloss, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

276. Blacklead, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

277. Blue, 2d. the lb.

278. Brooms, brushes, and brushware, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

279. Brushes, hair, and combs; toilet- clothes- and hat-brushes, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

280. Candles, 1d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.

281. Cement, 2s. the barrel.

282. Cordage and rope, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

283. Cork, cut, including bungs, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

284. Fireworks n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

285. Flock, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

286. Glue and size, 1 1/2d. the lb.

287. Granite, sawn on not more than two sides, and not dressed or polished, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

88. Marble, granite, and other stone, dressed or polished, and articles made therefrom, including mantelpieces, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

289. Matches—

Wooden, in boxes containing not more than 60 matches, 1s. the gross of boxes.

In boxes containing over 60 and not more than 100 matches, 2s. the gross of boxes.

In boxes containing more than 100 matches, for every 100 matches or fraction thereof contained in one box, 2s. the gross of boxes.

Wax, “plaid vestas” in cardboard boxes containing under 100 matches, 1s. the gross of boxes.

“Pocket vestas” in tin or other boxes containing under 100 matches, 1s. 4d. the gross of boxes.

“Sportsman's,” “Ovals,” and “No. 4 tin vestas,” in boxes containing not more than 200 matches, 4s. 6d. the gross of boxes.

Wax, other kinds, for every 100 matches or fraction thereof contained in one box, 2s. 3d. the gross of boxes.

290. Nets and netting, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

291. Paraffin wax, 3/4d. the lb.

292. Powder, sporting, 6d. the lb.

293. Sacks, other than cornsacks and jute sacks, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

294. Sausage-skins and casings (including brine or salt), 3d. per lb.

295. Soap, common yellow, and blue mottled, 5s. the cwt.

296. Soap, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

297. Soap-powder, extract of soap, dry soap, and soft-soap, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

298. Spirits, methylated, 1s the liquid gallon.

299. Spirits, cleared from warehouse, methylated, under prescribed conditions, 6d. the liquid gallon.

300. Starch, 2d. the lb.

301. Tarpaulins, tents, rick- and wagon-covers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

302. Twine n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

303. Washing-powder, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

304. Wax, mineral, vegetable, and Japanese, 1 1/2d. the lb.

In addition to any duty chargeable by law on any goods imported into the colony, a further duty of 20 per cent. ad valorem shall be charged when the goods are prison-made.

TABLE OF EXEMPTIONS FROM DUTIES OF CUSTOMS.
CLASS I.—FOODS, ETC.

Names of Articles.

305. Almonds, Barbary, Sicily, and French, used in confectioners' manufactures.

306. Anchovies, salted, in casks.

307. Arrowroot, sago, tapioca, macaroni, vermicelli, and prepared groats.

308. Salt.

309. Rice, dressed or undressed.

310. Rice manufactured into starch in bond.

CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, ETC.

311. Cocoa-beans.

312. Coffee, raw.

CLASS V.—DRUGS, ETC.

313. Acids—viz.: boracic; carbolic, in bulk; fluoric; muriatic; nitric; oxalic; oleic; picric; pyrogallic; salicylic; sulphuric.

314. Concentrated extracts or essences in liquid form or preserved in fat for perfume-manufacturing purposes in manufacturing warehouses, in bottles of not less than 1 lb. in weight.

315. Disinfectants.

316. Drugs and chemicals—viz.: alum; sulphate of aluminium; sulphate of ammonia; anhydrous ammonia; aniline dyes; arsenic; bluestone, or sulphate of copper; borax; catechu; chloride of calcium; nitrate of silver; cochineal; creosote, crude or commercial; glycerine, crude; gum, arabic and tragacanth; gum benzoin; artificial gum arabic; gum damar; phosphorus; potash, caustic potash, and chlorate of potash; pearlash; prussiate of potash; cyanide of potassium; cyanide of sodium; liquid chlorine; sal-ammoniac; saltpetre; acetate of soda, crude; soda-ash; caustic soda; nitrate of soda; silicate of soda; sulphate of soda; sulphide of sodium; hyposulphite of sodium; strychnine; sulphur; chloride of zinc; iron-sulphates; gall-nuts; turmeric; saffron; nitrous-oxide gas; tree-washes; insecticides; maltine; chlorodyne.

317. Essential oils, except eucalyptus; cod-liver oil; oil of rhodium.

318. Horse-drenches.

319. Medicinal barks, leaves, herbs, flowers, roots and gums.

320. Scrub-exterminator.

321. Sheep dip; sheep-drenches; sheep-licks.

322. Surgical and dental instruments and appliances.

323. Scientific and assay balances, retorts, flasks, and other appliances for chemical analysis and assay work.

324. Water-hardening chemicals for brewers' use.

CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILES.

325. Accoutrements for military purposes, excepting uniform clothing.*

326. Brace-elastic and brace-mountings.

327. Bunting, in the piece.

328. Butter- and cheese-cloth.

329. Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, needles.

330. Calico, white and grey, also cotton sheetings, in the piece.

331. Corduroy, moleskin, and plain beaver-skin, of cotton, in the piece.

332. Coloured cotton shirtings; flannelette shirtings.†

333. Forfar, dowlas, and flax sheeting, when cut up under supervision in sizes not exceeding 47 in. x 36in. for making flour-bags, and not exceeding 54 in. for lining wool mats.

334. Fur-skins, green or sun-dried.

335. Gold or silver lace or braid for military clothing.

336. Hatmakers' materials—viz.: silk plush; felt hoods; shellac; galloons; calicoes; spale-boards for hat-boxes; leathers and linings; blocks; moulds; frames; ventilators; and tassels.

337. Hessians, plain or striped, and scrim.

338. Leather-cloth.

339. Minor articles (required in the making-up of apparel, boots, shoes, hats, caps, saddlery, umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades), enumerated in any order of the Commissioner, and published in the Gazette.

340. Sailcloth, canvas, and unbleached double-warped duck, in the piece.

341. Sewing cottons, silks, and threads; crochet, darning, and knitting cottons; angola mendings not exceeding 45 yards, on cards.

342. Silk for flour-dressing.

343. Silk twist (shoemakers' and saddlers').

344. Staymakers' binding, eyelets, corset-fasteners, jean, ticks, lasting, sateen, and cotell.

* Subject to the provisions of section 28 of “The Defence Act, 1900,” as follows:—

Equipments to be admitted free of Customs Duty.

28. All military clothing, saddlery, and equipments imported into the colony for the bonâ fide use of a Volunteer corps shall, on the certificate in writing of the Minister of Defence that the same are or have been imported for such purpose, be admitted into the colony free of Customs duty.

† See note on page 93.

345. Tailors' trimmings—viz.: plain-coloured imitation hair-cloth; canvas; plain Verona and plain diagonal, and such patterns of checked Italian cloth as may be approved of by the Commissioner of Customs; Italian cloth of cotton or wool; buckram; wadding and padding; silk, worsted, and cotton bindings and braids; stay-bindings; Russia braids; shoulder-pads; buckles; silesias; drab, slate, and brown jeans; pocketings; slate, black, and brown dyed unions and linens.

346. Umbrella-makers' materials—viz.: reversible and levantine silk mixtures, gloria, and satin de chêne of not less than 44 in. in width; alpaca cloth, with border; zanella cloth, with border; also other piece-goods on such conditions as the Commissioner may approve; sticks, runners, notches, caps, ferrules, cups, ribs, stretchers, tips, and rings.

347. Union shirtings the invoice value of which does not exceed 6d. the yard.*

348. Waterproof material in the piece.

CLASS VII.—LEATHER, AND ARTICLES USED IN LEATHER MANUFACTURES.

349. Boot elastic.

350. Bootmakers' linings, canvas, plain or coloured, bag and portmanteau linings, of such materials, qualities, and patterns as may be approved by the Commissioner.

351. Boots, shoes, and slippers—viz., children's, No. 0 to 3.

352. Cork soles, and sock soles.

353. East India kip, crust or rough-tanned, but undressed.

354. Goatskins, crust or rough-tanned, but undressed.

355. Grindery, except heel- and toe-plates.

356. Hogskins.

357. Kangaroo-, wallabi-skins, undressed.

358. Leather, japanned or enamelled; goatskins, dressed as morocco, coloured (other than black).

359. Saddle-trees.

360. Saddlers' ironmongery (except bits and stirrup-irons), hames, and mounts for harness; straining, surcingle, brace, girth, and roller webs; collar-check, and the same article plain, of such quality as may be approved by the Commissioner; legging-buckles.

361. Tanning materials, crude.

CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE, ETC.

362. Blind-webbing and tape.

363. Upholsterers' webbing, hair-seating, imitation hair-seating; curled hair; gimp and cord of wool, cotton, or silk; tufts, and studs.

CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, ETC.

364. Bottles, empty, plain glass, not being cut or ground; also, jars up to 3 in. in diameter at the mouth.

365. Glass plates (engraved) for photo-lithographic work.

366. Jars or other dutiable vessels, containing free goods or goods subject to a fixed rate of duty, and being ordinary trade packages for the goods contained in them.

CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, ETC.

367. Action-work and keys, in frames or otherwise, for manufacture of organs, harmoniums, and pianos; organ-pipes and stop-knobs.

368. Artists' canvas, colours, brushes, and palette knives.

*Whenever any dispute arises as to the application of the exemption in favour of coloured cotton. flannelette, or union shirtings, in the case of fabrics alleged to be such shirtings, the Commissioner has power to decide such dispute; and in case of doubt on his part, he may require the fabric in dispute to be cut up for shirt-making, under such conditions as he prescribes.

369. Magic lanterns, lenses, and slides.

370. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes, and lenses for same.

371. Musical instruments, specially imported for Volunteer bands.

372. Paintings, statuary, and works of art, presented to or imported by any public institution or art association registered as a body corporate, for display in the buildings of such institution or association, and not to be sold or otherwise disposed of.

373. Photographic cameras and lenses.

374. Photographs of personal friends in letters or packets.

375. Precious stones, cut or uncut and unmounted.

376. Sensitized surfaces for photographic purposes.

CLASS XI.—PAPER, ETC.

377. Bookbinders' materials—viz., cloth, leather, thread, headbands, webbing, end-papers, tacketing-gut, marbling-colours, marble-paper, blue paste for ruling-ink, staple-presses, wire-staples, staple-sticks.

378. Butter-paper, known as parchment paper or waxed paper.

379. Cardboard and pasteboard, of sizes not less than that known as “royal.”

380. Cardboard boxes, material for—viz., gold and silver paper, plain and embossed, gelatine and coloured papers, known as “box papers.”

381. Cartridge-paper for drawing-books.

382. Cloth-lined boards, not less than “royal.”

383. Cloth-lined papers, enamelled paper; ivorite and gelatine; metallic paper, not less than “demy.”

384. Copy-books and drawing-books.

385. Copying-paper, medium and double-foolscap, in original mill wrappers and labels.

386. Hand-made cheque-paper.

387. Ink, printing.

388. Masticated para.

389. Millboard, and bookbinders' leather-board.

390. Paper, hand-made or machine-made book or writing, of sizes not less than the size known as “demy,” when in original wrappers.

391. Printing-paper.

392. Printed books, papers, and music, n.o.e.

393. School slates, and educational apparatus.

CLASS XII.—METALS.

394. All machinery for agricultural purposes, including chaff-cutters, corn-crushers; corn-shellers, also articles used in manufacturing the same—viz., chaff - cutting knives, tilt-rakes, fittings for threshing - mills forgings for ploughs.

395. All agricultural implements.

396. All bolts and nuts, blank or screwed nuts, black or finished nuts.

397. Anchors.

398. Artificers' tools.

399. Axes and hatchets; spades, shovels, and forks; picks; mattocks; quartz and knapping-hammers; scythes, sheep-shears, reaping-hooks; soldering-irons; paperhangers' scissors; butchers' saws and cleavers.

400. Axles, axle-arms, and boxes.

401. Band-saws and folding-saws, including frames.

402. Bellows-nails.

403. Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for—viz., rubber-tires, pneumatic-tires, out-side covers, and inner tubes; rubber and cork handles, and pedal-rubbers; also drop-forgings and stampings, ball-bearings, weldless steel tube in full lengths, rims, forks, and spokes, in the rough.

404. Blacksmiths' anvils, forges, and fans.

405. Blowers.

406. Brass and copper, in pigs, bars, tubes, or sheets.

407. Brass tubing and stamped work, in the rough, for gasaliers and brackets.

408. Caps, percussion.

409. Card-clothing for woollen-mills.

410. Chain pulleys, and chains for same.

411. Chains, trace and plough chains; or metal articles required to repair or complete riding or driving harness or saddlery to be repaired or made in the colony.

412. Chamfering, crozing and howelling machine for cask-making.

413. Copper and composition, rod, bolts, sheathing, and nails.

414. Couch-roll jackets, machine-wires, beater-bars, and strainer-plates for paper-mills.

415. Crucibles.

416. Emery-grinding machines and emery-wheels.

417. Empty iron drums, not exceeding 10 gallons capacity.

418. Engineers', boilermakers', brass-finishers', smiths', and all metal- and wood-workers' machine and hand tools.

419. Engine governors.

420. Eyelets.

421. Fire-engines, including Merryweather's chemical fire-engines.

422. Fish-hooks.

423. Galvanising-baths, welded.

424. Gas-engines and hammers, and oil-engines.

425. Glassmakers' moulds.

426. Hydraulic cranes.

427. Iron- and brass-wove wire and wire gauze; also wire netting.

428. Iron boiler-plates and unflanged end-plates for boilers; boiler-tubes not exceeding 6 in. in diameter, and unflanged; Bowling's expansion rings; furnace-flues.

429. Iron, plain black sheet, rod, bolt, bar, plate, hoop, and pig.

430. Iron rolled girders.

431. Iron plates, screws, and castings for ships.

432. Iron wire n.o.e., including fencing-wire, plain and barbed.

433. Lead, in pigs and bars.

434. Locomotives.

435. Machine saws.

436. Machinery exclusively for the purpose of the manufacture of beet-root sugar.

437. Machinery for dairying purposes.

438. Machinery of every description for mining purposes, including machine pumps, but not including machinery for dredging.

439. Machinery for gold-saving purposes and processes.

440. Metal fittings for trunks, portmanteaux, travelling-bags, leggings, bags, and satchels.

441. Metal sheaves for blocks.

442. Metallic capsules.

443. Perambulators and the like vehicles, fittings for n.o.e.

444. Perforated or cellular sheet zinc or iron.

445. Portable engines on four or any greater number of wheels, with boiler of locomotive type; also traction-engines.

446. Printing type and materials n.o.e.

447. Rails for railways and tramways.

448. Reapers and binders, and reaping and mowing machines, and extra parts for same; materials for manufacturing agricultural machinery, namely, reaper-knife sections, fingers, brass and steel springs, malleable castings, discs for harrows, mould-boards and plough-shares, mould-board plates, and steel-share plates cut to pattern, skeith-plates; ploughs and harrows combined threshers.

449. Riddles and sieves.

450. Rivets and washers.

451. Separators and coolers for dairying purposes.

452. Set-screws, engineers' studs, and split-pins.

453. Sewing-, knitting-, and kilting-machines.

454. Spiral springs (except sofa- and mattress-springs).

455. Steam and hydraulic pressure and vacuum gauges.

456. Steel rams, black or finished, for hydraulic cranes or jiggers.

457. Surveyors' steel bands and measuring-tapes.

458. Swords.

459. Tacks of all kinds.

460. Tea-packing lead.

461. Tin, in pigs, bars, or sheets.

462. Tinsmiths' fittings, including stamped or blocked tin, planished or unplanished.

463. Tins, tops of, ornamented.

464. Welded and flanged boiler-furnaces, plain or corrugated.

465. Wire, of brass, copper, or lead.

466. Zinc, plain sheet.

467. Zinc plates and copper plates for photo-lithographic work.

CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, ETC.

468. Ash, hickory, and lancewood timber, unwrought.

469. Blacksmiths' bellows.

470. Brush woodware.

471. Carriage- and cart-shafts, spokes and felloes in the rough; hubs, of all kinds; poles if unbent and unplaned, of all kinds; bent wheel-rims.

472. Carriage- and cart-makers' materials—viz.: springs, mountings, trimmings, brass hinges, tire-bolts, shackle-holders, step treads, and other iron fittings (except steps, lamp-irons, dash-irons, seat-rails, and fifth wheels), rubber-cloth.

473. Churns.

474. Lignum-vitæ.

475. Sieves, hair.

476. Wooden handles for tools.

CLASS XIV.—OILS, ETC.

477. Benzine in bulk.

478. Oils—viz.: candlenut, fish, kerosene, penguin, palm, seal, whale.

479. Paints and colours n.o.e.

480. Shale oil, once run, suitable for gas-making.

481. Spirits of tar.

482. Turpentine, driers, and terebene.

CLASS XV.—MISCELLANEOUS.

483. Apparatus and appliances solely for teaching purposes, as may be approved by the Commissioner.

484. Bags made of New Zealand tow or flax.

485. Belting for machinery, other than leather.

486. Binder-twine.

487. Bricks, other than fire-bricks.

488. Building materials n.o.e.

489. Brushes for cream-separators and combined screens.

490. Candlenuts and candlenut kernels.

491. Candle-wick.

492. Canvas aprons and elevators for reapers and binders.

493. Carpenters' baskets.

494. Charts and maps.

495. Confectioners' moulding-starch.

496. Cotton waste.

497. Dye-stuffs and dyeing materials, crude.

498. Felt sheathing.

499. Food preservative n.o.e.

500. Gum boots.

501. Hawsers of 12 in. and over.

502. Honey and brown Windsor soap composition.

503. Iron and steel cordage.

504. Jute bagging, bags, and sacks.

505. Manures.

506. Marble, and other stone, hewn or rough sawn, not dressed or polished.

507. Netmakers' cotton twine.

508. Official supplies for consular officers of countries where a similar exemption exists in favour of British Consuls.

509. Papermakers' felts.

510. Passengers' baggage and effects, including only wearing-apparel and other personal effects that have been worn or are in use by persons arriving in the colony; also implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment of such persons; and household or other effects not exceeding £100 in value, which have been in use for twelve months prior to embarkation by the persons or families bringing them to the colony, and not intended for any other person or persons or for sale; also cabin-furnishings belonging to such persons.

511. Plaster of Paris.

512. Powder, blasting and meal.

513. Ship-chandlery n.o.e.

514. Ships' rockets, blue-lights, and danger-signals.

515. Spirits for manufacturing perfumed spirit, flavouring essences, and culinary essences in manufacturing warehouses. This exemption to cease on the 1st day of February, 1896.

516. Stones, mill- grind- oil- and whet-.

517. Tobacco for sheepwash or for insecticide, after being rendered unfit for human consumption to the satisfaction of the Commissioner.

518. Treacle or molasses, mixed with bone-black in proportions to the satisfaction of the Commissioner.

519. Tubular woven cotton-cloth in the piece, for meat wraps.

520. Type-writers.

521. Wax, bottling.

522. Woolpacks and woolpockets.

523. Yarn—viz.: coir, flax, hemp.

524. Articles and materials (as may from time to time be specified by the Commissioner) which are suited only for, and are to be used solely in, the fabrication of goods within the colony. All decisions of the Commissioner in reference to articles so admitted free to be published from time to time in the Gazette.

525. And all articles not otherwise enumerated.

TABLE OF EXCISE DUTIES.

526. Tobacco, 1s. the lb.*

527. Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff, 1s. 6d. the lb.*

528. Beer, 3d. the gallon.

* “The Tobacco Excise Duties Act, 1896,” section 2, enacts:—

“On and after the thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, section three of “The Customs and Excise Duties Act, 1891,” shall be deemed to be repealed, and in lien of the duties imposed by that section there shall be levied, collected, and paid, on and after that day, upon tobacco manufactured in the colony, at the time of making the entry for home consumption thereof, the several duties of excise following, that is to say—

“On tobaccoOne shilling the pound.
“On cigars and snuffOne shilling and sixpence the pound.
“On cigarettes—
        If manufactured by machineryTwo shillings and sixpence the pound
        If made by handOne shilling the pound.”

529. Articles in which spirit is a necessary ingredient, manufactured in a warehouse appointed under section 26 of “The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882,” namely—

Pharmacopœia tinctures, essences, extracts, and medicinal spirits containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, 9d. the lb.

Pharmacopœia tinctures, essences, extracts, and medicinal spirits containing less than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, 3d. the lb.

Culinary and flavouring essences, 12s. the liquid gallon, from 1st February, 1896.

Perfumed spirit, 20s. the liquid gallon, from 1st February, 1896.

Toilet preparations which are subject to 16s. the liquid gallon on importation, 12s. the liquid gallon.

Toilet preparations which are subject to 25 per cent. duty on importation, 6s. the liquid gallon.

Duties imposed by His Excellency the Governor under Section 17 of “The Customs and Excise Duties Act, 1888.”

530. Olive stones, ground (see New Zealand Gazette, 15th May, 1890), 4d. the lb.

531. Brewers' caramel (see New Zealand Gazette, 21st August, 1890), 3d. the lb.

532. Liquid hops (see New Zealand Gazette, 21st December, 1893), 6s. the lb.

533. The United Asbestos Patent Salamander Decorations (see New Zealand Gazette, 14th May, 1896), 15 per cent. ad valorem.

534. Matches of any material other than wood or wax, a duty corresponding to the duty payable on wooden matches (see New Zealand Gazette, 27th April, 1899).

535. Fibre conduit pipes and fittings for same (see New Zealand Gazette, 4th May, 1899), 5 per cent. ad valorem.

536. Caramel cereal (see New Zealand Gazette, 14th March, 1900), 1/2d. the lb.

537. Compo-board (see New Zealand Gazette, 12th December, 1900), 4s. the 100 ft. super.

The “Opium Prohibition Act, 1901,” makes it unlawful for any person to import opium into the colony in any form suitable for smoking. Permits may be issued by the Commissioner of Trade and Customs for the importation of the drug in the following forms:—

Opium, crude.

Opium, in powder.

Opium, extract of, solid.

No permit shall be issued to any person of the Chinese race. Heavy penalties are prescribed for breaches of the above law.

“The Timber Export Act, 1901,” authorised the collection, by Order in Council, of the following duties:—

SCHEDULE.
Logs, round
Logs, squared with axe or saw
Half logs
3s. per
100 superficial
feet.
Or such lesser duty as the Governor by Order in Council determines.
Flitches of any particular kind, or pieces of such size as the Governor by Order in Council from time to time determines3s. per
100 superficial
feet
Or such lesser duty as the Governor by Order in Council determines.

An Order in Council dated the 27th March, 1902, directs that there shall be levied, collected, and paid previous to exportation from New Zealand, duties upon white pine and kahikatea timber as under:—

Logs, round3s. per 100 superficial feet.
Logs, cut in half3s. per 100 superficial feet.
Logs, squared with axe or saw, 10 in. by 10 in. or its equivalent, or over3s. per 100 superficial feet.
Flitches, any width, and not exceeding 10 in. thick,2s. per 100 superficial feet.

A further Order in Council, dated 10th April, 1902, directs that duties on kauri timber shall be charged as under:—

Logs, round3s. per 100 superficial feet.
Logs, cut in half3s. per 100 superficial feet.
Logs, squared with axe or saw3s. per 100 superficial feet.
Flitches, exceeding 30 in. in width and 9 in. in thickness2s. per 100 superficial feet.

Chapter 28. FEES PAYABLE UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT.

FEES PAYABLE TO DISTRICT LAND REGISTRARS UNDER “THE LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1885.”

For the bringing land under the provisions of this Act (over and above the cost of advertisements)—£s.d.
        When the title consists of a Crown grant, and none of the land included therein has been dealt with020
        When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £300100
        When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £200 and does not exceed £3000150
        When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £100 and does not exceed £2000100
        When the title is of any other description and when the value does not exceed £100050
Contribution to the Assurance Fund upon first bringing land under the Acts,—
        In the pound sterling000 1/2
Other fees—
        For every application to bring land under the Act050
        For every certificate of title on transfer where the consideration does not exceed £1000100
        For every other certificate of title100
        Registering memorandum of transfer, mortgage, incumbrance, or lease0100
        Registering transfer or discharge of mortgage or of incumbrance, or the transfer or surrender of a lease050
        Registering proprietor of any estate or interest derived by settlement or transmission0100
        For every power of attorney deposited0100
        For every registration abstract100
        For cancelling registration abstract050
        For every revocation order0100
        Noting caveat0100
        Cancelling or withdrawal of caveat, and for every notice relating to any caveat050
        For every search020
        For every general search050
        For every map or plan deposited050
        For every instrument declaratory of trusts, and for every will or other instrument deposited0100
        For registering recovery by proceeding in law or equity or re-entry by lessee0100
        For registering vesting of lease in mortgagee, consequent on refusal of Trustee in Bankruptcy to accept the same0100
        For entering notice of marriage or death0100
        For entering notice of writ or order of Supreme Court0100
        Taking affidavit or statutory declaration050
        For the exhibition of any deposited instrument, or for exhibiting deeds surrendered by applicant proprietor050
        For certified copy, not exceeding five folios050
        For every folio or part folio after first five006
        For every notice to produce deeds or instruments050
        For every outstanding interest noted on certificate of title050
        When any instrument purports to deal with land included in more than one grant or certificate, for each registration memorial after the first020

Regulations.

All fees under the Act shall be due and payable in advance.

Where several properties are included in one form of application, there shall be charged in respect of each property an application fee, and a fee for bringing the land under the Act. Land included within one outer boundary shall be deemed one property for the purpose of this regulation.

In all cases a fee of one pound (£1) is hereby prescribed as the charge to be made for advertising notice of application; provided that, whenever it is necessary that unusual publicity shall be given to any application, the District Land Registrar may require payment of such additional sum as shall, in his judgment, be sufficient to defray the cost of such advertisements.

In all cases where application is made to bring land under the Act, and the certificate of title is directed to issue and is issued in the name of the applicant, the fees for bringing such land under the Act, with the exception of the “application fee,” may, at the request of the applicant, remain unpaid until such land is dealt with by him as registered proprietor. The District Land Registrar shall retain any such certificate of title until the fees due upon the same have been paid, and, until such payment, shall not register any dealing with the land included in such certificate of title.

Printed forms supplied by the Registrar for use under the Act shall be charged for at the rate of one shilling each. Solicitors, land-brokers, and others having forms printed for their own use, and at their own expense, shall, on approval of such forms by the Registrar, be entitled to have the same sealed free of charge.

PART II.—STATISTICAL.

Table of Contents

Chapter 29. SECTION I.—MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS.

THE results of the compilation of the special returns relating to the various manufactories, works, &c., in the colony are compared with those shown for previous censuses in certain of the tabulated statements given with these remarks.

It must be observed, however, that whereas up till the time of last census the term “factory” was rather held to mean an establishment where manufacture was carried on wholesale, where machinery was employed, and where several hands worked together; in the returns for 1901 a “factory” has been interpreted to mean any concern where two or more persons work together at making articles for disposal, wholesale or retail, and without reference to machinery being used or not. Thus the return seems to be rather one showing industrial workers (and their production) where two or more are found together, than one of manufactories to supply the wholesale traders, or making for export. But the attempt has been made to approximate the census results to those of the Labour Department, according to special direction. To make the comparison with previous census figures as true as possible, the results for all the dressmaking, tailoring, shirt-making, millinery, and other establishments which were not included until 1901, have been deducted from the totals at foot of the summary table. Any roughness in the comparison caused by small concerns employing two persons only, and doing a retail business in making or repairing, having been included at the last census, but not before, cannot be avoided. And indeed it will become clear to any one reading the following remarks that the large increase in money value of manufactures is obtained mostly on items in respect of which moving down to a limit of two persons engaged would not materially alter the comparison.

The totals for the industries do not include mining and quarrying, which are dealt with separately.

Deducting, as above mentioned, from the total value of manufactures for the year 1900 the results for such industries as were not included in 1895, a most satisfactory increase is found on analysis of items, which has been mainly brought about by developments on a large scale in the following industries:—

VALUE OF OUTPUT FOR YEAR 1895 COMPARED WITH 1900.
 Increase in 5 years.
 £
Meat freezing, preserving, &c.2,182,616
Butter and cheese factories1,033,876
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring650,855
Foundries, boiler-making, range-making, and engineering621,356
Sawmills, with sash and door making369,882
Printing establishments (not Government)315,161
Clothing (with boot and shoe) factories242,122
Breweries and malt-houses240,468
Flaxmills170,946
Gasworks91,542
Chaff-cutting works90,816
Biscuit factories79,010
Bacon-curing establishments73,542
Coach-building and painting67,108
Woollen-mills56,959
Brick, tile, and pottery works56,090
Aerated-water factories53,202
Cycle factories46,230
Lime and cement works29,261

If to these be added the value of the grass-seed after dressing, £241,239 for the year 1900, the greater part of the increase in the total for all manufactured articles (£7,591,789) is accounted for. There are a large number of smaller amounts of increase than those above stated, but the main lines of development are sufficiently indicated.

The addition of the figures in the column for total value of manufactures is not absolutely justified to the fullest extent of the amount shown (seventeen million pounds sterling); but in the present state of New Zealand industries it appears that the degree of repetition of value is not so great as to prevent the total given being of great help in judging of development. No doubt seventeen million pounds is over the fact, because, for instance, butter frozen for export is included in returns for meat freezing establishments, and also in the butter factory returns; timber cut is valued under saw-milling, and some again in the furniture-making line. Also, leather is valued in the tanning returns, and some part of it again in the boot and saddlery items. But, of the material operated upon, a great deal is imported.

The great primary industries of meat-freezing, butter and cheese making, with some others, do not mainly provide materials for making other wares.

The iron which is used at the foundries and engineering works is imported to New Zealand.

But it must be admitted that, as the colony advances in primary industries, deductions will have to be made with great discrimination from the figures in the column “Value of all manufactures,” in respect of the amounts given in the returns.

As yet it is held that the addition is not so much affected by repetitions as to render the result other than useful; although, as before remarked, the total figures are admittedly in excess of the actual fact. The comparison with previous census results is still considered valuable.

The special tables which follow the summaries will show clearly that quantities have risen, as well as the value of manufactures, so that the development is not merely a question of market prices but of actual output.

In 1896 the actual increase in five years of the annual output was found to be only £775,523. But it was noticed that there were special causes for this amount being so small; and also that quantities showed then in many cases a certain degree of development of industries, though values had not been maintained throughout.

The year 1895 was admittedly a time when great results could not be looked for. Severe financial troubles had happened shortly before. The phormium and rope industries, iron-working (implements and other) were not thriving, and in other lines matters were not altogether what could have been wished. The inquiry for the year 1900 has been made after a period of great prosperity.

MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS, 1896 AND 1901.
 April,
1896.
No.
March,
1901.
No.
Increase,
1896–1901.
No.

* Omitting Government Railway Workshops and Government Printing Office.

† Excluding dressmaking, tailoring, shirt-making, millinery, &c., for which no returns n 1896.

Number of establishments*2,4593,163704
Hands employed—
      Males22,98635,43812,452
      Females4,4036,2881,885
                Totals27,38941,72614,337
Wages paid—
      To Males1,776,0762,895,2791,119,203
        Females131,516203,28271,766
                Totals1,907,5923,098,5611,190,969
MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS, 1896 AND 1901.
 April,
1896.
H.-p.
March.
1901.
H.-p.
Increase.
1896–1901
H.-p.
Horse-power28,09639,05210,956
 £££
Total approximate value of—
      Land1,063,9891,713,254649,265
      Buildings1,743,0732,419,803676,730
      Machinery and plant2,988,9553,826,574837,619
                Totals5,796,0177,959,6312,163,614

Under the heading “Hands employed,” the males increased from 22,986 in 1896 to 35,438, or at the rate of nearly 54.17 percent, in five years. The females employed increased at the rate of 42.81 per cent.

The wages paid in the factories or large industrial works dealt with in the census returns were returned for 1895 at £1,907,592, and for 1900 £3,098,561.

The average annual amount of wages paid to male hands was £77.2 in 1895 and £81.7 in 1900. For females, £29.8 in 1895 against £32.3 at the last census. The wages of both would seem to have been more than maintained.

The increase for the year 1901 over 1896 in the horse-power stated in the returns was 10,956, against 6,400 for 1896.

The approximate value of the land used for purposes of the factories and industries increased from £1,063,989 in 1896 to £1,713,254 in 1901. The value of the lands used for mining is not included in the above figures, and the value of Crown lands has been omitted throughout.

A very satisfactory development will be found in the value of the machinery and plant, from £2,988,955 in 1896 to £3,826,574 in 1901, being at the rate of 28.02 per cent, for the period. The value of the buildings also increased greatly.

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

All the various industries for which returns were received in 1901 are given in the statement below, which thus enumerates completely the manufactories and works in operation in the colony, specifying the provincial districts in which they are situated :—

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Manufactories, Works, &c.Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.Total Number of Industries.
Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland.Canterbury.Otago.
Animal food—
        Meat freezing and preserving works72251....41334
        Ham- and bacon-curing establishments4423..4..101239
        Fish curing and preserving works8....4111..1328
        Butter and cheese factories271028374731742247
        Rabbit-packing................77
        Condensed-milk factory................11
Vegetable food—
        Grain-mills832825..232778
        Biscuit-factories5..1311..2720
        Fruit-preserving and jam-making works6111..1..1213
        Sugar-boiling and confectionery works8..34......7426
        Sugar-refining works1................1
        Fruit-canning works1................1
        Baking-powder factories8....1......1111
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
        Breweries935102104161574
        Malthouses4..1324110833
        Colonial-wine making4..311212..14
        Aerated-water factories22118245742717125
        Coffee and spice works4....4..113518
        Tobacco manufactories2................2
        Cigarette manufactories1....1........13
        Sauce and pickle factories9115..1..4223
        Vinegar works3........1......4
        Ice factories2................2
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)—
        Bone-mills23..2....1....8
        Soap and candle works7..14..2..6424
        Glue factory1................1
        Sausage skin factory1..13......4110
        Boiling-down works5..13........514
        Manure-works1..2........115
        Oleomargarine-works..............1..1
        Fat-refining works..............1..1
Working in wood—
        Cooperages4224......7423
        Saw-mills, sash and door factories48232666846291870334
        Barrow and ladder factory1................1
        Woodware and turnery factories101..5......6628
Vegetable produce for fodder—
        Chaff-cutting establishments152......12..25155
        Grass-seed-dressing establishments..41........91125
Paper-manufacture—
        Paper-mills1..............23
        Paper bag and box factories3............137
        Gas-works62261224530
        Electric-lighting works..1..1..1..126
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—
        Lime and cement works6....1..21..515
        Brick, tile, and pottery works2458181522025108
        Tobacco-pipe factory................11
        Monumental masonry8..13..2..6727
        Glassworks1............1..2
        Glass-bevelling works1....1..........2
        Electro-plating works1............1..2
        Pumice-works1................1
Metals, other than gold and silver—
        Tinware-factories12....13..42181160
        Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.131213233141465
        Heel- and toe-plate factories2..............13
        Engineering-works10....9..2..8837
        Range-making works5....1........39
        Spouting and ridging factories6823......7935
        Lead-headed-nail works......1..........1
        Iron-pipe and fluming works................22
Books and publications—
        Printing offices35124402833549188
Musical instruments—
        Musical-instrument factories......1........23
Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares—
        Picture-frame makers2....4........39
        Basket and perambulator factories6....6......4521
        Cork-cutting1................1
        Lapidaries................33
Equipment for sports and games—
        Billiard-table factories1....1......1..3
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
        Rubber-stamp making2................2
Arms and explosives—
        Ammunition factory1................1
Machines, tools, and implements—
        Agricultural - implement factories6..23......101233
        Brush and broom factories6....1......3212
        Cutlery factory1................1
        Bellows factory1................1
Carriages and vehicles—
        Coach building and painting works331112444912620160
        Cycle factories82310..2..252171
Harness, saddlery, and leather-ware—
        Saddlery and harness factories227729..512420115
        Whip-thong factories......1........12
        Portmanteau factories2....2........26
        Tanning, fellmongering, and wool - scouring establishments164151444..2933119
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
        Ship- and boat-building yards17....3..1..2932
        Graving-docks and patent slips3....1......217
        Block and pump factory1................1
        Sail and oilskin factories9124..115730
Furniture—
        Furniture and cabinetmaking26147361442032144
        Venetian-blind works2....5......2312
        Mattress factories3....3......2412
        Wool, rug, and mat making................22
Chemicals and by-products—
        Perfumery manufactories1................1
        Varnish manufactories3..............14
        Ink manufactories2..............13
        Starch manufactories..........1....23
        Chemical works2............158
        Hæmatite-paint factories..........1....34
        Sheep-dip factories....2..........13
        Match factories......1........12
        Herbal-remedies factories1....4........38
        Blacking factories1....1........13
        Cocoanut-oil mill2................2
Textile fabrics—
        Woollen-mills1....1......3510
        Flock-mills1....1......125
        Cleaning and dyeing works5....2......3111
Dress—
        Tailoring establishments3212367..1072222175
        Dressmaking and millinery establishments41812785936965290
Dress—
        Shirt-making establishments41..7..1..4825
        Corset and belt manufactories3............3..6
        Clothing factories7....3......3821
        Waterproof factories1....2......126
        Boot and shoe factories314..24..232735126
        Hat and cap factories5....3......2313
        Hosiery factories1....3..1..5717
Fibrous materials—
        Rope and twine works31..2......7417
        Bag and sack factories................11
        Flax-mills236225147..816101
        Returns not included in above40534..6..13374
                        Totals, Census, 190175226716070761198786488093680
        Deduct tailoring, dressmaking, shirt-making, and monumental masons' establishments, not included in accounts taken for 1896 and 189185211615552210101102517
                Totals, Census, 1901 (less deductions shown above)66724614455256176685477073163
                Totals, Census, 1896..57312814739650154474485162459
                Totals, Census, 1891577688533377142513805412254

The provincial districts, arranged according to the number of industries belonging to each, specified in the last census returns, stand as under:—

 Number of Industries, excluding Mines and Quarries.
 1901.18961891.
Otago707516541
Auckland667573577
Wellington552396333
Canterbury547448380
Taranaki24612868
Nelson176154142
Hawke's Bay14414785
Westland684751
Marlborough565077

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.

The principal industries returned at the census of 1901, and particulars relating thereto, are given in detail in the following table. These industries are arranged in classes according to their nature :—

Nature of Industries.Total Number of
Industries.
Number of Hands
employed.
Wages paid.Amount of Power
employed (Horse-
power).
Value of all Materials
used or operated
upon during 1900.
Value of all Manufactures
or Produces (including Repairs)
for the Year 1990.*
Approximate Value
of Land, Buildings,
Machinery, and
Plant.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

† For full particulars respecting these industries, see special tables.

NOTE.—See note at end of Table.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

† For full particulars respecting these industries see special tables.

NORTH.—See note at end of Table.

* Fox information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

† For full particulars respecting these industries, see special tables.

‡ Value of manufactures at Government Railway Workshops not included.

§ Value of manufactures at Government Printing Office not included.

NOTE.—See note at end of table.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

† For full particulars respecting these industries, see special tables.

§ See remarks on page 102.

NOTE.—Two or more distinct industries were carried on at some establishments. In such cases particulars of power, hands, and plant employed, and wages paid, unless stated separately for each branch of industry, have been treated as belonging to the most important work.

     £££H.-p.£££
Animal food—
        Meat freezing and preserving works342,172492,221198,3061,419199,7257,057252,2903,720,475893,720
        Ham and bacon curing establishments391851119613,89149614,387250115,656159,56462,192
        Fish curing and preserving works2813521377,445737,518..7,71425,17317,235
        Butter and cheese factories2471,165231,18895,46197296,4332,3991,195,6001,535,150388,750
        Rabbit-packing762..623,200..3,200......362
        Condensed-milk factory1171633......39......
Vegetable food—
        Grain-mills78513251549,25411049,3642,422545,642682,884358,656
        Biscuit factories2045421366734,2314,54538,776291117,383197,98990,243
        Fruit-preserving and jam-making works1385821676,3171,7588,07511742,40458,09220,935
        Sugar-boiling and confectionery works2615814730511,1283,60014,7281947,15088,58056,955
        Sugar-refining works1256..256......922......
        Fruit-canning works1325......10......
        Baking-powder factories111910291,0741811,255179,31818,16318,200
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
        Breweries74677568283,4937783,570632158,212553,627294,592
        Malthouses33145..14514,994..14,99411072,211105,67175,038
        Colonial-wine making144910592,320922,412143,01910,33018,183
        Aerated-water factories1254371545231,77128432,05525063,835151,811105,178
        Coffee and spice works186315784,9592355,1948332,09145,62847,572
        Tobacco manufactories211920......8......
        Cigarette manufactories311718......6......
        Sauce and pickle factories2377511284,6281,7606,3887120,50531,25836,715
        Vinegar works41310231,1792581,43743,2846,8244,480
        Ice-factories25..5......35......
Animal matter (not otherwise classed)—
        Bone-mills817..17453..453771,0802,5296,230
        Soap and candle works24224823219,00923919,248346112,623158,64966,809
        Glue factory15..5......28......
        Sausage-skin factories1098..988,689..8,689..17,84530,6743,949
        Boiling-down works1461..615,910..5,91039392,693114,41626,838
        Manure works530..301,872..1,8726331,65237,76910,266
        Oleomargarine-works19..9......50......
        Fat-refining works114..14......18......
Working in wood—
        Cooperages23137113810,8843910,92317719,94237,52121,787
        Saw-mills, sash and door factories3346,80576,812513,622266513,8888,744..1,268,689703,620
        Barrow and ladder factory15..5..............
        Woodware and turnery factories28154215611,7798211,86117619,14637,55228,227
Vegetable produce for fodder—
        Chaff-cutting establishments5526512669,829269,855391130,507169,31346,786
        Grass-seed dressing establishments2560..605,310..5,310189197,846241,23948,195
Paper manufacture—
        Paper-mills3791998......705......
        Paper bag and box factories72457811,3121,9363,248134,47114,21711,499
        Gasworks30568457270,38818570,57324283,612290,567971,559
        Electric-lighting works652..526,226..6,2262,1584,60323,23464,156
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—
        Lime and cement works15184..18416,577..16,57746618,39745,14238,436
        Brick, tile, and pottery works108838..83863,336..63,336659..122,230114,567
        Tobacco-pipe factory1224..............
        Monumental masonry2781..817,072..7,072138,68922,31317,391
        Glassworks29..9..............
        Glass-bevelling works27..7......13......
        Electro-plating works211..11......7......
        Pumice-works127128......15......
Metals, other than gold and silver—
        Tinware factories60336133723,1073623,1432352,55398,58756,914
        Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.651,95051,955162,477170162,647983240,578508,906211,282
        Heel- and toe-plate factories37..7......23......
        Engineering works371,43751,442127,374261127,635541186,208361,958155,081
        Range-making works9193..19316,927..16,9275319,72153,30727,919
        Spouting and ridging factories35261..26120,584..20,5843570,643112,69152,687
        Lead-headed-nail works13..3..............
        Iron-pipe and fluming works25..5..............
Books and publications—
        Printing offices§§1882,6275073,134268,04116,564284,605956200,243704,285559,538
Musical instruments—
        Musical-instrument factories311..11..............
Ornaments, minor art products, and smallwares—
        Picture-frame makers9193221,234691,30312,4975,77111,750
        Basket and perambulator factories21107111186,5174947,01196,90217,94218,180
        Cork-cutting13..3..............
        Lapidaries38..8......7......
Equipment for sports and games—
        Billiard-table factories37..7..............
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
        Rubber-stamp making23..3..............
Arms and explosives—
        Ammunition-factory12184105......39......
Machines, tools, and implements—
        Agricultural implement factories33584258653,8796253,94136049,072138,09461,339
        Brush and broom factories1286421285,9651,1907,1553210,15821,13113,829
        Cutlery-factory12..2......2......
        Bellows-factory12..2..............
Carriages and vehicles—
        Coach-building and painting works1601,185..1,18583,356..83,35612888,229216,077150,811
        Cycle-factories713781739520,87357021,4439526,82465,04765,403
Harness, saddlery, and leatherware—
        Saddlery and harness factories1156292365240,8081,02641,834375,724147,62696,559
        Whip-thong factories25..5..............
        Portmanteau factories6193221,2061171,323..2,7415,4836,460
        Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments1191,95761,963159,180162159,3421,1081,391,3231,888,107235,952
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
        Ship- and boat-building yards32211..21113,476..13,4764920,38945,81115,198
        Graving-docks and patent slips732..322,864..2,864435..7,264230,165
        Block and pump factory12..2......4......
        Sail and oilskin factories301508123110,4461,99612,442..24,62844,85440,893
Furniture—
        Furniture and cabinet-making1441,243671,31088,8432,26291,105369101,595241,024170,338
        Venetian-blind works12492513,567653,632195,89613,2337,469
        Mattress-factories1255..553,260..3,260209,21216,29613,165
        Wool, rug, and hat making29817..............
Chemicals and by-products—
     £££H.-p.£££
        Perfumery-manufactory1134..............
        Varnish-manufactories419..191,474..1,474374,2276,7325,765
        Ink-manufactories35..5......8......
        Starch-manufactories324832......16......
        Chemical-works87619957,5515048,0559242,47964,83437,793
        Hæmatite-paint factories412..12609..609281,0302,5785,943
        Sheep-dip factories3617......10......
        Match-factories237146183......19......
        Herbal-remedies factories81310231,1345811,715123,99418,39610,305
        Blacking-factories3213......7......
        Cocoanut-oil mill210..10......54......
Textile fabrics—
        Woollen-mills107699241,69371,45440,547112,0011,554196,081359,382277,422
        Flock-mills5911055912571551,4594,1052,650
        Cleaning and dyeing works112823511,8168372,653132,1417,8559,635
Dress—
        Tailoring establishments1757228991,62165,69537,251102,9468122,853301,356211,016
        Dressmaking and millinery establishments290232,8652,8882,23676,27078,506..173,211312,436193,998
        Shirt-making establishments25285035311,91113,65115,5624045,31975,87926,528
        Corset and belt manufactories6124259542551..9592,2495,659
        Clothing-factories214312,0812,51237,77863,023100,80167177,828329,02689,247
        Waterproof-factories622921141,8072,8224,62936,28513,3787,845
        Boot and shoe factories1261,9067902,696165,22727,216192,443184273,325529,254176,992
        Hat and cap factories1337801172,6412,7485,3892011,46325,64119,217
        Hosiery-factories17172652821,3286,7028,0307118,03231,26519,997
Fibrous materials—
        Rope and twine works17192..19213,136..13,13649446,37887,86355,309
        Bag and sack factory1..66..............
        Flax-mills1011,698..1,698101,046..101,0461,19053,064203,49264,446
        Values for industries of which less than four of any one sort were found in the returns........53,9279,23563,162..526,252694,896258,885
        Returns not included in above7414015629610,9524,83615,78813828,83461,74959,659
                Totals, Census, 19013,68036,29210,55546,8472,972,193330,4543,302,64739,1137,749,77017,853,133§8,408,564
        Deduct tailoring, dress-making, shirt-making, and monumental masons' establishments, not included in accounts taken for 1896 and 18915178544,2675,12176,914127,172204,08661350,072711,984448,933
                Totals, Census, 1901 (less deductions shown above)3,16335,4386,28841,7262,895,279203,2823,098,56139,0527,399,69817,141,1497,959,631
                Totals, Census, 18962,45922,9864,40327,3891,776,076131,5161,907,59228,0963,285,2479,549,3605,796,017
                Totals, Census, 18912,25422,6642,96925,6631,705,641102,9991,808,64021,696..8,773,8375,261,826

The succeeding statement shows the most important industries in operation in 1901, ranged in order of the values of their output for 1900, and compared with the results obtained for the years 1895, 1890, and 1885:—

 Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Repairs.
 1900.
£
1895.
£
1890.
£
1885.
£
Meat-freezing and preserving and boiling-down works3,834,8911,652,2751,464,659543,878
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring1,888,1071,237,2521,026,349634,915
Butter and cheese factories1,535,150501,274150,95743,094
Sawmills, sash and door factories1,268,689898,807832,9591,177,713
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. (not including Government Rail-way Workshops)924,171302,815403,635368,919
Clothing and boot-and-shoe factories858,280616,158570,315514,506
Printing establishments (not including Government Printing Office)704,285389,124354,559273,886
Grain mills682,884874,656991,812754,830
Breweries and malthouses659,298418,830380,849421,197
Woollen mills359,382302,423279,175194,311
Gasworks290,567199,025178,947194,653
Grass-seed dressing establishments241,239......
Furniture and cabinetmaking241,02485,327131,314162,375
Coach - building and painting works216,077148,969139,660128,346
Flax-mills203,49232,546234,26620,059
Biscuit factories197,989118,979127,14747,784
Chaff-cutting works169,31378,49763,23654,440
Bacon-curing establishments159,56486,02283,43558,799
Soap and candle works158,649152,298155,714130,745
Aërated-water factories151,81198,60991,69194,098
Saddlery and harness factories147,62663,73537,347..
Agricultural implement factories138,094102,054144,472111,823
Brick, tile, and pottery works122,23066,14056,83091,797
Spouting and ridging works112,69123,76233,14025,478
Tinware factories98,58763,72314,2978,500
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works88,58033,23517,24817,130
Rope and twine works87,86352,40076,71156,413
Cycle factories65,04718,8175,6551,301
Chemical works64,83475,32041,56834,283
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works58,09236,10827,25532,292
Ship and boat-building works45,81125,23335,84756,132
Coffee and spice works45,62874,33964,02498,234
Lime and cement works45,14215,88119,41616,928
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories44,85430,16631,08325,574
Bone-mills and other manure works40,29812,2464,6288,337
Woodware and turnery factories37,55218,2769,050..
Cooperages37,52119,23311,54011,862
Hosiery factories31,2659,3575,6506,200
Sauce and pickle works31,25813,4176,4073,145
Sausage-skin factories30,67413,47210,582..
 Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Remarks.
 1900.
£
1895.
£
1890.
£
1885.
£
Hat and cap factories25,64110,90221,62813,695
Fish-curing and preserving works25,17310,29219,53712,182
Electric-lighting works23,234    ..    ..    ..
Brush and broom factories21,13123,36313,3407,786
Herbal-remedies factories18,396    ..    ..    ..
Baking-powder factories18,16310,1535,6374,120
Basket and perambulator factories17,94211,9207,3814,375
Mattress factories16,296    ..    ..    ..
Paper- bag and cardboard box factories14,2177,6984,497    ..
Waterproof factories13,37822,354    ..    ..
Venetian blind factories13,2339,8784,7766,470
Colonial-wine works10,3308,9633,4563,626
Other industries in respect of which the value of the manufactures was less than £8,000, and sundry805,606473,037380,156235,148

The order of the principal industries, ranged according to the number of hands employed, is as follows:—

 Number of Hands.
 1901.1896.1891.
Sawmills, sash and door factories6,8124,0593,266
Clothing and boot and shoe factories5,2084,4073,233
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.3,5901,6421,787
Printing establishments (excluding Government Printing Office)3,1342,3512,569
Meat freezing, preserving, and boiling-down works2,2822,0371,568
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments1,9631,6291,196
Flax-mills1,6986473,204
Woollen mills1,6931,4161,175
Furniture and cabinet-making factories1,310496585
Butter and cheese factories1,188576269
Coach-building and painting works1,185807678
Brick, tile, and pottery works838455494
Breweries and malthouses827560563
Biscuit factories667425331
Saddlery and harness factories652266184
Agricultural implement factories586581528
Gasworks572295249
Grain-mills515419499
Aerated-water factories452347261
Cycle factories39512531
Tinware factories33728993
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works3056953
Hosiery factories28213351
Chaff-cutting works266212205
Spouting and ridging works26190100
Sugar refining works256160110
Soap and candle works232190209
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories231143124
Ship-and boat-building yards211108145
Bacon-curing establishments19612384
Rope and twine works192150222
Lime and cement works1847998
Match factories183121..
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works167193117
Woodware and turnery factories1568151
Cooperages1387653
Fish-curing and -preserving works13775140
Brush and broom factories1289281
Sauce and pickle works1286841
Basket and perambulator factories1187663
Hat and cap factories11772112
Waterproof factories11493..
Ammunition factories1059080
Sausage-skin factories985673
Paper mills988448
Chemical works9511455
Paper bag and cardboard-box factories818635
Coffee and spice works7811981
Rabbit preserving and packing works6232..
Grass-seed dressing establishments60....
Colonial-wine works595324
Mattress factories55....
Electric-lighting works52....
Venetian-blind factories514529
Cleaning and dyeing works515848
Bone-mills and other manure works474625
Condensed-milk factory33....
Graving docks and patent slips32964
Starch and soda works322713
Baking-powder factories29....
Pumice works2820..
Corset and belt manufactories25....
Herbal remedies factories23....
Vinegar works23....
Portmanteau factories22....
Picture-frame makers22....
Tobacco manufactories20....
Sheep-dip factories729..
Industries employing under 20 bands53226836

MEAT FREEZING AND PRESERVING, WITH BOILING-DOWN.

The establishments increased from 43 in 1896 to 48 in 1901, and the hands employed from 2,037 to 2,282. The value of output for 1900 is returned as more than double that for 1895, the figures being £3,834,891 against £1,652,275, a rise of £2,182,616. From 1890 to 1895 the increase was only £187,616. Of the total value for 1900 (£3,834,891), sheep and lambs frozen were valued at £2,103,166, and legs of mutton at £85,361. The beef frozen, preserved meats, tallow, bonedust, &c., also show largely increased business in the quinquennium, 1895–1900; frozen butter and rabbits most markedly so.

The table given below shows quantities as well as values in the comparisons, which speak for themselves as to the great development that has been proceeding of late.

Census Year.No of Works.Hands employed.Wages paid.Machine-power used.Amount of
Horse-power
Output, 1900 and 1895.
Sheep and Lambs frozen.
M.F.M.F.Steam.WaterOil.Carcases.Value.
* Also 21,994 cwt. of legs of mutton frozen in 1895, valued at £16,373, and, 203 cwt. of frozen legs of mutton in 1900, valued at £85,361.
    ££    No.£
1901482,23349204,2161,41950..17,450*3,348,123*2,103,166
1896431,98552180,471304423..7,492*2,362,535*1,213,559
        Increase5248..23,7451,1158..1..985,588889,607
        Decrease....3......3..42....
Census Year.Output for the Years 1900 and 1895—
Beef frozen and chilled.Frozen Rabbits.Preserved Meats.Tallow.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quan.Value.
 Lb.£No.£Lb.£Tons.£
190134,285,328381,2106,040,047144,6167,867,440171,15114,767298,821
18961,954,49521,425....4,999,64074,36910,958172,310
        Incr.32,330,833359,7856,040,047144,6162,867,80096,7823,809126,511
Census Year.Output for the Years 1900 and 1895—
Bonedust.Other Manures.Neatsfoot and Trotter Oil.Bones, Horns, Hoots, &c.
Quan.Value.Quan.Value.Quan.Value.Quan.Value.
 Tons.£Tons.£Galls.£Tons.£
19016,51431,0375,72125,82430,1743,4505303,085
18963,24811,8652,2069,42415,0672,097113188
        Increase3,26619,1723,51516,40015,1071,3534172,897
Census Year.Output, 1900 and 1895—Approximate Value of
Other
Products.
Frozen Produce
(Butter and all
other frozen):
Value.
Total
Value of
Output
, 1900 and
1895.
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
Value.
 ££££££
190182,345503,4303,834,89187,776428,075404,707
189664,88965,7761,652,27567,504326,224317,323
        Increase17,456437,6542,18261620,272101,85187,384

BACON-CURING ESTABLISHMENTS.

These were 39 in number, employing 196 hands, against 37 with 123 hands in 1895. The output increased in value from £86,022 for 1895 to £159,564 in 1900, the business done in hams having progressed very greatly.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands on employed.Wages paid.Motive Power.Horse-power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Gas.
    ££   H.-p.
1901391851113,8914961722250
18963711857,3148071..49
        Increase26766,5774161012201
Census Year.Value of
Material
used.
Output for Year 1900.Total
Value of
Output.
Approximate Value of *
Bacon.Hams.Lard.Other
Products.
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.

* Value of land and buildings given with butter-factory in one case.

† Value of land, buildings, and plant not stated in one case.

 £Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.£££££
1901115,65634,10321,8362,0824,182159,56419,37725,96016,855
189665,86733,26080020..86,0226,82311,0904,605
        Incr.49,78984321,0362,0624,18273,54212,55414,87012,250

FISH CURING AND PRESERVING.

There was a considerable decrease shown in the quantity of fish cured in 1900 as compared with 1895, but the value of the lesser output was set down as £4,778 more than in the earlier year. The quantity cured in 1900 was 1,082,820 lb., against 1,719,512lb. in 1895. The output of tinned fish increased from 113,304 lb. to 288,849 lb., and the total value of all products of the 28 establishments rose from £10,292 to £25,173.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands employed.Wages paid.Value of
Materials
used
1900 and 1895.
M.F.M.F.
    £££
19012813527,445737,714
1896277413,229132,124
        Increase16114,216605,590
Census Year.Fish cured.Fish tinned.Value of
other
Produce.
Total
Value of
Output.
Approximate value of
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
 lb£lb££££££
19011,082,82013,182288,8496,2065,78525,1739,9373,8583,440
18961,719,5128,404113,3041,888..10,2923,9023,7822,045
        Incr...4,778175,5454,3185,78514,8816,035761,395
        Decr.636,692................

BUTTER AND CHEESE FACTORIES.

Here a most excellent result is shown by the comparison. Not only did the number of factories increase from 170 to 247 between 1896 and 1901, besides skimming stations and creameries in connection with them—202 against 105; but the number of persons employed was more than doubled (1,188 against 576), and the value of the output rose to three times the amount for 1895. The figures are, £1,535,350 for 1890, against £501,274 for 1895.

The produce of factory-made butter for 1900 was set down at 29,758,310 lb., and for 1895 at 11,336,776 lb., while cheese made similarly increased from 86,460 cwt. to 139,687 cwt. in the same period.

It is to be regretted that there is no estimate of butter and cheese made on farms, so that the total produce for the colony could be arrived at.

By far the greater number of factories for making butter are in the North Island, the number having been 174, out of a total of 247, which turned out 24,500,000 lb. of butter in the year 1900, leaving somewhat over 5,000,000 lb. as the output for the Middle Island. Taranaki is the provincial district in which the operations are by far the largest, 12,500,000 lb. of butter being the result of the factory operations, and nearly 32,000 cwt. of cheese. Wellington factories show for 1900 a total of over 7,500,000 lb. of butter and 32,000 cwt. of cheese. Otago makes more cheese (52,000 cwt.) in her factories than any other district. The butter was found to be a little short of 3,000,000 lb. for the year.

The money invested for purposes of this industry in land, buildings, machinery, and plant has largely increased. Full particulars are given in the subjoined table:—

Census Year.No. of Factories.Hands
Employed.
Amount
paid in Wages.
Machine-power
used
Amount
of
Horse-power
M.F.M.F.SteamWater.Gas and Oil.Horse.Hand.
    ££     H.-p.
19012471,1652395,461972223378122,399
18961705482839,716441234331371,531
        Increase77617..55,745531..47....868
        Decrease....5....11....25..
Census Year.Produce for the Years 1900 and 1895.Approximate Value of
Cheese.Butter.Other Produce.Total
Value
of and
Produce.
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and
Plant.
Quan.Value.Quantity.Value.Value.
 Tons.£Lb.££££££
19016,984303,75829,758,3101,203,52027,8721,535,15038,780147,307202,663
18964,323146,15811,336,776355,116..501,27427,33591,601115,070
Incr.2,661157,60018,421,534848,40427,8721,033,87611,44555,70687,593

GRAIN-MILLS.

In 1896 it was remarked in the Census report that the result of a five year's comparison was to show a decrease in the number of grain-mills in operation, and decline of hands employed, also in grain operated upon. The result for 1900 is more satisfactory.

Although the number of mills working fell from 90 in 1896 to 78 in 1900, the hands employed increased from 419 to 515, and the wheat used from 3,815,433 bushels to 4,004,789 bushels, besides a slight increase in other kinds of grain. The total value of the output, however, declined from £874,656 to £682,884. A statement is given, to exhibit full details:—

Census year.Number
of
Mills.
Number
of Hands
employed.
Wages
paid.
Machine-power
used.
Amount
of
Horse
-power.
Number of
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Wind.Gas.Pairs of Stones.Sets of Rollers.
    ££    H.-p.  
190178513249,2541104535..32,42283429
189690419..40,890..5145112,333144406
        Increase..9428,364110......289..23
        Decrease12........6101....61..
Census Year.Grain operated upon during
the Years 1900 and 1895.
Produce for the Years
1900 and 1895.
Approximate Value of
Wheat.Other
Grain.
Value.Flour.Meal.Value.Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
 Bushels.Bushels.£Tons.Tons.££££
19014,004,789762,340545,64283,0177,418682,88444,688132,817181,151
18963,815,433731,448653,21981,03316,482874,65641,730134,714179,403
        Incr.189,35630,892..1,984....2,958..1,748
        Decr.....107,577..9,064191,778..1,897..

BISCUIT FACTORIES.

Twenty factories are shown as in operation in 1901 against 17 five years previously. But 109 more males and 133 more females were employed in the later year. The comparison shows that not much more was done in biscuit-making during the year 1900 than in 1895, the figures being 3,267 tons against 3,003 tons. But the returns for 1900 shows also confectionery made valued at £55,039, and other products to the value of £38,474. The total output came to £197,989, while in 1895 the sum was only £118,979.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands.Wages.Machine-power
used.
Horse-
power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water
and Gas.
    ££  H.-p.
19012045421334,2314,545115291
1896173458018,8011,355104134
        Increase310913315,4303,19011157
Census Year.Biscuits made.Total Value of
Manufactures for
1900 and 1895.
Approximate Value of
Land.*Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
* Including 1,286 tons confectionery, valued at £55,039, and other products valued at £38,474.
 Tons.££££
19013,267197,989*14,94035,56739,736
18963,003118,97911,34021,57525,951
        Increase26479,0103,60013,99213,785

FRUIT-PRESERVING AND JAM-MAKING.

The weight of fruit bottled or preserved in New Zealand during 1900 was returned at 84,500 lb, against 72,790 lb. in 1895. The jam manufacture increased considerably, the figures being 3,303,395 lb., and 1,930,058 lb. for 1895. Other preserves were also made in 1900 to the extent of 179,532 lb. How it arises that the returns show fewer hands and factories at the time of last census than at the previous collection cannot be explained.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands
employed.
Wages paid.Machine-power
used.
Amount
of
Horse-
power.
Value of
Materials
used, 1900
and 1895.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Gas.
    ££  H.-p.£
19011385826,3171,7589211742,404
189622103905,1011,4506..7720,542
        Increase......1,216308324021,862
        Decrease9188............
Census Year.Manufactures, 1900 and 1895.Other Preserves.Value of
all
Manufactures,
1900
and 1895.
Approximate
Value of
Fruit, bottled or preserved.Jam made.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
 Lb.£Lb.£Lb.£££££
190184,5009503,303,39554,120179,5323,02258,0925,1609,8355,940
189672,7901,6761,930,05833,35552,1181,07736,1084,5049,8654,498
        Incr.11,710..2,373,33720,765127,4141,94521,984656..1,442
        Decr...726............30..

CONFECTIONERY WORKS.

This industry is becoming an important one. The value of the manufactured articles for the year 1900 reached the sum of £88,580, which is £55,345 in excess of the value returned for 1895. The number of establishments was 26, and the hands employed show an increase from 69 to 305, of whom 147 were females.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands employed.Wages paid.Motive-power.Horse-
power.
Value of
Materials
used in
1900 and 1895.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Gas.
* Information not available.
    ££  H.p.£
19012615814711,1283,600121947,150
18961239302,253561**2114,887
        Incr.141191178,8753,039......32,263
        Decr...............2..
Census Year.Sugar used.Other Materials
used.
Total
Value of
Output
for 1900
and 1895.
Approximate Value of
Quantity.Value.Value.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
* Information not available.
 Tons.££££££
19011,40028,44018,71088,58021,27117,70917,975
1896***33,2352,6103,8502,465
        Increase......55,34518,66113,85915,510

BREWERIES.

Although the number of breweries in the colony in 1901 was fewer than that for 1896, the hands employed were more numerous, and the quantity of beer manufactured considerably greater.

While in the year 1895 there were 5,249,278 gallons brewed, the output for 1900 amounted to 7,379,581 gallons, being over two millions of gallons of increase in a five-year period; and the value increased proportionately.

The quantities of beer on which excise duty was paid for consumption were, for 1895, 4,936,400 gallons, and 6,811,280 gallons for 1900, being in each case a somewhat lesser quantity than that returned as manufactured.

It was noticed in the report on the Census of 1896 that consumption of beer per head of population had fallen since 1891 from 7.899 gallons in 1890 to 7.421 gallons in 1895, and the quantity manufactured showed very little increase. But from 1895 to 1900, as shown above, the brewing proceeded at a considerable rate, and the consumption per head has advanced from 7.421 gallons to 9.150 gallons. No doubt prosperous times have brought about this result.

The imported beer entered at the Customs for home consumption decreased in quantity from 201,770 gallons in 1895 to 175,620 gallons in 1900, proving that the colonial-made article is more and more taking the place of the beer brought from abroad. In the year 1892 261,394 gallons were brought into New Zealand.

Census Year.No
of
Breweries
Hands.Wages
paid.
Motive-power employed.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Gas.Wind.Horse.Hand.
    ££      
190174677583,493775666133
189685465..57,327..56642514
        Increase..212526,16677....2......
        Decrease11..............1211
Census Year.Amount
of
Horse-
power.
Number ofMaterials used during Years 1900
and 1895.
Horses
employed.
Drays
employed.
Sugar.Malt.Hops.Value.
    Lb.Bush.Lb.£
19016321761492,424,505455,035562,245158,212
18964411801491,607,144328,059424,839125,706
        Increase191    ..    ..817,361126,976137,40632,506
        Decrease    ..4    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..
Census Year.Beer made, 1900 and 1895.Approximate Value of
Quantity.Value.Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
 Gal.££££
19017,379,581553,62778,694139,01476,884
18965,249,278336,73451,533115,03363,850
        Increase2,130,303216,89327,16123,98113,034

MALTHOUSES.

At 33 malthouses, which were in connection with the breweries before mentioned, 623,686 bushels of barley were malted, being in excess of the quantity for 1895 by 267,278 bushels, or nearly 75 per cent. The large additional quantity of beer made in 1900 required increased operations in malting.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands
Employed.
Wages paid.Machine-power used.Amount
of
Horse-power.
Steam.Water.Gas.Horse.Hand.
   £     H.-p.
19013314514,994514221110
189631959,39831112559
        Increase2505,5962..31..51
        Decrease..............4..
Census Year.Value of
Materials
used.
Barley malted, 1900, 1895.Approximate Value of
Quantity.Value.Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
NOTE.—In some cases the value of land, buildings, and plant has been included in the returns furnished by proprietors of breweries to which the malthouses belong.
 £Bushels.££££
190172,211623,686105,67123,92041,11010,008
189652,881356,40882,0966,68527,9102,909
        Increase19,330267,27823,57517,23513,2007,099

COLONIAL-WINE MAKING.

Besides 26,513 gallons of colonial wine made in 1900, and also 400 gallons of brandy used to fortify the wine, 27,537 gallons of cider were manufactured. These results are satisfactory on comparison with those of 1895, when the wine amounted to 15,860 gallons. The quantity of cider increased from 19,178 gallons to 27,537 gallons. The value of produce increased from £8,963 in 1895 to £10,330 in 1900.

Census
Year.
Number of
Works.
Hands.Wages.Machine-
power used:
Steam.
Horse-
power.
Wine
made.
Cider.Value of
Products,
1900–1895.
Approximate Value of
M.F.M.F.Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
    ££ H-p.Galls.Galls.££££
19011449102,3209221426,51327,53710330101565,0742,953
18961941121,925952615,86019,1788,9638,2242,9291,679
        Incr...8..395....810,6538,3591,3671,9322,1451,274
        Decr.5..2..3................

AERATED-WATER AND CORDIAL FACTORIES.

Although the number of factories under this head slightly decreased between the censuses of 1896 and 1901, the operations were very much greater in the year 1900 than in 1895, and with this is shown increase of value of manufactures, as well as quantity, to a considerable extent, besides a greater number of persons employed.

The money value of all manufacture for 1900 amounted to £151,811, against £98,609 in 1895; an increase of nearly 54 per cent. Over £10,000 of additional money was paid in wages during the later year, while an increase from 1,091,580 dozen of aerated-water bottled to 1,886,024 dozen, besides a greatly enlarged business in cordials, tonic beer, and other drinks is recorded. The full particulars are tabulated below :—

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands
Employed.
Wages paid.Machine-power used.Horse-
power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Horse.Gas.Hand,
Oil, and
Electrical.
    ££     H.-p.
19011254371531,7712844910213412250
18961323301721,1842614617112435216
        Incr...107..10,587233..1010..34
        Decr.7..2......7....23..
Census Year.Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.CiderTotal Value of
Manufactures
Approximate Value of
Aerated
Waters.
Cordials.Tonic
Beer.
Miscellaneous.Land.Buildings.Machinery
and
Plant.
Quan.Value.

* Including 6,000 gallons vinegar.

† Casks.

 Doz.Doz.Doz.Gals.£Gals.££££
19011,886,02425,47889,82113,3565,3569,950151,81133,03734,87537,266
18961,091,58020,72017,4158,907*1,3505098,60919,47632,43937,429
        Inc.794,4444,75872,4064,4494,006..53,20213,5612,436..
        Dec...................163

COFFEE AND SPICE WORKS.

The number of these works was 18, the same as in 1896, but the hands fell from 119 to 78. The value of manufactured goods declined from £74,339 to £45,628 in the five years.

SAUCE- AND PICKLE-MAKING.

This industry progresses steadily. It employed 77 males and 51 females in 1901. Sauces and pickles were manufactured to the value of £31,258 in the previous year, more than double the amount made five years ago.

Census Year.Number of
Works.
Hands employed.Wages paid.Machine-
power used.
Amount
of
Horse-
power.
Value
of
Materials
used.
M.F.M.F.Steam.
    ££ H.-p.£
19012377514,6281,70047120,505
18962444241,8356223577,934
        Increase..33272,7931,13811412,571
        Decrease1..............
Census Year.Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.Total
Value of
Manufactures.
Approximate Value of
Sauces.Pickles.Other Condiments.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 Doz. Pnts£Doz. Pnts££££££
190144,60411,12831,11010,3789,75231,2581712012,3757,220
189620,5396,2299,9493,7933,39513,41751755,1601,574
        Increase24,0654,89921,1616,5856,35717,841119457,2155,646

SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS.

The development of these works was at a moderate rate only between 1896 and 1901, the value of manufactures of all kinds reaching to £158,649 for the year 1900, and £152,298 for 1895. In 1900, 92,321 cwt. of soap were made, and 26,690 cwt. of candles, besides other manufactures to the value of £20,611.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands
employed.
Wages paid.Machine
-power used.
Amount
of
House-
power.
Value of
Materials
used.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water,
gas
Hand.
    ££  H.p,£
190124224819,009239204346112,623
189622187316,8822117..25298,194
        Increase23752,127218349414,429
Census Year.Manufactures for 1900 and 1895.Total Value of Manufactures.Approximate Value of
Soap.Candles.Value of
other
Manufactrs
Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
Quantity.Value.Value.
 Cwt.£££££££
190192,32176,59161,44720,611158,64910,43227,18429,193
189685,63771,38258,51222,404152,2989,88420,11028,832
        Increase6,6845,2092,935..6,3515487,074361
        Decrease......1,793........

COOPERAGES.

These numbered 23, according to the returns for 1901. 47,072 casks were made in 1900, against 33,418 in 1895, and the manufacture of kegs increased greatly. The 1901 returns show also the construction of butter-boxes to the number of 159,147, and of cheese-cases 33,165, against 78,378 and 3,660 respectively for 1896.

Census Year.Number
of Works.
Hands
employed.
Wages.Machine-power
used.
House-
power.
Value of
Materials
used.
M.F.Steam.Gas.
    £  H.-p.£
190123137110,92316117719,942
18962176..4,25010..11010,281
        Increase26116,67361679,661
Census Year.Manufactures for 1900
and 1895.
Total
Value of
Output.
Approximate Value of
Kegs.Casks.Butter
boxes.
Cheese-
cases.
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
 No.No.No.No.££££
190112,58547,072159,14733,16537,5215,6697,8158,303
18961,68033,41878,3783,66019,2333,2973,3534,525
        Increase10,90513,65480,76929,50518,2882,3724,4623,778

SAWMILLS, AND SASH AND DOOR FACTORIES.

There has been a very great development of this industry since 1896. Although only 35 additional mills were returned as working in 1901, the hands employed increased from 4,059 to 6,812, and the (first-cut) sawn timber from 191,053,466 ft. to 261,583,518 ft., an addition of 70,530,052 ft. The figures given for resawing, moulding, &c., show a retrograde movement, but the number of doors and sashes made increased from 61,550 to 91,376 in five years; and the total money value of all manufactures or produce of the sawmills reached the sum of £1,268,689 against £898,807 at the previous census. The value of the plant largely increased.

The quantity of first-cut sawn timber for the year 1900 was far greater in the Auckland Provincial District than in any other, the order being as follows:—

 Feet of Timber sawn
(first cutting).
Auckland109,124,543
Wellington41,875,471
Otago40,482,149
Hawke's Bay22,382,990
Westland13,971,951
Nelson12,212,951
Taranaki11,881,139
Marlborough5,437,365
Canterbury4,714,959

The increase at Auckland in five years is from 79,464,526 ft. to 109,124,543 ft. At Westland also the increase is noticeably great, considering the magnitude of the industry there.

Census Year.No.
of
Mills.
Hands employed.Wages paid.Machine-power used.Amount
of
House-
power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Gas.
    ££   H.-p.
19013346,8057513,6222663172438,744
18962994,0554323,2232742916,409
        Increase352,7503190,66543..22,335
        Decrease..........5....
Census Year.Output for the Years 1900 and 1895.
Sawn Timber.Value of Posts, Rails, &c.Re-sawing, Planed, Flooring, Skirting, &c.Mouldings.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 Ft.££Ft.£Run. ft.£
1901261,583,518971,04819,27734,824,246172,1279,152,59842,970
1896191,053,466627,95910,99841,026,223173,76512,653,36844,104
        Inc.70,530,052343,0898,279........
        Dec.......6,201,9771,6383,500,7701,134
Census Year.Output for 1900 and 1895—.Total Value of all Output.Approximate Value of
Doors and Sashes.Land.BuildingsMachinery
and
Plant.
Quantity.Value.
 No.£££££
190191,37663,2671,268,689187,398108,015408,207
189661,55041,981898,807186,958100,667298,797
        Inc.29,82621,286369,8824407,348109,410

GASWORKS.

The operations of the gasworks in the colony for the year 1900, contrasted with those for 1895 and 1890, show such expansion as must be considered highly satisfactory, and this not with standing the increased use of electricity in substitution for gas.

There were 30 gasworks at the time of the census of 1901, employing 572 hands, against 27, with 295, in 1896. The wages paid in 1900 amounted to over £70,000 sterling, against £38,000 in 1895, and the value of all produce was £290,567, against £199,025.

In quantity, 7 Cubic feet of gas are shown to have been manufactured in 1900, against 532 million feet for 1895, besides increased quantities of coke, tar, and other residuals.

Census Year.No. of Works.Hands
employed.
Wages paid.Machine-power used.Amount of House-power.Produce for the Years 1900 and 1895.
Gas made.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Gas.Quantity.Value.
    ££   H.-p.Cubic feet.£
190130568470,38818524112242786,531,150245,000
189627293237,7471021918126532,060,300178,196
        Increase3275232,641835..4116254,470,85066,804
Census Year.Produce for the Years 1900 and 1895—continued.Total
Value
of all
Produce.
Approximate Value of
Coke.Tar.Other
Residuals:
Value.
Land.Buildings.Machinery and plant.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 Tons.£Gallons.££££££
190138,83032,968693,18111,665934290,56765,55588,874817,130
189617,33914,446345,6324,6491,734199,02541,42279,610645,641
        Incr.21,49118,522347,5497,016..91,54224,1339,264171,489
        Decr.........800........

LIME AND CEMENT WORKS.

Fifteen of these works, employing 184 hands, were in operation in 1901. In 1896, only 79 hands were returned. The value of manufacture for 1900 was three times as great as that for 1895, and that of machinery used more than doubled during the five years.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands
employed.
Wages
paid
Motive-Power.Horse-
power.
Males.Males.Steam.Horse.
   £  H.-p.
19011518416,57732466
189614795,560....289
        Increase110511,017....177
Census Year.Value
of
Materials
used in 1900
and 1895.
Total
Value of
Manufactures
for 1900 and
1895.
Approximate Value of
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
 £££££
190018,39745,1423,88110,21824,337
18964,63115,8813,1817,27011,968
        Increase13,76629,2617002,94812,369

BRICK, TILE, AND POTTERY WORKS.

These works employed in 1900 close on double the number of hands that were engaged in 1895, and the number of bricks rose from 18,800,000 to 40,900,000 for those years. The value of pottery made, including drain-pipes, rose from £31,503 to £34,810; and the total value of all the manufactures from £66,140 to £122,230. Otago shows first in the output of bricks made, Canterbury next, then Auckland, while Wellington takes the fourth place. The number of brick, stone, or concrete houses increased between the last two censuses from 6,490 to 7,517, a rate of 13.66 per cent., while those of cob, sod, huts, &c., decreased substantially in number. Houses built of wood or iron increased from 134,092 to 153,945, the rate, 14 per cent., being slightly higher than that which obtained for brick and stone dwellings.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hand
employed.
Wages paid.Machine-
power used.
Amount of House
-power.
Number of
Machines used.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Gas.Horse.Water.Hand.For tempering
or crushing
Clay.
For
making
Bricks or
Pottery.
    ££     H.p.  
1901108838..63,336..631391465910977
1896108454128,1795038170..151910892
        Increase..384..35,157..25....131401..
        Decrease....1..50....31....15.. 
Census Year.Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.
Bricks made.Pottery, &c., made.
Common.Fire-bricks.Value.Drain-pipes.Tiles.Flower-pots.
 No.No.£No.No.Doz.
190140,976,765313,55186,5781,226,296310,0763,111
189618,805,715193,60034,6371,175,065464,8518,347
        Increase22,171,050119,95151,94151,231....
        Decrease........154,7755,236
Census Year.Manufactures, 1900 and 1895.—continued.Total Value of Manufactures.Approximate Value of
Pottery, &c., made.Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
Miscellaneous:
Value.
Total
Value of
Pottery, &c.
 ££££££
19017,47534,810122,23041,12337,71835,726
18964,24931,50366,14024,07424,91727,594
        Increase3,2263,30756,09017,04912,8018,132

TINWARE FACTORIES.

A large development is observed in respect of this industry. The value of the manufacture rose from £63,723 in 1895 to £98,587 in 1900. In 1890 the value of the goods was only £14,297. The number of hands increased from 289 to 337 in five years, and the establishments from 34 to 60, and the wages paid from £19,742 to £23,107. But the increase shown in this industry is largely due to the inclusion in the later year of small establishments of which no account was taken in 1896.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages paidMotive-Power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Gas.
*Information not available.
    ££   
190160336123,10736117
189634288119,742..***
        Increase2648..3,36536......
Census Year.Horse-
power.
Value of
Materials
used in
1900
and 1895.
Total Value
of Manufactures
and Repairs in
1900 and
1895.
Approximate Value of
Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
 H.-p.£££££
19012352,55398,58724,90722,1009,907
18962732,83563,72310,6607,4757,714
        Increase..19,71834,86414,24714,6252,193
        Decrease4..........

IRON AND BRASS FOUNDRIES; BOILER AND RANGE-MAKING; WITH ENGINEERING.

The total value of the manufacture (including repairs) in connection with these industries was returned for the year 1900 at £924,171, or more than three times the amount for 1895, which was £302,815. This great increase is nearly all found in the figures for Otago, where the value of manufacture given at last census had reached £512,021, no doubt being swelled by the dredge-making work. There were 1,948 more hands employed in 1901 than five years previously, or an increase of 118 64 per cent., the actual number of persons being 3,590, against 1,642 for the earlier year. That a considerable development of the business would be exhibited was of course expected, on account of the stimulus given by the growing requirement for dredges in procuring gold from river-beds, &c.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages paid.Horse-power.
MainFemale.Male.Female.
    ££H.-p.
19011113,58010306,7784311,577
1896901,6393129,699641,093
        Increase211,9417177,079367484
Census Year.Value.
of Materials
used or
operated on.
Total Value
of Manufactures
(including
Repairs).
Approximate Value of
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
NOTE.–The above table does not include fifteen Government Railway and Maintenance workshops (eight Railway workshops and seven Maintenance workshops): Hands employed in year 190,1,626; wages paid, £185,355; horse-power employed 760; materials used, £192,050; manufactures and repairs (3 locomotives, 34 bogie carriages, 20 bogie brake-vans, 441 wagons, 1,102 taupaulins, and repairs to the value of £36,306); the total value of manufactures and repairs in the Railway workshops being £365,946, and the value of machinery and plant, £97,659. The value of materials used and value of repairs are not stated in Maintenance workshops returns.
 £££££
1901446,507924,171127,34689,001177,935
1896100,273302,81570,81155,152126,172
        Increase346,234621,35656,53533,84951,763

AMMUNITION WORKS.

There is an ammunition factory in the Auckland District, where 105 hands are actively employed. To give more details might be considered a breach of confidence.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT FACTORIES.

Although the numbers of factories and hands employed as shown in the latest returns do not indicate development, the total value of all manufacture appears to have increased from £102,054 to £138,094, including repairs. The number of implements made during 1900 is greater under nearly all descriptions than for 1895.

From whatever cause it may arise that the hands are returned as only 584, against 581 in 1895, the fact remains that the operations in the factories were very much greater in 1900 than five years before. This is clearly shown, both as to money value for the total and as to number of implements, under a long series of descriptive headings :—

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands
employed.
Wages paid.Motive-power.Horse-
power.
Value of
all
Materials
used.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.
    ££   £
190133584253,8796223136049,072
189634581..44,581..23..21726,904
        Increase..329,29862..114322,168
        Decrease1................
Census Year.Manufactures for Years 1900 and 1895.
Ploughs.Harrows.Disc and Spade Harrows.Horse - hoes, cultivators, and Grubbers.Sowers and Drills.Rollers.Farm Drays and Wagons.Horse Hay-rakers.Chaff-cutters.
 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.
190186986434429221924235822196
18965905782083771821041691838
        Increase279286136..371381894158
        Decrease......85..........
Census Year.Manufactures for Years 1900 and 1895—continued.
Turnip-cuttersSeed Threshing and Cleaning MachineryStraw elevators.Windmills.Wool-presses.Swingletrees and Yokes.Sheep-racks.Various Machines Unspecified (Value).
 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.£
190146251775891,845..15,157
189618646995693112,743
        Increase2819136..1,776..2,414
        Decrease........6..31..
Census Year.Total Value
of Manufactures
(including
Repairs).
Approximate Value of
Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
 ££££
1901138,09419,59121,50420,244
1896102,05419,90021,33630,031
        Increase36,040..168..
        Decrease..309..9,787

PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING ESTABLISHMENTS.

This industry ranks amongst the first in respect of employment of hands. 2,627 males and 507 females were returned as engaged in it at last census, the males increasing from 2,123 in 1896 to 2,627 in 1901. Female hands have increased greatly. In 1891 there were only 196; in 1896 the number was 228, while in 1901 it had risen to 507, women and girls. As to the value of product it was set down for the year 1900 at £704,285, against £389,124 five years earlier; but how far these last figures can be relied on is uncertain. There is difficulty in making them up.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages paid.Machine-power used.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Gas.
    ££   
19011882,627507268,04116,564191493
18961542,123228204,16512,137221650
        Increase3450427963,8764,427....43
        Decrease..........32..
Census Year.Machine-power used—continued.Horse-
power.
Value
of all
Products.
Approximate Value of
Electric.Oil.Hand.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
NOTE — The table does not include particulars for Government Printing Office.
    H.-p.££££
19015873956704,285109,130160,787289,621
1896..364532389,12468,847124,369203,699
        Increase559424315,16140,28336,41885,922

COACH-BUILDING AND PAINTING.

The value of the manufacture and repairs rose from £148,969 in 1895, to £216,077 in 1900, an increase of £67,108, or a rate of 45.05 per cent. The hands employed also increased from 807 to 1,185.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages paid.Machine-power used.
M.M.Steam.Gas.Water.
19011601,18583,35617  9  2
189611680757,37719  4  2
        Increase  4437825,979..  5..
        Decrease......  2....
Census Year.Amount
of
Horse-
power.
Total
Value of
Manufactures
(including
Repairs).
Approximate Value of
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and
Plant.
  H.-p.£££
1901128216,07770,62255,97224,217
1896119148,96941,87640,07624,350
        Increase967,10829,24615,896..
        Decrease........133

CYCLE WORKS.

A very great advance has been made since 1896, as the number of works was found to be 71 against 19, and 378 males besides 17 females were engaged, being an increase of 270 persons on the number previously shown. The value of the manufacture and repairs rose from £18,817 for the year 1895 to £65,047 for 1900, or at the rate of 245.7 per cent. Cycles being now used not only for pleasure and exercise, but also in business to a certain extent, the industry of making and repairing these articles is necessarily found expanding with time.

Among the establishments shown for 1901 there are indeed a considerable number of purely repairing-shops, and these were not taken into account at the previous census. But apart from this qualification the returns show a large genuine increase in the operations.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands.Wages.Machine-power
used.
Amount of
Horse-power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Gas.Water.
    ££   H.-p.
1901713781720,873570415195
189619125..5,952..44..33
        Increase522531714,921570..11162
Census Year.Value
of
Materials
used in
1900 and
1895.
Number
of Cycles
manufactured
in 1900
and 1895.
Total Value
of
Manufactures
(including
Repairs).
1900 and 1895.
Approximate Value of
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and
Plant.
 £ ££££
190120,8241,98865,04731,46524,4319,507
18967,69673418,8177,92512,2404,666
        Increase19,1281,25446,23023,54012,1914,841

SADDLERY AND HARNESS WORKS.

Of these, 115 were returned. In the total value of manufacture and repairs there is an increase, caused chiefly by the inclusion in 1901 of small saddlers' shops which were not reckoned as factories in 1896.

Census Year.Number
of
Works.
Hands employed.Wages paid.Value of
Materials
used, 1900.
M.F.M.F.
* Including a number of small saddlery and harness-making concerns, which were not dealt with as “factories” at the previous census.
    £££
1901*1156292340,8081,02675,724
Census Year.Total Value of
Manufactures
(including Repairs), 1900.
Approximate Value of
Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
* Including a number of small saddlery and harness-making concerns, which were not dealt with as “factories” at the previous census.
 ££££
1901*147,62654,38037,0355,144

BRUSH AND BROOM MAKING.

These works numbered 12 in 1901, against 15 in 1896. The hands employed numbered 128 at last census, and the value of manufactured articles for the year 1900 was returned at £21,131.

FELLMONGERING, TANNING, CURRYING, AND WOOLSCOURING.

Good progress was made in this industry between 1896 and 1901, not so much in the direction of increasing the number of establishments, but in hands employed, with quantity and value of manufacture. The hands increased from 1,629 to 1,963, and the wool scoured or sliped from 19,723,481 lb. to 25,793,239 lb. The value of all produce or manufacture for 1900 was £1,888,107, against £1,237,252 in 1895, or more than 50 per cent. in five years.

Census Year.No. of WorksHands
employed.
Wages
paid.
Motive
Power.
Horse-power.Number of
Tan-pits.
Value of Hides,
Skins, &c.,
operated on.
Value of
Bark, Coal,
Soap, &c.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Gas.Oil.
  No.No.££    H.p.No.££
19011191,9576159,180162579111,1081,2161,161,965229,358
18961171,6236116,715268498..16861,252..134,176
        Increase2334..42,465..811..422....95,182
        Decrease........106..........36....
Census Year.Tons of Bark used, and Kind.Manufactures or Produce for the Years 1900 and 1895.
Wattle.New Zealand.Other Kinds.Total.Wool Scoured and Slipped.Skins stripped of Wool.Hides tanned.
Australia.Tasmania.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Lb.No.No.
19013,3843054651,1775,33125,793,2394,026,598178,075
18963,4191,423359245,22519,723,4813,879,560154,505
        Increase....1061,1531066,069,758147,03823,570
        Decrease351,118............
Census Year.Manufactures of Produce for
the Years 19 0 and 1895—cont.
Total
Value of
Produce and
Manufactures
for the
Years 1900
and 1895
Approximate Value of
Skins
tanned.
Pelts
Salted or
Preserved.
Other
Products.
Land.Buildings.Machinery
and
Plant.
 No.No.£££££
1901272,7754,031,97454,2961,888,10752,319102,85580,778
1096856,9181,418,792..1,237,25241,49077,18652,729
        Increase..2,613,182..650,85510,82925,66928,049
        Decrease584,143............

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING.

The reports on the censuses of 1891 and 1896 were to the effect that this industry was not shown as a thriving one by the returns. In the table now put forward the results are better, as to number of hands employed, vessels built, and total value of all manufacture for the year 1900. But the number of establishments has fallen from 40 to 32, and boat-building is shown to have declined.

Census Year.Number
of
Yards.
Hands
employed.
Wages paid.Total Value of all
Manufactures
(including Repairs),
1900 and 1895.
MM
   ££
19013221113,47645,811
1896401086,72425,233
        Increase..1036,75220,578
        Decrease8......

SAIL, TENT, AND OILSKIN FACTORIES.

As with the ship and boat-building yards, these industries show a decrease in the number of works, but a considerable increase in the number of hands employed, and in the value of the output The total value of manufactures in 1900 was returned at £44,854. against £30,166, in 1895.

Census Year.Number of
Works.
Hands
employed.
Wages paid.Value
of Materials
used.
Total Value
of all
Manufactures,
1900 and 1895.
Approximate Value of
M.F.M.F.Land.Buildings.Machinery
and Plant.
    £££££££
1901301508110,4461,99624,62844,85422,97615,7002,217
18963992515,6601,361..30,16613,1059,825693
        Increase..58304,786635..14,6889,8715,8751,524
        Decrease9..................

FURNITURE FACTORIES.

In this branch of industrial work fuller returns have been obtained for 1901 than were secured in 1896. It may be taken, however, as a fact that a substantial rise took place during the five years in the operations of these establishments.

Census Year.No. of
Factories.
Hands
employed.
Wages paid.Motive-power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.Gas.Oil.Electric.
    ££     
19011441,2436788,8432,2621742923
Census Year.Horse-power.Value of Material used.Total Value of all Manufactures.Approximate Value of
Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
 H.-p.£££££
1901369101,595241,02475,20071,88423,254

CHEMICAL WORKS.

There was up to 1896 a steady growth in the value of the manufacture, from £34,283 in 1885 to 41,586 in 1890, and to £75,320 in 1895; but the value of output for 1900 was £64,834 only. Ninety-five hands were employed at last census in eight establishments.

WOOLLEN MILLS.

The woollen mills of the colony are now ten in number, and employed 1,693 persons in 1901, 769 being males, and 924 females. These factories, therefore, provide more occupation for women and girls than for the male sex. The increase in male hands employed is from 655 in 1896 to 769 in 1901, and in females from 761 to 924. In 1891 there were only 373 women and 200 girls.

As to value of manufacture of all kinds, the increase is at the rate of 19 per cent, for five years; the figures being £302,423 for 1895 and £359,382 for 1900.

The increase in quantity of tweed made, from 1,297,012 yards in 1895 to 1,445,867 yards in 1900, or about 12 per cent., is not so great as that in flannel, the production of which reached 1,191,234 yards for 1900. The production of blankets has also greatly developed, the figures being 28,576 pairs in 1895, and 49,523 pairs in 1900. Rugs, shawls, hosiery, and yarn also show high increases:—

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages.Machine-power used.Horse-power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.
* One mill not in operation.
    ££  H.-p.
190110*76992471,45440,547921,554
18969  65576159,58332,036921,400
        Increase1  11416311,8718,511....154
Census Year.Wool used in 1900 and 1895.Value of Other Materials used.Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.
Quantity.Value.Tweed.Cloth.Flannel.Blankets.
 Lb.££Yds.Yds.Yds.Pairs.
19013,257,319162,92033,1611,445,867..1,191,23449,523
18963,485,893100,13539,1821,297,012357,228554,25628,576
        Increase..62,785..148,855..636,97820,947
        Decrease228,574..6,021..357,228....
Census Year.Manufactures for Years 1900 and 1895—contd:Total Value of Manufactures.Approximate Value of
Shawls and Rugs.Shirting.Other Manufactures.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
† “Other manufactures” in 1900 consisted of 234,843 lb, yarn and 53,920 dozen hosiery; and in 1895, of 168,802 lb, and 5,122 spindles of yarn, 21,447 dozen and 28,000 lb, of hosiery, 2,592 knitted garments, and 13,000 mats.
 No.Yds. ££££
190126,806..359,38211,26493,454172,704
189620,02015,384302,42311,05068,358144,065
        Increase6,786....56,95921425,09628,639
        Decrease..15,384..........

CLOTHING AND WATERPROOF FACTORIES.

The number of hands increased from 307 males and 1,751 females to 431 males and 2,081 females in five years. Employing, as it now does, about 2,500 persons, this industry ranks high in regard to the absorption of labour, especially that of the female sex, of whom over two thousand are required, as above shown.

The value of all manufacture for the year 1900 was returned at £329,026, against £258,352, in 1895.

The making of waterproof garments is also shown to have developed considerably, whether conducted in combination with clothing factory work of the ordinary kind, or as independent establishments.

CLOTHING FACTORIES.

Census Year.Number of Factories.Hands employed.Wages paid.Amount of Horse-power.Total Value of Manufactures, 1900 and 1895.Approximate Value of
M.F.M.F.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
    ££H.-p.££££
1901214312,08137,77863,02367329,02631,20046,61511,432
1896273071,75126,45046,78962258,35218,55029,9008,254
        Increase..12433011,32816,234  570,67412,65016,7153,178
        Decrease6..................

In addition to clothing factories, six establishments were in 1901 engaged in the manufacture of waterproof garments only. These in 1900 turned out 15,384 waterproofs, valued at £13,378; besides which 25,196 waterproof garments were made in the clothing factories.

WATERPROOF MAKING

Census Year.Number of Factories.Hands employed.Wages paid.Amount of Horse-power.Approximate Value of
M.F.M.F.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
    ££H.-p.£££
1901622921,8072,82233,0203,6551,170
1896415781,3442,54022,6501,900766
        Increase271446328213701,755404
        Decrease..................

BOOT AND SHOE FACTORIES.

The total value of all manufactures, as brought out, is £529,254 for 1900. The output from the factories during 1900 was 1,161,873 pairs of boots and shoes, 104,583 pairs of slippers, and 166,027 pairs of uppers.

Excluding gum-boots, during 1900 boots and shoes to the value of £187,629 were imported into the colony, nearly the whole being subject to a duty of 22 1/2 per cent. The United Kingdom supplied to the value of £126,705, and the United States of America £42,658. Besides these were imported boot and shoe vamps and uppers, valued at £8,100. The exports of leather, the produce of the colony, during the same period, were valued at £112,867, and of boots and shoes made in New Zealand, £534.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages paid.Power.Horse-power.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Water.s.Hand and Oil.
* Including a number of small bootmaking concerns which were not dealt with as “factories” at the previous census.
    ££    H.-p.
1901126*1,906790165,22727,216..22698184
Census Year.Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895.Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.Total Value of Manufactures.Approximate Value of
Boots and Shoes.Slippers.Uppers.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
 £Pairs.Pairs.Pairs.£ ££
1901273,3251,161,873104,583166,027529,25457,41570,18949,388

HOSIERY FACTORIES.

At the census of 1896 returns were obtained from 7 stocking-weaving factories, employing 1 male and 132 females. The wages paid amounted to £2,541, and the value of the output to £9,357. The census of 1901 shows a very large increase on these figures, as will be seen in the statement given herewith.

Census Year.Number of Factories.Hands employed.Wages paid.Motive Power.Horse-power.Value of Material used.
M.F.M.F.Steam.Gas.

* One factory not in operation in 1900, and one factory in operation six months only.

NOTE.—The above table does not include 53,920 dozen hose, half-hose, under-shirts, pants, and other knitted garments which are given in “Woollen-factories” return.

    ££  H.-p.£
190117*172651,3286,702257118,032
Census Year.Manufactures for the Year 1900.Total Value of Manufactures.Approximate Value of
Half-hose.Hose.Shirts and Pants.Other Knitted Goods.
Quantity.Quantity.Quantity.Value.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
 Dozen.Dozen.Dozen.£££££
190139,6019,5291,05348031,2654,6056,7908,602

ROPE AND TWINE WORKS.

Rope and twine making would appear to have advanced since 1895, to judge from the value of all manufactures given in the returns, which amounted to £87,863 for the year 1900, against £52,400 five years before. Nevertheless, the actual quantity of rope made represented in weight is shown as slightly less than at the earlier census year. As to materials used, phormium comes by far the first, 1,502 tons for 1900 being utilised, against 1,452 tons in 1895. Of manila only 291 tons were used, against 169 in 1895.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages paid.Motive Power.Horse-power.
M.M.Steam.Water.Gas.Horse.
   £    H.-p.
19011719213,1366411494
1896241506,84056....280
        Increase..426,2961..11214
        Decrease7......2......
Census Year.Materials used in 1900 and 1895.
Phormium.Manila.Other Materials.Total Value.
 Tons.£Tons.£Tons.££
19011,50228,66329113,140874,57546,378
18961,45219,2511694,664854,33528,250
        Increase509,4121228,476224018,128
Census Year.Manufactures for 1900 and 1895.Total Value of all Manufactures.Approximate Value of.
RopeLines.Twine.Other Manufactures.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.££££
1901274851,72729587,8636,5469,31339,450
1896289271,3273752,4007,2476,85526,859
        Increase..5840025835,463..2,45812,591
        Decrease15........701....

PHORMIUM MILLS.

A complete collapse in this industry was shown by the returns of 1896. At that time only 52 mills were left in operation, and the hands employed had fallen in number to 484 men and 163 boys. The returns for 1901 show a revival in the mills to 101 in operation, with 1,519 men and 179 boys. In 1891 there were 177 mills with 2,169 men and 1,029 boys, so that the development obtained 10 years ago has not been recovered in full, though the position has improved greatly since 1896. The wages paid stood at £101,046 for the year 1900; nearly 100,000 tons of raw material were used, and 12,000 tons of fibre dressed, besides 1,000 tons of tow produced. The money value of the total output was £203,492, against £32,546 in 1895, and £234,266 in 1890.

The export of phormium for twelve years has been as under :—

Year.Exported.Value
 Tons.£
* This is greater than the quantity returned as dressed in 1900.
189021,158381,789
189115,809281,514
189212,793214,542
189312,587219,375
18944,67766,256
18951,80621,040
18962,96832,985
18972,76930,674
18984,85074,556
189910,371184,411
190015,906*332,182
190110,171195,728

The uncertainty that has attended enterprise in the matter of flax-milling still remains, but an Act has been passed forbidding the shipping of phormium for exportation from New Zealand unless it has been previously inspected by a Government official, and graded under regulations which have been made for the purpose. This will have the effect of preventing badly-dressed flax of an inferior quality from being sent away, and thus injuring the reputation of the article generally by depreciation.

The most important particulars given in the returns are tabulated below.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages paid.Machine-power used.
Men.Boys.Steam.Water.
    £  
19011011,519179101,0467534
18965248416317,5442330
        Increase491,0351683,502524
Census Year.Amount of Horse-power.No. of Machines used.Raw Material used, 1900 and 1895.Fibre dressed, 1900 and 1895.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 H.-p. Tons.£Tons.£
19011,19010596,57153,06412,035201,235
18965536521,7707,7752,99931,771
        Increase6374074,80145,2899,036169,464
Census Year.Tow produced.Total Value of Output, 1900 and 1895.Approximate Value of
Quantity.Value.Land.Buildings.Machinery and Plant.
 Tons.£££££
19011,0622,257203,49224,64411,21228,590
189640677532,54612,4486,53112,380
        Increase6561,482170,94612,1964,68116,210

MINES AND QUARRIES.

GOLD-QUARTZ MINING AND CRUSHING.

Returns were received for 120 gold-quartz mining and crushing works in 1901. In 1896 there were 168 of these returned, and 135 in 1891. Of 120 quartz-crushing works in 1901, employing 4,333 hands, 78, with 3,370 persons employed, belonged to Auckland Provincial District, being located at the Thames, Waihi, and surrounding country.

The census tables show £796,871 as the total value of the gold obtained by quartz-crushing in the year 1900. Comparison with the two previous censuses shows the output in 1895 (£492,478) to have been higher than that of 1890, but considerably less than than that for 1900, quoted above.

The value of the machinery and plant for quartz-crushing increased from £241,715 in 1890, and £335,474 in 1895, to £735,927 in 1900.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Wages paid.Machine-power used.Horse-power.
M.M.Steam.Water.
   £  H.-p.
19011204,333382,658148745,919
18961682,814226,79149703,688
        Increase..1,519155,8679942,231
        Decrease48..........
Census Year.Quartz crushed.Gold produced 1900 and 1895.Silver produced 1900 and 1895.Value of Gold and Silver produced 1900 and 1895.Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant.
 Tons.Oz.Oz.££
1901356,058214,789326,457796,871735,927
1896163,743149,61281,302492,478335,474
        Increase192,31565,177245,155304,393400,453

HYDRAULIC GOLD-MINING.

Returns for the purposes of the table showing results of hydraulic gold-mining were obtained from public companies and parties of miners operating on a large scale; but, so far as the numbers of persons employed are concerned, nothing like the actual facts are disclosed, and the quantity of gold shown to have been won must fall far short of the true total. The number of men engaged in all kinds of alluvial gold-mining during the year ended 31st March, 1901, was 7,659 Europeans and 1,576 Chinese. Of these nearly 1,000 were employed in dredging. The hands employed shown in the tables for the two classes of alluvial mining number 1,927, so that there must be some 7,300 Europeans and Chinese whose earnings are not included in the tables.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employedMachine-power used.Amount of Horse-power.Claims working Day and Night, or Day only.
M.Water.Electricity
* Six mines were not in operation during 1900.
     H.-p. 
1901130*962212342Day and night, 37
Day only, 87
1896105744282156Day and night, 32
Day only, 73
        Increase25218....186..
        Decrease....7......
Census Year.Expenditure during 1900 and 1895.Yield of Gold.Value of Gold.
Labour.Water.Plant and Repairs.Management.Total.
 £££££Oz.£
190176,00819,39826,3736,652128,43135,059135,944
189648,96417,41440,1837,208113,76931,161122,871
        Increase27,0441,984....14,6623,89813,073
        Decrease....13,810556......

GOLD-DREDGING.

During the quinquennial period 1895–1900 this class of industry has become of great importance, not only as a gold-producer, but from the fact that all the works in connection with the building and repairing of dredges is done in the colony. The number of dredges increased from 35 in 1895 to 145 in 1900, and the hands employed from 258 to 965. The yield of gold during 1900 was 71,778 oz., valued at £287,061, against 18,124 oz. and £70,016 in 1895. The expenditure in 1900 was as follows:—

 £
Labour78,238
Coal, plant, and repairs188,046
Management16,308
        Total£282,592

The capital invested in dredging is £690,430, and the value of machinery and plant £528,600. Of the total number, 121 dredges belonged, to the Otago Provincial District, 23 to Nelson and West-land and 1 to Marlborough.

Census Year.Number of Works.Hands employed.Machine-power used.Amount of Horse-power.
M.Steam.Water.Un-specified.
* Including 31 dredges not in operation during 1900, and 10 dredges for which no particulars of operations could be obtained. Three of the dredges were working a few months only.
      H.-p.
1901145*965134293,041
189635258303..963
        Increase130707104..92,078
        Decrease......1....
Census Year.Expenditure during 1900 and 1895.Yield of Gold.Value of Gold.Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant.
Labour.Coal, Plant, and Repairs.Management.Total.
 ££££Oz.££
190178,238188,04616,308282,59271,778287,061528,600
189627,12425,1594,26456,54718,12470,01686,003
        Increase51,114162,88712,044226,04553,654217,045442,597

It must be remembered that a great part of the gold yield in the colony is obtained from alluvial workings, of which no returns are required by the Census Act to be rendered, so that the figures given above must not be regarded as showing any approach to the total production, which amounted to £1,439,602, or, with silver, £1,478,481, for the year 1900.

The returns for quartz-mining and gold-dredging are believed to be fairly correct, but those for hydraulic mining fall far short of the total. No attempt has been made to obtain returns from individual miners or small parties, and these comprise the bulk of the alluvial miners.

COLLIERIES.

The table shows the full output of all the collieries in the colony during 1900. The quantity mined was 1,093,990 tons, against 726,654 in 1895, an increase of 367,336 tons or over 50 per cent. The quantity imported during 1900 was 124,033 tons, and the export amounted to 114,358 tons, 112,707 tons of which were New Zealand produce. The number of persons employed in coal-mining increased from 1,799 in 1895 to 2,460 in 1900, and the value of machinery and plant from £148,367 in 1896 to £372,093 in 1901.

Census Year.Number of Coal-Mines.Hands Employed.Wages Paid.Motive Power.Horse.Quality of Coal mined during the Year 1900
Males.Males.Steam.Water.Horse.Wind.Brown.Pitch.
   £    H.-p.Tons.Tons.
19011452,460242,0893292322,852339,78637,804
Census Year.Quality of Coal mined during the Year 1900—contd.Total Quantity of Coal won.Total Cost of Production.Total Value of Output.Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant.
Lignite.Bituminous and Semi-bituminous.
NOTE.—Several private mines worked by owners for their own requirements are not included in the above.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.£££
190142,538673,8621,093,990365,787540,778372,093

SUMMARISED RESULTS.

A summary of all the information obtained under the Census Act relating to mines and quarries is appended:—

Number of Works.Number of Hands employed.
1901.1896.1891.1900.1895.1890.

* Value of machinery and plant used in hydraulic gold-mining not returned; capital invested, £505,674.

† Capital invested, information incomplete.

‡ Capital invested, £161,990.

§ Figures for 1895–96 taken from Mines Report; census returns found incomplete, and results not reliable. Value of output taken at 10s. per ton.

Gold-quartz mining and crushing works1201681354,3332,8141,971
Hydraulic gold-mining13010574962744495
Gold-dredging14535 965258 
Collieries §145164952,4601,7991,655
Stone (building) quarries8129585935
Stone (road-metal, &c.) quarries
        Totals5484843138,7785,6744,156
Approximate Value of Output.Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant
1900.1895.1890.1900.1895.1890.
 ££££££
Gold-quartz mining and crushing works796,871492,478278,893735,927335,474241,715
Hydraulic gold-mining135,944113,76973,713207,750*154,270
Gold-dredging287,06170,016528,60086,003
Collieries §540,778370,400279,777372,093148,367155,671
Stone (building) quarries2,7936,0414,4874,6604,0706,744
Stone (road-metal, &c.) quarries8,371
        Totals1,771,8181,052,704636,8701,849,030573,914*558,400

Chapter 30. SECTION II.—IMPORTS; CUSTOMS AND EXCISE REVENUE.

IMPORTS.

THE quantities and values of imports used in making up the figures given in this portion of the statistical information are obtained from Customs entries, verified where necessary, as with goods subject to an ad valorem duty, by examination. For exports, the “free on board in New Zealand” value is given; but, as regards the main items, the Collector of Customs examines carefully the amounts stated, and compares them with current price-lists, to prevent any over-estimate. Goods transhipped at a foreign port are regarded as imported from the country where they were originally shipped, and exports as destined for the country where it is intended to land them. The countries named, however, may not be those of origin or destination, as no attempt is made to trace the goods beyond the ports disclosed by the documents presented to the Customs. Very little cargo in transitu passes through New Zealand.

The total declared values of the imports in 1901 amounted to £11,817,915, being an increase on the corresponding total in 1900 of £1,171,819. These figures, however, include specie. The value of coin brought into the colony in 1901 was £464,499, against £438,770 in the previous year, and if these amounts are excluded, the increase on the values of all other articles will be found to reach the sum of £1,146,090.

The value of imports for each of the past fourteen years was: —

Year.Imports,
inclusive of
Specie.
Imports,
exclusive of
Specie.
 ££
18885,941,9005,430,050
18896,308,8635,980,583
18906,260,5055,928,625
18916,503,8496,431,101
18926,943,0566,742,544
18936,911,5156,494,279
18946,788,0205,990,177
18956,400,1296,115,953
18967,137,3207,035,379
18978,055,2237,994,201
18988,230,6008,211,409
18998,739,6338,613,656
190010,646,09610,207,326
190111,817,91511,353,416

The expansion movement observed as proceeding since 1894 to 1900 is found to have been continued during the year 1901, and at a high rate of increase; but the figures include about half a million of money for railway plant imported by Government.

It will be seen that the value of imports, exclusive of specie, rose from £5,430,050 in 1888 to £6,742,544 in 1892, then fell to £5,990,177 in 1894, after which there ensued a steady advance year by year to £11,353,416 in 1901. The movement for the period 1894–1901 is a rise at the rate of 90 per cent. in money value, or a sum of £5,363,239; for the ten years, 1892–1901, the increase is £4,610,872, or 68 per cent. In quantities of various imports the increases vary, and full particulars of every kind of article imported in 1901 are to be found in detail further on, which may be critically examined with those in similar tables given in the previous Yearbooks.

The degree of expenditure of loan moneys by the general and local Government may somewhat affect the question when considering the rise of imports. And, when consulting the figures relating to expenditure out of loan accounts, the matter of aids from the Consolidated Fund (which are included) presents itself, besides other features in connection with this subject.

The expansion of imports is still further to be considered in connection with the condition of the manufactures of the colony, for an increase of imports arising from a decline of internal manufactures would scarcely be regarded as a satisfactory position. But Section I., preceding this, exhibits a most substantial general development of the manufactures of New Zealand since 1895, not only in the great primary industries, but throughout.

It is desirable to consider not only the total value of the import trade for different years by comparing figures, but to ascertain the rates per capita of population, to judge whether the imports are relatively greater or less than they have been. The fairest comparisons are from calculations made after deducting specie imported, for in the year 1894, as an instance, no less than £797,843 was brought to the colony in coin.

The figures for each year from 1888 stand thus :—

 Imports per head of mean Population,
excluding Maoris.
Years.Including Specie.Excluding Specie.
 £s.d.£s.d.
188891648195
188910569156
189010029110
189110661043
18921016310911
189310909165
1895919118165
189594108168
1896101119191
189711331117
189811371131
1899111311198
19001318101374
190115310141111

Using the figures exclusive of the specie, it will be seen that, though comparisons for years since 1888 do not show by any means a steady rise since that year, the position is that whereas the imports proper were only £8 19s. 5d. per head of population in the first period of the table, they had increased by £5 12s. 6d. per head in 1901, and increase is observed in each year's figures since 1894, amounting to £5,15s. 6d. for the last eight years.

By means of the accompanying table, in which the articles imported are arranged in groups according to their nature, the increases in value can be traced to their specific heads :—

IMPORTS FOR FIVE YEARS.

Group of Principal Articles
imported.
1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
*Includes methylated and perfumed spirits, and spirits of wine.
 £££££
Apparel and slops362,389354,940393,689451,879463,194
Boots and shoes132,203130,912151,593194,811211,215
Cotton piece-goods414,673417,733447,495514,607470,568
Drapery344,539343,820395,696438,299443,863
Haberdashery70,85385,98584,80895,401110,746
Hats and caps63,31066,41668,18466,79970,013
Hosiery83,79675,73690,545103,291101,481
Linen manufactures57,03956,57269,16783,20689,915
Millinery32,24536,07436,93243,31343,380
Silks74,40079,91087,63997,922121,937
Woollens293,449286,911297,387330,713348,666
        Totals1,928,8961,935,0092,123,1352,420,2412,474,978
Agricultural implements11,09517,23417,06313,50810,744
Cutlery19,63622,72219,76423,08927.149
Hardware and ironmongery228,465248,665255,701330,314315,239
Rails and railway bolts, &c.90,48942,77363,557118,464148,344
Iron and steel, other, pig, wrought, wire, &c.529,204554,124632,182865,361682,906
Machinery368,416422,011405,551536,429600,019
Nails33,27936,79231,36348,05040,034
Railway plant46,08257,22463,80763,128514,511
Sewing-machines21,54230,61830,80137,42938,227
Tools, artificers'57,90370,63159,06677,44784,523
        Totals1,406,1111,502,7941,578,8552,113,2192,461,696
Sugar373,407425,270354,925451,522489,936
Tea178,350183,717183,691199,934219,089
        Totals551,757608,987538,616651,456709,025
Beer39,61437,84439,16634,29634,949
Spirits*178,344187,020215,685198,282243,824
Tobacco164,889161,836184,173198,861221,889
Wine50,20248,51451,64055,09863,837
        Totals433,049435,214490,664486,537564,499
Paper127,980133,901135,482174,111184,986
Printed books116,485109,961132,260136,891140,347
Stationery92,87198,469100,87596,408113,422
        Totals337,336342,331368,617407,410438,755
Bags and sacks104,401111,116123,596141,810214,987
Coals98,139105,22392,815120,406151,334
Fancy goods100,824103,786110,114128,339145,356
Fruits (including fresh, preserved, bottled, dried)183,133181,447180,590226,128248,985
Oils163,793162,523126,967206,770238,396
Other imports (excluding specie)2,686,7622,722,9792,879,6873,305,0103,705,405
        Total Imports (excluding specie)7,994,2018,211,4098,613,65610,207,32611,353,416
Specie imported61,02219,191125,977438,770464,499
        Total Imports8,055,2238,230,6008,739,63310,646,09611,817,915

Of £11,353,416 the total value of goods imported during 1901, the chief items were as under :—

Articles.Value.
£
Proportion
per Cent.
Clothing, drapery, &c.2,474,97821.80
Metal, machinery, and implements2,461,69621.68
Tea and sugar709,0256.25
Wine, beer, spirits, and tobacco564,4994.97
Paper, books, and stationery438,7553.86
Other imports4,704,46341.44
 11,353,416100.00

The declared value of the clothing, drapery, &c., imported increased from £2,420,241 in 1900 to £2,474,978 in 1901. In 1897 the value of the import was £1,928.896. The iron, machinery, and implements imported in 1901 were valued at £2,461,696, an increase of £1,055,585 on the corresponding figures for 1897 (£1,406,111). The value of sugar and tea imported in 1901 shows an increase, when compared with 1900, of £57,569. Beer, wine, spirits, and tobacco show an increase of £77,962, from £486,537 in 1900 to £564,499 in 1901.

To the total value of “Other imports (excluding specie),” in 1901 (£3,705,405), shown in the table above, arms, ammunition, and explosives contributed a sum of £201,683; bicycles, tricycles, and fittings, £125,230; drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares, £212,430; patent medicines, £33,661; manures, £134,186; musical instruments, £116,396; glass and glassware, £133,434; earthenware, £69,422; floorcloth and oilcloth, £79,479; furniture and upholstery, £63,096; cement, £48,569; leather and leather manufactures, £75,783; seeds, £60,669; and timber, £179,152.

Goods imported by means of the “Parcels Post” system during 1901 were valued at £109,683.

VALUE OF FREE AND DUTIABLE IMPORTS.

The values of the imports into New Zealand during the years 1900 and 1901 are given in the next table, classified according to the duties to which they were liable, and arranged so as to show the declared value of goods on which specific or ad valorem duties at various rates are payable, and of those admitted free of duty :—

Duties to which Imports liable.Value of Imports, 1900.Value of Imports, 1901.
* The amount for 1900, under the heading “Various,” includes the value of imports liable to an ad valorem duty, but on which a lower duty was levied under the altered tariff of 1900 for part of the year.
 ££££
Specific duties..2,397,728..2,404,581
Ad valorem duties—
          5 per cent.339,750 252,513 
        10 per cent.169,191 170,433 
        15 per cent.42,852 156,777 
        20 per cent.2,282,246 2,359,311 
        22 1/2 per cent.196,325 208,205 
        25 per cent.834,926 994,472 
        40 per cent.1,488 1,085 
        Various127,232* 8,875 
Parcels-post (various)87,662 109,683 
  4,081,672 4,261,354
Duty-free (excluding specie)..3,727,926..4,687,481
Specie imported..438,770..464,499
                Totals..£10,646,096..£11,817,915

The proportions of free and dutiable goods imported during 1898, 1899, 1900, and 1901 are compared with similar figures for 1894, the year preceding that in which the altered tariff came into force:—

1894.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Merchandise—£££££
        Free1,871,7722,800,462,942,9993,727,9264,687,481
        Dutiable4,118,4055,411,3635,670,6576,479,4006,665,935
                Imports (less specie)5,990,1778,211,4098,613,65610,207,32611,353,416
 £££££
                Total net duty received1, 572,4671,965,4042,046,4522,174,4982,196,767
Duty, per cent. of imports—Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent. 
        (a.) On dutiable imports38.1836.3236.0933.5632.96
        (b.) On all merchandise26.2523.9423.7621.3019.35

SUGAR.

The value of sugar (including glucose, molasses, and treacle) imported in 1901 was £489,936, an increase of £38,414 on the amount for 1900 (£451,522). The value of this import for the last three years has averaged only £432,128 per annum; but for the three years, 1882, 1883, and 1884, the average, with a much smaller population, was £615,207 for each year. The smaller average amount for the last three years is due, not so much to a reduction in the quantity imported as to the fall in the price of sugar, and partly to the fact that the proportion of refined to raw sugar has vastly decreased.

The following figures, giving the consumption per head of sugar in Australasia, are, saving those for New Zealand—and excluding a proportion (30 lb. per head) deducted on account of Maoris—taken from Mr. Coghlan's “Seven Colonies of Australasia, 1899–1900.” The figures stating the consumption of tea, given further on, are also taken from the same source :—

ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR PER HEAD IN AUSTRALASIA.

 Lb.
Queensland129.9
Western Australia114.3
New South Wales103.0
South Australia98.8
Victoria92.3
New Zealand88.9
Tasmania34.9

TEA.

The quantity of tea entered for consumption in 1901 was 5,508,610 lb. Supposing Maoris to use, on an average, 1 lb. per head per annum, the consumption of tea per head of the population, exclusive of Maoris, would be 7 lb. in 1901.

ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF TEA PER HEAD IN AUSTRALASIA.

 Lb.
Western Australia10.0
New South Wales7.8
South Australia7.7
Queensland7.7
Victoria7.2
New Zealand7.0
Tasmania6.1

BEER, SPIRITS, AND WINE.

During 1901 excise duty was paid on 7,134,800 gallons of beer; and 188,490 gallons of beer, 596,071 gallons of spirits, and 123,592 gallons of wine were entered at the Customs for home consumption.

The actual quantity of beer made and used in the colony has increased from 4,243,760 gallons in 1886 to 7,134,800 gallons in 1901:—

BEER MANUFACTURED IN NEW ZEALAND ON WHICH EXCISE DUTY WAS PAID.

 Gal.
18864,243,760
18874,264,160
18884,050,560
18894,402,480
18904,676,240
18914,567,920
18924,752,720
18934,873,600
18944,807,360
18954,936,400
18965,382,960
18975,741,200
18986,013,120
18996,261,200
19006,811,280
19017,134,800

The following table gives the consumption per head of alcoholic liquors by the people, excluding and including Maoris, showing separately the proportions of beer, wine, and spirits from 1883 to 1901. To the amount of beer manufactured in the colony in each year on which excise duty was paid has been added the amount brought into consumption from imports :—

Year.Beer.Spirits.Wine.
Excluding
Maoris.
Including
Maoris.
Excluding
Maoris.
Including
Maoris.
Excluding
Maoris.
Including
Maoris.
 Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.
18839.4358.7091.0881.0050.3150.291
18867.8617.3330.8200.7650.2120.198
18897.6247.1360.5980.5600.1760.165
18927.8077.3280.7080.6640.1740.163
18957.4216.9960.6290.5930.1350.127
18988.4277.9950.6680.6340.1460.139
18998.5838.1500.6870.6530.1480.141
19009.1508.6960.7200.6840.1520.145
19019.4138.9190.7660.7260.1590.151

A comparison of the annual consumption of beer, spirits, and wine per head in Australasia is added:—*

Beer.Spirits.Wine.Beer.Spirits.Wine.
 Gal.Gal.Gal. Gal.Gal.Gal.
Queensland12.360.910.60Western Australia2.1502.211.38
New South Wales9.140.730.61Tasmania7.190.380.09
Victoria11.430.731.35New Zealand (including Maoris)7.990.630.13
South Australia9.130.401.98    

* See “The Seven Colonies of Australasia, 1897–98.

TOBACCO

The tobacco entered for consumption in 1901 was 1,970,889 lb., and the consumption per head of population, including Maoris, 240 lb.

AVERAGE ANNUAL CONSUMPTION PER HEAD OF TOBACCO IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

 Lb.
Holland6.92
Western Australia5.08
United States4.40
Turkey4.37
Austria-Hungary3.77
Denmark3.70
Switzerland3.24
Belgium3.15
Germany3.00
Queensland2.86
New South Wales2.53
New Zealand2.40
Canada2.11
Victoria2.06
France2.05
Sweden1.87
South Australia1.83
Tasmania1.80
Spain1.70
United Kingdom1.41
Italy1.34
Russia1.23

IMPORTS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

The imports from the United Kingdom to New Zealand in 1901 were valued at £6,885,831, or an increase of £381,347 on the value of goods imported from the Home country during the previous year. From British colonies and possessions the imports were £2,913,866, an increase of £288,494 on the amount in 1900.

The following are the values of imports from different countries or places in 1901 and 1900, given in the order of the increase or decrease from each :—

Country, Colony, State, &c.1901.1900.Increase.
 £££
United Kingdom6,885,8316,504,484381,347
United States (East Coast)1,174,745958,286216,459
New South Wales1,222,0261,052,792169,234
United States (West Coast)240,515103,587136,928
Victoria641,431552,01389,418
Java83,416..83,416
Bengal331,188255,91175,277
Malden Island29,39812,66516,733
Germany198,521182,07416,447
China15,3241,49513,829
Belgium63,08349,29513,788
Ceylon134,742123,33311,409
South Australia39,31929,11610,203
Pacific Islands68,73361,0257,708
Greece19,75815,6534,105
Tasmania44,84041,1963,644
Philippine Islands15,73912,4743,265
Italy9,2116,9752,236
Japan45,46543,4042,061
Western Australia4,8462,8112,035
Sweden11,80910,1011,708
Switzerland2,6501,1791,471
France27,71426,3261,388
Canada33,53832,1691,369
Austria2,3161,0621,254
Madras1,084523561
Spain1,6501,129521
Mauritius442165277
Holland17,31417,130184
Bombay475345130
West Indies1,5171,405112
Canary Islands1497673
Denmark30924762
Lord Howe Island47..47
Natal561541
Aden7..7
Argentine Republic7..7
Country, Colony, State, &c.1901.1900.Decrease.
 £££
Queensland26,85899,05072,192
Fiji349,706364,51014,804
Asia Minor16,91020,7253,815
Hongkong18,24520,9532,708
Singapore25,53826,292754
Burmah1,0721,773701
Turkey..534534
British Columbia8,6408,996356
Country, Colony, State, &c.1901.1900.Decrease.
Portugal552773221
Egypt657840183
Macao..160160
Cape Colony330487157
Norway154285131
Norfolk Island38140102
Ellice Island..7575
Malta..2323
West Indies (British)..1919

The following table gives the value of the imports for each port in New Zealand for the last two years, arranged in order of magnitude for 1901:—

 1901.1900.
 ££
Wellington3,046,7072,767,066
Auckland3,023,5662,617,329
Dunedin2,203,8242,158,177
Lyttleton2,072,1861,770,709
Invercargill and Bluff328,727288,170
Napier218,140209,418
Timaru176,967143,090
Wanganui153,679145,267
Nelson135,779140,514
Greymouth74,84259,460
New Plymouth73,63167,338
Oamaru55,39347,559
Poverty Bay49,74549,278
Westport32,25437,750
Hokitika22,02312,693
Patea16,03815,561
Wairau14,37615,942
Kaipara7,1147,883
Tauranga1,8753,639
Picton1,3661,591

IMPORTS, BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

The values of imports in each provincial district during 1891 and 1901 were as under :—

 1891.1901.
 ££
Auckland1,621,3523,082,300
Taranaki26,77689,669
Hawke's Bay194,653218,140
Wellington1,397,4523,200,386
Marlborough20,33815,742
Nelson157,606168,033
Westland58,73696,865
Canterbury1,247,6832,249,153
Otago1,758,4062,587,944

The value of imports by parcel-post (£20,847 in 1891 and £109,683 in 1901) must be added to the above figures in order to make up the totals (including specie) of £6,503,849 and £11,817,915 for the respective years.

IMPORTS, NORTH AND MIDDLE ISLANDS.

Separating the value of the imports for the North Island from that of the Middle Island, it is found that whereas in 1891 the former received imported goods to the value of £3,240,233, against £3,242,769 for the Middle Island, in the year 1901 the North Island imports exceeded those of the other, the values being respectively £6,590,495 and £5,117,737, or an excess for the North Island of £1,472,758, or 28.78 per cent.

DETAILS OF ALL ARTICLES OF IMPORT.

Details of all imports for 1901, giving quantities and values of articles introduced into the colony, with the amounts entered for Home consumption, and the amount of duty received, are next shown:—

GENERAL IMPORTS INTO THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1901.
(For rates of Duty, see Tariff, pp. 83 to 99.)
Articles.Total Quantities
Imported.
Value of
Total
Imports.
Entered for Home
Consumption on
Importation and
ex Warehouse.
Amount of
Duty received.
Acid— £ £s.d.
        Acetic236,557 lb.2,914340,864 lb.2,13080
        Carbolic33,549 lb.652....
        Salicylic3,210 lb.322....
        Sulphuric145,044 lb.1,259....
        Tartaric91,176 lb.4,84290,025 lb.37521
        Unenumerated84,371 lb.1,575....
Alkali—
        Potash and caustic potash1,444 cwt.2,121....
        Soda ash13,201 cwt.4,331....
        Soda, carbonate and bicarbonate9,733 cwt.3,4515,847 cwt.49275
        Soda, caustic12,236 cwt.9,073....
        Soda crystals14842149 cwt.141710
        Soda silicate2,152 cwt.787....
        Unenumerated3,036 cwt.1,589....
Alum1,055 cwt.442....
Animals, Living—
        Birds1,731 No.228....
        Cattle30 No.2,13217 No.8100
        Deer9 No.50....
        Dogs62 No.327....
        Goats5 No.22....
        Horses289 No.17,017275 No.27500
        Kangaroos2 No.5....
        Pigs1 No.35....
        Poultry311 No.714....
        Sheep249 No.3,178....
        Turtles10 No.42....
Apparel and slops n.o.e...462,109£459,547114,886134
Apparel made to the order of residents in the colony..1,085£1,07843165
Arms, ammunition, and explosives—
        Accoutrements..4,429....
        Caps, percussion6,084,000 No.896....
        Cartridges, 10- to 24-bore4,807,460 No.16,2934,779,200 No.3,58483
        Cartridges n.o.e.10,875,785 No.13,959£6,3821,27690
        Cartridge-cases244,200 No.407241,700 No.90138
        Detonators for dynamite928,275 No.1,592....
        Dynamite150,000 lb.7,128....
        Firearms31,999 No.94,972£15,6743,134102
        Fuse206,665 coils5,153....
        Lithofracteur and cordite223,880 lb.11,867....
        Ordnance stores..14,684....
        Powder, blasting516,375 lb.12,590....
        Powder, sporting14,745 lb.2,11613.687 lb.34236
        Shot580 cwt.706201 cwt.100811
        Swords14,482 No.10,134....
        Other explosives and un-enumerated60,620 lb.4,757....
Asphalt1,695 cwt.565....
Bacon and hams6,001 lb.200490 lb.418
Bags and sacks—
        Cornsacks918,757 doz.206,447....
        Unenumerated54,917 doz.8,540£4168330
Bagging and sacking..2,300£253150
Basketware and wickerware..2,579£2,5795151710
Beche-de-mer2 cwt.4£40160
Beer180,910 galls.34,949188,491 galls.18,84930
Belting, leather39,913 lb.4,81838,870 lb.6471610
        Belting, other than leather..17,785....
Beverages, non-alcoholic—
        Aerated and mineral waters7,242 doz.1,649£1,59131860
        Coffee essence..7,883£8,0481,609109
        Limejuice, sweetened4,075 galls.876£907226146
        Limejuice, unsweetened35,329 galls.3,267....
        Unenumerated..411£48112057
Bicycles and tricycles8,014 No.54,057£52,68410,530156
        Materials for..71,173£32,4016,48024
Biscuits—
        Fancy, and other kinds85,590 lb.4,06684,757 lb.70662
        Ships', plain17 cwt.2117 cwt.2117
Blacking..4,467£4,34186832
Blacklead..3,135£3,28065600
Blue218,982 lb.6,155200,851 lb.1,673152
Boats17 No.4,165....
Bones29 tons150....
Books, printed..140,347....
Boots and shoes93,577 doz. pr.200,909£194,46843,75551
        Gum-boots1,030 doz. pr.10,306....
Borax2,049 cwt.2,414....
Brass—
        Pigs, bars, tubes, or sheets537 cwt.2,288....
        Forging or stamped work in the rough241 cwt.914....
        Manufactures..7,832£7,7111,54259
Bricks—
        Building5,000 No.11....
        Fire128,208 No.1,019£808161109
        Other kinds16,359 No.91....
Brushware and brooms3,180 doz.1,834£1,851462160
        Brushes (clothes, hair, hat, and toilet)..5,163£5,0081,001120
        Unenumerated..6,235£6,0821,520104
        Materials for..7,801....
Buckets and tubs—
        Iron919 doz.557£551137170
        Wood35 doz.19£193160
Building materials, unenumerated..796....
Butter18 cwt.95....
Candles2,258,177 lb.41,9472,174,331 lb.9,059143
Canes and rattans..1,560....
Canvas..40,458....
Caramel, brewers'22,324 lb.33321,824 lb.272160
Caramel, cereal132 lb.3132 lb.0110
Cards, playing41,366 packs86842,438 packs1,060190
Carpeting and druggeting..39,692£38,5877,71796
Carriages, &c.—
        Carriages246 No.5,545£5,3771,075100
        Carts, drays, and wagons112 No.1,469£1,46729380
        Perambulators and go-carts63 No.88£8817120
        Materials for..7,657£7,6851,53700
        Materials for axles, arms, and boxes..16,383....
        Carriage and cart shafts, spokes, and felloes in the rough..7,236....
        Carriage and cart-makers' materials..16,245....
Casks, empty1,815 No.2,005£2,005400180
Cement101,554 barrels48,56993,914 barrels9,39180
Chains and chain cables7,432 cwt.8,634....
Charcoal3,449 cwt.1,689....
Cheese37 cwt.121£9819120
Chicory72 lb.572 lb.0180
China, porcelain, and parian-ware..23,155£23,0264,60565
Clocks46,549 No.15,145£15,1593,031157
Coal149,764 tons151,334....
Cocoa and chocolate388,997 lb.39,646366,850 lb.4,585127
Cocoa beans133,540 lb.5,087....
Coffee—
        Raw325,020 lb.11,208....
        Roasted4,915 lb.2574,805 lb.6013
Coke1,014 tons3,002....
Combs..1,367£1,364272148
Confectionery—
        Chocolate in plain trade packages152,803 lb.7,588150,529 lb.1,881123
        Chocolate, fancy packages..6,875£6,7681,3531210
        Unenumerated424,162 lb.13,581427,689 lb.3,56416
Copper—
        Nails360 cwt.1,688....
        Pig, bar, sheet, and tube4,851 cwt.22,609....
        Rod and bolt236 cwt.880....
        Sheathing768 cwt.2,802....
        Manufactures..51....
Copra599 tons6,419....
Cordage5,446 cwt.14,726£13,6012,720510
        Hawsers of 12 in. and over140 cwt.233....
        Iron and steel11,705 cwt.25,822....
Cork, cut..8,793£9,0681,813128
Cotton piece-goods—
        Butter- and cheese-cloth..4,265....
        Calico, white and grey..142,228....
        Corduroy, moleskin, and beaver-skin..3,656....
        Leather-cloth..7,105....
        Shirtings, coloured cotton..33,270....
        Shirtings, flannelette..6,738....
        Shirtings, union, of 6d. per yard and under..2,926....
        Tubular woven cotton cloth..4,624....
        Waterproof material..36,813....
        Unenumerated..228,943£221,23534,425102
Cotton—
        Raw3,812 lb.67....
        Waste3,883 cwt.5,571....
        Wick112,295 lb.4,980....
Cutlery..27,149£26,7455,34905
Doors, plain496 No.265496 No.49120
Drapery..281,115£278,99855,799107
        Lace and laces..46,782£46,24611,56185
        Ribbons and crape..19,761£19,7574,93971
        Tailors' trimmings..96,205....
Drugs—
        Baking powder and yeast preparations..287£30260100
        Refined glycerine..1,143£1,11622340
        Chemicals n.o.e...3,909£3,865579156
        Cream of tartar772,589 lb.28,987811,066 lb.3,379810
        Drugs, druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares..71,763£71,28710,69326
        Tinctures and medicinal spirits13,296 lb.1,01916,476 lb.823161
        Anhydrous ammonia..3,353....
        Arsenic940 cwt.1,010....
        Disinfectants..4,341....
        Food preservative..3,065....
        Gums..2,052....
        Insecticides and tree-washes..1,226....
        Maltine..693....
        Medicinal barks, leaves, &c...1,261....
        Phosphorus..1,106....
        Potassium cyanide7,938 cwt.44,687....
        Sheep-dip..24,980....
        Sheep- and horse-drenches..73....
        Unenumerated..17,475....
Dyes..16,243....
Earthenware..69,422£68,38413,676148
Eggs13 doz.14....
Engine-packing2,713 cwt.9,554....
Essences, flavouring—
        Spirituous1,656 gals.4,3911,648 gals.131828
        Unenumerated..80£811241
Essential oils—
        Eucalyptus10,553 lb.2,306£2,339467168
        Other kinds45,670 lb.5,936....
Fancy goods and toys..145,356£141,25628,25122
Felt sheathing..5,814....
Fire-engines7 No.4,449....
Fire-hose and other appliances..3,928....
Fireworks..1,321£1,18123640
Fish—
        Anchovies, salted35 cwt.61....
        Dried, pickled, and salted2,397 cwt.4,4332,195 cwt.1,097117
        Potted and preserved2,111,040 lb.48,8951,900,111 lb.15,83453
        Goldfish, live..5....
Fishing tackle—
        Artificial flies..301£2937350
        Fish-hooks..404....
        Unenumerated..2,670£2,587517610
Flock125 cwt.157£1311320
Floorcloth and oilcloth..79,479£77,36815,473103
Flour615 centals245615 centals30145
Foods, animal—
        Chaff6 tons226 tons5110
        Unenumerated..2,669£2,66753398
Foods, farinaceous—
        Arrowroot83,347 lb.750....
        Macaroni and vermicelli107,974 lb.1,415....
        Maizena and corn-flour1,006,801 lb.12,2441,024,600 lb.1,067510
        Sago and tapioca17,575 cwt.11,393....
        Unenumerated..2,447....
Fruits, bottled and preserved50,204 doz.14,065£13,7503,43797
Fruits, dried—
        Currants2,913,943 lb.40,2342,839,178 lb.11,829182
        Raisins2,269,369 lb.37,5402,278,694 lb.9,494112
        Unenumerated1,358,606 lb.19,0201,295,671 lb.10,79752
Fruits, fresh—
        Apples, pears, plums, &c.1,010,960 lb.13,1231,010,960 lb.4,21268
        Apples and pears974,010 lb.9,874974,250 lb.2,029139
        Currants and raspberries,23,274 lb.22423,274 lb.4899
        Lemons737,584 lb.6,892737,584 lb.1,536128
        Other kinds22,272,323 lb.105,182....
        Lemon- and orange-peel, in brine418,442 lb.2,447....
        Preserved in sulphurous acid30,744 lb.32030,744 lb.12820
        Pulp and partially-preserved fruit5,493 lb.585,493 lb.3467
Fungus11 cwt.21....
Furniture and upholstery..40,055£39,2099,80255
        Kapok5,409 cwt.18,259....
        Unenumerated..4,782....
Furniture-, knife-, and plate-powder and polish..5,397£5,3531,070116
Furs..4,827£4,8061,20192
Gelatine and isinglass57,410 lb.4,516£4,643928106
Glass—
        Bottles, empty..42,044....
        Mirrors and looking-glasses..6,223£6,1851,54656
        Plate, bevelled, &c...5,049£5,0131,25350
        Plate, other kinds412,733 sup. ft.13,049£13,0102,601186
        Window2,732,610 sup. ft.26,7932,742,150 sup. ft.2,742210
Glassware..40,276£33,9116,782210
Glue and size117,803 lb.3,059109,709 lb.68611
Gold-leaf..1,118....
Grain and pulse—
        Barley35 centals3731 centals316
        Beans and peas801 centals539802 centals3017
        Oats127 centals27123 centals41111
        Wheat997 centals199992 centals37310
        Unenumerated3,467 centals2,5893,435 centals1281511
        Ground, unenumerated4,308 centals4,0303,067 centals15369
Grease3,964 cwt.2,830£2,86057201
Grindery—
        Heel- and toe-plates..1,219£1,30329359
        Unenumerated..19,717....
Haberdashery..19,193£19,1983,839123
        Buttons..28,668....
        Sewing-cottons..59,255....
        Unenumerated..3,630....
Hair373 cwt.1,716....
Hardware..259,559£248,96549,79319
        Coffin furniture..2,354£2,274454180
Hats and caps139,713 doz.70,013£68,38317,0951511
Hatters' materials..18,675....
Hemp154 tons6,000....
Hides2,294 No.2,798....
Honey48 lb.148 lb.080
Hops103,865 lb.4,88489,475 lb.2,236179
Hosiery..101,481£100,37320,074121
Indiarubber and gutta-percha goods..7,412£6412160
Ink—
        Printing153,209 lb.7,052....
        Writing..1,571£1,4752941810
Instruments, musical—
        Harmoniums and organs867 No.8,571£8,4001,679192
        Pianofortes3,873 No.87,755£85,82117,16438
        Unenumerated..18,045£17,8643,572172
        For Volunteer bands..225....
        Materials for..1,800£438871010
Instruments, other kinds—
        Optical..2,691....
        Scientific..3,279....
        Surgical and dental..24,381....
        Surveying..1,319....
        Unenumerated..50....
Iron and steel—
        Angle762 tons7,061....
        Bar, bolt, and rod14,065 tons147,384....
        Bolts and nuts19,967 cwt.22,610....
        Castings for ships70 tons2,155....
        Galvanised manufactures..1,020£97324342
        Hoop1,649 tons18,214....
        Hoop, galvanised3,056 cwt.2,2683,059 cwt.22987
        Pig7,798 tons38,402....
        Pipes and fittings6,975 tons78,895£78,7293,936811
        Rails16,885 tons119,590....
        Railway bolts and fastenings2,117 tons28,754£39478160
        Sheet and plate6,074 tons58,453....
        Sheet, galvanised, corrugated167,115 cwt.139,423164,738 cwt.16,473161
        Sheet, galvanised, plain38,454 cwt.33,99638,264 cwt.2,8691611
        Staples and standards336 tons4,117£4,046809511
        Tanks3,202 No.9,9953,186 No.1,410126
        Wire, fencing, barbed2,526 tons33,129....
        Wire, fencing, plain6,233 tons63,061....
        Wire, telegraph and tele-telephone166 tons2,331....
        Wire-netting..24,341....
        Wire, unenumerated552 tons8,168....
        Unenumerated2 tons33....
Jams, jellies, and preserves419,912 lb.7,157421,416 lb.3,511161
Jellies, concentrated67,606 lb.2,54764,956 lb.1,0821110
Jewellery..34,349£33,5936,7181111
Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick..19,164£18,7353,746197
Lard0 cwt.34£346160
Lead—
        Pigs and bars635 tons8,925....
        Pine451 cwt.434451 cwt.79111
        Sheet17,241 cwt.14,19616,528 cwt.1,2391110
        Manufactures..212£21242110
Leather497,942 lb.66,208409,841 lb.2,668137
        Chamois..491£47895110
Leather manufactures—
        Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, laces, &c...7,614£7,6691,725125
        Unenumerated..1,470£1,420293125
Lighthouses materials..171....
Linen piece-goods
        Forfar, dowlas, and flax sheetings..18,118£1,64032816
        Forfar, dowlas, &c., cut up under supervision..£13,116....
        Linens n.o.e...17,702£17,3093,461168
        Hessians and scrim..54,093....
Linseed7 tons1167 tons771
Liquorice..2,964£3,0146021511
Machinery and machines—
        Agricultural..72,698....
        Ploughs and harrows..10,744....
        Dairying..30,054....
        Dairying engines for32 No.1,322£2,12910690
        Dairying boilers for107 No.4,561£4,98624960
        Dredging..78,890£76,0683,80386
        Electric..63,203£25,3262,532115
        Engines, steam48 No.7,701£8,0241,604160
        Engines, boilers for48 No.9,215£2,35547100
        Engines, gas270 No.21,181....
        Flour-milling..2,590£2,56912896
        Gas-making..37,679£37,2113,72130
        Mining..37,014....
        Mining engines for91 No.23,200£23,3601,16806
        Mining boilers for37 No.11,954£12,04660260
        Oil-refining..1,096£1,09654160
        Paper-milling..1,207£9284680
        Portable and traction engines56 No.22,946....
        Printing..21,176£19,7149851310
        Refrigerating..11,881£10,62653166
        Sewing and knitting11,425 No.38,227....
        Wood-working..10,498£1,65782176
        Woollen-milling..10,551£9,34946796
        Unenumerated..105,410£80,70814,841101
        Materials for and parts of..13,926£2,03930199
Malt6,313 bush.1,6663,238 bush.323170
        Rice malt18,368 lb.12518,368 lb.76180
Manures—
        Bone-dust9,045 tons46,567....
        Guano12,795 tons41,927....
        Unenumerated11,886 tons45,692....
Marble—
        Dressed or polished, and manufactures..6,932£6,9981,74976
        Hewn, or rough-sawn272 tons1,825....
Matches and vestas—
        Wax93,781 gross15,30879,263 gross5,77502
        Wooden35,493 gross2,70832,035 gross1,60241
Mats and matting..6,466£6,3491,2691811
Meats, potted and preserved57,535 lb.2,309£2,24644951
Medicines, patent and proprietary..33,661£34,9065,235180
Metal, manufactures of—
        Japanned and lacquered metalware..1,269£1,279319151
        Not otherwise enumerated..10,864£10,4892,097171
        Weighbridges..2,391£2,239447149
        Anchors545 No.487....
        Rivets and washers10,613 cwt.9,828....
        Tacks1,552 cwt.2,289....
        Type-writers590 No.7,543....
        Unenumerated..42,894....
Metal sheathing, other than copper913 cwt.2,909....
Milk, preserved810,497 lb.16,112£16,4384,10973
Millinery—
        Feathers, ornamental..2,750£2,743685174
        Other kinds..40,630£40,29310,07360
Minerals—
        Bitumen5 cwt.4....
        Manganese-ore2 cwt.18....
        Nickle-ore1 cwt.17....
Mustard240,044 lb.13,507241,273 lb.2,010122
Nails—
        Iron62,970 cwt.39,73362,208 cwt.6,220170
        Unenumerated274 cwt.301195 cwt.2960
Naphtha15,961 galls.2,36314,428 galls360142
Nuts—
        Almonds, in shell6,871 lb.1487,452 lb.6228
        Almonds, shelled33,860 lb.2,53332,037 lb.40094
        Almonds, Barbary, &c.143,325 lb.6,618....
        Cocoa129,906 No.471....
        Unenumerated48,706 lb.73249,037 lb.4081210
Oakum1,015 cwt.1,277....
Oars1,321 No.225....
Oils—
        Castor, bulk92,025 galls.12,56879,303 galls1,982115
        Castor, bottled1,287 doz. pt.507£4506797
        Cod liver5,345 galls.1,073....
        Colza14,202 galls.2,14713,828 galls.345140
        Fish, penguin, and seal42,479 galls.4,137....
        Linseed279,248 galls.44,182261,717 galls.6,542185
        Kerosene3,041,828 galls.128,656....
        Mineral, other kinds219,800 galls.17,820156,432 galls.3,910163
        Neatsfoot1,515 galls.1681,466 galls.361211
        Olive, bulk7,542 galls.1,4587,192 galls.1791510
        Olive, bottled3,514 doz. pts1,659£1,44221660
        Whale115 galls.19....
        Unenumerated, bulk162,301 galls.17,550148,636 galls.3,715184
        Unenumerated, bottled5,779 doz. pts2,655£2,731409131
        Unenumerated73,339 galls.3,797....
Oilmen's stores..7,179£6,9721,39468
Onions19,822 cwt.10,08220,157 cwt.1,007177
Opium2,470 lb.4,2993,309 lb.6,617108
Paints and colours—
        Ground in oil35,544 cwt.48,55334,243 cwt.4,280810
        Mixed, ready for use5,174 cwt.13,0504,387 cwt.1,0961511
        Unenumerated11,056 cwt.12,104....
Paper—
        Bags, coarse36 cwt.3737 cwt.13176
        Bags, other kinds2,586 cwt.4,321£4,3861,09677
        Butter-paper3,339 cwt.6,731....
        Paperhangings1,051,616 pieces29,675£29,2424,38662
        Printing120,676 cwt.113,428....
        Wrapping4,379 cwt.5,7264,099 cwt.1,024161
        Writing12,446 cwt.23,967....
        Unenumerated658 cwt.1,101....
Pearl barley99 cwt.5099 cwt.4185
Peas, split1,184 cwt.5881,187 cwt.118136
Peel, candied and dried18,072 lb.41417,988 lb.224170
Perfumery—
        Perfumed spirits1,239 galls.5,7971,306 galls.1,958115
        Toilet preparations..7,311£7,1041,775186
        Unenumerated..1,296£1,403350173
Photographic goods..7,074£6,8551,345130
        Copper, glass, and zinc plates..1,374....
        Cameras and lenses..7,643....
        Sensitised surfaces..13,905....
Pickles6,196 galls.1,7115,846 galls.8761911
Pictures, paintings, &c...7,121£5,8701,17411
Picture-frames and mounts..1,126£1,12522504
Pitch1,263 cwt.620....
Plants, trees, and shrubs,..4,103....
Plaster of Paris4,803 cwt.1,184....
Plate and plated ware..46,406£44,8328,96695
Portmanteaux..4,535£4,5051,12660
        Leather and leather-cloth bags..78£7815120
Potatoes78 tons170£12524190
Printing material—
        Stereotypes and matrices..264£18646100
        Type and materials, n.o.e...13,845....
Provisions n.o.e...6,296£6,2161,24326
Pumps..4,820£3,828765131
Putty5,545 cwt.2,8715,527 cwt.552142
Quicksilver9,901 lb.1,342....
Rags38 tons161....
Railway plant—
        Locomotives57 No.152,965....
        Parts of locomotives..40,128....
        Unenumerated..321,418£2,15643140
Resin11,411 cwt.3,710....
Rice54,597 cwt.36,024....
Rice-flour72 cwt.65109 cwt.32134
Rugs, all kinds..13,551£13,4202,68401
Saccharine6,876 oz.3016,508 oz.48820
Saddlery and harness..41,264£33,5616,71258
        Harness-oil and composition..2,739£2,653530103
Saddlers' ironmongery..23,129....
        Collar-check..4,663....
Salt12,535 tons26,894....
        Rock395 tons869....
Saltpetre114 tons1,458....
Sauces13,636 gals.9,42913,659 gals.2,731148
Sausage-skins186,285 lb.9,683187,667 lb.2,345169
Seeds—
        Grass and clover13,670 cwt.36,375....
        Unenumerated..24,294....
Shale201 tons569....
Shells4 cwt.19....
Ship-chandlery..10,034....
Silks..121,937£121,55830,389119
        For flour-dressing..262....
Silver800 oz.98....
Skins and pelts—
        Fur-skins16,008 No.520....
        Kangaroo and wallabi27,275 No.1,234....
        Unenumerated24,372 No.2,225....
Slates, roofing147,445 No.1,338....
Soap—
        Common10 cwt.1210 cwt.289
        Soap-powder, extract of soap, &c...5,253£4,96099208
        Unenumerated995,919 lb.24,694£24,3846,095187
Specie—
        Copper..3,239....
        Gold..437,322....
        Silver..23,938....
Specimens illustrative of natural science..354....
Spices—
        Ground21,016 lb.92920,300 lb.33868
        Unground371,45511,767384,127 lb.3,20112
Spirits—
        Bitters, cordials, and liqueurs3,223 gals.3,2152,815 galls.2,25272
        Brandy82,252 gals.32,88272,197 galls.57,757710
        Geneva and gin, unsweetened82,890 gals.20,22264,721 galls.51,77720
        Methylated522 gals.62263 galls.1330
        Rum19,560 gals.3,86419,923 galls.15,93868
        Sweetened6,448 gals.1,8407,396 galls.5,916100
        Whisky491,888 gals.171,331423,647 galls.338,917185
        Unenumerated2,202 gals.1,7702,263 galls.1,810138
Spirits of wine40,183 gals.2,8411,462 galls.1,16977
        Methylated, in bond....33,569 galls.83944
Sponges1,901 lb.389£3425150
Starch994,363 lb.10,881954,217 lb.7,951162
Stationery—
        Manufactured..43,026£39,0209,75504
        Not otherwise enumerated..42,595£35,9777,19578
        Apparatus for teaching..5,4980....
        Bookbinders' materials..6,334....
        Cardboard-boxes, materials for..10,285....
        Unenumerated..5,684....
Stearine298,067 lb.6,631287,625 lb.898167
Stone—
        Building2,74-8 tons4,463....
        Flagging5 tons23....
        Granite, dressed..2,964£2,97274300
        Grind-, mill-, oil-, and whet-stones..2,786....
Sugar—
        Raw781,154 cwt.390,5912,912 lb.614
        Refined116,533 cwt.95,11579,366,154 lb.165,34631
        Glucose4,768 cwt.2,774591,721 lb2,465101
        Molasses and treacle4,082 cwt.1,4562,513,712 lb5,236180
        Molasses, mixed with bone-black87 cwt.27....
Sulphur5,971 cwt.2,195....
Tallow..1....
Tanning materials—
        Crude bark4,100 tons35,476....
        Other kinds..4,434....
Tar..903....
Tarpaulins and tents..2,914£56211280
Tea5,770,926 lb.219,0895,508,610 lb.45,90519
Textile piece-goods other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen..18,393£18,1103,62216
        Articles made up from..10,271£10,0762,51918
Timber—
        Laths and shingles344,450 No.435343,910 No.3479
        Logs2,546 No.11,239....
        Logs, hewn8,660,087 sup. ft.86,329....
        Palings520,364 No.3,171520,364 No.52069
        Posts15,444 No.73214,620 No.5898
        Rails1,950 No.581,950 No.3180
        Sawn, undressed8,509,984 sup. ft.72,2775,661,872 sup. ft.5,661175
        Sawn, dressed141,496 sup. fr.2,349141,450 sup. ft.282180
        Unenumerated..2,562....
Tin—
        Block2,538 cwt.15,770....
        Foil32,688 lb.1,456....
        Sheet37,961 cwt.34,088....
Tinware..11,949£11,8902,972109
Tinsmiths' furnishings and fittings..1,830....
Tobacco—
        Unmanufactured68,208 lb.3,07352,226 lb.5,222120
        Manufactured1,730,692 lb.137,4741,661,677 lb.290,793811
        Cigars107,537 lb.34,59887,165 lb.30,507132
        Cigarettes196,902 lb.46,58467,758,400 No.59,288120
          6,838 oz.170193
        Snuff1,402 lb.1601,492 lb.52240
Tobacco-pipes and cases..20,460£20,3285,08208
Tools and implements—
        Axes and hatchets..10,303....
        Engineers' machine tools..27,342....
        Scythes..1,842....
        Sheep-shears..3,325....
        Spades, shovels, and forks..12,868....
        Unenumerated..84,523....
Tramway plant..2,378£2,378475120
Turpentine, driers, and terebine108,213 gals.14,273....
Twine417,801 lb.14,066£12,9582,591135
        Binder474 cwt.1,319....
        Nets and netting..841£79615957
        Unenumerated..154....
Umbrellas and parasols..19,027£19,0283,805136
        Materials for..3,883....
Varnish and gold size38,393 gals.17,82636,863 gals.3,68660
Vegetables, fresh, dried, and preserved..1,030£974194156
Vinegar46,439 gals.4,78848,696 gals.1,21781
Watches39,156 No.21,922£20,7734,154113
Watchmakers' materials..693....
Wax—
        Paraffin863,561 lb.12,295897,193 lb.2,803147
        Beeswax69 cwt.464....
        Vegetable1,730 lb.651,780 lb.1126
Whiting and chalk12,343 cwt.1,39812,344 cwt.61749
Wine—
        Australian62,356 gals.21,64355,321 gals.13,83070
        Sparkling..11,212 gals.20,16410,348 gals.4,65611 11
        Other kinds60,048 gals.22,03057,923 gals.17,37707
Woodenware..23,110£14,9832,996143
        Mouldings..12,535£12,1571,823117
Wool—
        Greasy1,149,734 lb.30,707....
        Scoured256,401 lb.7,037....
Woollen piece-goods..319,770£317,08963,4171511
        Blankets24,616 pairs9,811£9,7671,95393
Woolpacks35,304 doz.36,864....
Woolpockets520 doz.268....
Yarns..5,534£5,7091141170
        Coir, flax, and hemp..10,692....
Zinc—
        Perforated sheet474 cwt.854....
        Plain sheet7,686 cwt.9,382....
        Spelter4,319 cwt.4,534....
Zinc manufactures..154£1543140
Minor articles required for the making-up of apparel..8,086....
Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication of goods in the colony..23,495....
Miscellaneous goods—
        Manufactured..12,839....
        Unmanufactured..4,540....
        Vanilla beans27,752 lb.8,348....
Parcels Post..109,683..22,405105
EXCISE DUTIES
Tobacco, manufactured....51,9301b.2,596100
Cigars....2,160 lb.16200
Cigarettes made by hand....238 lb.11180
Pharmacopœia tinctures, essences, extracts, and medcinal spirits containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit....53,501 lb.2,00657
Pharmacopœia tinctures, &c., containing less than 50 per cent. of proof spirit....1,545 lb.1962
Culinary and flavouring essences....288 gals.172190

CUSTOMS REVENUE.

The Customs and excise duties received during the last five years are shown in detail, also the rate of revenue per head of mean population, inclusive and exclusive of Maoris, for each year:—

1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
CUSTOMS DUTIES.£££££

* Including £89 excise duty on culinary and flavouring essences.

† Including £149 excise duty on culinary and flavouring essences, and £11 on perfumed spirits.

‡ Including £89 excise duty on culinary and flavouring essences.

§ Including £173 duty on culinary and flavouring essences, and £19 on perfumed spirits.

Spirits384,218395,513414,395442,090478,816
Wine30,51831,13832,04533,61435,864
Ale, Beer, &c.19,03519,15817,59417,56218,849
Cigars, Cigarettes, and Snuff65,34771,43077,81082,35790,490
Tobacco244,669257,516263,057279,651296,016
Tea76,08178,67679,97568,96045,905
Coffee, Cocoa, &c.5,7225,4636,9685,2854,647
Sugar and Molasses148,748154,355162,787168,876173,055
Opium5,6255,5016,1396,4266,618
Other Goods by Weight187,498187,758192,987178,554151,286
Other Goods ad valorem634,043637,506682,722775,649808,531
Other Duties102,025105,98791,15594,68759,316
Parcels Post8,63211,72514,36816,64322,405
        Totals, Customs Duties1,912,1611,961,7262,042,0022,170,3542,191,798
EXCISE DUTIES.
Tinctures—New Zealand983*1,2442,0361,638§2,198
Cigars, Cigarettes, and Snuff—New - Zealand-manufactured19115291129174
Tobacco — New - Zealand manufactured2,3582,2822,3232,3762,596
Beer—New Zealand71,76575,16478,26585,14189,185
Totals, Excise Duties75,29778,84282,71589,28494,153
Revenue from Customs£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris)213021332145216102164
Ditto(including Maoris)21032106211821402135
Revenue from Excise Duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris021.0021.7022.5024025
Ditto (including Maoris)0111.7020.4021.1022.7023.5

The Customs revenue for the year 1901 amounted to £2,191,798, and the excise duties to £94,153. The revenue from Customs was £2 16s. 4d. per head of population excluding Maoris, and £2 13s. 5d. if they be included. In 1888 the Customs revenue was £2 6s. 2d. per head of European population, and from that time the proportion increased slowly year by year until 1892, when it reached £2 11s. 6d. per head. During the next two years there was a falling-off; but 1895 and following years show increases, the proportion for 1900 being higher than in any year since 1883. Details for twelve years are given :—

CUSTOMS REVENUE PER HEAD OF EUROPEAN POPULATION.

 £s.d.
1890293
1891297
18922116
18932104
1894264
1895269
18962911
18972130
18982133
18992145
190021610
19012164

Dating from 1890, the taxation by way of Customs and excise duties together increased from £2 11s. 2d. in that year to £2 11s. 11d. in 1896, to £2 15s. 1d. in 1897, to £2 15s. 5d. in 1898, to £2 16s. 8d. in 1899, to £2 19s. 2d. in 1900, and declined to £2 18s. 9d. in 1901.

There was an alteration of tariff in 1895 in certain items, but the amount of duty paid in 1899 does not bear a higher proportion to the total value of imports (less specie) for that year than the duty paid in 1894, prior to the new tariff, to the imports of that year.

In the year 1900 certain duties were lowered and exemptions granted. Tea is now charged only 2d. per pound, instead of 4d.; currants and raisins are lowered to 1d. per pound; candles are 1d.; cocoa and roasted coffee, 3d. There is also reduction on stearine for match making, on paraffin-wax, and wax matches. Patent and proprietary medicines bear 15 per cent, duty, also certain drugs and chemicals. Steam-engines, or parts thereof, are charged 5 per cent. The new exemptions are various.

With these circumstances there has been a greater import of taxable articles, which would seem to indicate that purchasing power had increased. It is at least certain that the value of imports rose from £5,990,177 (excluding specie), in 1894, to £11,353,416 in 1901, notwithstanding the changes of tariff.

The tariff has been given in full in this book (see pages 83 to 99.) The rates of duty levied include 16s. per gallon on spirits; 30s. per gallon on perfumed spirits; 7s. per pound on cigars and snuff; 17s. 6d. per 1,000 of 2 1/2 lb. and under, and 6d. per ounce weight over 2 1/2 lb. per 1,000, on cigarettes; 3s. 6d. per pound on manufactured and 2s. on unmanufactured tobacco. Sparkling wine is charged 9s. a gallon; Australian, 5s.; other kinds, 6s.; ale and beer, 2s. The duty on tea is 2d. the pound; on cocoa, chocolate, and chicory, 3d.; raw coffee, 2d.; roasted, 3d. Sugar, molasses, and treacle pay 1/2 d., and glucose 1d. per pound. Opium is charged 40s. per pound. The remainder of the Customs revenue, with small exception, is made up of charges on goods by weight, ad valorem duties, ranging from 5 to 40 per cent., and receipts from the foreign parcels post. There is also an excise duty of 1s. per pound on tobacco; 1s. 6d. per pound on cigars, cigarettes, and snuff; 3d. per gallon on beer; 9d. per pound on tinctures, &c., manufactured in the colony, containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, and 3d. per pound when less than 50 per cent. Also, 12s. per gallon on culinary flavouring essences; and 20s. on perfumed spirits.

By “The Tobacco Excise Duties Act, 1896,” the excise duty on cigarettes made in the colony is now (from the 31st December, 1896) 2s. 6d. per pound on machine-made and 1s. per pound on hand-made cigarettes.

“The Tobacco Act Amendment Act, 1896,” enacts that all packages of manufactured tobacco shall be labelled before leaving the manufactory, and provides for the issue of warrants to use cutting-machines for cutting duty-paid manufactured tobacco for sale (or to be used in the manufacture of cigarettes by hand), and to manufacture cigarettes by hand, under certain conditions.

The duties authorised by “The Timber Export Act, 1901,” will be found given on page 99 in detail with the full tariff.

Chapter 31. SECTION III.—EXPORTS AND TOTAL TRADE

THE value of all the exports in 1901, exclusive of horses and forage sent to South Africa with the New Zealand Contingents, was £12,881,424; the value of New Zealand produce exported, £12,690,460: an average of £16 6s. 3d. per head of population, against £17 1s. 11d. for the previous year. The decrease in the value of exports of New Zealand produce for 1901 in respect of that for 1900 amounts to £364,789, or 2.79 per cent.

A comparative table showing the value of New Zealand domestic exports for fourteen years is given further on, with comments. The continuous rise observed from 1895 to 1900 was arrested in 1901.

A comparative statement of exports according to value for the two years is given, showing the amounts for various principal articles, being the produce or manufacture of the colony, classified according to their nature into groups:—

 Year 1900.Year 1901.Increase
in
1901.
Decrease
in
1901.
THE MINE.££££
Coal98,136142,17644,040..
Gold1,439,6021,753,784314,182..
Silver, and minerals52,47474,00321,529..
                Total1,590,2121,969,963379,751..
                                   THE FISHERIES.
Fish18,64417,851..793
Oysters1,9523,2011,249..
Other1,078965..113
                Total21,67422,017343..
                                   THE FOREST.
Fungus7,19212,4535,261..
Kauri-gum622,293446,114..170,179
           Timber—
        Sawn and hewn232,174294,69962,525..
        Other1,4851,191..294
                Total863,144754,457..108,687
                                   ANIMALS AND PRODUCE.
Bacon and hams16,77717,722955..
Beef and pork (salted)9,53010,225695..
Butter740,620882,406141,786..
Cheese229,111238,6859,574..
Hides42,03943,4701,431..
Live-stock39,67516,518..23,157
Preserved meats94,52487,683..6,841
Frozen meat2,123,8812,253,262129,381..
Rabbit-skins41,68957,04615,357..
Sausage-skins43,15839,498..3,660
Sheepskins and pelts279,391264,579..14,812
Tallow368,473351,710..16,763
Wool4,749,1963,699,103..1,050,093
Other8,7947,280..1,514
                Total8,786,8587,969,197..817,661
                                   AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
Bran and sharps13,06215,2942,232..
Chaff759217..
Flour17,0448,495..8,549
           Grain—
        Barley28,23513,241..14,994
        Beans and peas25,27526,028753..
        Maize24,57515,085..9,490
        Malt50,50632,252..18,254
        Oats552,270922,301370,031..
        Wheat351,494276,111..75,383
Hops13,87417,1893,315..
Oatmeal26,62227,591969..
Potatoes25,13490,65865,524..
Seeds (grass and clover)93,00669,937..23,069
Other9,39318,1128,719..
                Total1,230,5651,532,386301,821..
                                   MANUFACTURES.
Apparel3,6547,2273,573..
Leather112,867112,400..467
Phormium (New Zealand hemp)332,182195,728..136,454
Woollen manufactures12,52813,7591,231..
Other manufactures88,11196,0287,917..
                Total549,342425,142..124,200
Miscellaneous13,45417,2983,844..
                Total exports (colonial produce and manufactures)13,055,24912,690,40..364,789
Specie22,90311,614..11,289
Other exports (British and foreign)168,009179,35011,341..
                Total exports£13,246,16112,881,424..364,737

The class designated “Animals and Produce” shows by far the greatest value, the sum for 1901 being £7,969,197, which includes £3,699,103 for wool and £2,253,262 for frozen meat. The total value of exports in this class decreased during the year by £817,661, on a total of £8,786,858 in 1900.

“The Mine” takes second place among the classes for total value, with an export of coal, gold, silver, and other minerals amounting to £1,969,963 for 1901, being an increase of £379,751 on £1,590,212, the export for the previous year.

“Agricultural Products,” principally grain, potatoes, and seeds, take third place, and show an advance of £301,821 on the value exported in 1900, oats and potatoes contributing the bulk of the increase.

“The Forest” shows the export for last year to be £754,457, which, on account of a falling off in the kauri-gum industry, gives a decrease of £108,687.

“Nelson” are set down at £425,142 in 1901, being £124,200 less than in the previous year. Phormium shows a decline on the operations for 1900 of £136,454. Woollen manufactures sent abroad increased slightly; and leather decreased by £467.

The smallest group in respect to value is “The Fisheries,” which, however, shows an increase in value. The total for the group was £22,017 last year.

The exports of New Zealand produce or manufacture for the two last years have also to be considered in relation to quantity, and the articles are again grouped in the next table according to the same classification as that used for purposes of comparing the values.

QUANTITIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE EXPORTED.

Items.Year 1900.Year 1901.Increase
in 1901.
Decrease
in 1901.
* At 20 lb. to the bushel.
The Mine:—
        Coal Tons112,707159,64346,936..
        Gold Oz.373,614455,55881,944..
        Silver Oz.326,457571,134244,677..
        Minerals Tons2,335945..1,390
The Fisheries:—
        Fish Cwt.11,28311,020..263
        Oysters Doz.234,992383,680148,688..
        Whalebone Lb.6,6081,232..5,376
The Forest:—
        Fungus Cwt.4,1395,9021,763..
        Gum (kauri) Tons10,1597,541..2,618
        Timber (sawn and hewn) Ft.57,517,08571,822,36914,305,284..
Animals and Produce:—
        Bacon and hams Cwt.5,3345,500166..
        Beef and Pork (salted) Cwt.8,1928,28189..
        Butter Cwt.172,583201,59129,008..
        Cheese Cwt.102,849104,2941,445..
        Hides No.47,29247,875583..
        Live-stock No.5,6744,298..1,376
        Meats (preserved) Cwt.44,40235,258..9,144
        Meats (frozen) Cwt.1,844,8311,857,54712,716..
        Sausage-skins Cwt.9,3919,133..258
        Skins (rabbit) No.5,690,8937,112,0081,421,115..
        Skins (sheep) and pelts No.4,669,4304,601,531..67,899
        Tallow Cwt.367,780335,360..32,420
        Wool Lb.140,706,486146,820,0796,113,593..
Agricultural Products:—
        Bran and sharps Tons4,4924,754262..
        Chaff Tons25283..
        Flour Tons2,6131,305..1,308
        Grain, barley Bush.243,048119,779..123,269
        Grain, beans and peas Bush.174,523166,184..8,339
        Grain, maize Bush.193,720124,447..69,273
        Grain, malt Bush.220,893141,324..79,569
        Grain, oats Bush.5,818,64810,514,9244,696,276..
        Grain, wheat Bush.2,867,0692.301,092565,977..
        Hops Cwt.2,8764,2981,422..
        Oatmeal Tons2,9723,323351..
        Potatoes13,42222,8349,412..
        Seeds (grass and clover) Bush*351,630294,347..57,283
Manufactures:—
        Ale and beer Gals.18,61519,449834..
        Cordage Cwt.1,532647..885
        Leather Cwt.18,13118,281150..
        Phormium (New Zealand hemp) Tons15,90610,171..5,735
        Soap Cwt.3,9366,0142,078..

The numerical increases in such articles as butter, oats, wool, coal, silver, gold, timber, potatoes, hops, rabbitskins, and soap, are all most satisfactory, and in some cases (notably butter, timber, gold, silver; coal, oats, and potatoes) very considerable; while, on the other hand, the export of tallow, sheepskins, pelts, and phormium, and some other items (including kauri-gum), declined in 1901. The rates of increase and decrease for the principal articles are exhibited in the table following:—

INCREASES.

Export ofRate of Increase per
Cent. in 1901 over
Quantity in 1900.
OatsBush80.71
SilverOz.74.95
PotatoesTons70.12
OystersDoz.63.27
SoapCwt.52.79
HopsCwt.49.44
FungusCwt.42.59
CoalsTons41.65
Rabbit-skinsNo.24.97
TimberFt.24.87
GoldOz.21.94
ButterCwt.16.81
ChaffTons12.00
OatmealTons11.81
LeatherCwt.8.27
Bran and sharpsTons5.83
Ale and beerGals.4.48
WoolLb.4.34
Bacon and hamsCwt.3.11
CheeseCwt.1.40
HidesNo.1.23
Beef and porkCwt.1.09
Meat (frozen)Cwt.0.69

DECREASES.

Export ofRate of Decrease per
Cent. in 1901 over
Quantity in 1900.
WhaleboneLb.81.36
MineralsTons59.53
CordageCwt.57.77
BarleyBush.50.72
FlourTons50.06
PhormiumTons36.06
MaltBush.36.02
MaizeBush35.76
Gum (Kauri)Tons25.77
Live-stockNo.24.25
Preserved meatCwt.20.59
WheatBush.19.74
SeedsBush.16.29
TallowCwt.8.82
Beans and peasBush.4.78
Sausage-skinsCwt.2.75
FishCwt.2.33
Sheepskins and peltsNo.1.45

The position as to value in respect of a period of fourteen years, 1888 to 1901 inclusive, is presented in a table giving the domestic exports for each. The most important items of export given under the heading “Other New Zealand Produce” are coal, silver, minerals, fish, oysters, fungus, kauri-gum, timber, bacon and hams, salted and preserved meats, tallow, sheep- and rabbit-skins, hides, sausage-skins, and live-stock. The aggregate value of these in 1901 was £1,881,114.

EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE.

Calendar
Year.
Wool.Gold.Frozen
Meat.
Butter
and
Cheese.
Agricultural
Produce.
ManufacturesOther N.Z. Produce.Total.
 ££££££££
18883,115,098914,309628,800197,170905,907233,3831,260,4617,255,128
18893,976,375785,490783,374213,9451,424,297569,8801,288,6479,042,008
18904,150,599751,3601,087,617207,6871,289,864547,9471,393,6879,428,761
18914,129,6861,007,1721,194,724236,933894,467420,3571,516,7559,400,094
18924,313,307951,9631,033,377318,2041,035,637367,6771,345,7039,365,868
18933,774,738915,9211,085,167354,271716,546345,6361,365,1648,557,443
18944,827,016887,8351,194,545366,483317,655224,9581,266,6269,085,148
18953,662,1311,162,1811,262,711378,510326,029188,7021,409,8898,390,153
18964,391,8481,041,4281,251,993411,882572,35519,0811,309,7499,177,336
18974,443,144980,2041,566,286553,122495,175197,6011,360,7359,596,267
18984,645,8041,080,6911,698,750539,466410,677253,8051,695,79510,324,988
18994,324,6271,513,1802,088,856713,617913,6783781,867,71611,799,740
19004,749,1961,439,6022,123,881969,7311,230,565549,3421,992,9213,055,249
19013,699,1031,753,7842,253,2621,121,0911,582,386425,1421,905,612,690,460

The preceding table shows that the value of the exports of New Zealand produce fell from £9,428,761 in 1890 to £8,390,153 in 1895, rose in 1896 to £9,177,336, in 1897 to £9,596,267, in 1898 to £10,324,988, in 1899 to £11,799,740, in 1900 to £13,055,249, and in 1901 declined to £12,690,460.

Thus there was a net increase of exports, since 1895, to the value of £4,300,307, all New Zealand produce, and far more than a recovery to the figures for 1890 and 1891 (after which had followed a decrease in values). With the amount of increase in money must be considered the state of prices of the various kinds of produce.

The export of wool, measured by quantity, rose from 102,817,077 lb. in 1890 to 146,820,079 lb. in 1901, or at the rate of 42.80 per cent., and that of frozen meat from 898,894 cwt. to 1,857,547 cwt.

Gold, too, which was exported to the quantity of 187,641 oz. in 1890, increased to 455,558 oz. in 1901, the rate of increase being upwards of 142.78 per cent.

Re-exports.

The re-export trade of the colony would seem from the subjoined figures to have been almost stationary for the last ten years, the figures for 1890 and 1901 only differing by a sum of £38,795. The re-exports of merchandise in 1901 were valued at £179,350, or only a little more than 1 per cent of the total exports, excluding specie.

EXPORTS OF BRITISH, FOREIGN, AND OTHER COLONIAL PRODUCE (EXCLUDING SPECIE).

 £
1890140,555
1891160,765
1892125,052
1893123,402
1894136,402
1895127,966
1896122,571
1897144,955
1898124,850
1899123,682
1900168,009
1901179,350

With these sums may be contrasted the re-export trade of New South Wales—a State having less than double the population of New Zealand—which, exclusive of specie, amounted in 1900 to £4,708,567, or no less than 21.16 per cent, of the value of all goods exported.

Exports from the North and Middle Islands.

The exports from the North and Middle Islands respectively, excluding “Parcels post,” during the last three years were as under:—

Year.North Island.Middle Island.Proportion to Total Export.
 ££North Island.Middle Island.
18996,011,2395,916,29050.4049.60
19006,707,9646,526,39750.7049.30
19016,077,7246,787,54647.2452.76

The Middle Island exported in 1901 more than half of the total for the two islands.

Wool exported and produced.

The quantity of wool exported in 1901, as previously shown, was 146,820,079 lb., valued at £3,699,103, an increase of 6,113,593 lb., or 4.34 per cent. on the quantity exported in the previous year, but a decrease of £1,050,093, or 22.11 per cent on the value. The annual production of wool is best estimated by taking the exports for the twelve months immediately preceding the commencement of shearing, and adding thereto the quantity used in the colony for manufacturing purposes.

The following shows the produce for each of the last fourteen years ending on the 30th September:—

Year ending 30th September.Quantity
exported.
Quantity
purchased by
Local Mills.
Total Annual
Produce.
 Lb.Lb.Lb.
188889,276,2684,079,56393,355,831
188995,618,5073,556,00499,174,511
1890102,522,1852,979,293105,501,478
1891108,619,4732,918,073111,537,546
1892110,860,0503,388,954114,249,004
1893119,643,8742,629,855122,273,729
1894128,480,4572,476,155130,956,612
1895129,333,7693,299,132132,632,901
1896128,309,6733,989,934132,299,607
1897134,410,9553,298,469137,709,424
1898150,401,3993,763,831154,165,230
1899143,644,2034,258,505147,902,708
1900144,829,5153,223,392148,052,907
1901143,064,7894,629,924147,694,713

From these figures it appears that, notwithstanding the decrease since 1898, the wool-clip has increased by over 58 per cent during the last fourteen years.

To arrive at a perfectly correct estimate of the increase in wool production it would be necessary to take into consideration the proportion of greasy, scoured (and sliped), and washed wool exported each year, the washing process of course greatly reducing the weight. The percentages of greasy, scoured, and washed wool to the total quantities exported during the last four years are:—

Years.Greasy.Scoured and Sliped.Washed.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
189878.6220.361.02
189977.5421.640.82
190078.6220.101.28
190178.2520.611.14

The increase in the wool-production is, of course, mainly due to the greater number of sheep—namely, 20,233,099 in April, 1901, against 15,423,328 in May, 1889. A comparative statement for several years is supplied, showing the number of flocks in groups of sizes:—

NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1890 to 1901.
Size of Flocks.1890.1892.1894.1896.1898.1900.1901.

* From 1,000 to 2,500, 1,798 flocks; from 2,500 to 5,000, 614 flocks.

† From 1,000 to 2,500, 1,971 flocks; from 2,000 to 5,000, 650 flocks.

‡ From 1,000 to 2,500, 2,189 flocks; from 2,500 to 5,000, 688 flocks.

Under 5007,6628,82210,31412,02812,88612,23911,700
500 and under 1,0001,5282,0332,4272,6052,7082,8103,059
1,000 and under 2,0008541,1931,4091,4602,412*2,6212,877
5,000 and under 10,000283314345340341352397
10,000 and under 20,000236231230231231196189
20,000 and upwards160176179147144139138
                Totals11,30913,53015,83717,70318,72218,35718,360

It will be apparent that the general tendency of increase since the year 1890 is towards the multiplication of the smaller flocks, whose owners are better able to cope with the rabbit difficulty than the large runholders.

Export of Rabbit-skins.

Prior to 1878 rabbit-skins were a very small item in the exports, but in that year the number sent out of the colony amounted to 3,951,209. Ten years after (1888) the export had risen to 11,809,407, from which it increased to 17,041,106 in 1893, the greatest number as yet exported in a year. From 1895 the fall was rapid, and the export for 1898 only reached 6,607,934 skins. In 1899 there was a slight upward tendency, the number exported being 7,891,648, which, however, fell to 5,690,893 in the year 1900, while in 1901 7,122,008 skins were exported.

The figures for the years in which there has been decline are quoted:—

Year.Number of Rabbit-skins
exported.
189317,041,106
189414,267,385
189515,229,314
189610,828,612
18978,099,334
18986,607,934
18997,891,648
19005,690,893
19017,112,008

From the above it will be seen that the importance of the export has very much diminished. The fall, represented in money value, has been:—

Year.Value of Rabbit-skins
exported.
 £
1893138,952
189487,993
189585,022
189665,599
189747,472
189851,607
189981,118
190041,689
190157,046

While the amount of money received for this produce of the colony shows less profit than formerly, it may be a satisfactory result, as seemingly indicating some abatement of the rabbit pest. Large quantities of frozen rabbits are now exported, and are alluded to in the remarks on the frozen meat industry on the next page.

Export of Sheepskins and Pelts.

These form a more important article of export at the present time than the rabbit-skins, though in the year 1888 the position was the reverse as regards value in money. In 1888 the number of sheepskins and pelts sent away from New Zealand was 1,646,401, against 4,601,531 in 1901, a rise of 179.49 per cent. for the period between those years. The value increased from £83,574 to £264,579, or 216.58 per cent. Figures for the last eight years are quoted :—

Year.Export of Sheepskins
and Pelts.
18942,681,552
18953,230,539
18963,001,791
18973,688,051
18984,995,325
18994,960,054
19004,669,430
19014,601,531

Export of Tallow.

Besides wool and meat, tallow is largely exported, and since the year 1888. when 136,460 cwt. were sent away, the export increased to 335,360 cwt. in 1901. In value this export considerably exceeds that of either sheepskins or rabbit-skins, and the money is indeed more than the total for those two articles taken together. The eight latest years show the following results:—

TALLOW EXPORTED.

Years.Cwt.£
1894199,400204,499
1895263,560260,999
1896222,540208,821
1897310,200259,964
1898347,160302,141
1899338,620311,649
1900367,780368,473
1901335,360351,710

Frozen Meat exported.

Frozen meat now takes second place among the exports of New Zealand produce. In 1901, 1,857,547 cwt., valued at £2,253,262, were shipped in the colony. An account of the development of the industry was given in a special article in the Year-book, 1894. The total export for each year since the commencement of the trade has been:—

Year.Lb.
18821,707,328
18839,853,200
188428,445,228
188533,204,976
188638,758,160
188745,035,984
188861,857,876
188973,564,064
1890100,934,756
1891110,199,082
189297,636,557
1893100,262,453
1894114,827,216
1895127,018,864
1896123,576,544
1897157,687,152
1898173,798,576
1899208,972,624
1900206,621,072
1901208,045,264

The above figures for 1899 include 129,224 cwt., or 4,876,534 (number) of frozen rabbits and hares in the skin; those for 1900 include 12,260 (731 cwt.) of hares, and 6,501,997 rabbits, weighing 167,971 cwt., valued at £154,856, and those for 1901, include 42,202 (2,943 cwt.) of hares, and 4,830,669 (124,353 cwt.) of rabbits, valued at £117,813, so that these animals can hardly now be looked upon as wholly a nuisance.

To ascertain the total value of the meat export in 1901 it is necessary to take into consideration, with the amount of £2,253,262, value of frozen meat before stated, £10,858 for frozen fish; also the value of preserved meats, £87,683; of salted beef and pork, £10,225; and of bacon and hams, £17,732.

Gold exported.

The amount of gold exported in 1901 was 455,558 oz., an increase of 81,944 oz. on the quantity exported in 1900.

The total quantity of gold entered for duty to the 31st December, 1901, which may be reckoned as approximately the amount obtained in the colony, was 15,064,459 oz., of the value of £59,159,884. For fuller information, see special section on mining.

Grain exported.

The value of the grain exported in 1901 was £1,285,811. The grain exports for 1900 and 1901 were made up as under :—

 1900.1901.
Bushels.£Bushels.£
Wheat2,867,069351,4942,301,092276,111
Oats5,818,648552,27010,514,924922,301
Barley243,04828,235119,77913,241
Malt220,89350,506141,32432,252
Maize193,72024,575124,44715,085
Peas and beans174,52325,275166,18426,028
Rye and unenumerated11,9461,6595,765793
                Total quantity and value9,529,847£1,034,01413,373,515£1,285,811

Compared with the previous year the quantity and value of grain exported in 1901 show excellent increase.

Until 1899 the decline in the export of wheat had been very great, as will be seen by the following figures:—

Year.Wheat exported.
Bushels.
18904,467,026
18922,460,774
1894228,904
1896453,123
189810,090
18992,901,676
19002,867,069
19012,301,092

The imports of wheat during 1898 exceeded the exports by upwards of 50,000 bushels, but in 1899, 1900, and 1901 the imports were practically nil, the small quantity introduced into the colony being for seeding purposes only.

In oats, the quantity exported in 1901 shows a large increase over that for the previous year :—

Year.Export of Oats.
Bushels.
18914,052,414
18923,830,444
18941,963,288
18962,247,053
1898816,210
18993,520,734
19005,818,648
190110,514,924

The acreages under cereals for the last three years have been :—

 1899–1900.1900–1901.1901–1902.
 AcresAcres.Acres.
Land in wheat (for threshing)269,749206,465163,462
Land in oats (for threshing)398,243449,534405,924
Land in barley (for threshing)48,00330,83126,514

Butter and Cheese exported.

The total quantity of butter and cheese exported in the past thirteen years, and the amount of either commodity sent to the United Kingdom is tabulated :—

Year.Total
Export of
Butter
Butter
Exported to the
United
Kingdom.
Total
Export of
Cheese.
Cheese
Exported to the
United
Kingdom.
 Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.
188937,95521,09926,5587,633
189034,81626,57940,45131,043
189139,43028,98939,77029,565
189253,93041,50941,49330,000
189358,14952,36346,20141,567
189460,77158,84555,65554,540
189557,96455,19476,74373,369
189671,35360,09271,37258,692
189799,00279,84977,68367,681
189896.80180,81468,71141,412
1899136,086121,50269,44040,901
1900172,583165,871102,84981,908
1901201,591170,903104,29474,510

Of the butter exported in 1901,170,903 cwt., valued at £740,980, were shipped to the United Kingdom; 3,826 cwt., value £18,415, to New South Wales; 14,488 cwt., value £64,973, to Victoria; 2,956 cwt., value £14,624, to Tasmania; 2,493 cwt., value £11,251, to Western Australia; 1,480 cwt., value £6,438, to South Australia; 482 cwt., value £1,928, to Fiji; 4,089 cwt., value £19,118, to Cape Colony and Natal; 854 cwt., value £4,573, to the South Seas; 7 cwt., value £38, to the United States of America, West Coast; 5 cwt., value £26, to Japan; and 8 cwt., valued at £40, to other countries.

Of the cheese exported, 74,510 cwt., valued at £168,159, were sent to the United Kingdom; 16,572 cwt., value £38,531, to New South Wales; 6,478 cwt., value £15,353, to Victoria; 4,796 cwt., value £11,503, to Western Australia; and 1,033 cwt., value £2,723, to the other Australian States. While the quantity of butter exported in 1901, 201,591 cwt., shows an increase of 431 per cent. on the quantity exported in 1889, the increase in the export of cheese during the thirteen years has been at the rate of 293 per cent.— 104,294 cwt. in 1901, as against 26,558 cwt. in 1889.

Phormium exported.

Phormium, of which 10,171 tons (excluding 342 tons of tow), valued at £195,728, were exported in 1901, shows a considerable decrease in the export, on comparing the figures for last year with those for 1900, when the quantity sent away was 15,906 tons. Outside of the question of prices, a large permanent development of this industry depends on the cultivation and careful selection of the plants used, and on improvements in the method of preparing the fibre.

Kauri-gum exported.

The export for 1901 (7,541 tons) is a substantial one. The value was £446,114, or an average of £59 3s. 2d. per ton. Full information as to the uses of this resin and the kauri-gum industry generally is given in a special article in Part III. of the Year-book for 1900. It embraces interesting matter from the report of the Royal Commission which investigated the whole subject in 1898.

Exports from different Ports, &c.

The following table gives the values of the exports from each port in New Zealand for the last two years, arranged in order of magnitude for 1901:—

 1901.1900.
 ££
Lyttelton2,489,4702,522,912
Wellington1,943,9632,345,395
Auckland1,922,7922,068,361
Dunedin1,463,2371,478,071
Invercargill and Bluff1,005,278741,750
Timaru849,986932,949
Napier806,110770,159
New Plymouth436,580399,700
Greymouth406,966255,385
Poverty Bay373,817450,125
Wanganui284,162386,960
Oamaru260,903324,616
Kaipara192,316144,680
Wairau and Picton127,705141,039
Nelson87,21858,303
Waitara68,794104,221
Westport61,96545,897
Patea49,19037,717
Hokitika34,81825,475
Tauranga..646

The decrease of exports during 1901 was £14,834 at Dunedin, £33,442 at Lyttelton, £145,569 at Auckland, and £401,432 at Wellington.

DETAILS OF ALL EXPORTS, 1901.

Articles exported.Quantities.Value in Sterling.
Produce
and
Manufactures
of the
Colony.
British,
Foreign,
and other
Colonial
Produce
and
Manufactures.
Produce
and
Manufactures
of the
Colony.
British,
Foreign,
and other
Colonial
Produce
and
Manufactures.
Total.
   £££
Acid—
        Carbolic lb. 20 11
        Unenumerated lb.1,792 12 12
Alkali—
        Soda, caustic cwt. 1 11
        Unenumerated cwt. 84 4444
Ambergris lb.5 100 100
Animals, living—
        Birds No.14 1 1
        Dogs No.20 66 66
        Cattle (horned) No.290 2,407 2,407
        Horses No.26588,6281808,808
        Pigs No.75 130 130
        Poultry No.3,684 581 581
        Sheep No.3,668 4,705 4,705
        Other kinds No. 2 1010
Apparel and slops  7,2271,8139,040
Arms, ammunition, and explosives—
        Accoutrements No.   6666
        Cartridges No.15,80011,50010353156
        Dynamite lb. 175 1515
        Firearms No. 38 227227
        Fuse coils 8,160 272272
        Ordnance stores  139346485
        Lithofracteur, &c. lb. 150 1111
        Powder, blasting lb. 150 66
        Powder, sporting lb. 1,525 148148
        Swords No. 30 119119
        Unenumerated   6060
Bacon and hams—
        Bacon cwt.2,589 7,319 7,319
        Hams cwt.2,911 10,413 10,413
Bags and sacks—
        Cornsacks doz. 38,202 7,7277,727
        Unenumerated doz.6798,3761491,2481,397
Basketware and wickerware  23225
Beer galls.19,4497,3402,1761,6753,851
Belting, leather lb. 10 33
Beverages, non-alcoholic—
        Aerated and mineral waters, doz2,200223508358
        Limejuice, unsweetened galls.361,73651,0111,016
        Unenumerated galls.  3 3
Bicycles and tricycles No.5226681,8541,922
        Materials for   1,4831,483
Biscuits—
        Fancy, &c. lb.3,365 71 71
        Ship's plain cwt.4,793 3,536 3,536
Blacking   180180
Boats No.1419861001,086
Bones tons10 42 42
Books, printed  2,4702,4574,927
Boots and shoes doz. prs.3602651,3569552,311
Bran tons4,400 13,851 13,851
Brass manufactures  2810
Bricks, Fire No.3,300 29 29
Brushware and brooms  334174
Butter cwt.201,591 882,406 882,406
Candles lb.10041121214
Canes and rattans  21 21
Canvas   9393
Carpeting and druggeting   746746
Carriages, &c.—
        Carriages No.21475148799
        Carts, drays, and wagons No.29 309 309
        Perambulators No.4 8 8
        Materials for  115162
Casks, empty No.1,0319153536551,008
Cement barrels4720020132152
Chaff tons28 92 92
Chains cwt. 60 7272
Cheese cwt.104,294 238,685 238,685
Chinaware   202202
Clocks No. 19 1212
Coals tons159,6438,805142,1768,867151,043
Cocoa and Chocolate lb. 2,264 237237
Coffee—
        Raw lb. 6,698 174174
        Roasted lb.208309211
Confectionery lb.12,43176833317350
Chocolate in fancy packages   5151
“ in plain trade packages lb. 1,272 8080
Copper manufactures  53237
Copra tons 4 4747
Cordage cwt.6472951,1566631,819
        Hawsers cwt. 10 1414
        Iron and steel cwt. 62 119119
Cork, cut   2424
Cotton piece-goods   1,2421,242
        Shirtings   280280
        Waterproof material   2222
        Unenumerated   5,7215,721
Cotton—
        Raw lb. 2,867 5151
        Waste cwt. 8 1818
        Wick lb. 203 1414
Cutlery   162162
Doors No.466 399 399
Drapery  1742,1532,327
        Lace and laces   7878
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
        Chemicals n.o.e.  304130434
        Drugs, druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares  6742,8023,476
        Sheep-dip  6993,2233,922
        Disinfectants  143347
Dyes   8383
Earthenware  4089451,353
Eggs doz.2,805 145 145
Engine-packing cwt.82247163210
Essences, flavouring galls. 6 77
Essential oils lb. 9 33
Fancy goods and toys  1,0952,6873,782
Fire hose and other appliances  4 4
Fish—
        Dried wt.19268293143436
        Potted and preserved lb.248,69874,6986,7002,0738,773
        Frozen cwt.8,607 10,858 10,858
        Ova No.215,000 215 215
Flour tons.1,305 8,495 8,495
Foods, Animal—
        Unenumerated  103 103
Foods, farinaceous—
        Maizena and cornflour lb. 2,200 2020
        Unenumerated  128 128
Fruits—
Bottled and preserved doz.60121194362
Dried: Currants lb. 23,741 362362
        Raisins lb. 8,568 201201
        Unenumerated lb. 14,456 342342
Fresh lb.24,468 262 262
Pulp and partially preserved fruit lb. 150 55
Fungus cwt.5,902 12,453 12,453
Furniture and upholstery  1,0334771,510
        Kapok cwt. 1 33
Furniture, knife, and plate powder and polish   208208
Furs  6 6
Glass bottles, empty   7070
Glassware  24589613
Glue and size cwt.191 94 94
Glycerine cwt.792 1,170 1,170
Gold oz.455,55861,753,784261,753,810
Grain and pulse—
        Barley bush.119,779 13,241 13,241
        Beans and peas bush.166,1843426,0281826,046
        Maize bush.124,447 15,085 15,085
        Oats bush.10,514,924 922,301 922,301
        Rye bush.5,757 791 791
        Wheat bush.2,301,092 276,111 276,111
        Unenumerated bush.8 2 2
        Ground, centals 15 1818
Grease cwt. 7 1010
Grindery   66
Gum, kauri tons7,541 446,114 446,114
Haberdashery   709709
        Buttons   1818
Hair cwt.799 3,120 3,120
Hardware, holloware, and iron-mongery  4902,7783,268
Hats and caps doz.88157345239584
Hay and straw tons814 2,700 2,700
Hemp tons 10 440440
Hides No.47,875 43,470 43,470
Honey lb.18,536 374 374
Hops cwt.4,29864817,18913417,323
Horns and hoofs tons73 1,024 1,024
Hosiery  7955311,326
India rubber and guttapercha goods   361361
Ink, printing lb. 36 44
Instruments, musical—
        Harmoniums and organs No. 2 6565
        Pianofortes No. 21 726726
        Unenumerated   356356
Instruments, scientific   776776
Instruments, surgical and dental   9292
Instruments, surveying   4040
Iron and steel—
        Bar, bolt, and rod tons 4 5757
        Bolts and nuts cwt. 670 547547
        Galvanised manufactures  222220442
        Hoop tons 1 1414
        Pig tons 1 55
        Pipes and fittings tons 18 364364
        Sheet and plate tons 1 1313
        Sheet, galvanis'd corrugated cwt 2,638 2,4562,456
        Staples and standards ton 1 1717
        Tanks, each 400 galls. No. 57 194194
        Tanks, each 200 galls. No. 19 3838
        Wire, fencing, barbed tons 46 640640
        Wire netting   6868
Jams, jellies, and preserves lb.7,7085,98414089229
Jellies, concentrated lb. 1,733 5555
Jewellery  36200236
Lamps and lanterns  10112122
Lard cwt.650 1,377 1,377
Lead, pigs and bars tons8511483197
Leather cwt.18,28191112,400387112,787
Leather manufactures, unenumerated  236083
Lime bush.2,480 113 113
Linen piece goods   1414
Linseed centals1,140 770 770
Machinery and machines—
        Agricultural  4,2449,25913,503
        Dairying  43632675
        Dredging  8402,6393,479
        Electric  3689692
        Engines, gas and oil No. 3 140140
        Engines, boilers for No. 3 6,3976,397
        Flour-milling  4175179
        Gas-making   558558
        Mining  134615749
        Paper milling   165165
        Printing   418418
        Refrigerating  251,2521,277
        Sewing and knitting No.21809675684
        Wood-working   116116
        Wool-pressing  409 409
        Unenumerated  4266,9267,352
        Materials for, and parts of   917917
Malt bush.141,324 32,252 32,252
Manures, unenumerated tons230 1,061 1,061
Marble, dressed  108 108
Matches and vestas—
        Wax gross 2,767 575575
        Wooden gross 5,771 494494
Mats and matting  1,100571,157
Meal, oaten centals66,460 27,591 27,591
Meats—
        Beef, fresh cwt.130 165 165
        Beef, frozen cwt.221,211 258,951 258,951
        Beef, salted cwt.7,357 8,463 8,463
        Kidneys, frozen cwt.5,279 9,581 9,581
        Lamb, frozen carcases = cwt.1,513,017 513,187 781,831 781,831
        Mutton (whole carcases), fresh cwt.8 11 11
        Mutton, frozen (whole carcases) carcases = cwt.1,806,671 942,845 1,027,668 1,027,668
        Mutton (joints), frozen cwt.43,092 48,410 48,410
        Pork, frozen cwt.3,341 6,535 6,535
        Pork, salted cwt.924 1,762 1,762
        Poultry, frozen pairs1,946 419 419
        Veal, frozen cwt.107 173 173
        Other kinds, frozen cwt.1,189 1,881 1,881
        Rabbits, frozen in the skins No. = cwt.4,830,669 124,353 114,552 114,552
        Hares, frozen in the skins No. = cwt.42,202 2,943 3,261 3,261
        Potted and preserved cwt.35,258287,6832387,706
        Extract of meat lb.3,615 847 847
        Unenumerated cwt.345 507 507
Medicines, patent and proprietary  438293731
Metal, Manufactures of  1,2946,1167,410
        Typewriters No. 2 1717
Metal, old cwt.7,792 3,206 3,206
Milk, preserved lb.945,77240,72417,80584118,646
Millinery—
        Feathers, ornamental  55 55
        Other kinds  32338370
Minerals—
        Antimony ore tons30 136 136
        Copper ere tons3 105 105
        Fireclay tons15 39 39
        Manganese tons208 614 614
        Quartz, auriferous tons390 6,663 6,663
        Scheelite ore tons2 83 83
        Sulphur tons143 360 360
        Unenumerated tons146 630 630
Nails cwt. 528 467467
Naphtha galls. 1,413 130130
Nuts—
Almonds in shell lb. 356 77
        Unenumerated lb.78 2 2
Oars No. 6 22
Oil—
        Castor, bulk galls. 345 4242
        Cod-liver galls. 17 44
        Colza galls. 1,155 163163
        Cocoanut galls.250 26 26
        Fish, penguin, and seal galls.1,171 77 77
        Linseed galls. 3,654 629629
        Mineral, kerosene galls. 99,836 4,9244,924
        Mineral, other kinds galls. 440 4040
        Neatsfoot galls.1605071017
        Olive, bulk galls. 306 4242
        Whale galls.5,544 430 430
        Unenumerated, bulk galls.1546,26137597634
        Unenumerated, bottled, doz. pts. 28 1919
Oilmen's stores  2481,4741,722
Onions cwt.35,19513611,19912011,319
Oysters doz.383,680 3,201 3,201
Paints and colours—
        Ground in oil cwt.841012646658
        Mixed ready for use cwt. 335 1,4551,455
        Unenumerated cwt.36021425147
Paper bags cwt.1,168597711988
Paper—
        Printing cwt.614310180190
        Wrapping cwt.970169750221971
Pearl barley cwt.70 33 33
Perfumery—
        Perfumed spirits galls. 48 7373
        Unenumerated   1616
Phormium tons10,171 195,728 195,728
        Tow tons342 1,140 1,140
Photographic goods  13334347
Pickles galls. 107 1919
Pictures, paintings, drawings, &c.  8599151,774
Picture-frames and mounts  9615
Pitch cwt.50761127119
Plants, shrubs, &c.  6092611
Plate and platedware  1082,3982,506
Pollard and sharps tons354 1,443 1,443
Potatoes tons22,062 90,658 90,658
Printing materials   393393
Provisions n.o.e.  7,9098548,763
Pumps  49299348
Rags cwt.960 842 842
Rice cwt. 1,350 1,0441,044
Rugs  4,681704,751
Saccharine oz. 280 1414
Saddlery and harness  723142865
Salt   22
Sashes, window pairs1,291 894 894
Sauces galls.41705109114
Sausage-skins cwt.9,1339839,49858540,083
Seeds—
        Grass and clover cwt.56,5622069,9374569,982
        Unenumerated  1,4725041,976
Ship chandlery, n.o.e.  2987391,037
Silk piece-goods   492492
Silver oz.571,134 65,258 65,258
Skins—
        Calf and other No.3,709 386 386
        Rabbit No.7,112,008 57,046 57,046
        Sheep, with wool No.238,833 30,039 30,039
        Sheep, without wool No.4,362,6981,236234,54070234,610
Soap—
        Common cwt.6,01444,73254,737
        Unenumerated lb. 4,153 201201
Specie—
        Gold   7,6797,679
        Silver   3,8753,875
        Copper   6060
Specimens, illustrative of natural science  9714975
Spices, unground lb. 22,075 6,3526,352
Spirits—
Bitters, cordials, and liqueurs galls. 18 1616
        Brandy galls. 997 523523
        Geneva and gin galls. 1,249 335335
        Methylated galls. 260 2525
        Rum galls. 383 7878
        Whisky galls. 8,104 3,2563,256
Sponges lb. 100 3535
Stationery  1,5661,7633,329
Stearine lb. 12,742246 246
Stone—
        Building tons701 721 721
        Wrought  104 104
        Greenstone cwt.201 1,535 1,535
        Pumice tons938 2,814 2,814
Sugar—
        Refined lb.577,985149,4844,9161,1956,111
        Molasses and treacle lb.2,900 14 14
Tallow tons15,599 319,824 319,824
        Mutton stock, and oleo-margarine tons1,163 31,785 31,785
        Oil tons6 101 101
Tarpaulins and tents  66066
Tanning materials—
        Bark tons50 157 157
Tea lb. 97,214 4,1854,185
Textile piece-goods, other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen   997997
        Articles made up from, other than apparel  191534
Timber—
        Logs, hewn sup. ft.2,298,589 6,701 6,701
        Sawn, undressed sup. ft.65,869,783 266,718 266,718
        Sawn, dressed sup. ft.3,653,997 21,280 21,280
        Staves No.67,800 432 432
        Unenumerated  602 602
Tin, sheet cwt. 315 304304
Tinware  245132377
Tobacco—
        Manufactured lb. 85,799 5,8395,839
        Cigars lb. 3,601 950950
        Cigarettes lb. 15,160 4,7354,735
Tobacco-pipes and cases, &c.   9292
Tools, unenumerated  70723793
Tramway plant   88
Turpentine gals. 8 11
Twine lb.1751,36843741
        Binder cwt.3,976 6,153 6,153
        Nets and netting   66
Umbrellas and parasols   194194
Varnish and gold size gals.127956415421
Vegetables  14411155
Watches No. 1,258 1,0651,065
Wax—
        Beeswax cwt.4 20 20
        Parafin lb. 16,143 183183
Whalebone cwt.11 220 220
Wine—
        Australian gals. 645 206206
        Sparkling gals. 375 713713
        Other kinds gals.8099840590630
Woodenware  1,0989582,056
Wool—
        Greasy lb.114,878,593166,6982,643,4914,4642,647,955
        Scoured lb.16,097,84188,672595,2963,819599,115
        Sliped lb.14,165,715 404,419 404,419
        Washed lb.1,677,930 55,897 55,897
Woolpacks doz.1342144054
Woollen piece-goods  7,5631,8469,409
Woollen piece-goods blankets doz. pairs1,316 1,484 1,484
Yarns  313566
Zinc, spelter cwt.4031336416380
Goods, miscellaneous—
        Manufactured  240235475
        Unmanufactured  1,1442341,378
Parcels Post  16,154 16,154

Total Value of Trade.

The value of the total trade of New Zealand advanced from £13,431,804 in the year 1886 to £24,699,339 in 1901. But of these amounts some portion was coin. Excluding the specie, the figures for 1886 are £12,853,736, and for 1901, £24,223,226.

Year.Total Trade.Imports.Exports.Imports
(excluding
Specie).
Exports (excluding
Specie).
Excess of
Exports over
Imports
(excluding
Specie).
 ££££££
188613,431,8046,759,0136,672,7916,319,2236,534,513215,290
188713,111,6846,245,5156,866,1696,064,2816,680,772616,491
188813,709,2255,941,9007,767,3255,430,0507,403,2061,972,156
188915,650,7276,308,8639,341,8645,980,5839,183,9543,203,371
189016,072,2456,260,5259,811,7205,928,8959,569,3163,640,421
189116,070,2466,503,8499,566,3976,431,1019,560,8593,129,758
189216,477,9076,943,0569,534,8516,742,5449,490,9202,748,376
189315,896,8796,911,5158,935,3646,494,2798,680,8452,186,566
189416,019,0676,788,0209,231,0475,990,1779,221,5503,231,373
189514,950,3536,400,1298,550,2246,115,9538,518,1192,402,166
189616,458,4257,137,3209,321,1057,035,3799,299,9072,264,528
189718,072,2168,055,22310,016,9937,994,2019,741,2221,747,021
189818,748,5558,230,60010,517,9558,211,40910,449.8382,238,429
189920,677,9688,739,63311,938,3358,613,65611,923,4223,309,766
190023,892,25710,646,09613,246,16110,207,32613,223,2583,015,932
190124,699,33911,817,91512,881,42411,353,41612,869,8101,516,394

The trade for these years has been selected for exhibition in tabular form because during each of the series there was an excess of exports over imports, whereas previously the reverse obtained, and the colony was purchasing to an extent not covered by the value of the export. During the last sixteen years the excess of exports over imports, excluding money sent to and from the colony, amounted to a total sum of £37,438,038.

How different the foregoing conditions were from those previously obtaining will be seen by observing the balance of trade for the years 1881 to 1885 inclusive:—

Year.Excess of Imports over Exports.
£
18811,406,898
18821,948,485
1883761,938
1884235,981
1885539,239

The gradually declining excess of imports turned in 1886 and 1887 to a small excess of exports, but subsequently the excess of exports was very great, and attained the sum of £3,640,421 in the year 1890.

Again considering the results for the sixteen years, 1886–1901, during which the balance was in favour of the exports, the external trade is shown for each year per head of population, the calculations being made exclusive as well as inclusive of specie, for the purpose of arriving at exact conclusions as regard trade in goods. In the year 1894 the imported money amounted to a sum of £797,843, making a substantial difference in the rates.

Excluding specie, the trade per head of population increased from £22 1s. 7d., in 1886, to £31 2s. 9d. in 1901: imports from £10. 17s. 1d. to £14 11s. 11d., and exports from £11 4s. 6d. to £16 10s. 10d.

Year.Including Specie.Excluding Specie.
Total Trade
per Head
of Mean
Population
(excluding
Maoris).
Imports per
Head of
Mean
Population
(excluding
Maoris).
Exports per
Head of
Mean
Population
(excluding
Maoris).
Total Trade
per Head
of Mean
Population
(excluding
Maoris).
Imports per
Head of
Mean
Population
(excluding
Maoris).
Exports per
Head of
Mean
Population
(excluding
Maoris).
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
188623151112211932217101711146
188721198109511103217510341141
1888221211916412167214081951247
188925911105615452415991561503
18902513101002151382419491101584
1891251041066153102571010431537
1892251321016314161125561091114157
1893240910901311922181191651326
1891231199191113111022711816513116
189521111094101270212881681260
18962358101111339232291911331
18972501111331317824117111713100
189825931137145825611113114310
18992711511131151842778119815180
19003159131810176113013813741764
19013115015310161123129141111161010

The highest record of trade (excluding specie) was that for 1874, when the rate per head was £41 4s. 5d., the imports, in consequence of the large expenditure of borrowed money, amounting at that time to £24 17s. per head, against £14 11s. 11d. in 1901.

It has been customary to leave out the Maoris in estimating the sum per head, for their industries and necessities swell the volume of trade in comparatively so slight a measure that the amount per head of European population can be more truly ascertained by omitting them altogether.

Trade with different Countries, States, or Colonies.

The trade with the United Kingdom in 1901 amounted to £16,181,206, comprising 65.51 per cent, of the total.

With the Australian States, trade was done during 1901 to the value of £3,973,151; of which New South Wales claimed £2,246,091, and Victoria £1,396,264, made up as follows:—

EXPORTS FROM NEW ZEALAND.

 £
To New South Wales, 19011,024,065
To New South Wales, Victoria, 1901754,833

EXPORTS TO NEW ZEALAND.

 £
From New South Wales, 19011,222,026
From New South Wales, Victoria, 1901641,431

The latter amounts, in each case, represent the declared values of the imports into New Zealand from the States mentioned, not their export value as given in the New South Wales and Victorian returns.

Included in the exports to New Zealand from New South Wales is coal to the quantity of 149,004 tons, valued at £150,670.

The trade with Fiji and the other Pacific Islands (including Norfolk Island) decreased from £622,056 in 1900 to £605,516 in 1901.

Both imports from and exports to the United States in 1901 show an increase when compared with the previous year's figures.

Of the exports to the United States in 1901 the values of the principal New Zealand products were: Coal, £1,941; kauri-gum, £290,510; hides, £3,490; sheepskins, £6,641; rabbit-skins, £7,267; sausage-skins, £18,597; onions, £2,185; grass-seed, £6,740; and phormium, £20,424.

The following table shows the value of the total trade with the United States for each of the past ten years, 1892 to 1901 inclusive, during which period the trade has increased considerably.

TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES.
Year.Imports fromExports toTotal
Trade.
Atlantic
Ports.
Pacific
Ports.
Atlantic
Ports.
Pacific
Ports.
 £££££
1892344,79936,828459,31461,483902,424
1893345,74333,635430,84265,706875,926
1894359,19635,495230,82956,367681,887
1895351,82342,410298,53618,103710,872
1896419,68973,151263,56463,025819,429
1897521,939106,105252,013123,0831,003,140
1898700,55599,856337,059286,0741,423,544
1899687,90687,403387,61445,8851,208,808
1900958,286103,587424,31434,4821,520,669
19011,174,745240,515332,175186,9041,934,339

The development in the decennial period is at the rate of 114.35 per cent., or an increase in value of £1,031,915.

The trade with India and Ceylon reached a total of £478,757, against £391,301 in 1900. The imports—tea, rice, castor-oil, wool-packs, &c.—were reckoned at £468,561, leaving a balance of only £10,196 for exports.

Trade of Australasia.

The following table gives the value of the imports and exports of what are now the Australian States and the Colony of New Zealand for the year 1900:—

State or Colony.Total Value ofExcess of
Exports
over
Imports.
Excess of
Imports
over
Exports.
Imports.Exports.
 ££££
Queensland7,184,1129,581,5622,397,450..
New South Wales27,561,07128,164,516603,445..
Victoria18,301,81117,422,552..879,259
South Australia8,034,5528,029,157..5,395
Ditto, Northern Territory139,667162,21922,552..
Western Australia5,962,1786,852,054889,876..
Tasmania2,073,6572,610,617536,960..
New Zealand10,646,09613,246,1612,600,065..

In the preceding table is given the total trade inwards and outwards of each State and colony, counting twice over the value of goods produced in one State or colony and carried thence into another, and reckoning the same goods three times where they are imported from without into one State or colony and re-exported thence in the same year into another. But, in order to form a just idea of the trade of Australasia as a whole, it is necessary to eliminate the inter-state traffic altogether. From the following table the value of imports and exports exchanged between the various States has accordingly been excluded:—

EXTERNAL TRADE OF AUSTRALASIA.
Year.Total Trade.Imports.Exports.Excess
of
Imports.
Excess
of
Exports.
 £££££
188572,220,44441,136,03831,084,40610,051,632..
189075,143,81838,451,16036,692,6581,758,502..
189184,565,77841,325,03343,240,745..1,915,712
189275,325,93334,529,50140,796,432..6,266,931
189367,788,73827,925,99039,862,748..11,936,758
189465,192,20226,063,63039,128,572..13,064,942
189567,624,31727,425,72540,198,592..12,772,867
189674,511,26234,420,59640,090,666..5,670,070
189783,569,56837,862,74145,706,827..7,844,086
189885,600,44237,310,58348,289,859..10,979,276
189997,637,19439,990,12357,647,071..17,656,948
1900104,298,71748,351,93355,946,784..7,594,851

It will be observed that in the year 1885 the excess of imports over exports for Australasia amounted to no less a sum than £10,051,632, and that five years later the excess of imports had fallen to £1,758,502. In 1891 the position was completely reversed, the exports exceeding the imports by £1,915,712. This excess increased to £6,266,931 in the following year (1892), and to £13,064,942 in 1894, but decreased to £12,772,867 in 1895, to £5,670,070 in 1896. It was £7,844,086 in 1897, £10,979,276 in 1898, and in 1899 the excess of exports over imports amounted to £17,656,948. In 1900, however, there was a falling-off in the value exports, and the excess amounted to only £7,594,851.

The trade per head of the population in each of the States of the Australian Commonwealth and New Zealand in 1900 was:—

TRADE PER HEAD OF THE POPULATION IN 1900.
State or Colony.Mean Population.Imports.Exports.Total Trade.
  £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Queensland490,3251413019101034310
New South Wales1,354,335207020151141211
Victoria1,191,50015721412529197
South Australia353,895221412213945710
Ditto, Northern Territory4,69029157341106474
Western Australia177,480331110381227240
Tasmania172,775120015222722
New Zealand763,594131810176113159

But the values of the exports of the Australian States, more especially New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, are largely increased by the inclusion of articles the produce or manufacture of other States, colonies, and countries.

The value of home productions or manufactures exported from each State or colony in 1900, and the rate per head of mean population, were as follow:—

State or Colony.Home Produce
exported.
Per Head of
Population.
 ££s.d.
Queensland9,354,6891917
New South Wales18,873,48813189
Victoria13,918,55611138
South Australia3,610,5171041
Ditto, Northern Territory160,4663443
Western Australia6,639,8273783
Tasmania2,595,309105
New Zealand13,055,24917111

The next table sets forth the amount of the trade of each of the above-named States and colony with the United Kingdom in 1900:—

State or Colony.Imports from
the United
Kingdom.
Exports
to the United
Kingdom.
Total Trade
with
the United
Kingdom.
 £££
Queensland3,100,7063,271,6566,372,362
New South Wales9,923,1178,273,27218,196,389
Victoria055,0286,363,68513,418,713
South Australia2,397,6842,325,5194,723,203
Ditto, Northern Territory32,40324,76057,163
Western Australia2,225,7464,268,4196,494,165
Tasmania628,6636001,317,263
New Zealand6,504,48410,259,34216,763,826

The statement appended shows the relative importance of Australasia as a market for the productions of the United Kingdom:—

EXPORTS OF HOME PRODUCTIONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM, IN 1900, TO
 £
British India and Ceylon31,948,628
Germany27,999,712
Australasia27,061,673
France19,977,912
United States19,780,831
Cape of Good Hope and Natal12,757,875
Russia11,001,300
Holland10,937,401
Belgium10,775,705
Japan9,775,166
Italy8,772,114
Sweden and Norway8,719,431
Dominion of Canada7,605,257
Argentine Republic7,142,738

The exports to other countries did not amount to £7,000,000 in any one case.

Australasia as a whole, with a population of about 4,500,000, thus take the third place in importance as consumers of British produce, the exports thereto being nearly seven-eighths the value of similar exports to British India, with its 290,000,000 inhabitants.

Chapter 32. SECTION IV.—POPULATION.

THE population of New Zealand (exclusive of the Cook and certain other Islands which were proclaimed to be within the boundaries of the colony on and after the 11th June, 1901), as estimated for the 31st December, 1901, with the increase for the year, is shown below:—

Population as enumerated at the census of 31st March, 1901 (exclusive of Maoris)Persons.
772,719
Males.
405,992
Females.
366,727
Increase from 31st March to 31st December, 1901:—
        By excess of births over deaths9,5804,4935,087
        Excess of arrivals over departures5,3583,7381,620
Estimated population, exclusive of Maoris (also Cook and other Islands), on 31st December, 1901787,657414,223373,434
Maori population, census, 190143,14323,11220,031
                Total estimated population of Colony (excluding Cook and other Islands) on 31st December, 1901830,800437,335393,465

It has been found impossible to obtain reliable information as to the population of the newly annexed Islands in time for this publication. A census is being taken of the principal islands, but the results are not yet available.

The number of the Chinese in New Zealand at the end of the year 1901 was estimated to be 2,846 persons, of whom 31 were females.

INCREASE OF POPULATION.

The increase for each quarter of the year 1901 was:—

First Quarter.
Increase from:Total.Males.Females.
Excess of births over deaths3,2771,5601,717
Excess of arrivals over departures1,164804360
 4,4412,3642,077
Second Quarter.
Excess of births over deaths3,3171,5221,795
Excess of departures over arrivals (decrease)-711-568-143
 2,606951,652
Third Quarter.
Increase from:Total.Males.Female
Excess of births over deaths2,8951,3661,529
Excess of arrivals over departures1,9021,597305
 4,7972,9631,834
Fourth Quarter.
Excess of births over deaths3,3681,6051,763
Excess of arrivals over departures4,1672,7091,458
 7,5354,3143,221
Year 1901.
Excess of births over deaths12,8576,0536,804
Excess of arrivals over departures6,5224,5421,980
 19,37910,5958,784

The movement of population since 1885 is given next. Although the large increase in 1893 by excess of arrivals over departures was not maintained during the eight following years, the arrivals in the colony nevertheless exceeded the departures in each of these years, and the total excess of arrivals for the ten-year period 1892-1901 inclusive is found to be 35,678 persons, drawn from other States, colonies, or countries. The number may be somewhat greater than the actual fact, but probably not very much so. Reference to the possible source of error and its degree will be found further on.

Year.Estimated
Population
on the
31st
December.
Increase during the YearCentesimal
Increase
on
Population
of
Previous Year
By Excess of
Births
over Deaths.
By Excess of
Arrivals
over
Departures.*
Net
Increase.

* Corrected where necessary in accordance with census results. The amount of loss
by departures in the period 1886-91, though correct in the aggregate, cannot be allocated
with exactness to the respective years.

Loss.

1885575,17213,612-2,74410,8681.93
1886589,38613,164
1887603,36112,998
1888607,38013,194
1889616,05212,685-17,19458,88610.24
1890625,50812,284
1891634,05811,755
1892650,43311,4174,95816,3752.58
1893672,26511,42010,41221,8323.36
1894686,12811,6102,25313,8632.06
1895698,70611,68389512,5781.83
1896714,16212,1801,47213,6521.95
1897729,05612,1422,75214,8942.09
1898743,46311,7112,69614,4071.98
1899756,50511,1551,88713,0421.75
1900768,27812,3461,83114,1771.87
1901787,65712,8576,52219,3792.52

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES.

The number of persons who arrived in the colony in the year 1901 was 25,086, an increase of 7,012 on the number for the previous year. Of the arrivals in 1901, 22,666 persons were classified as adults, being above the age of twelve years, and 2,420 as children. The total number of males was 16,968 and of females 8,118. The arrivals from the United Kingdom numbered 2,563, and from Australia 19,923. Besides these, 334 persons came from Fiji, and 2,266 from the South Seas and other ports, including arrivals by mail-steamers from San Francisco.

Classified in respect of birthplace, it is found that 4,768 of the arrivals were persons born in Australasia, 19,381 in the United Kingdom, and 54 in other British possessions. Of 883 persons born in foreign countries who arrived during 1901, 169 were born in Germany, 104 in France, 269 in the United States, 32 in Denmark, and 36 in Sweden.

Among the arrivals in 1901 are noticed 146 “race-aliens,” or persons of other than European descent. Particulars of birthplace and sex are as under:—

Birthplace.M.F.Total.
Asia Minor6410
China74175
Syria171027
Pacific Islands21728
Fiji101
India123
Japan101
New Zealand101
                Total12224146

The practice of nominating immigrants to be brought out partly at the Government expense has been discontinued since the 16th December, 1890, and there was no free immigration in the year 1901. Certain reductions are, however, arranged by the Agent-General with the shipping companies in fares for men with moderate means who intend to take up land and settle in the colony.

Only 75 Chinese (74 men and 1 woman) arrived in the colony during 1901, but 145 (140 men and 5 women) left, the departures thus exceeding the arrivals by 70.

The total departures in 1901, including 1,178 officers and men of the contingents for service in South Africa, were 18,564 persons, being 2,321 more than in 1900. Thus, the movement of population both to and from the colony is found to have been greater than in the previous year.

The departures from the colony by the Union Steamship Company's boats, as given through the Customs Department, are checked by special returns kindly furnished by the pursers of the steamers, and, where persons who did not book their passages have been omitted, the necessary additions are made. The pursers' returns also serve to prevent the occasional omission of the full number of persons leaving by any one vessel, which sometimes had happened previous to the introduction of this check. Unless more passengers are at any time of great pressure taken away from New Zealand than can lawfully be carried, the returns of outgo of population should prove very fairly correct, and indeed the last census shows that the estimated population even after five years' interval was a very close approximation to the truth.

Of the departures in 1901, 17,123 persons were over twelve years of age, and 1,441 children. More than twice as many males left the colony as females, the numbers being 12,436 and 6138 respectively. The departures to the United Kingdom amounted to 1,152 persons, and those to Australia numbered 15,218. Besides these, 215 persons left for Fiji, and 1,979 for other ports (including passengers for San Francisco, and the troops for South Africa before mentioned).

In 1891 the colony lost population by excess of departures over arrivals, but in each of the years 1892 to 1901, inclusive, New Zealand has drawn to itself more population than it has parted with notwithstanding the attractions of Australian and other gold-fields.

CENSUS, 1901.

The population of the colony (exclusive of Maoris), as returned in the census schedules for the night of the 31st March, 1901, was 772,719 persons, of whom 2,857 were Chinese, and 2,407 half-castes living amongst and as Europeans.

A census of the Maori population was taken during February of 1901, when, according to preliminary returns made by the enumerators, the number of the Native race was found to be 43,143 persons, including 3,133 half-castes living as Maoris. 196 Maori women were returned as married to European husbands. The complete population (European and Maori) of the colony was therefore 815,862 persons, as exhibited in the following statement, specifying the numbers for each sex:—

Population (exclusive of persons of the aboriginal native race, of mixed European and Native blood, and Chinese)Persons.
767,455
Males.
401,979
Females.
365,476
* Not including 352 persons, officers and crews of two British men-of-war.
Half-castes and persons of mixed race living as and among Europeans2,4071,1881,219
Chinese2,8572,82532
Aboriginal natives (including 196 Maori wives of Europeans)40,01021,41818,592
Half-castes and persons of mixed race living among and as members of Maori tribes3,1331,6941,439
                Total population on 31st March, 1901*815,862429,104386,758

The total half-caste or mixed European and Native population was 5,540 persons. The number of half-castes living among Europeans increased since 1896 by 148, or at the rate of 6.55 per cent. In that year the number of Maori wives of Europeans was 229; in 1901 it was 196. The Chinese decreased from 3,711 at the time of the census of 1896 to 2,857 in March, 1901; or at the rate of 23.01 per cent., caused mainly by the excess of departures over arrivals.

The Maori population fell from 41,993 in 1891 to 39,854 in 1896, and increased to 43,143 in 1901, according to the returns.

The increase on the total European population between April, 1896, and 31st March, 1901, amounted to 69,359 persons, or a rate of 9.86 per cent. Between the census of 1891 and that of 1896 the numerical increase was 76,702 persons, or 12.24 per cent. The average annual increase in the period 1896-1901 was at the rate of 1.90 per cent.

The population of the principal divisions of the colony on 31st March, 1901, was—

 Persons.Males.Females.
North Island and adjacent islets (exclusive of Maoris)390,571206,606183,965
Middle Island and adjacent islets (exclusive of Maoris)381,661199,103182,558
Stewart Island272166106
Chatham Islands (exclusive of Maoris)20711295
Kermadec Islands853
                Total for the colony (exclusive of Maoris)772,719405,992366,727

PROPORTION OF THE SEXES AND DENSITY OF POPULATION.

The gradual equalization of the numbers of the sexes and growing density of population and dwellings in the colony are alluded to in a further table.

Date of
Enumeration.
Number of
Females to
100 Males.
Number of
Persons to
a Square Mile.
Number of
Persons to
an Inhabited
Dwelling.
Number of
Inhabited
Dwellings to
a Square Mile.
December, 186162.160.9444.420.214
February, 187170.522.4564.480.548
April, 188181.724.6935.120.917
April, 189188.266.0245.061.191
March, 190190.337.4274.861.527

INCREASE OF POPULATION AT SUCCESSIVE CENSUSES.

The increase of population of European descent at successive census periods has been:—

Date of Enumeration.Population.
Persons.
Numerical Increase.
Persons.
Centesimal
Increase.
December, 185859,41339,60839.99
December, 186199,02173,13773.86
December, 1864172,15846,51027.01
December, 1867218,66837,72517.25
Date of Enumeration.Population.
Persons.
Numerical Increase.
Persons.
Centesimal
Increase.
February, 1871250,39343,12116.82
March, 1874299,514114,89838.36
March, 1878414,41275,52118.22
April, 1881489,93388,54918.07
March, 1886578,48248,1768.33
April, 1891626,65876,70212.24
April, 1896703,36069,3599.86
March, 1901772,719  

POPULATIONS OF PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

These are stated as in March, 1901, and at the previous census. Taranaki stands first for rate of progress with an increase of 21.42 per cent. in five years, Wellington comes next with 16 per cent., Auckland third with 14.57, Marlborough and Nelson have increased from 6 to 7 per cent., Canterbury and Otago somewhat over 5 per cent.

Provincial Districts.Population,
April, 1896.
Population,
March, 1901.
Increase.
 Persons.Persons.Numerical.
Persons.
Centesimal.
(-) Decrease.
Auckland153,564175,93822,37414.57
Taranaki31,17537,8556,68021.42
Hawke's Bay34,03835,4241,3864.07
Wellington121,854141,35419,50016.00
Marlborough12,48313,3268436.75
Nelson35,73437,9152,1816.10
Westland14,46914,506370.26
Canterbury135,858143,0417,1835.29
Otago163,944173,1459,2015.61
Chatham Islands234207-27-11.54
Kermadec Islands78114.28
                Totals703,360772,71969,3599.86

POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND BOROUGHS.

New Zealand is, by “The Counties Act, 1876,” divided into counties and boroughs, excepting certain outlying islands, which are not within county boundaries. It is provided by the above-mentioned Act that boroughs shall not be included in counties. In March, 1901, the number of the counties was 86. Of these, the North Island had 52, with a population amounting altogether to 216,725 persons. The Middle Island had 33 counties, the population being 200,618 persons. Stewart Island is a county in itself, and had a population of 253 persons, exclusive of persons on shipboard. The names and populations of the various counties in the colony, with their interior boroughs set opposite, were as under at the date of the enumeration:—

Counties.Census, 1901.
Mongonui2,274
On shipboard18
Whangaroa927
Hokianga1,767
On shipboard22
Bay of Islands2,587
On shipboard26
Hobson4,813
On shipboard163
Whangarei6,380
On shipboard31
Otamatea2,721
Rodney3,678
On shipboard17
Waitemata7,035
On shipboard27
Eden19,314
Manukau12,306
Coromandel4,169
On shipboard14
Thames5,043
On shipboard8
Ohinemuri9,978
On shipboard50
Piako2,436
Waikato3,183
Waipa3,580
Raglan1,697
Kawhia1,113
On shipboard1
West Taupo287
East Taupo256
Rotorua1,307
Tauranga1,720
Whakatane779
Opotiki1,438
On shipboard5
Waiapu711
Cook6,393
Wairoa1,773
Hawke's Bay6,833
Clifton2,535
Taranaki11,194
On shipboard92
Stratford5,081
Hawera8,347
Patea3,046
Waitotara3,476
Wanganui4,018
Rangitikei7,570
Kiwitea2,844
Oroua6,778
Pohangina1,536
Manawatu3,000
Boroughs.Census, 1901.
Whangarei1,429
Birkenhead1,057
Devonport3,823
On shipboard1
Grey Lynn4,110
Auckland4,213
On shipboard874
Parnell4,566
Newmarket2,069
Onehunga3,015
On shipboard47
Thames4,009
On shipboard11
Te Aroha888
Hamilton1,253
Cambridge989
Tauranga945
On shipboard1
Gisborne2,737
On shipboard58
Napier8,774
On shipboard241
Hastings3,650
New Plymouth4,405
Stratford2,027
Hawera2,131
Patea691
Wanganui7,329
On shipboard5
Marton1,101
Feilding2,298
Palmerston North6,534
Foxton1,211
Counties.Census, 1901.
Horowhenua4,654
Waipawa9,495
Patangata2,376
Pahiatua3,600
Akitio1,048
Castlepoint457
Eketahuna2,332
Mauriceville1,127
Masterton3,123
South Wairarapa5,419
Hutt7,171
Sounds946
On shipboard2
Marlborough6,518
Kaikoura1,765
Collingwood2,490
On shipboard23
Waimea7,833
On shipboard3
Buller4,868
On shipboard4
Inangahua4,595
Grey4,971
Westland4,405
Amuri1,142
Cheviot1,120
Ashley11,599
Selwyn30,787
Akaroa3,669
Ashburton11,342
Geraldine5,991
Levels5,496
Mackenzie1,642
Waimate5,653
Waitaki9,086
Waihemo2,014
Waikouaiti4,082
Boroughs.Census, 1901.
Dannevirke2,315
Woodville926
Pahiatua1,209
Masterton3,949
Carterton1,205
Greytown1,122
Wellington43,638
On shipboard333
Onslow1,499
Melrose2,995
Petone3,780
Lower Hutt1,822
Karori1,212
Blenheim3,222
Picton875
On shipboard95
Motueka886
Richmond543
Nelson7,010
On shipboard157
Westport2,922
On shipboard236
Brunner1,572
Greymouth3,748
On shipboard89
Hokitika1,946
On shipboard5
Kumara1,121
Ross614
Kaiapoi1,795
Rangiora1,768
Lyttelton4,023
On shipboard321
Christchurch17,538
New Brighton1,008
Sydenham11,404
St. Albans6,607
Linwood6,737
Woolston2,532
Sumner844
Akaroa559
On shipboard5
Ashburton2,322
Temuka1,465
Timaru6,424
On shipboard62
Waimate1,359
Oamaru4,836
On shipboard17
Hampden331
Palmerston South738
Hawksbury690
Port Chalmers2,056
On shipboard149
North-east Valley3,527
Maori Hill1,550
West Harbour1,465
Counties.Census, 1901.
Peninsula2,561
Taieri7,179
Bruce4,762
Tuapeka6,272
Clutha6,445
Maniototo3,792
Vincent4,362
Lake2,535
Southland22,583
Wallace7,989
Fiord124
Stewart Island253
On shipboard19
Boroughs.Census, 1901.
Dunedin24,879
On shipboard228
Roslyn4,632
Mornington4,008
Caversham5,266
St. Kilda1,700
South Dunedin5,363
Green Island667
Mosgiel1,463
Milton1,241
Kaitangata1,463
Lawrence1,159
Roxburgh478
Tapanui350
Balclutha1,017
Naseby505
Cromwell642
Alexandra818
Arrowtown410
Queenstown690
Gore2,354
Mataura867
Winton474
Invercargill6,215
Invercargill North925
Invercargill South1,874
Invercargill East939
Avenal355
Gladstone329
Campbelltown1,350
On shipboard303
Riverton815

The total county population amounted to 417,596, or 54.04 per cent. of the total for the colony.* In counties are included all towns not constituted municipal boroughs; but, on the other hand, the people living in many of the boroughs can hardly be called town population. The population in boroughs was 350,202 persons, or 45.32 per cent. of the whole. For every 100 persons resident in counties in 1901 there were 84 residing in boroughs. In 1896 the counties had 391,735 persons, and the boroughs 307,294, or, in other words, for every 100 persons in counties, 78 were residents of the boroughs. Thus it will be seen that the proportion of the town to the county population was greater in 1901 than in 1896.

CHIEF CITIESAND SUBURBS.

The Cities of Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin have considerable suburbs. The suburban population of Wellington is comparatively small. The following gives the names and populations of the several localities which may fairly be termed suburbs of the four principal cities:—

* For population of ridings, road districts, and localities, see Census volume, .

SUBURBSOF AUCKLAND.
Boroughs—Population,
Census, 1901.
      Birkenhead1,057
      Devonport3,823
      Newmarket2,060
      Grey Lynn (Newton)4,110
      Parnell4,566
Road Districts—
      Arch-hill1,671
      Eden Terrace2,011
      Epsom750
      Mount Albert2,085
      Mount Eden5,129
      Mount Roskill581
      One-tree Hill1,283
      Point Chevalier684
      Remuera2,186
Northcote Riding767
Outlying portion of Parnell Riding, being land in the Domain with hospital on it250
                Total suburbs33,013
                Auckland City34,213
                Total Auckland and suburbs67,226
SUBURBSOF WELLINGTON.
Boroughs—
      Onslow1,499
      Melrose2,995
      Karori1,212
                Total suburbs5,706
                Wellington City43,638
                Total Wellington and suburbs49,344
SUBURBSOF CHRISTCHURCH.
Boroughs—Population,
Census, 1901.
      Sydenham11,404
      St. Albans6,607
      Linwood6,737
      New Brighton1,008
      Woolston2,532
Road Districts—
      Spreydon457
      Halswell (part)156
      Riccarton (part)4,371
      Avon (part)2,843
      Heathcote (part)2,388
                Total suburbs39,503
                Christchurch City17,538
                Total Christchurch and suburbs57,041

In laying off the suburbs of Christchurch the boundaries of the Christchurch Health District have been mainly followed.

SUBURBSOF DUNEDIN.
Boroughs—
      Caversham5,266
      Maori Hill1,550
      Mornington4,008
      North-East Valley3,527
      Roslyn4,632
      St. Kilda1,700
      South Dunedin5,363
      West Harbour1,465
                Total suburbs27,511
                Dunedin City24,879
                Total Dunedin and suburbs52,390

The increase of population for ten years at the four chief centres, with their suburbs, was:—

 Census,
1891.
Census,
1901.
Numerical
Increase.
Increase
per Cent.
Auckland and suburbs51,28767,22615,93931.08
Wellington and suburbs34,19049,34415,15444.32
Christchurch and suburbs47,84657,0419,19519.22
Dunedin and suburbs45,86952,3906,52114.22

Thus the two principal cities of the North Island are found to have progressed between 1891 and 1901 at a greater rate than those of the Middle Island, and Wellington in particular to have developed at more than three times the rate of Dunedin, and more than twice as fast as Christchurch.

While New South Wales and Victoria present what is termed by the statistician of the former colony “the disquieting spectacle of capital towns growing with wonderful rapidity, and embracing in their limits one-third of the population of the territory of which they are the centre,” New Zealand is saved from this by the configuration of the country, which has resulted in the formation of four chief towns, besides others of secondary importance but nevertheless trading centres of considerable consequence.

POPULATION OF TOWN DISTRICTS AND SMALL CENTRES.

Besides the boroughs, there were 35 town districts (including the special town district of Rotorua, constituted under “The Thermal-Springs Districts Act, 1881,”) which are portions of the counties in which they are situated. One only of these, Hampstead, has more than 1,000 inhabitants. A list of these town districts is subjoined, with populations, as in 1901:—

Town Districts.Population.
* Constituted under “The Thermal-Springs Districts Act, 1881.”
Kamo260
Helensville531
Papakura286
Te Awamutu355
Kihikihi222
Ngaruawahia245
Rotorua*914
Opotiki627
Waitara (Raleigh)765
Opunake466
Inglewood719
Normanby370
Manaia447
Waverley416
Lethbridge230
Bulls501
Halcombe336
Clyde (Wairoa)623
Taradale763
Ormondville459
Waipawa669
Kaikora North268
Featherston629
Johnsonville502
Havelock316
Amberley417
Southbridge396
Hampstead1,118
Tinwald561
Geraldine868
Allanton (formerly Grey)227
Outram420
Clinton431
Wyndham417
Otautau443

In addition to the boroughs and town districts above referred to, the census results showed for 1901 throughout the colony no less than 683 places of the nature of townships, villages, or small centres without boundaries. It is impossible to say that the populations of these small centres are all strictly accurate, even for the census date, or given in such a way as to be fit for comparison one with another. In different cases more or less of surrounding country may have been considered as belonging to the centre, but there is at least at each place mentioned some sort of nucleus of population, if not a well-defined village or township. In making the statement the best has been done with a difficult matter, and the information is given as useful—in some cases, like that of Waihi and Reefton, important—even if open to objection here and there. The county in which each is situated is also given:—

 Population.
* Special Town District under “The Thermal Springs District Act, 1881.”
Abbotsford, Taieri284
Adair, Levels206
Adams's Flat, Bruce76
Adamson's, Southland69
Addison's Flat, Buller208
Ahaura, Grey219
Albany, Waitemata87
Albert Town, Vincent73
Alford Forest, Ashburton221
Alfredton (and vicinity), Masterton332
Allandale, Waihemo115
Allenton, Ashburton837
Alma, Waitaki123
Alton, Patea58
Anderson's Bay, Peninsula567
Annat, Selwyn105
Antonio's Flat, Inangahua51
Aongatete, Tauranga22
Aoroa, Hobson373
Apiti, Pohangina128
Aramoho, Waitotara1,002
Arapohu, Hobson189
Aratapu, Hobson556
Arden, Taieri87
Argyle, Southland80
Arthurtown, Westland74
Arundel, Geraldine38
Ashley, Ashley202
Ashhurst (and vicinity), Oroua545
Athol, Southland72
Avondale, Eden826
Awahuri, Manawatu42
Awakino, Kawhia124
Awanui, Waiapu51
Awhitu, Manukau413
Bainham, Collingwood126
Bald Hill Flat, Vincent175
Ballance, Pahiatua73
Bannockburn, Vincent394
Barkly, Southland63
Barry's Bay, Akaroa154
Basting's, Tuapeka28
Beaconsfield, Levels122
Beck's, Maniototo67
Belfast, Selwyn613
Belfield Village Settlement, Geraldine166
Belgrove, Waimea156
Bendigo, Vincent49
Bennett's, Ashley77
Berwick, Taieri87
Blackball, Grey382
Black's Point, Inangahua315
Blackwater, Inangahua149
Blair Taieri, Taieri35
Blue Spur, Westland135
Bombay, Manukau363
Bowentown, Tauranga24
Brighton, Buller19
Brighton, Taieri119
Brightwater, Waimea391
Broad Bay, Peninsula156
Brockville, Taieri23
Buckley, Cook164
Buffalo (and vicinity), Coromandel574
Bulltown, Ohinemuri27
Bunnythorpe (and vicinity), Oroua148
Burke's, Mackenzie143
Burnside (and vicinity), Taieri469
Burnveil and Lovell's Flat, Bruce89
Burwood, Selwyn140
Cabbage Bay, Coromandel18
Callaghan's, Westland79
Cambrian's, Maniototo103
Cambridge West, Waipa238
Cape Foulwind, Buller182
Capleston, Inangahua153
Cardrona, Lake126
Castlecliffe, Waitotara412
Castlepoint, Castlepoint22
Centre Bush, Southland83
Charleston, Buller199
Charlton, Southland108
Chatton, Southland32
Cheltenham, Kiwitea39
Chertsey, Ashburton99
Clareville, Wairarapa South93
Clarkville, Ashley253
Clifden, Wallace93
Clifton, Collingwood60
Clyde, Vincent374
Coalbrookdale, Buller111
Coal Creek, Tuapeka220
Coalgate (and vicinity), Selwyn129
Cobden, Grey423
Collingwood, Collingwood16
Cooptown, Akaroa96
Coromandel, Coromandel663
Courtenay, Selwyn161
Crofton, Rangitikei148
Cromarty, Fiord28
Crushington, Inangahua152
Cullensville, Marlborough84
Culverden, Amuri87
Dacre, Southland44
Dalefield, Wairarapa South311
Danieltown, Wallace68
Darfield, Selwyn118
Dargaville, Hobson505
Deborah, Waitaki34
Deborah Bay, Waikouaiti163
Denlair, Wanganui61
Denniston, Buller793
Dillman's, Westland168
Dipton, Southland68
Doyleston, Selwyn154
Dromore, Ashburton78
Drummond, Wallace248
Drury (and vicinity), Manukau364
Dunback, Waihemo165
Dunganville, Grey90
Dunkeld, Tuapeka105
Dunsandel, Selwyn236
Duntroon, Waitaki181
Durietown, Wanganui355
Duvauchelle's Bay, Akaroa145
East Clive, Hawke's Bay141
East Dipton (and vicinity), Southland139
Eastern Bush, Wallace17
Eastown, Wanganui238
East Winton, Southland155
Edendale, Southland180
Egmont, Taranaki33
Eketahuna, Eketahuna340
Ellesmere, Selwyn103
Eltham, Hawera400
Enfield, Waitaki161
Epworth, Geraldine105
Ettrick, Tuapeka68
Evansdale, Waikouaiti52
Eweburn, Maniototo103
Fairdown, Buller75
Fairfax (and vicinity), Bruce183
Fairfield, Taieri110
Fairlie, Mackenzie597
Feldwick, Wallace23
Fendalton, Selwyn309
Fernhills, Southland70
Fernside (and vicinity), Ashley550
Ferntown, Collingwood81
Flax Swamp, Waikouaiti87
Flaxton, Ashley17
Fordell, Wanganui283
Fortrose, Southland131
Frankton, Lake265
Frasertown, Wairoa175
Galatea, Whakatane14
Garfield, Wallace42
Georgetown, Waitaki84
German Bay, Akaroa155
Gibbston, Lake158
Gibbstown, Collingwood192
Gimmerburn, Maniototo196
Glenavy, Waimate98
Gleniti (and vicinity), Levels99
Glenorchy, Lake18
Glenore, Bruce81
Glentunnel, Selwyn153
Golden Cross, Ohinemuri383
Goldsborough, Westland146
Gordon Special Settlement, Piako89
Governor's Bay, Akaroa169
Grahamstown, Whangarei60
Granity Creek, Buller366
Grassmere, Southland137
Greatford (and vicinity), Rangitikei132
Greendale, Selwyn340
Green Island Bush, Taieri229
Greenlane, Eden191
Greenpark, Selwyn336
Greerton, Tauranga99
Grovetown, Marlborough352
Gumtown, Coromandel107
Hakaru, Otamatea44
Hakataramea (and vicinity), Waimate264
Hamilton, Maniototo27
Hampden, Waipawa261
Hamua, Pahiatua202
Hanmer Springs, Amuri154
Harwood, Southland81
Hastings, Thames112
Hastwell, Mauriceville220
Hatter's, or Nelson Creek, Grey156
Hawarahu, Manukau62
Havelock, Hawke's Bay374
Hawarden, Ashley66
Hawea, Vincent39
Hawthorndale, Southland42
Heddon Bush, Wallace146
Henderson (and vicinity), Waitemata357
Henley, Taieri122
Herbert, Waitaki282
Herbertville, Patangata129
Heriot (and vicinity), Tuapeka206
Highcliffe, Peninsula222
Hikurangi, Whangarei495
Hikutaia, Thames152
Hillgrove, Waitaki37
Hindon, Taieri192
Hirstfield, Wallace52
Hobsonville, Waitemata194
Hodgkinson, Wallace48
Hohoura, Mangonui272
Holmesdale, Wallace19
Horndon, Selwyn188
Hororata, Selwyn269
Howick (and vicinity), Manukau617
Huia, Taranaki54
Huiakama, Stratford45
Huirangi, Taranaki40
Hukerenui, Whangarei110
Hunterville, Rangitikei576
Huntly, Waikato622
Hurunui, Ashley58
Hyde, Maniototo164
Ida Valley, Vincent203
Inangahua Junction, Inangahua98
Inglewood, Southland46
Islington, Selwyn289
Jackeytown, Oroua85
Josephville, Southland19
Kaeo (and vicinity), Whangaroa324
Kaihu, Hobson105
Kai Iwi, Waitotara111
Kaikohe, Bay of Islands115
Kaikoura, Kaikoura516
Kaitaia, Mangonui.106
Kaitawa, Pahiatua95
Kakanui (North), Waitaki126
Kakanui (South), Waitaki181
Kakaramea, Patea117
Kanieri, Westland149
Kapanga, Coromandel328
Karaka, Cook110
Karangahake, Ohinemuri205
Katu, Hokianga48
Kaukapakapa, Waitemata543
Kaurihohore, Whangarei191
Kawakawa, Bay of Islands263
Kawarau Gorge, Vincent40
Kawhia, Kawhia158
Keel, Ashley166
Kennedy Bay, Coromandel89
Kennington, Southland56
Kereru (and vicinity), Horowhenua275
Kerrytown, Levels156
Killinchy, Selwyn77
Kimberley, Selwyn149
Kimbolton, Kiwitea219
Kingsdown, Levels114
Kingston, Lake61
Kirwee (and vicinity), Selwyn333
Kohinui, Pahiatua53
Kohukohu, Hokianga128
Kokonga, Maniototo45
Komaka, Pohangina57
Konini (vicinity), Pahiatua247
Kopu, Thames166
Koru, Taranaki93
Kuaotunu, Coromandel375
Kukunui (Brownstown), Eketahuna136
Kumeroa, Waipawa148
Kuri Bush, Taieri150
Kuriwao, Clutha94
Kurow, Waitaki264
Kyeburn Diggings, Maniototo190
Kyeburn, Upper, Maniototo78
Lake Hayes, Lake194
Larrikins, Westland90
Lauder, Maniototo43
Leedstown (and vicinity), Rangitikei269
Leeston, Selwyn257
Leithfield, Ashley298
Lepperton, Taranaki36
Levin, Horowhenua1,147
Lichfield, Piako41
Lime Hills, Southland96
Lincoln (and vicinity), Selwyn464
Lintley, Southland54
Linton, Oroua61
Little Akaloa, Akaroa233
Livingstone, Waitaki123
Longburn (and vicinity), Oroua358
Long Bush, Southland215
Longford, Inangahua25
Longridge, Southland112
Lowburn, Vincent133
Lowther, Southland15
Luggate, Vincent51
Lumsden, Southland275
Lumsden Extension, Southland162
Lyell, Buller90
Macandrew, Southland30
Macetown, Lake113
Mackaytown (and vicinity), Ohinemuri1,035
Mackenzie, Cheviot113
Macrae's (and vicinity), Waihemo59
Maheno, Waitaki226
Maitland, Southland22
Makakahi, Pahiatua42
Makarewa, Southland370
Maketu, Tauranga41
Makikihi, Waimate112
Makomako (and vicinity), Pahiatua154
Makuri, Pahiatua85
Makutoku, Waipawa271
Manakau, Horowhenua184
Mandeville, Southland129
Mangahao, Pahiatua43
Mangamahoe, Mauriceville131
Mangamaire, Pahiatua96
Mangaonoho, Rangitikei342
Mangare (and vicinity), Manukau702
Mangatainoko, Pahiatua171
Mangawai, Otamatea193
Mangaweka (and vicinity), Rangitikei956
Mangonui, Mangonui249
Mansfordtown, Waikouaiti377
Manurewa, Manukau70
Manutahi, Patea72
Maori Gully, Grey7
Mapourika, Westland20
Marima, Pahiatua50
Marsden, Grey37
Marshalltown, Kiwitea66
Martinborough (and vicinity), Wairarapa South551
Matakanui, Vincent219
Matakana, Rodney172
Matakohe, Otamatea338
Matamau, Waipawa292
Mauku (and vicinity), Manukau306
Mauriceville, Mauriceville203
Maxwelltown, Waitotara207
Mayfield, Waitemata112
Meanee, Hawke's Bay63
Medbury Village Settlement, Ashley130
Menzies' Ferry, Southland91
Mercer (and vicinity), Manukau208
Merryjigs, Inangahua68
Merton, Waikouaiti170
Methven, Ashburton296
Middlemarch, Taieri226
Midhirst, Stratford330
Milford, Geraldine157
Millwood, Southland75
Mohaka, Wairoa119
Mokau, Kawhia70
Mokihinui, Buller29
Mokoreta, Southland47
Morley, Wallace70
Morrinsville, Piako300
Mosstown, Waitotara225
Motu, Cook64
Moutere, Waimea129
Murawai, Cook23
Murchison, Inangahua104
Neavesville, Thames25
Netherton, Ohinemuri155
Nevis, Vincent168
Newman, Eketahuna178
Newport, Hobson129
Ngahauranga, Hutt168
Ngahere, Grey123
Ngaire, Stratford81
Ngakawau, Buller12
Ngapara, Waitaki201
Niagara, Southland87
Nightcaps, Wallace373
Nikau (and vicinity), Pahiatua114
Nokomai, Southland113
Nolan, Hawera129
Normanby, Levels130
Norsewood (and vicinity), Waipawa914
Northcote, Waitemata767
North Taieri (and vicinity), Taieri602
No Town, Grey66
Nukumaru, Waitotara61
Oaklands, Peninsula76
Oakura, Taranaki44
Oban, Stewart Island80
Ohaeawai, Bay of Islands112
Ohau (and vicinity), Horowhenua309
Ohaupo, Waipa250
Ohinemutu, Rotorua107
Ohingaiti (and vicinity), Rangitikei464
Ohiwa, Opotiki19
Ohoka, Ashley426
Okaiawa, Hawera94
Okaihau and Omapere, Bay of Islands273
Okain's Bay, Akaroa278
Okarito, Westland66
Okato, Taranaki92
Okoroire, Piako211
Omahu, Thames268
Omata, Taranaki41
Ongaonga, Waipawa107
Ophir, Vincent132
Opitonui, Coromandel277
Opua, Bay of Islands62
Opuriao, Whakatane161
Oraka, Wallace185
Orari, Geraldine118
Ormond (and vicinity), Cook482
Oropi, Tauranga53
Orwell Creek, Grey59
Otahuhu, Manukau1,211
Otaki (and vicinity), Horowhenua629
Otakia, Taieri102
Otara, Opotiki150
Otara, Southland135
Otawa, Manukau53
Otekaike, Waitaki54
Otiake, Waitaki118
Otorohanga, Kawhia150
Owaka, Clutha635
Owen Junction, Inangahua28
Owharoa (and vicinity), Ohinemuri485
Oxford East, Ashley311
Oxford West, Ashley176
Paeroa, Ohinemuri1,504
Pahia, Wallace151
Pahautanui, Hutt104
Paikakariki, Hutt160
Pakawau, Collingwood39
Pakington, Manukau69
Panmure, Eden259
Papanui, Selwyn270
Paparata, Manukau180
Papatoitoi (and vicinity), Manukau219
Parangahatu, Akitio55
Paraparaumu, Hutt198
Parkville, Eketahuna202
Patumahoe, Manukau148
Patutahi (and vicinity), Cook228
Peel (and vicinity), Geraldine170
Pembroke, Lake130
Pigeon Bay, Akaroa157
Pihama, Hawera27
Pine Hill, Waikouaiti41
Pipiriki (and vicinity), Wanganui233
Piritarau, Waiapu164
Pirongia East, Waipa89
Pleasant Point, Levels749
Pleasant Valley, Waikouaiti50
Pleckville, Eketahuna71
Plimmerton, Hutt92
Pohangina, Pohangina167
Pokeno (and vicinity), Manukau460
Porirua, Hutt80
Porangahau, Patangata187
Poro-o-torao, Clifton235
Port Albert, Rodney241
Port Awanui, Waiapu51
Port Moeraki, Waitaki197
Port Waikato, Raglan14
Portobello Town, Peninsula50
Puangi, Clifton40
Puhoi, Rodney39
Pukekohe East, Manukau331
Pukekohe, Manukau611
Pukerau, Southland129
Pungarehu, Taranaki143
Puni, Manukau212
Purakanui, Waikouaiti31
Puriri, Thames220
Putara, Eketahuna29
Putiki, Wanganui145
Queensbury, Vincent54
Raetihi (and vicinity), Wanganui433
Raglan, Raglan114
Rahotu, Taranaki80
Rakaia, Ashburton439
Rakaia Village Settlement, Ashburton187
Rakaunui, Akitio46
Rama Rama, Manukau204
Rangiriri, Waikato76
Rangiwahia (Pemberton), Kiwitea88
Rata Settlement, Rangitikei210
Raupo, Otamatea108
Rawene, Hokianga103
Redcliffe, Waimate86
Redwood Town, Marlborough143
Reefton, Inangahua1,722
Reidston, Waitaki80
Renwicktown, Marlborough292
Reynolds, Waikouaiti35
Riccarton, Selwyn313
Richmond, Selwyn252
Richmond Grove, Southland101
Rikiorangi, Hutt138
Rimu, Westland148
Rimu, Southland56
Riversdale, Southland312
Riwaka, Waimea687
Rockville, Collingwood102
Rolleston, Selwyn85
Rongotea, Manawatu229
Rotherham, Amuri146
Rotorua, Rotorua*759
Round Hill Diggings, Wallace178
Ruapekapeka, Bay of Islands119
Runciman, Manukau30
Russell, Bay of Islands246
Sandymount, Peninsula177
Sanson, Manawatu210
Sawyer's Bay, Waikouaiti305
Scarborough, Levels54
Scarborough (and vicinity), Pahiatua198
Scotsburn, Geraldine24
Sefton (and vicinity), Ashley620
Selwyn, Selwyn33
Serpentine, Maniototo44
Shaftesbury, Piako85
Shannon, Horowhenua272
Shawfield, Waikouaiti125
Sheffield, Selwyn153
Shiel Hill, Peninsula86
Shirley, Selwyn165
Shortland, Thames1,217
Silverstream, Mackenzie98
Skippers, Lake92
Southbrook (and vicinity), Ashley1,070
Spring Creek (and vicinity), Marlborough264
Springfield, Selwyn247
Spring Grove, Waimea348
Springston, Selwyn644
Stafford, Westland116
St. Andrew's, Waimate127
St. Bathan's, Maniototo231
St. Helier's Bay, Eden24
St. Kilda, Buller16
Stirling (and vicinity), Bruce232
Stoke, Waimea511
Strathmore, Stratford54
Studholme Junction, Waimate138
Swannanoa, Ashley100
Swanson, Waitemata147
Taheke, Hokianga21
Taiaroa Heads, Peninsula45
Taihape (and vicinity), Rangitikei461
Taipa, Mangonui20
Tairua, Thames360
Taitapu, Selwyn268
Takapau (and vicinity), Waipawa431
Tamaki West (and vicinity), Eden351
Tarras, Vincent158
Tatararaki, Hobson348
Taueru, Masterton139
Tauherenikau, Wairarapa South113
Taupaki, Waitemata131
Taupiri, Waikato136
Taupo, East Taupo79
Tavistock, Waimate28
Taylorville, Wanganui33
Te Anui, Wallace16
Te Aroha West, Piako158
Te Aute, Waipawa120
Teddington, Akaroa69
Te Horo, Horowhenua98
Te Kopuru, Hobson325
Te Kuiti, Kawhia134
Templeton, Selwyn67
Teoneroa, Fiord37
Te Puke (and vicinity), Tauranga477
Te Teko, Whakatane20
Thornbury, Wallace262
Thorpe, Waimea100
Tikorangi, Clifton29
Tiniroto, Cook62
Tinui, Castlepoint295
Tokaanu, East Taupo55
Toka-Toka, Otamatea96
Toko, Stratford240
Tokomaru, Horowhenua116
Tokomaru (and vicinity), Waiapu196
Totara, Whangaroa155
Totara, Waitaki176
Totara East, Grey188
Tuakau, Manukau418
Tuamarina, Marlborough44
Tumai, Waikouaiti22
Tutaekara, Pahiatua58
Turua, Thames244
Upper Hutt, Hutt309
Urenui, Clifton165
Utiku, Rangitikei297
Vauxhall, Peninsula52
Vogeltown, Taranaki176
Waddington, Selwyn134
Wade, Waitemata229
Waianiwa, Southland52
Waiau, Amuri153
Waiau, Manukau63
Waihi, Ohinemuri3,813
Waihola, Bruce190
Waihou (and vicinity), Piako410
Waikaia, Southland230
Waikaka, Southland112
Waikanae, Horowhenua149
Waikare, Ashley417
Waikawa, Southland44
Waikiwi, Southland152
Waikoikoi, Clutha13
Waimangaroa, Buller151
Waima, Hokianga43
Waimata, Cook117
Waimate, Bay of Islands105
Waimatuku, Wallace166
Waimea West, Waimea221
Wainuiomata, Hutt48
Waiomio, Bay of Islands74
Waiorongomai, Piako154
Waiotahi, Opotiki117
Waipahi, Clutha130
Waipara, Southland17
Waipara, Ashley141
Waipipi, Manukau135
Waipiro (and vicinity), Waiapu118
Waipori, Tuapeka211
Waipu Central (and vicinity), Whangarei461
Waipukurau, Waipawa565
Wairaki, East Taupo25
Wairio (and vicinity), Wallace271
Waitahuna, Tuapeka301
Waitati (and vicinity), Waikouaiti272
Waitekauri, Ohinemuri441
Waitotara, Patea173
Waituna, Kiwitea53
Waiwera, Waitemata59
Waiwera, Clutha167
Waiuku, Manukau205
Wakefield, Waimea479
Wallacetown, Southland160
Wallingford, Patangata90
Wangaehu, Wanganui19
Wangamomona, Stratford23
Wanstead, Patangata111
Waotu, West Taupo71
Warepa, Clutha217
Warkworth, Rodney572
Washdyke, Levels217
Waterford, Tauranga50
Waterton (and vicinity), Ashburton197
Wayne's, Waihemo24
Weber, Patangata159
Weedon's, Selwyn106
Wereroa, Horowhenua58
West Clive, Hawke's Bay333
West Melton, Selwyn 280 
Weston, Waitaki237
Whakataki, Castlepoint50
Whakarewarewa, Rotorua48
Whakatane, Whakatane239
Whangapoua, Coromandel61
Whangaroa, Whangaroa100
Whare Flat, Taieri93
Whenuakiti, Coromandel40
Whitecliffs, Selwyn98
Whitmore, Oroua80
Whitstone, Waitaki51
Wickliffe Bay, Peninsula30
Wimbledon, Patangata90
Winchester, Geraldine170
Windsor, Waitaki130
Woodbury, Geraldine111
Woodend, Ashley365
Woodend, Southland115
Woodfield, Southland34
Woodlands, Southland207
Woodside, Taieri222
Woodside, Wairarapa South23
Woodstock, Westland189
Woodstock Village Settlement, Ashley50
Wrey's Bush, Wallace289
Yaldhurst, Selwyn143

POPULATION OF ADJACENT ISLANDS.

The names and populations of the islands adjacent to and included in the colony were, in March, 1901:—

Islands.Total.M.F.
Mokohinau Lighthouse853
Tiritiri Lighthouse52..
Motuhora743
Great Barrier510357153
Little Barrier11110
Kawau21714
Ponui271116
Ponui Lighthouse211
Ruthe's1596
Pakatoa532
Pahiki431
Waiheke1628181
Week's (Puketutu)633
Motuihi1192
Bean Rock Lighthouse11..
Motutapu1174
Rakino422
Rangitoto33..
Brown's844
Mercury1459
Cuvier and Lighthouse743
Slipper33..
Motiti22..
East Island Lighthouse651
Portland and Lighthouse21138
Kapiti312
Somes and Lighthouse752
Stephen's1899
Brothers Lighthouse33..
Quarantine211
Ruapuke99..
Dog Island and Lighthouse1697
Centre and Lighthouse954
Resolution22..
Chatham Islands20711295
Kermadec Islands853
                Total1,158706452

The islands which are not included within the boundaries of the counties had in 1901 a population of 1,158 persons (exclusive of Maoris), against 950 in 1896. Only three of the islands had a population over 100 persons at last census. The population of the Great Barrier increased since 1896 from 307 to 510 persons; Waiheke showed a decrease from 166 to 162 persons. Europeans at the Chatham Islands decreased from 234 to 207.

POPULATION OF AUSTRALASIA.

The growth of population in Australasia over a period of forty years is shown in a comparative table. The total for March, 1901, being 4,557,323 persons, is greater than the population of Ireland or Scotland for 1900, and one-seventh part of the population of England and Wales for that year. Australasia has now twice the population of Denmark, over one-third more than Switzerland, and nearly that of the Netherlands.

 Persons. 1860.Persons. 1870.Persons. 1880.Persons, 1890.Census, March, 1901.
New South Wales348,546498,659747,9501,121,8601,362,200
Victoria537,847726,599860,0671,133,2661,201,506
Queensland28,056115,567226,077392,965503,266
South Australia124,112183,797267,573319,414362,604
Western Australia15,22725,08429,01946,290182,553
Tasmania87,775100,765114,762145,290172,475
New Zealand79,711248,400484,864625,508772,719
Australasia1,221,2741,898,8712,730,3123,784,5934,557,323

Chapter 33. SECTION V.—RELIGION.

Of the various religious denominations, the Church of England has most adherents in the colony. They numbered 314,024 at the date of the census; or, including 1,239 Protestants not more specifically described, 315,263 persons, being 40.84 out of every 100 of population. The Presbyterians numbered 176,503 persons, or 22.87 per cent., and the Roman Catholics came next with 108,960, or, including Catholics not further defined, 109,822, which gives a proportion of 14.23 per cent. The Methodists were 83,802, or 10.86 in every 100 persons. Of other denominations, the Baptists, of whom there were 16,035, and the Salvation Army, 7,999 persons, were those returning more than 1 per cent. of the total population, the proportions being 2.08 and 1.04 respectively. 18,295 persons objected to state their religious belief, or 2.38 in every 100.

The numbers and percentages for five censuses are given in tabular form, so as to allow of the degree of increase relatively to the population being observed:—

Denominations.Number of Adherents in 1901.Proportion per Cent. of Population.
1881.1886.1891.1896.1901.
* “Unspecified” not taken into account.
Church of England and Protestants (undefined)315,26341.5040.1740.5140.2740.84
Presbyterians170,50323.0822.5922.6222.7822.87
Methodists83,8029.539.5510.1410.4410.86
Baptists16,0352.342.482.372.282.08
Congregationalists6,6991.371.351.070.970.87
Lutherans4,8331.181.020.900.790.63
Salvation Army7,999..0.911.501.501.04
Society of Friends3130.050.050.050.050.04
Unitarians4680.100.080.050.050.06
Other Protestants16,8771.261.551.822.162.19
Roman Catholics and Catholics (undefined)109,82214.0813.9413.9614.0714.23
Greek Church1890.010.010.010.020.02
Hebrews1,6110.310.770.230.220.21
Buddhists, Confucians2,4321.010.770.630.480.30
Other Denominations1,3470.110.100.120.160.17
No Denomination8,2400.891.051.321.221.07
No Religion1,1090.060.170.250.270.14
Unspecified8820.270.50***
Object to state18,2952.853.442.452.272.38
 772,719100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

Here the proportion belonging to the Church of England is shown to have been 40 per cent. since 1886, but a little higher previously. Presbyterians have been 22 or 23 per cent. of the whole at each enumeration, but the proportion of Methodists rose steadily from 9.53 to 10.86. Congregationalists declined from 1.37 per cent. in 1881 to 0.87 per cent. in 1901. Lutherans are fewer in proportion to the total at each succeeding census, while the Salvation Army increased from 0.91 in 1886 to 1.50 in 1891 and 1896, decreasing again to 1.04 in 1901.

Roman Catholics and Catholics undefined formed practically 14 per cent. of the people at each of the census years. The proportion of Buddhists and Confucians diminishes with the number of Chinese in the colony. In 1886 the percentage of persons objecting to state their religion was 3.44, which fell to 2.45 in 1891, and, further, to 2.27 in 1896, rising slightly in 1901 to 2.38 per cent.

A full statement of the particulars for all denominations, as at the census of 1896 and 1901, is given, with the numerical and centesimal increase or decrease in each case. Amongst 1,093 given as “Other Protestants,” 247 described themselves as “Church of God,” 201 as “Christians of no Denomination,” 145 as “Independents,” 41 as “Our Father's Church,” 33 as “Conditional Immortalists,” 31 as “Gospel Mission,” 29 as “Forward Movement,” 26 as “Central Mission,” and the remainder variously in very small numbers.

Numbers for each Denomination, and Increase.

Religious Denominations.Census, 1901.Census, 1896.Increase or Decrease.
Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Numerical.Centesimal
NOTE.—The minus sign (-) indicates decrease.
Total population772,719405,992366,727703,36069,3599.86
Total for specified religions771,837405,372366,465702,23869,5999.91
Episcopalians—
      Church of England, and Episcopalians not otherwise defined314,024165,100148,924281,16632,85811.69
      Protestants, undescribed1,2397424971,643-404-24.59
Presbyterians176,50392,40684,097159,95216,55110.35
Methodists—
      Wesleyan Methodists71,03435,36235,67263,3737,66112.09
      Primitive Methodists10,1435,0465,0977,0413,10244.06
      Methodists (undefined)2,3961,1831,2132,893-497-17.18
      Others22912210760169..
Baptists16,0357,5748,46116,037-2-0.01
Congregationalists6,6993,1543,5456,777-78-1.15
Lutherans, German Protestants4,8333,0631,7705,538-705-12.73
Unitarians4682831853759324.80
Society of Friends313195118321-8-2.49
Church of Christ (Christian Disciples, Disciples of Christ, Disciples)6,1052,8603,2455,8592464.20
Brethren (Christian Brethren, Exclusive Brethren, Open Brethren, Plymouth Brethren)7,4843,4504,0345,0352,44948.64
Believers in Christ31141777-46-59.74
Evangelists (Evangelical Union, Evangelical Church, Evangelical Christians, Evangelical Brethren)2116533-12-36.36
Nonconformists61362595-34-35.79
Salvation Army7,9993,8074,19210,532-2,533-24.05
Christadelphians989497492952373.89
Swedenborgians (New Church, New Jerusalem Church)1597287191-32-16.75
Seventh-day Adventists8643575077768811.34
Students of Truth331716340-307-90.29
Dissenters33..65-62-95.38
Christian Israelites, Israelites34191561-27-44.26
Other Protestants1,0935775161,710-617....
Roman Catholics108,96056,49052,47097,52511,43511.73 
Catholics (undefined)8624803821,279-417-32.60 
Greek Church189134551167362.93 
Catholic Apostolic3261401862477931.98 
Other Sects— 
      Hebrews1,6118267851,549624.01 
      Mormons, Latter-day Saints272145127289-17-5.88 
      Spiritualists49924025937612332.71 
      Buddhists, Confucians, &c.2,4322,413193,391-959-28.28 
      Others2501628818763....
No Denomination— 
      Freethinkers2,8562,2456113,983-1,127-28.30 
      Agnostics552413139562-10-1.78 
      Deists, Theists59518461328.26 
      No Denomination4,7403,0061,7343,89884221.60 
      Doubtful33141946-13-28.26 
No Religion— 
      No Religion1,0127522601,605-593-36.95 
      Atheists806713117-37-31.62 
      Secularists17125153-136-88.88 
Object to state18,29511,8276,46815,9672,32814.58 
Unspecified8826202621,122-240-21.39 

It will be seen by the table that, of the larger Protestant denominations, the Wesleyan Methodists increased since 1896 from 63,373 to 71,034 persons, being at the rate of 12.09 per cent.; Presbyterians from 159,952 to 176,503, or 10.35 per cent.; and the Church of England from 281,166 to 314,024, or 11.69 per cent. Baptists returned practically the same number of adherents as in 1896. The Salvation Army, which increased its numbers by 1,149 persons between 1891 and 1896, being at the rate of 12.25 per cent., now show a decrease of 2,533 persons, or 24.05 per cent. The numbers of the Brethren show an increase of 48.64 per cent., and the Seventh-day Adventists 11.34 per cent. increase; but the Congregationalists have decreased 1.15 per cent. and Lutherans 12.73 per cent. Of the Protestant bodies having but few members in the colony, the Unitarians increased from 375 to 468, and the Society of Friends fell in number from 321 to 313.

Roman Catholics added 11,435 to their number, being 11.73 per cent., a rate similar to that obtained by the Church of England.

Hebrews were 1,549 in 1896, and 1,611 in 1901, a difference of 62. Spiritualists progressed considerably, their numbers rising from 376 to 499, an increase of 32.71 per cent. Freethinkers decreased from 3,983 to 2,856, or 28.30 per cent., which is worthy of remark when contrasted with the increase of 14.01 per cent. gained between 1886 and 1891; and Agnostics, who numbered 562 in 1896, now show a decrease of 10.

Proportions of the Sexes in the Various Denominations.

While the number of males is found to be greater than that of the females in the Church of England, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, and sundry other religious denominations, the contrary result is found in the following cases, the proportion per cent. being—

 Males.Females.
Wesleyan Methodists49.7850.22
Primitive Methodists49.7550.25
Baptists47.2352.77
Congregationalist47.0852.92
Church of Christ46.8553.15
Brethren46.1053.90
Salvation Army48.8451.16
Seventh-day Adventists41.3258.68

Amongst those persons grouped as of “No Denomination,” “No Religion,” and “Object to state,” the proportion of females is very small, as will be seen by the next figures:—

 Males.Females.
No Denomination—
      Freethinkers78.6021.40
      Agnostics74.8225.18
      Deists, Theists86.4413.56
      No Denomination63.4236.58
No Religion—
      No Religion74.3125.69
      Atheists83.7516.25
      Secularists70.5929.41
Object to state64.7035.30

Sunday-schools.

The attendance at Sunday-schools, with remarks thereon, is given in Section IX., under the heading of “Education.”

Chapter 34. SECTION VI.—BIRTHPLACE.

OF the population, exclusive of Maoris (772,719 persons), all but 442 were described as to birthplace on the census schedules. The number of the New Zealand-born was 516,106, and of those born in Australia, Tasmania, and Fiji, 27,215, making 543,321 born in Australasia. The New-Zealand-born increase in proportion to the whole with every successive census. In 1886, 51.89 per cent. of the population were born in this colony; in 1891, the percentage was 58.61; in 1896 it was 62.85; and in 1901 it had reached 66.83, adding to which 3.52 per cent. born in Australia, &c., makes 70.35 out of every 100 persons living in New Zealand who were born in Australasia.

205,111 persons, or 26.56 per cent. of the population, were born in the United Kingdom, which number was divided as under:—

 Number of Persons.Per Cent. of Population.
Born in United Kingdom—
England111,96414.50
      Wales1,7650.22
      Scotland47,8586.20
      Ireland43,5245.64
 205,11126.56

Besides these, there were 4,049 persons born in other British possessions.

Summarising these results, it is found that 752,481 of the population, or 97.43 per cent., were born in the British possessions, made up as follows:—

Born inNumber of Persons.Per Cent. of Population.
Australasia543,32170.35
United Kingdom205,11126.56
Other British Possessions4,0490.52
 752,48197.43

There remained 18,593 persons born in foreign countries, or 2.41 per cent. of population; 1,203 born at sea; and 442 whose birthplaces were not specified.

The New Zealand-born population increased from 441,661 in 1896 to 516,106, or at the rate of 16.86 per cent., between 1896 and 1901, the numerical increase being 74,445 persons. The numbers born in the United Kingdom decreased altogether by 10,050 in the quinquennium.

Born inPersons. 1901.Decrease since 1896.
Numerical.Centesimal.
England111,9644,5773.93
Wales1,76538317.83
Scotland47,8582,5775.11
Ireland43,5242,5135.46

The numbers of Australian-born are found to have increased for each State. The number born in New South Wales, living in New Zealand, was 4,536 in the year 1896, and 6,430 in 1901, an increase of 41.75 per cent. There were 10,471 persons in this colony in 1896 born in Victoria, and 12,583 at last census, or an increase of 20.17 per cent. in five years. New Zealand also gained on the number born in Queensland, there being 1,271 in 1901, against 930 in 1896, or 36.36 per cent. increase. And similarly on the South Australian, Western Australian, and Tasmanian-born.

The number of the people born in foreign countries was found to be 18,593, being 2.41 per cent. of the whole. Besides these, 1,203 persons were returned as born at sea. The greatest number of foreigners were Germans (4,217). Next come persons born in China (2,902). Swedes and Norwegians numbered 2,827. There were 2,120 persons from Denmark and her possessions, and 1,874 persons from Austria-Hungary.

The numbers of those born in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, China, Africa, and North (so described) America all decreased since 1896.

The following table gives full details, and exhibits under the head of “Allegiance” the number of British and foreign subjects in New Zealand:—

NUMBERS OF EACH NATIONALITY, AND INCREASE, 1896 To 1901.
Where born.Census, 1901.Census, 1896. Persons.Increase or Decrease.
Persons.Males.Females.Numerical.Centesimal.
NOTE.—The minus sign (-) indicates decrease.
Total population772,719405,992366,727703,36069,3599.86
Total for specified birthplaces772,277405,690366,587702,75669,5219.89
British:—
        United Kingdom,—
          England111,96464,21647,748116,541-4,577-3.93
          Wales1,7651,0766892,148-383-17.83
          Scotland47,85827,51620,34250,435-2,577-5.11
          Ireland43,52423,43020,09446,037-2,513-5.46
        Australasia and Fiji,—
          New Zealand516,106257,828258,278441,60174,44516.86
          Queensland1,27164562693034136.36
          New South Wales6,4303,3953,0354,5361,89441.75
          Victoria12,5836,5306,05310,4712,11220.17
          South Australia1,5758077681,22235328.88
          Western Australia190103871127869.64
          Tasmania3,7202,0841,6363,16056017.72
          Australia (State not named)1,2226995531,200221.83
          Fiji224981261517348.34
        Other British Possessions,—
          Gibraltar48242449-1-2.04
          Malta55371871-16-22.54
          India and Ceylon1,2867225641,341-55-4.1
          Cape of Good Hope1417269246-105-42.68
          St. Helena43251850-7-14.00
          British North America (Canada)1,5449475971,4121329.35
          West Indies20814464247-39-15.79
          Others724408316334390116.76
Foreign:—
        Austria Hungary1,8741,713161881993112.71
        Belgium1178433138-21-15.22
        Denmark and Possessions2,1201,3847362,125-5-0.24
        France and Possessions609409200698-89-12.75
        Germany4,2172,7431,4744,595-378-8.23
        Greece1239429127-4-3.15
        Italy4283557342351.18
        Netherlands and Possessions11610511132-16-12.12
        Poland976532101-4-3.96
        Portugal and Possessions17215121173-1-0.58
        Russia and Possessions38733948365226.03
        Spain and Possessions59411888-29-32.95
        Sweden1,5481,3372111,514342.25
        Norway1,2799313481,261181.43
        Switzerland33325182342-9-2.63
        Other European Countries30201030  
        China2,9022,866363,719-817-21.97
        Africa1035449134-31-23.13
        America, North America776501275969-193-19.92
        United States of America88159228978010112.95
        Other Foreign Countries422289133485-63-12.99
        At sea1,2035906131,322-119-9.00
        Unspecified442302140604-162-26.82
                    Allegiance.
British subjects761,104396,052365,052690,00371,10110.30
Foreign subjects11,6159,9401,67513,357-1,742-13.04

Chapter 35. SECTION VII.—CONJUGAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE.

OF 403,167 males, exclusive of Chinese, 273,113 were returned as unmarried, 118,475 as husbands, 10,653 as widowers, and 926 were unspecified as to conjugal condition.

These figures show a proportion of 67.90 per cent. of males to have been unmarried, 29.45 as husbands, and 2.65 as widowers, or, eliminating all males under 14 years who were necessarily unmarried, 53.91 per cent. not married, 42.29 per cent. husbands, and 3.80 widowers.

Of females, numbering altogether 366,695, there were 230,510 unmarried, 117,821 wives, 17,902 widows, and 462 not specified as to condition. Or, represented proportionally, of females at all ages, 62.94 per cent. were not married, 32.17 were wives, and 4.89 widows. Shutting off those under 14 years, the proportions stand as 45.18 unmarried, 47.59 wives, and 7.23 widows.

The proportions for successive census periods exhibit on the male side a rise in the percentage of the married men and a steady increase in regard to widowers since the year 1878. On the female side the percentage of the unmarried rose with regularity until the year 1891, while the married diminished; but since that date there has been a marked increase in the percentage of the married. The percentage of widows increased steadily. Chinese are excluded from the calculations.

Year.Males.Females.
Unmarried.Married.Widowed.Unmarried.Married.Widowed.
187870.0928.061.8562.5934.323.09
188170.3927.731.8863.6433.053.31
188670.3527.612.0464.5931.743.67
189170.0227.612.3764.9530.944.11
189669.4827.972.5564.3731.104.53
190167.9029.452.6562.9432.174.89

The proportions at different age-periods show, for males, that the unmarried decrease from 99 per cent. at the period 17-20 to 65 per cent. at the period 25-30 years. At 30-35 years the husbands, who were only 34.61 per cent. at the previous period, exceeded the unmarried, the proportion being of husbands 58.54, unmarried, 40.30, divorced 0.08, and widowers 1.08 per cent. At 80-85 years the widowers were in the highest proportion per cent., the figures being 15.71 unmarried, 39.85 husbands, 0.19 divorced, and 44.25 widowers.

Of the females, 99 per cent. were spinsters at the period 14-18 years; thence onwards the proportion diminished and the wives and widows increased, until at 25-30 years the wives were in the highest proportion—i.e., 54.07 per cent., against 45.01 of unmarried females, 0.05 of divorced, and 0.87 widows. At 70.75 years the widows had increased so as to exceed the wives, being 52.31 per cent. against 43.53, whilst the spinsters had diminished to 4.16 per cent. At 85 and upwards the widows were 81.01 per cent. of the whole number of females.

The proportion of married women under 20 years of age is still steadily diminishing, while the proportion from 35 to 45 years has an increasing tendency. Women in New Zealand are therefore not now marrying at such early ages as they did in former years. The process brings the relative proportions closer to those that obtain in England:—

PROPORTIONS FOR 100 MARRIED WOMEN AT THE AGES 15 To 45.
Ages.England.New Zealand.
1881.1878.1881.1886.1891.1896.1901.
Under 20 years1.102.452.161.811.191.120.98
20 and under 35 years59.3261.9060.5360.0360.1259.5759.94
35 and under 45 years39.5835.6537.3138.1638.6939.3139.08
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

The numbers and proportions according to conjugal condition for each age-period are exhibited in full detail:—

NUMBERS LIVING.
Males.
Ages.Total.Unmarried.Husbands.Widowers.Divorced.Not stated
All ages403,167272,858118,47510,653255926
Specified ages402,760272,685118,40110,641255778
14 years and upwards280,786150,711118,40110,641255778
Under 14 years121,974121,974........
14 years to 15 years8,7478,747........
15 years to 16 years8,4568,456........
16 years to 17 years8,5688,566......2
17 years to 18 years8,4538,4434....6
18 years to 19 years8,5368,50816....12
19 years to 20 years8,4398,40228....9
20 years to 21 years8,5548,440941..19
21 years to 25 years32,60729,4822,953344134
25 years to 30 years35,14522,73012,12115610128
30 years to 35 years29,46311,84517,2063172471
35 years to 40 years23,9836,85416,5774454166
40 years to 45 years21,1284,89815,4347062664
45 years to 50 years18,6473,73013,9568594755
50 years to 55 years14,9482,78811,0989703458
55 years to 60 years13,4502,4239,6991,2592445
60 years to 65 years12,5712,3208,7111,4841739
G5 years to 70 years10,0742,3475,9271,7561529
70 years to 75 years5,3171,0942,9311,267718
75 years to 80 years2,2774441,105709316
80 years to 85 years1,04816441646224
85 years and upwards3753012521613
Unspecified4071737412..148
Females.
Ages.Total.Unmarried.Wives.Widows.Divorced.Not stated.
All ages366,695230,361117,82117,902149462
Specified ages366,487230,284117,74617,881149427
14 years and upwards247,828111,625117,74617,881149427
Under 14 years118,659118,659........
14 years to 15 years8,3588,358........
15 years to 16 years8,3768,3751......
16 years to 17 years8,6898,67710....2
17 years to 18 years8,4308,35272....6
18 years to 19 years8,4258,2151931..16
19 years to 20 years8,4387,924501....13
20 years to 21 years8,5837,5939635..22
21 years to 25 years33,36924,1149,09067890
25 years to 30 years33,22714,91817,9232901680
30 years to 35 years27,2716,98619,6175933540
35 years to 40 years21,2163,37316,8549293327
40 years to 45 years17,3471,78314,1821,3422119
45 years to 50 years13,99596611,3091,6831720
50 years to 55 years11,9906659,2392,068513
55 years to 60 years9,9634677,1442,330616
60 years to G5 years8,0173475,2222,422620
65 years to 70 years6,0272533,2832,468221
70 years to 75 years3,2361341,4041,687..11
75 years to 80 years1,679865151,074..4
80 years to 85 years85226173649..4
85 years and upwards3401351273..3
Unspecified208777521..35
PROPORTIONS TO EVERY 100 LIVING AT EACH AGE.
Males.
Ages.Unmarried.Husbands.Widowers.Divorced.
All ages67.8429.452.650.06
Specified ages67.8429.452.650.06
14 years and upwards53.8242.293.800.09
Under 14 years........
14 years to 17 years to........
17 years to 18 years to99.950.05....
18 years to 19 years to99.810.19....
19 years to 20 years to99.670.33....
20 years to 21 years to98.891.100.01..
21 years to 25 years to90.799.090.110.01
25 years to 30 years to64.9134.610.450.03
30 years to 35 years to40.3058.541.080.08
35 years to 40 years to28.6669.311.860.17
40 years to 45 years to23.2573.273.350.13
45 years to 50 years to20.0675.074.620.25
50 years to 55 years to18.7274.536.520.23
55 years to 60 years to18.0872.359.390.18
60 years to 65 years to18.5169.5111.840.14
65 years to 70 years to23.3759.0017.480.15
70 years to 75 years to20.6555.3123.910.13
75 years to 80 years to19.6448.8731.360.13
80 years to 85 years to15.7139.8544.250.19
85 years and upwards8.0633.6058.070.27
Females.
Ages.Unmarried.Wives.Widows.Divorced.
All ages62.9032.174.890.04
Specified ages62.9132.174.880.04
14 years and upwards45.1247.597.230.06
Under 14 years........
14 years to 15 years........
15 years to 16 years99.990.01....
16 years to 17 years99.880.12....
17 years to 18 years99.150.85....
18 years to 19 years97.692.300.01..
19 years to 20 years94.055.95....
20 years to 21 years88.6911.250.06..
21 years to 25 years72.4627.320.200.02
25 years to 30 years45.0154.070.870.05
30 years to 35 years25.6572.042.180.13
35 years to 40 years15.9279.544.380.16
40 years to 45 years10.2981.847.750.12
45 years to 50 years6.9180.9312.040.12
50 years to 55 years5.5577.1417.270.04
55 years to 60 years4.7071.8223.420.06
60 years to 65 years4.3465.3030.290.07
65 years to 70 years4.2154.6641.090.04
70 years to 75 years4.1643.5352.31..
75 years to 80 years5.1330.7564.12..
80 years to 85 years3.0720.4076.53..
85 years and upwards3.8615.1381.01..

Conjugal Condition of Chinese.

Of 2,825 male Chinese living in the colony, 61 were stated as married and 13 widowed. The instruction on the census schedule was that Chinese not having wives in this colony or any Australian State should be returned as unmarried. Of 32 Chinese females, 18 were returned as married, 12 of the rest being young people under 14 years of age, and 2 from 25 to 29 years old. The half-caste Chinese are referred to on page 236.

Bachelors and Spinsters.

Of 272,685 unmarried males of specified ages, 99,844 were over 20 years of age, and, of 230,284 unmarried females, 103,416 were found to be over 15 years; the excess of spinsters over bachelors was therefore 3,572. Accepting the above as the marriageable ages, the number of bachelors to every 100 spinsters was 97 (nearly).

That a process of equalisation in the numbers of bachelors and spinsters has been going on steadily during past years is proved by the results of previous censuses.

NUMBER OF BACHELORS AGED 20 YEARS AND UPWARDS TO EVERY 100 OF SPINSTERS AGED 15 AND UPWARDS.
Census 1874238
Census 1878191
Census 1881162
Census 1886123
Census 1891105
Census 189698
Census 190197

Husbands and Wives.

The number of husbands of specified ages was 118,401, and of wives 117,746, giving an excess of husbands over wives amounting to 655. This excess of husbands is almost entirely accounted for by the arrival during the last few years of a number of Austrian gum-diggers in the Auckland Provincial District—married men, who did not bring their wives with them.

Widowers and Widows.

The widowers of specified ages numbered 10,641, and the widows 17,881, being a proportion of 60 widowers to every 100 widows. At the census of 1896 the proportion was 62 to every 100 widows.

Divorced Persons.

Four hundred and four persons—namely, 255 men and 149 women—were entered on the census schedules as being divorced. These numbers are not likely to represent fully the actual facts, but are interesting as, no doubt, an approximation to the truth.

Marriage Rates in Australasia.

It was remarked in the report on the census of 1896 that the marriage rate in New Zealand, from being the highest in Australasia, had fallen among the lowest, and that the same process had been going on in regard to birth rates. The lapse of five years places New Zealand in a much better position, the marriage rate being only slightly lower than in Tasmania and Western Australia, but higher than in Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, and Queensland.

MARRIAGE RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.
 1874.1886.1891.1895.1900.
Queensland8.628.677.186.236.88
New South Wales7.707.997.396.357.38
Victoria6.337.847.696.006.96
South Australia8.006.247.315.886.50
Western Australia6.967.988.006.8310.27
Tasmania6.837.266.635.327.71
New Zealand8.815.996.045.947.67

In the year 1880, New Zealand had the highest birth rate in Australasia, but since 1887 the position has been exactly the opposite.

BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.
 1887.1891.1895.1900.
Queensland38.0936.3532.8530.21
New South Wales36.4234.5030.6627.43
Victoria32.3933.5728.5725.82
South Australia34.6333.9230.2325.78
Western Australia37.3434.8525.6231.46
Tasmania33.8733.3730.1028.25
New Zealand32.0929.0126.7825.60

Half-caste Chinese.

The schedules showed that at the time of the census 43 European women were married to Chinese, the result of such unions being 106 children (60 males and 46 females). If these half-caste children be added to the number of pure-bred Chinese in the colony the result would be,—

 Persons.Males.Females.
Chinese2,8572,82532
Chinese half-castes1066046
 2,9632,88578

Chapter 36. SECTION VIII.—AGES: MINORS, ADULTS, AND OLD PEOPLE.

THE number of persons under 21 years in March, 1901, was 359,723, and over 21 years 412,356, besides 640 unspecified as to age, but nearly all adults.

Comparison of the population under and over 21 years for 1886, 1891, 1896, and 1901, shows that the number over 21 years is increasing in proportion to the population at all ages.

PROPORTIONS PER CENT. OF PERSONS—ALL AGES.
 1886.1891.1896.1901.
Under 21 years53.4752.4649.9446.59
Over 21 years46.5347.5450.0653.41
 100.00100.00100.00100.00

The males under 21 years in 1901 were 181,753, and the adults 223,807, leaving 432 unspecified as to age, but of whom few were children. The females under 21 numbered 177,970, and adults 188,549, leaving 208 unspecified. The proportions per cent. of population over 21 years of age of each sex are higher for 1901 than for 1896.

PROPORTIONS PER CENT.
 Males.Females.
 1896.1901.1896.1901.
Under 21 years47.7244.7752.3948.53
Over 21 years52.2855.2347.6151.47
 100.00100.00100.00100.00

The proportion of aged people in the colony increases with time, and the progression is very important to notice. The figures for nine census years, extending from 1867 to 1901 are quoted:—

PERSONS 65 YEARS AND UPWARDS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.
18670.8618781.2918912.29
18711.0818811.4118962.95
18741.2218861.8119014.06

The numbers at the age-periods most often in request may be described thus: Infancy and extreme youth (under 5 years)—males 44,324; females, 42,482: School age (5 to 15 years)—males, 86,414; females, 84,547: Women at the reproductive age (15 to 45 years)—183,387: The athletic age (21 to 40 years)—males, 121,939; females, 115,099: The militia age (17 to 55 years)—males only, 212,065: The elderly period of life (55 to 65 years)—males, 26,514; females, 17,980: Old-age (65 years and upwards)—males, 19,218; females, 12,135.

The total number of males liable to be called out for service in the militia in March, 1901, was, in round numbers, 129,000, consisting of all males between 17 and 40 years, with the unmarried between 40 and 55 years, less the exemptions, numbering about 37,880 persons. They are classified as under:—

Class I. Unmarried, between 17 and 30 years86,327
Class II. Married, between 17 and 30 years15,407
            Unmarried, between 30 and 40 years18,901
Class III. Married, between 30 and 40 years34,545
            Unmarried, between 40 and 55 years11,700
 166,880
                      Deduct exemptions37,880
 129,000

Of married men between 40 and 55, there were 43,130.

Age, and Length of Residence.

For a person not born in New Zealand, the householder was required to state on the census schedule the length of his or her residence therein in years, and from the information thus obtained, a table has been compiled showing the number of persons at each year of age, and the length of their residence in the colony, and from this the following figures, which will no doubt be found interesting, are taken:—

On the 31st March, 1901, there were in New Zealand 26,563 persons of 65 years of age and upwards who had been twenty-five years and over resident in the colony, and, at the same time, no less than

3,537 persons 64 years of age and over, resident 24 years and upwards.
3,602 persons 63 years of age and over, resident 23 years and upwards.
3,831 persons 62 years of age and over, resident 22 years and upwards.
3,532 persons 61 years of age and over, resident 21 years and upwards.
5,978 persons 60 years of age and over, resident 20 years and upwards.
4,180 persons 59 years of age and over, resident 19 years and upwards.
4,676 persons 58 years of age and over, resident 18 years and upwards.
4,567 persons 57 years of age and over, resident 17 years and upwards.
5,277 persons 56 years of age and over, resident 16 years and upwards.
5,030 persons 55 years of age and over, resident 15 years and upwards.

In addition to the above, there were 925 persons of 65 years and over whose length of residence was not specified, 71 persons who had resided twenty-five years and over in the colony whose ages were not stated, and 273 adults unspecified both as to age and length of residence, as well as 163 adults born in New Zealand whose ages were not given.

Aliens are included in the foregoing figures, but Maoris are excluded. There were 11,615 foreign subjects (of all ages) in New Zealand on the 31st March, 1901.

Of the New Zealand born, 171 had reached or passed the age of 65 years at the time of the census; 22 were 64 years old; 43 were 63; 42 were 62; 43 were 61; 130 were said to be 60; 167 were 59; 243 were 58; 321 were 57; 386 were 56; and 410 were 55 years old. These have been included in the figures previously given.

Chapter 37. SECTION IX.—EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE.

THE replies given at the Census by householders showed that in every 100 persons living (excluding Chinese), 82.78 per cent. could read and write, 1.95 could read only, and 15.27 were unable to read. The proportion per cent. unable to read fell from 23.72 in 1878 to 21.19 in 1886, to 16.51 in 1896, and, further, to 15.27 in 1901. Of those who could read only, the proportion diminished from 6.76 in 1878 till in 1901 it stood at 1.95 per cent. The following shows the percentages at each census period:—

Year.Read and WriteRead only.Cannot Read.
Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.
187869.5272.1166.336.765.917.8023.7221.9825.87
188171.3273.3168.945.635.016.3923.0521.6824.67
188674.0175.4072.414.804.365.3121.1920.2422.28
189177.2777.9776.483.973.744.2418.7618.2919.28
189680.6081.0680.092.892.713.0816.5116.2316.83
190182.7883.0882.441.951.812.1015.2715.1115.46

Besides the improvement in the degree of education shown above, which is observed in respect of females as well as males, it will be noticed that whereas the difference in the percentage able to read and write is very considerably in favour of the male sex for the year 1878, the proportions approximate more closely at each successive census year, until in 1901 there are found to have been 82.44 per cent. of the female sex who could read and write, against 83.08 of males. The education of the females, taking as a standard the knowledge of reading and writing, is thus almost equal to that of the males. But with a system of free and compulsory education this would be expected in time, and the census results have no longer the degree of importance or interest they had years ago.

It is in considering the proportions of the population at different age-periods that the improvement in education is even more clearly proved, as seen by reference to the table dealing with those subjects.

Here it is found that in 1901, of persons at the age-period 10-15 years, 99.24 per cent. were able to read and write, while 0.34 per cent. could merely read, and 0.42 per cent. were unable to read. The proportion who could not read increased slowly with each succeeding quinquennial period of age, until at 50-55 years it stood at 3.23 per cent. At 75-80 years the proportion was 6.45, and at 80 and upwards it had advanced to 7.68. Similarly, the proportion of persons who could read only increased from 0.34 at 10-15 years to 1.86 at the period 50-55, and again to 7.75 at 80 and upwards. The better education of the people at the earlier ages is thus exhibited. The numbers upon which the above proportions are based are:—

NUMBERS (EXCLUDING CHINESE).
Ages.Persons.Males.Females.
Read and Write.Read only.Cannot Read.Education unknown.Read and Write.Read only.Cannot Read.Education unknown.Read and Write.Read only.Cannot Read.Education unknown.
All ages632,93614,857116,8215,248332,5607,22360,4842,900300,3767,63456,3372,348
Specified ages632,53814,847116,7985,067332,3187,21760,4722,753300,2207,63056,3262,311
Specified ages above 5 years632,53814,57030,3504,996332,3187,08216,3242,720300,2207,48814,0262,276
Under 5 years..27786,44868..13544,14833..14242,30035
5 years to 10 years53,4089,18121,6471,49126,5284,80311,20677126,8804,37810,441720
10 years to 15 years84,31628735725842,58616421013741,730123147121
15 years to 20 years84,1679735119542,0415823811542,1263911380
20 years to 25 years82,21013649427340,5709034215941,64046152114
25 years to 30 years67,45815847827834,5649432516232,89464153116
30 years to 35 years55,72117748934728,85610031519226,86577174155
35 years to 40 years44,02027759131123,34212935715520,678148234156
40 years to 45 years37,06534772633720,37314942118516,692198305152
45 years to 50 years31,05946178034217,81217645920013,247285321142
50 years to 55 years25,29949586028414,18517143615611,114324424128
55 years to 60 years21,67061385028012,5962314631609,074382387120
60 years to 65 years18,87166182523111,7292434811187,142418344113
65 years to 70 years14,1567671,0011779,099314564975,05745343780
70 years to 75 years7,5294644511094,806196246692,72326820540
75 years to 80 years3,408249252472,01790146241,39115910623
80 and upwards2,181200198361,21474115209671268316
Unspecified age under 2117311892858133
Unspecified age over 21381712176233441421483834

Statistics showing the proportion of persons married in different years, and who signed the register with a mark, corroborate the census results as to advance in education. In the year 1881, 32 males and 58 females per 1,000 of either sex were found to be illiterate, as being not able to sign their names. These proportions fell to 19.21 males per 1,000 and 28.96 females per 1,000 of each sex in 1886, and again to 16.33 and 19.23 in 1890; in 1895 the proportions stood at 9.48 for males and the same for females, and in 1900 only 5.29 for males and 5.12 for females.

A table is next given to show particulars in respect of the various principal religious denominations, and of marriages by Registrars:—

PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK.
Denomination.1881.1886.1890.1895.1900.
M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.
Church of England16.5927.159.3312.006.084.863.213.213.015.27
Presbyterians10.2529.619.797.628.5915.275.001.002.593.23
Wesleyans and other Methodists32.4141.796.3314.7815.2010.144.654.653.983.98
Roman Catholics117.78133.3346.4565.5735.2642.8217.3928.269.466.31
Other denominations10.3620.7211.4922.9915.000.0010.0010.000.000.00
By Registrars39.2293.5135.9862.0329.7740.6022.0220.7313.2910.22
Total marriages32.0457.9819.2128.9616.3319.239.489.485.295.12

In all the preceding proportions and numbers the Chinese have been excluded.

Occupiers of houses were directed, in filling up census schedules, to see that Chinese should be set down as unable to read or write unless they could read and write English. Out of a total of 2,857 Chinese, 385 were returned in conformity with these instructions as capable of reading and writing English, 20 as able to read only, and 2,452 as not able to read or write; but of these 2,452, no less than 823 are stated to be able to read and write Chinese, and 17 to read only in that language.

Attendance at School (as shown for March, 1901, by Census results.)

An inquiry was made as to the number of children attending schools of various kinds, besides those receiving tuition at home; also, as to the number of Sunday-school scholars and teachers. While information is always obtainable from the Educational Department as to children attending public schools, the number at private schools can only be got at by means of the census, or by special applications made for the purpose to the proprietors, which is done once a year. The census figures serve to check the returns received from private schools; while for Sunday-schools and tuition at home there is no other source of information.

The compiled tables give the attendance for March, 1901:—

 Total.Boys.Girls.
At Government primary schools132,91168,36064,551
At college, high, grammar, or private schools19,8378,99410,843
Being taught at home5,0552,2152,840

Comparison with former censuses shows increasing numbers at the schools, but latterly a decline in the home tuition. Possibly a gradually advancing density of population in the country districts accounts for the diminution in the children taught at home. The figures at last five successive censuses are:—

 At Government Primary Schools.At College, High, Grammar or Private Schools.Receiving Tuition at Home.
April, 188187,81113,5387,348
March, 1886110,64414,9487,567
April, 1891124,06317,0478,178
April, 1896133,36417,6006,352
March, 1901132,91119,8375,055

As to attendance at Sunday-schools, a comparison can only be made if the teachers be included with the scholars. Proceeding on these lines a large development is found since 1878:—

Census Year.Totals.Males.Females.
187862,27330,70731,566
188699,88448,50951,375
1896116,04554,06361,982
1901118,41254,83463,578

The excess of females over males would seem to grow greater, considered numerically, as well as in proportion to the numbers, with time.

Comparing the results as to teachers and pupils separately for 1901 and 1896, an increase of 188 is found in the Sunday-school teachers, and of 2,179 in the number of scholars, the increase being more marked in the female than in the male sex.

Census Year.Teachers.Pupils.
Males.Females.Total.
190111,29950,93256,181107,113
189611,11150,09654,838104,934
        Increase1838361,3432,179

School Statistics to 31st December, 1900.

It has been found impossible to collect the full statistics relating to schooling for the year 1901 in time for this work, and the figures for the previous year are accordingly given.

The number of schools, teachers, and scholars, as in December, 1900, are shown in the following summary:—

Description of Schools.Number of Schools.Teachers.Scholars.

* And 181 sewing-mistresses.

† In addition to the above, the census results showed that 5,055 children (2,215 boys, 2,840 girls) were being taught at home in March, 1901. Attendance at Sunday-schools is given on p. 243.

‡ And 8 sewing-mistresses.

                EUROPEAN.   
Public (Government) schools (scholars other than Maoris and half-castes)1,6743,586*128,202
Public (Government) schools (half-castes living among Europeans)1,086
Colleges, grammar, and high schools (aided or endowed)261502,792
Private and denominational schools (excluding Maori scholars)30483115,555
Industrial schools and orphanages....717
Native village schools, European children attending....347
Private Native boarding-schools, European children attending....20
School for Deaf-mutes1..45
Jubilee Institute for Blind1118
                Totals—European2,0064,568148,782†
Description of Schools.Number of Schools.Teachers.Scholars.
                NATIVE.   
Native village schools supported by Government (excluding European children stated above)89151‡2,762
Private Native boarding-schools (maintenance of scholars paid by Government)41271
Private Native boarding-schools (maintenance of scholars paid from endowments)131
Private Native day-schools3692
Public (Government) schools, Maoris attending....1,233
Public (Government) schools, half-castes living as Maoris attending....203
Private and denominational schools for Europeans, Maoris attending....47
                    Totals—Native961694,539

Thus at the end of 1900 there were 2,100 schools of all classes at which members of the European and Maori races were being educated. This was an increase of 21 on the number in 1899. The public primary schools numbered 1,674 in 1900, against 1,645 in 1899. The number of aided or endowed colleges, grammar, and high schools was 26, one more than in the previous year. The number of private schools from which returns were received by the Registrar-General was 304, a decrease of 3. There were also ten industrial schools and orphanages, public and private, as well as a school for deaf-mutes subsidised by Government, and a school for the blind, which have not been included in the increase shown for the year.

The number of schools established for the education of the Native or Maori race was 96, five more than in 1899.

Education at the public schools is free (except that, at such as are also district high schools, fees are charged for the teaching of the higher branches) and purely secular. The attendance of all children between the ages of 7 and 13 is compulsory, except when special exemptions are granted, or a child is being otherwise sufficiently educated.

The subjects of instruction at the primary schools are required by the Education Act to be the following: Reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and composition, geography, history, elementary science and drawing, object-lessons, vocal music, and (in the case of girls) sewing and needlework, and the principles of domestic economy. Provision must also be made for the instruction in military drill of all boys in these schools.

“The Manual and Technical Instruction Act, 1900,” provides for manual and such subjects of technical instruction as are prescribed by regulations under this statute being included in the list of subjects named in the Education Act. Thus manual instruction may be given in ordinary school-hours.

Public (Government) Schools.

Compared with 1899 there was in 1900 a further falling-off in the number of pupils belonging to the public schools at the end of the year, although the average attendance shows an increase of 1,431 for the whole year and 2,448 for the fourth quarter, which is thus commented upon in the report of the Minister of Education:—

There have been since 1893 two methods of calculating the average attendance at any given school. To find the one, called the “strict average,” account has been taken of all the half-days on which the school has been open; the other, the “working average,” has been found by omitting from the calculation all those half-days on which less than half the number on the roll are present.

For the last eight years the capitation grants have been paid to Education Boards on the working average, the Order in Council authorising such payment having been renewed from time to time. It has now been finally decided to adopt the working average as the basis of payments to Boards and of all tables and returns; the working average, in fact, becomes henceforth the only average recognised, and the strict average disappears.

The working average for 1900 was 111,747, an increase of 1,431 on that of 1899, which was 110,316. In 1898 the average was 111,636, and in 1897, 112,328.

The following table shows the attendances from 1877 to 1900:—

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND YEARLY INCREASE FROM 1877 TO 1900.
YearSchool Attendance.Yearly Increase on
Number belonging at Beginning of Year.Number belonging at End of Year.Average Attendance*Average Attendance expressed as Percentage of Roll-number.Number belonging at Beginning of Year.Number belonging at End of Year.Average Attendance†
Fourth Quarter.Whole Year.Fourth Quarter.Whole Year.

* From 1877 to 1893 (inclusive) the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent years the “working” average.

† From 1877 to 1894 (inclusive) the increase on the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent years that on the “working” average.

1877..55,688..............
187850,84965,04049,43545,521....9,352....
187959,70775,56657,30153,06773.88,85810,5267,8667,546
188068,12482,40162,94660,62574.68,4176,8355,6457,558
188174,35983,56063,00961,82274.26,2351,159631,197
188276,30987,17966,42663,70973.61,9503,6193,4171,887
188379,41692,47670,07767,37374.03,1075,2973,6513,664
188484,88397,23874,65072,65775.15,4674,7624,5735,284
188590,670102,40780,18378,32776.65,7875,1695,5335,670
188695,377106,32883,36180,73776.14,7073,9213,1782,410
188799,206110,91987,38685,63777.03,8294,5914,0254,900
1888103,534112,68590,84990,10879.34,3281,7663,4634,471
1889104,919115,45694,30893,37480.31,3852,7713,4593,266
1890108,158117,91296,67094,63279.93,2392,4562,3621,258
1891110,665119,52396,26497,05880.32,5071,611[-406]2,426
1892112,279122,620100,91799,07080.61,6143,0974,6532,012
1893114,305124,68699,87298,61578.52,0262,066[-1,045][-455]
1894116,819127,300107,032104,99681.82,5142,6146,2794,875
1895119,900129,856108,708108,39482.83,0812,5561,6763,398
1896122,425131,037110,274110,51783.32,5251,1811,5662,123
1897123,533132,197111,952112,32883.91,1081,1601,6781,811
1898123,892131,621109,561111,63683.4359[-576][-2,391]1-692]
1899123,207131,315109,050110,31682.6[-685][-306][-511][-1,320]
1900123,416130,724111,498111,74784.1209[-591]2,4481,431

The average of the weekly roll-numbers throughout the year shows a further falling-off from that of 1899, which was less than the year before, the figures being 132,897 for 1900, as against 133,540 for 1899, a decrease of 643. If we attempt to discover the reason for this falling-off in the roll-number by an examination of the roll-numbers at the end of the year, we find that it is not due to any diminution in the number of young children entering the schools, inasmuch as the number of children under nine years of age was 235 more at the end of 1900 than in December, 1899. On the other hand, the number of children over fourteen years of age was 407 less than in the previous year, a fact that seems to show that a slightly greater number obtained employment as soon as the labour age was reached. It is not so easy to explain the falling-off of 419 in the number of children on the roll between the ages of nine and fourteen. It might, for instance, be due to an increase in the number of those who unfortunately escape going to school altogether, or to an increase in the number on the rolls of private schools. In any case, the decrease is not such as in a single year need cause alarm. It is, however, refreshing to note that the average attendance for the whole year is greater than in any previous year except 1897. Expressed as a percentage of the average weekly roll-number, it gives 84.1 per cent. as representing the regularity of attendance during the year. This is higher than the corresponding percentage for any previous year. In 1897 the average attendance reached 83.9 per cent. of the roll, but in 1899 it fell to 82.6 per cent.

Technical Education.

As stated previously, the new Manual and Technical Instruction Act of 1900 provides for manual and such subjects of technical instruction as are prescribed by regulations under this statute being included in the list of subjects named in the Education Act; and the same Act allows part of the ordinary school-time to be given to elementary manual instruction. During 1900, subsidy was paid on classes in freehand drawing (from flat and round), shading, drawing from nature, painting, modelling, mechanical drawing, engineering and machine construction, geometry and perspective, design and ornament, architecture and building construction, mathematics, natural and experimental science (botany, chemistry, and physics), woodwork, plumbing (theoretical and practical), domestic instruction, English and commercial subjects, and singing.

There are eight fully-equipped Technical or Art Schools, the classes in which during 1900 were attended by about 3,000 students.

In connection with the Canterbury College there is an endowed School of Engineering and Technical Science, the students in which work for the university degree of B.Sc. in engineering. One hundred and twenty-seven students attended in 1900.

The Canterbury Agricultural College has an endowment of over 60,000 acres of land, and possesses extensive buildings, and an experimental farm of a very complete character. The students work for the university degree of B.Sc. in agriculture. There were twenty-five students in 1900.

There are several Schools of Mines located in districts in which mining is actively carried on, and the Otago University maintains a professorial chair of mining and metallurgy, to which the Government makes an annual grant of £500. The number of students in mining in 1900 was 326, fifty-nine of whom were at the Otago University.

With the view of encouraging attendance at technical schools and classes, arrangements have been made with the Railway Department by which teachers of classes registered with the Minister of Education may give certificates to their pupils which will enable them to obtain railway tickets at special rates.

The following table shows the results of examinations conducted in the colony on behalf of the Science and Art Department, London, and of the City and Guilds of London Institute:—

LONDON TECHNICAL AND ART EXAMINATIONS, 1900.
[“C” represents candidates; “P” passes.]
Subjects of Examination.Auckland.Wanganui.Wellington.Wellington Sub-centres.*Napier.Nelson.Christchurch.Timaru.Dunedin.

Total of papers, 856; total of passes, 538.

* Pahiatua and Masterton.

† Includes a book prize and a prize.

‡ Includes a prize

 CPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCP
        SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT.                  
                    Art.                  
Drawing in light and shade19183214117566112116
Perspective (elementary)446644131222107
Model drawing231444301321173 20102 4619
Freehand drawing of ornament37281582519133081713226641
Architecture1111
Geometrical drawing (art)866544119
Design228632
Painting from still life43333333311
Drawing from life1122
Drawing from the antique9922232
Painting ornament33 21
Principles of ornament (elementary)11111133
Students’ works14813543†22 5‡3137
                    Science.                  
Practical plane and solid geometry422186111155
Mathematics, stages 1, 2, 3, and 432    
Machine construction and drawing2084284119
Building construction552211954107
Steam11533 
Inorganic chemistry3151
Applied mechanics73
Magnetism and electricity21
        CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE.                  
Telegraphy and telephony1121
Electric light and power (preliminary)64
Electric light and power32 
Gas manufacture11
Metal plate work (honours)11
Carpentry and joinery (ordinary)11
Carpentry and joinery (honours)11
Woodwork, first year213311
Woodwork, final year2273
Bookbinding11
Cookery1612 
Mechanical engineering3254
Plumbing (preliminary)54
Plumbing (written)9586
Plumbing (practical)93
                    Totals16811572461951242136322441037586222143

The twenty-fourth annual report of the Minister of Education gave the following remarks on manual training and technical instruction:—

Last year was marked by the most important step that has yet been taken in this colony for the advancement of manual and technical instruction—namely, the passing of the Manual and Technical Instruction Act. Already a considerable impetus to progress in this direction is manifest, but the history of it belongs almost entirely to the present year (1901), and not to the year of which this report treats. Organizing Inspectors have been appointed, and the regulations required to give effect to the Act have been issued. The Act and regulations will, it is believed, offer a degree of encouragement to manual and technical education as liberal as is offered by the State in any part of the world. The Inspectors have already (August, 1901), visited nearly every part of the colony, have met teachers and others interested, giving model lessons and such information and advice as will enable local controlling authorities to begin work on the best lines or extend the work that has already been begun. The Inspectors have also in hand a series of small manuals suggesting suitable programmes of work in manual and technical classes. One of these, on “Modelling,” has already appeared, and two others, on “Woodwork” and “Cardboard-modelling” respectively, will be ready shortly. One of the most satisfactory features of the movement is the degree of interest that is being manifested in regard to the introduction of hand-and-eye training into the schools of the colony, which is, it is satisfactery to note, most marked in the matter of the increasing adoption of kindergarten methods into the teaching of the infant classes....

The controlling authorities recognised are Boards of Education, governing bodies of secondary schools, university colleges, and, in the case of certain classes in existence before the passing of the Act, the managers of those classes. School classes, or classes held in connection with primary or secondary schools, are under the control of the Boards of Education or of the governing bodies respectively. “Special classes”—that is, continuation classes, or classes for manual or technical instruction—established by the same bodies are also under their control. “College classes” are classes for higher technical instruction established and controlled by a university college. Classes may also be established by any suitable public association or corporation acting jointly with a Board of Education or university college; these are called “associated classes,” and all the contributing bodies may have a voice, according to the share of the cost of maintenance borne by them, in the election of the managers of the classes. The grants for capitation on the average attendance are twice, or nearly twice, as liberal as under the former Act, and many classes that could not be recognised before may be recognised now. Subsidies are payable upon bequests and on voluntary contributions. Grants are also made, on certain conditions, towards the cost of buildings, apparatus, and material; and a system of scholarships will be initiated shortly, to lead from the day schools to the technical schools, and to afford to the best students in the latter opportunities for obtaining higher technical instruction. It is worthy of note, but not yet perhaps generally understood, that the Act and regulations offer just as great inducements for dairy classes and for agricultural instruction as for other forms of technical education; even more, perhaps, for in certain cases capitation may be paid to country classes at one and a half times the rate paid to town classes.

It is hoped that, especially in the schools, the fact will not be lost sight of that manual training should not be treated as a subject apart from the rest of education, but that it should be co-ordinated with the other subjects of instruction, and that its introduction should have a marked influence in making all methods of teaching more concrete, more direct, and more natural. The training of the perceptive powers by observation and attention, the development of the reasoning powers, the training in the ready and clear expression of thought, the growth of literary and artistic taste, and of a sturdy manly morality, all taken together—not any one of them separately—will make good citizens and good workmen.

It is for the local controlling authorities in all parts of the colony to take up the work that it is now made possible for them to do; it is for the various public associations and corporate bodies to do their utmost to encourage those departments of the work in which they are most interested; and it may not, perhaps, be too much to hope that there may be found private donors to whom, as elsewhere, more especially in Great Britain and the United States, the endowment of technical education may seem an object worthy of their generosity.

The total expenditure under the head of technical instruction, exclusive of grants for building, for the year 1900 was £2,723, as follows: Capitation, £1,555 5s. 3d.; special grants under Act of 1895, £400; subsidies on voluntary contributions under section 17 of the Act of 1900, £335 4s 11d.; incidentals, £433 7s. 6d. Details for capitation and grants are given in the next table.

MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION, 1900.
School or Instructor.Subjects of Instruction (grouped), and Average Attendance.Payments.
Freehand (from Flat and Round) and Shading.Drawing from Nature, Painting, and Modelling.Mechanical Drawing and Engineering, and Machine Construction.Geometry and Perspective.Design and Ornament.Architecture, and Building Construction.Mathematics.Natural and Experimental Science (Botany, Chemistry, and Physics).Woodwork.Plumbing (Theory and Practice).Domestic Instruction.English, and Commercial Subjects.Singing.Capitation.Special Grants.
              £ s. d.£ s. d.
Technical Classes Association, Auckland9..678124..238......63 7 9300 0 0
“Elam” School of Art, Auckland2020..52..................83 17 9..
Payton, Mr. E. W., Auckland8........................7 19 8..
Robinson, Mr. W. I., Auckland......5311................40 19 0..
Education Board, Auckland—
          Devonport Public School..........11..............8 10 0..
          Remuera Public School................7........3 18 9..
Education Board, Wanganui—
          Technical School, Wanganui331091128..1122..15....70 10 850 0 0
          Technical classes, Palmerston North29......7..............27 7 4....
          Technical classes, Hawera North119..5........8........24 0 6..
          Technical classes, Waverley North....................42....7 17 6..
          Technical classes, Manaia North..................15......2 17 5..
          Technical classes, Eltham North..............7..13......5 1 7..
          Technical classes, Marton North..................18......3 7 6..
          Technical classes, Bulls North..................28......5 5 4..
          Technical classes, Turakina North..................16......2 18 6..
          Technical classes, Feilding..................16......2 18 6..
Education Board, Wellington—
          Technical School, Wellington215803390392124225436191136305 6 2..
          Technical classes, Pahiatua12................1295 6 10..  
          Technical classes, Carterton22........................24 14 11..
          Technical classes, Masterton10........................3 11 3..
          Technical classes, Greytown6..................1125..7 15 2..
          Petone Boys’ Institute....................5....1 17 6..
          Caverhill, Miss L. L., Petone, Wel'gton1717......................18 7 3..
Anderson, Mr. R. N., Napier291314178................20 18 9..
Education Board, Napier—
Napier Public School75....8277................38 9 7..
          Port Ahuriri Public School61....6463................15 10 0..
Beecroft, Miss M. M., Hastings4........................2 8 9..
Education Board, Nelson—
          Nelson cookery-class....................43....5 7 6..
Education Board, Grey—
          Greymouth District High School................11........12 7 9..
Education Board, Westland—
          Kumara District High School17........................18 11 6..
Canterbury College—
          School of Art, Christchurch260133..1197322....33........174 7 5..
          School of Engineering and Technical Science, Christchurch....................14951..21 12 6..
School of Domestic Instruction, Christ'ch..................255....127 5320 0 0
Education Board, North Canterbury—
          Normal School61........................30 2 6..
          Amberley Public School....................25....18 18 9..
          Leeston and Doyleston Public Schools................12..19....16 2 6..
Technical Classes Association—
          Dunedin....43..8..203630186385..113 5 11..
          Waiwera South..6......................2 1 0..
          Invercargill6..15....10..732..10..1928 14 930 0 0
Education Board, Otago—
          School of Art. Dunedin151131487109..............174 16 5..
Tokomairiro District High School..............1211........6 7 7..
                    Total97830134460328882488833962608157451555 5 3400 0 0

New Zealand University.

The introduction of university education into New Zealand was effected by the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Otago, who in 1869 passed an Ordinance under which the University of Otago was established. Following closely on the founding of this institution was the establishment of the University of New Zealand under an Act of the General Assembly, “The New Zealand University Act, 1870.” This University subsequently received a Royal charter, whereby the degrees which it confers are declared entitled to “rank, precedence, and consideration” throughout the British Empire “as fully as if the said degrees had been conferred by any university of the United Kingdom.” It was apparently contemplated by Parliament (vide section 19 of the Act last quoted) that the New Zealand University and the Otago University should be amalgamated; but the negotiations for this purpose having failed the two institutions remained for some time distinct bodies. In the year 1874, however, the University of Otago surrendered or put in abeyance its power of conferring degrees, and became affiliated to the University of New Zealand, and at the same time it was stipulated that the University of New Zealand should not directly exercise functions of teaching.

In the year 1873 the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Canterbury passed an Ordinance for founding “The Canterbury College,” and the college was accordingly established with the same standard of university education as that of the University of Otago, but without the power of conferring degrees.

In December, 1878, a Royal Commission on University and Secondary Education was appointed by the Governor, which met in July, 1879, and reported that two colleges, with an income of £4,000 each, ought to be established in Auckland and Wellington, and that suitable buildings, at a cost of £12,500 each, should be erected in those cities. In the following year the Royal Commission repeated these recommendations.

“The Auckland University College Act, 1882,” which became law on the 13th September in that year, definitely established the college, and endowed it with a statutory grant of £4,000 per annum. By “The Auckland University College Reserves Act, 1885,” three blocks of land, containing about 10,000 acres each, and a block containing about 354 acres, which had been devoted to the purpose of promoting higher education in the Province of Auckland, became vested in the Council of University College.

The Auckland University College was affiliated to the University of New Zealand by the Senate of the university on the 6th March, 1883, and on the 21st May in the same year the college was opened by the Governor.

Nothing was done for Wellington until the year 1894, when an Act was passed entitled “The Middle District of New Zealand University College Act, 1894,” which said “There shall be established in the City of Wellington a college to be connected with the University of New Zealand,” and provision was made for a governing body to be called the Council, but no provision was made for any pecuniary grant nor any endowment, and, though certain members of the Council were appointed, nothing could be done for want of funds.

Not until 1897 were the needs of Wellington actually attended to. In the session of Parliament that year the Right Hon. Mr. Seddon, P. C., Premier of the colony, introduced the Victoria College Act: an Act, as stated in the preamble, “to promote higher education by the establishment of a College at Wellington in commemoration of the sixtieth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria,” the college being intended to embrace in its work the Provincial Districts of Wellington, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, and Westland. The Act was passed on the 22nd December, 1897, and the Council was formed as provided in the Act, and the work of organization was begun. The Act provides for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a grant of £4,000 a year, and also requires the Council to give six scholarships each year, called “Queen's Scholarships,” to persons of either sex under the age of fourteen years, upon the results of an examination under such conditions as the Council may provide. The Act further sets apart a parcel of land 4,000 acres in extent in the Nukumaru Survey District (Wellington Provincial District) as an endowment for the college.

The Council of the college has established four chairs: classics, English, mathematics and mathematical physics, and chemistry and physics; and lectureships in French, German, mental science, jurisprudence and constitutional history, general history, and political economy and law. It is intended as funds allow to add other subjects.

The New Zealand University is not a teaching body, as above explained, undergraduates hitherto for the most part keeping their terms at one or other of the affiliated institutions: the Auckland University College, the Victoria College, the Canterbury College, and the University of Otago, each of which has now a staff of professors and lecturers. On the 1st June, 1901, the number of graduates who had obtained direct degrees was 757.

The number of undergraduates on the roll of the University at that date was 2,481 (exclusive of such as had not performed any academical act for a period of ten years), but only 1,175 were keeping terms (not including undergraduates who had not, in the last two years, entered at a college or come up for any college or university examination), of whom 776 were males and 399 females. Ninety-nine of the males and twenty-two of the females were medical students. The numbers of students attending lectures at the affiliated institutions during the year 1900-1901 were as follow: At the Auckland University College, 100 matriculated and 91 non-matriculated; at Canterbury College, 125 matriculated and 93 non-matriculated; at the Otago University, 217 matriculated and 40 non-matriculated. The Victoria College, before-mentioned, affords further facilities for university students, and in June, 1901, had a total of 139 students on the roll—94 matriculated and 45 non-matriculated.

Private and Denominational Schools.

There were 304 private schools in the colony at the end of 1900, a decrease of 3 on the number in 1899: 28 were for boys, 51 for girls, and 225 for children of both sexes. The number of pupils attending them was 15,555—namely, 6,152 boys and 9,403 girls, not counting Maoris, 23 boys and 24 girls. The number of European pupils at these schools was more than in 1899 by 260. Of the private schools, 132 were Roman Catholic, with an attendance of 10,687 pupils.

The following gives, for the past ten years, the number of private schools and of Europeans attending them, the number of Roman Catholic schools and pupils being also shown separately:—

Year.Number of Private Schools.Pupils.Included in Previous Numbers.
Boys.Girls.Totals.Roman Catholic Schools.Pupils at Roman Catholic Schools.
18912816,2347,90814,14211010,144
18922746,3218,13514,45610510,111
18932996,4318,49114,92211110,263
18943026,1178,51014,6271179,953
18952986,1878,47214,65911410,458
18962835,8458,10213,9471159,590
18972785,9748,47314,4471209,642
18982946,0438,73914,78212410,175
18993076,2199,07615,29513310,526
19003046,1529,40315,55513210,687

The total number of children of European descent (including such half-castes as live among Europeans) known to be receiving education at school at the end of 1900 was 148,782; of these, 140,796 were from 5 to 15 years of age. The census showed also 5,055 children receiving tuition at home in 1901, against 6,352 in 1896. No doubt increased school accommodation in country places does away with the need for tutors and governesses to a certain extent.

The distribution of the private schools in the various provincial districts of the colony is shown in the two following tables:—

PRIVATE AND DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS, 1900.—SUMMARY BY PROVINCIAL DSTRICTS.
Provincial Districts.Number of Schools.Number of Teachers.Number of Scholars.Daily Average Attendance.
Boys.Girls.Mixed.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.

* Exclusive of 47 Maoris (23 boys, 24 girls).

NOTE.—Denominational schools, such as Roman Catholic and Anglican, are included in the above as private schools. Particulars for the Roman Catholic schools in December, 1900, are as under:–

Auckland487183311651961,2702,3223,5921,0751,9963,071
Taranaki2111312627182304486139266405
Hawke's Bay44715939484735601,033425499924
Wellington694055441411851,2791,8263,1051,1251,6482,773
Marlborough1451111138154292115139254
Nelson2491593140364473837328427755
Westland1101132326310341051256301557
Canterbury7163962191421611,1461,7072,8539471,4672,414
Otago383445121251379901,7162,7068341,5312,365
                    Totals28512253041287038316,1529,40315,555*5,2448,27413,518
SUMMARY OF ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS.
Provincial Districts.Number of Schools.Number of Teachers.Number of Scholars.Daily Average Attendance.
Boys.Girls.Mixed.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.
Auckland272332776837231,4472,1706141,2121,826
Taranaki2351515131202333100172272
Hawke's Bay232742832361451812319397716
Wellington3412192264868371,1131,9507221,0071,729
Marlborough12377126120246105108213
Nelson13482121182345527155311466
Westland18932023289321610242288530
Canterbury361322966758191,1041,9236689391,607
Otago3420271173848721,2442,1167491,1201,869
                    Totals162987132563704264,3406,34710,6873,6745,5529,228

Schools for Natives.

The number of Native village schools at the end of 1900 either supported or subsidised by the Government was 89, or one more than at the end of the previous year. In addition, there were four boarding-schools for Native children, the cost of whose maintenance was partly paid either by the Government or from endowments, and three private Native day-schools. The number of Maori children attending schools during the fourth quarter of 1900 was 4,539—namely, 2,610 males and 1,929 females. These included 280 half-castes at the Native village schools who were living as members of Maori tribes, and 203 at public European schools.

The numbers at the several schools in 1899 and 1900 were as follow:—

Schools.Maori Children attending Schools.
Boys.Girls.Total of both Sexes.
1899.1900.1899.1900.1899.1900.
At public European schools9148396475971,5611,435
At Native village schools1,5671,5761,1861,1862,7532,762
At subsidised or endowed boarding-schools1121118091192202
At private European or Native schools114844055154139
Totals2,7072,6101,9531,9294,6604,539

There was thus, in 1990, a decrease of 97 in the number of Maori boys, and 24 in the number of Maori girls, attending school.

Seventy-one out of the eighty-nine Native village schools in operation on 31st December, 1900, were under the charge of masters and seventeen under mistresses, and one under the joint control of a master and mistress; there were besides forty-one assistants, and eight sewing-mistresses. The salaries paid to the head-teachers range from £61 to £280, and those for assistants and sewing-mistresses from a nominal sum to £50.

The expenditure on Native schools for 1900 was as follows: Teachers’ salaries and allowances, £13,206 9s. 9d.; books and school requisites, £492 3s. 2d.; repairs and small works, £475 5s. 11d.; inspection, £960 19s. 10d.; boarding-schools and scholarships, £1,846 18s. 5d.; buildings, fencing, furniture, &c., £2,748 3s.; technical instruction classes, £111 14s. 6d.; sundries, £143 17s. 6d.: total, £19,985 12s. 1d.

Income and Expenditure of Education Boards.

The total income of the various Education Boards for the year 1900 was £496,423. The grants by Government amounted to £447,375, an increase of £11,323 on the grants in 1899. These grants consist of (a) a statutory allowance of £3 15s. per child in daily average attendance, (b) a further capitation allowance of 1s. 6d. for scholarships, (c) a varying sum for school buildings, and (d) grants for technical education. The income from reserves amounted to £41,381, and that from local receipts, &c., to £7,667.

The total expenditure in 1900 amounted to £490,378, of which the sum of £401,977 was laid out on the maintenance of the schools.

The receipts and expenditure of the Education Boards, numbering thirteen altogether, are tabulated below, with further particulars:—

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF EDUCATION BOARDS.
                    Receipts.£s.d.
To Balance, 1st January, 19005,5201310
        Government grants—   
          Maintenance387.637108
          Buildings58,740126
          Technical996159
        Reserves revenues41,38118
        Local receipts—   
          Fees, donations, &c.4.66439
          Rents, sales, &c.1,126181
        Interest85137
        Refunds, deposits, &c.1,79010
 £501,9431010
                    Expenditure£s.d.
By Boards’ administration14,53240
Inspection and examination14,698184
Teachers’ salaries and allowances, and training360,76469
Incidental expenses of Schools32,8213175
Scholarships8,388170
Manual and technical instruction5,720182
Interest327911
Buildings, sites, plans, &c.51,805183
Refunds and sundries1,315124
Balances11,565 88 
 £501,9431010

Particulars of the scholarships and the expenditure of the Boards thereon in 1900 are given in detail. The only institutions for the training of teachers are in North Canterbury and Otago. These two institutions have received grants-in-aid of £500 each.

SCHOLARSHIPS.
Education Districts.Number held in Dec., 1900Boys.Girls.Period of TenureBoards’ Expenditure on Scholarships in 1900.Annual Value. &c.
    Years.£s.d. 
Auckland77453231,611555 at £30, 20 at £25, 19 at £20, 33 at £15.
Taranaki15872269652 at £35,1 at £19,1 at £17, 1 at £16, 2 at £14, 7 at £10,1 at £7 6s.
Wanganui1899Varies5837011 a t £40, 1 at £32,6 at £15.
Wellington44271729510911 at £35, 33 at £15.
Hawke's Bay26141224831367 at £30 4s., 3 at £12 4s., 16 at £10 4s.
Marlborough51421861345 at £40.
Nelson945Varies377706 at £50 10s., 1 at £25, 2 at £5.
Grey83531121004 at £35, 4 at £10.
Westland734299562 at £23, 1 at £8 18s., 4 at £8.
North Canterbury38191921,2665018 at £40, 20 at £20.
South Canterbury3016142346176Varies from £2 10s. to £26 10s.
Otago513516Varies1,242348 at £40, 4 at £35, 1 at £24, 1 at £22, 20 at £20, 4 at £17,13 at £15.
Southland21138Varies61216312 at £35, 9 at £20.
                    Totals, 19003491971528,142109 
                    Totals, 18993412011408,42442 

Income and Expenditure of Secondary or Superior Schools.

A summary of the accounts of income and expenditure for the year 1900, as furnished by the governing bodies of the secondary or superior schools in the colony, shows the total receipts to have been £66,430. To this total, rents and sales of reserves contributed £26,745; interest on investments, and other receipts from endowments, £4,875; fees, £31,067; and miscellaneous, £3,743.

The total expenditure amounted to £76,561, of which sum office management and expenses absorbed £2,648; teachers’ salaries, £33,585; scholarships and prizes, £2,570; buildings, furniture, insurance, rates, and rent, &c., £8,153; and other expenditure, £29,605. Included in the last item is a sum of £15,661, capital invested, which cannot be classed as ordinary expenditure.

A summary of the accounts for the year 1900, exhibiting further details, is given below:—

SECONDARY OR SUPERIOR SCHOOLS, 1900.
Receipts.
 £s.d.
To Credit balances on 1st January, 1900.19,85936
            Endowment reserves sold3,20790
            Mortgage moneys repaid2,55806
            Rents of reserves23,537106
            Interest on investments1,81001
            Reserves Commissioners’ payments3,00519
            School fees24,79251
            Boarding-school fees6,274198
            Books, &c,, sold, and refunds15995
            Sundries not classified.1,0251010
            Debit balances, 31st December, 19005.028178
 £91,31880
Expenditure.
 £s.d.
By Liabilities on 1st January, 19002,222146
            Expenses of management2,647136
            School salaries33,584190
            Boarding-school accounts4,79696
            Examination expenses30197
            Scholarships and prizes2,569159
            Printing, stationery, advertising, fuel, light, &c.3,154211
            Buildings, furniture, insurance, rent, and rates8,153125
            Expenditure on endowments2,8091011
            Capital invested15,66127
            Interest1,610140
            Sundries not classified1,2711010
            Credit balances, 31st December, 190012,53466
 £91,31880

Industrial Schools.

The cost of the Government schools and the amount recovered (from Charitable Aid Boards, from parents, from sale of farm produce, &c.) are next shown:—

COST OF GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, 1900.
School.Gross Cost of School.Cost of Boarding out (Included in preceding column).Salaries of School Staff. (Included in first column.)Recoveries.Net Cost.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Auckland2,1341787121611193177628901,50688
Burnham7,132222,541011,4058111,6561915,47531
Caversham7,2571743,32399975322,8988104,35986
Te Oranga Home975136..1306826198714310  
Receiving-home, Wellington4688354163181741006336820
Receiving-home, Christchurch22189..9155......22189  
            Totals17,9911786,632302,733315,5451210l2,446410
Salary and expenses of Visiting Officers526103
Travelling-expenses of other officers80150
Contingencies1070
                              Total213,063171

The next table shows payments made by the Government on account of inmates in private industrial schools, the recoveries, and the net expenditure by the Government. The contributions from Charitable Aid Boards to these schools, being made directly to the managers, are not included in the recoveries shown.

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON PRIVATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (R.C.), 1900.
School.Payments.Recoveries.Net Expenditure by Government.
 £ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.
St. Mary's, Auckland1,423 4 0128 0 41,295 3 8
St. Joseph's, Wellington311 11 024 0 4287 10 8
St. Mary's, Nelson1,584 18 10217 9 111,367 8 11
St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin52 17 04 0 048 17 0
                    Totals3,372 10 10373 10 72,999 0 3

During 1900, inmates were maintained in five other institutions, and the expenditure on this account was as follows: Mission H, Jerusalem, Wanganui (Mother Aubert's), £124 16s.; St. Mary's, Richmond, Christchurch, £84 1s. 6d.; Samaritan Home, Christchurch, £3 10s.; Mount Magdala, Christchurch, £214 7s. 9d.; Levin Memorial Home, Wellington, £27 19s. 1d.

The total number of inmates of the two kinds of industrial schools is given for the years 1899 and 1900, and the variations in the numbers boarded out, in residence, or at service:—

INMATES, 1899 AND 1900.
                
Boarded out.In Residence.At Service, &c.Totals.
Dec., 1899.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1900.Dec., 1899.IncreaseDecrease.Dec., 1900.Dec., 1899.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1899.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1900.  

* Including seven children in the receiving-homes.

† Including one child in a receiving-home.

Government Schools—                
            Auckland442..4697..1636..432895..94
            Burnham1584..1621044108*26230..29252438..562 
            Caversham206..12194878..952023..205495..1494
            Te Oranga a Home Christchurch..........12..12..1..1..13..13
Private Schools—                
            St. Mary's, Auckland........964..10029..2271252..127
            St. Joseph's, Wellington3..1251..249263..3182....82
            St. Mary's, Nelson6..15229..27202†..1100336..29307 
            St. Vincent do Paul's, South Dunedin........142..1635..8177..24
                         Totals4176144095903729598*6614276961,66865301,703

In the Government schools the policy is to board out all children of suitable age and character. The authorities of the private schools do not adopt the boarding-out system.

Institute for the Blind.

The Jubilee Institute for the Blind is a private institution, and is not in any way under Government control, although it has received grants from time to time out of the Consolidated Revenue, and receives payment from the Education Department on account of pupils for whose tuition the department is responsible.

The payments made on behalf of such pupils to the Institute during the year amounted to £338 15s. 5d., towards which the parents contributed £31 8s. The number of pupils at the end of 1900 was fifteen.

School for Deaf-mutes.

The roll of this school includes, with one or two exceptions, all the known deaf-mutes of school age and of sound intellect in the colony who have been brought under the notice of the Education Department. The method of instruction used at Sumner is the oral method, in favour of which there is a vast predominance of expert opinion.

Chapter 38. SECTION X.—SICKNESS AND INFIRMITY.

AN instruction was given in the census household schedule that in regard to all persons “laid up or unable to follow their usual occupation,” by reason of illness or accident, the fact was to be stated when the form was being filled up. And by means of the information thus obtained the proportion of persons incapacitated from work on the day of the census has been ascertained, and is shown in the tables according to age-periods.

Besides persons suffering from sickness or accident, those afflicted with certain infirmities are also distinguished. These include the “deaf-and-dumb,” “blind,” “lunatics,” “idiots,” “epileptics,” “paralytic,” “crippled and deformed,” “debilitated and infirm,” and “deaf only.”

The result of the investigation under this head shows that 9.28 persons in every 1,000 were suffering from sickness or accident on the 31st March, 1901, using the word “Nelson” to mean inability to work on that day; and that, besides these, there were 7.20 persons in every 1,000 who were either affected with blindness, or deaf-and-dumb, lunatic, idiot, epileptic, &c., the proportion per 1,000 persons living stated to be suffering from sickness, accident, and infirmities being 16.18: for males, 20.09 per 1,000 living, and for females, 12.49.

The sickness and infirmity of the males is thus found to be higher than that of the females, as was the case in 1896, when the proportion was 20.92 for males and 14.36 for females.

The numbers and proportions of males and females suffering from sickness, accident, or specified infirmity in this colony, according to age-periods, will be found tabulated in the Report on the Census. In regard to males, after the period 35-40 the proportion of sickness rises steadily at each quinquennium of age; while under accident the proportion is highest at the period of 70-75 years. The rate of sickness per 1,000 males living at 35-40 years was 5.68, and this increased to 18.38 at 55-60, to 54.62 at 65-70, and to 70.18 at 80 and upwards. In regard to females, the sickness is not so great at 40-45 years as at 35-40, but from this point it increases, and from 50-55 very rapidly, though the numbers on which the proportions are based are admittedly small from this age onwards. The rates per 1,000 were 6.97 at 35-40 years, 13.95 at 55-60, and 47.82 at 80 years and upwards.

Females are proved to be very much less liable to accident than males, the proportions being 0.63 per 1,000 of females, and 3.03 per 1,000 of males; or better stated for this purpose, 6.27 per 10,000 females and 30.28 per 10,000 males. As with sickness, the proportions increase with advancing age: for instance, among males, 3.37 per 1,000 were suffering from accident at the group 20-25 years, 3.75 per 1,000 at 40-45, 10.24 at 65-70, and 12.90 at the group 70-75 years. Among females the highest proportion per 1,000 is found at 75-80 years, being a rate of 5.36, or 53.60 per 10,000 living.

Sickness and infirmity can be compared for New Zealand, in respect of persons over 15 years of age, with the results of the census of 1896 and previously. The proportions are:—

PROPORTION PER 1,000 PERSONS OVER 15 YEARS.
 Sickness and Accident.Specified Infirmities.Total Sickness and Infirmity.
Census 187412.645.3217.96
Census 187811.165.7016.86
Census 188111.207.2218.42
Census 188612.617.8220.43
Census 189112.7811.0823.86
Census 189614.2811.4125.69
Census 190112.7210.2923.01

Specified Infirmities.

The total of these under the various heads amounted to 5,574 of both sexes and all ages. The males were 3,466, and the females 2,108, the proportions for every 10,000 persons being 71.98: for males 85.21, and for females 57.35 per 10,000 of each sex respectively. These infirmities are specially treated of one by one in the succeeding paragraphs.

Deaf and Dumb.

There were 226 persons—134 males and 92 females—returned as deaf and dumb, or dumb only: of these 45 were inmates of the Sumner Institution, leaving 181 deaf-mutes who were living at home or in some other private residence. The total shows a proportion of 2.91 persons per 10,000 living, against 2.86 ascertained in 1896. The proportions of the deaf and dumb taken according to the sexes did not differ much. The figures are given for six census years.

DEAF AND DUMB (IN SEXES).—PROPORTIONS PER 10,000 OF POPULATION.
 Males.Females.
Census 18782.252.18
Census 18812.232.45
Census 18862.372.22
Census 18912.802.49
Census 18962.992.71
Census 19013.282.51

The numbers at the census of 1901 for quinquennial age-periods are:—

NUMBERS OF THE DEAF AND DUMB AT LAST CENSUS.
 M.F.
All ages13492
 
Under 5 years  
    5 years to 10 years1816
10 years to 15 years3214
15 years to 20 years1810
20 years to 25 years168
25 years to 30 years812
30 years to 35 years128
35 years to 40 years68
40 years to 45 years55
45 years to 50 years61
50 years to 55 years35
55 years to 60 years51
60 years to 65 years31
65 years to 70 years 1
70 years to 75 years  
75 years to 80 years12
80 years to and upwards  
Unspecified1 

The highest numbers are shown at the ages 10 to 15.

The occupations (past or present) of the deaf and dumb were returned in 1901 as under:—

OCCUPATIONS (PAST OR PRESENT) OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.
  M.F.
 Persons.Under 20.Over 20.Under 20.Over 20.
Draughtsman1 1  
Hotel servant1 1  
Domestic servant41  3
Charwoman1   1
Milkman1 1  
Storekeeper's assistant11   
Printer's assistant11   
Saddler2 2  
Tanner1 1  
Cabinetmaker11   
Tailor2 2  
Dressmaker6  24
Bootmaker1 1  
Labourer at freezing-works11   
Brewer's assistant1 1  
Fellmonger1 1  
Carpenter413  
Labourer413  
Farmer4 4  
Gardener3 3  
Farm-labourer13112  
Sheep-farmer1 1  
Shepherd1 1  
Dairy-farmer4 4  
Independent means2 2  
No occupation8 8  
Domestic duties38 137 
Scholar, private school 21 1  
Scholar, government school86 2 
Receiving tuition at home32 1 
Dependent on relatives41205115
Inmate of deaf and dumb institution4524120 
Industrial school1 1  
Occupation not stated188712
 22668664052

Blind.

There were 297 males and 156 females, making a total of 453 persons returned as blind, including 63 who were given in the schedules as “nearly” or “partly” blind. Of the above total number, 15 were inmates of the Jubilee Institute for the Blind at Auckland. It would thus appear that only one out of every thirty persons in the colony who suffered from blindness had been received into the institution. The number of blind persons in 1896 was 344. The proportions in every 10,000 of population show a continuous rise at successive censuses, and that there is more blindness amongst males than females.

PROPORTIONS OF BLIND TO EVERY 10,000 PEOPLE.
 Persons.Males.Females.
18742.342.452.18
18782.562.422.73
18812.822.932.68
18863.223.652.70
18914.374.913.74
18964.905.694.01
19015.877.324.26

The proportion of the blind per 10,000 persons living in the past has been: for England, about 8.79; for Ireland, 11.30; for Scotland, 6.95; for Germany, 7.93; for France, 8.37; and for Italy, 7.63. For the Australian States the figures are: Victoria, 8.72; New South Wales, 6.59; Australian Continent, 7.38.

The number of the blind in quinquennial periods of age is stated for each sex. Of 297 males, 100 were under and 197 upwards of 50 years old. Of 156 females, 63 were under 50, and 93 over that age.

NUMBERS OF THE BLIND AT AGE-PERIODS.
 Persons.M.F.
All ages453297156
 -
Under 5 years3 3
    5 years to 10 years1697
10 years to 15 years17116
15 years to 20 years15114
20 years to 25 years201010
25 years to 30 years17134
35 years to 40 years21165
40 years to 45 years18117
45 years to 50 years221012
50 years to 55 years23167
55 years to 60 years453213
60 years to 65 years372215
65 years to 70 years745321
70 years to 75 years462818
75 years to 80 years362511
80 and upwards29218

Of the total number of the blind, 453 persons, there were 43 in regard to whom no information as to occupation is given on the household schedule, 71 (females) were returned as engaged in domestic duties, 15 persons as inmates of the blind institute, 10 as dependent relatives, 132 as of no occupation, 21 as labourers, 21 as farmers, 9 as farm labourers, 6 as dairy farmers, 5 as sheep-farmers, 8 as carpenters, 10 as pensioners, 6 of independent means, and the rest (96) of various occupations in small numbers each. A complete statement is added, in regard to which it must be remarked that many of the occupations are evidently the past occupations of persons whom blindness has prevented from continuing to work at their usual calling.

OCCUPATIONS (PAST OR PRESENT) OF THE BLIND.
  M.F.
 Persons.Under 20.Over 20.Under 20.Over 20. 
Barrister (not in practice)1 1  
Surgeon1 1  
Teacher of the blind2 2  
School-teacher1 1  
Musician3 3  
Street musician1 1  
Organ-grinder2 2  
Commedian1 1  
Boarding - house keeper2 2  
Hotelkeeper1   1
Domestic servant1 1  
Cook1 1  
Capitalist2 2  
Insurance agent1 1  
Proprietor of houses4 4  
Newsvendor2 2  
Butcher1 1  
Assistant butcher2 2  
Fish-hawker1 1  
Fruiterer2 2  
Grocer3 3  
Seed merchant1 1  
Hawker1 1  
Storekeeper2 2  
Commercial traveller2 2  
Cab proprietor1 1  
Mariner1 1  
Waterman1 1  
Lumper3 3  
Compositor1 1  
Piano-tuner3 3  
Basketmaker4 4  
Saddler1 1  
Shipwright2 2  
Cabinetmaker1 1  
Boot- and shoemaker4 4  
Stonemason2 2  
Carpenter8 8  
Plumber1 1  
Painter1 1  
Contractor1 1  
Labourer21 21  
Farmer21 20 1
Farm labourer9 9  
Gardener1 1  
Market-gardener2 2  
Settler1 1  
Dairy-farmer6 5 1
Sheep-farmer5 4 1
Shepherd1 1  
Fisherman1 1  
Bushman1 1  
Gum-digger3 3  
Miner1 1  
Miner, coal1 1  
Miner, quartz3 3  
Miner, alluvial4 4  
Inspector of minerals1 1  
No occupation1321180 39
Independent means6 4 2
Pensioner10 9 1
Annuitant3 3  
Domestic duties71  368
Scholar, Government school22   
Scholar, private school11   
Receiving tuition at home21 1 
Dependent on relative103 7 
Inmate of Blind Institute158 7 
Occupation not stated43516 22
        Totals4533126620136

LUNACY.

The lunatics enumerated were 2,675 persons, 1,599 males and 1,076 females, nearly all of whom were inmates of the asylums for the insane in the colony. Departmental returns show 2,672 persons (including 21 Maoris) as the total number of inmates on the 31st December, 1900.

Comparison with the results of previous censuses shows a continually increasing proportion of lunatics to the population in respect of either sex, and that there is considerably more lunacy among the men than women.

LUNATICS.—PROPORTIONS PER 10,000 OF POPULATION.
 Persons.Males.Females.
Census 187419.9323.2815.48
Census 187820.8525.0715.54
Census 188122.8627.3017.43
Census 188626.5031.0321.18
Census 189127.8231.2823.92
Census 189681.1335.7026.02
Census 190134.4739.2329.19

The number of males who were lunatics was highest at the period 45-50 years, and the females at 40-45, as will be found by the following statement:—

LUNATICS.—NUMBERS AT QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIODS.
 Persons.M.F.
All ages2,6751,5991,076
Under 5 years211
5 years to 10 years532
10 years to 15 years19118
15 years to 20 years432221
20 years to 25 years1146351
25 years to 30 years18610878
30 years to 35 years245141104
35 years to 40 years312176136
45 years to 50 years333213120
50 years to 55 years296177119
55 years to 60 years298191107
60 years to 65 years244139105
65 years to 70 years16210953
70 years to 75 years886028
75 years to 80 years352114
80 years and upwards221111
Unspecified1486

The proportion of lunatics per 10,000 males living at the above age-periods was only 5.18 at, 15-20 years, but had advanced to 59.67 at 35-40 years, and reached its maximum at the period 55-60, when the proportion was 139.30. In the case of females, the proportion rose to a maximum of 130.97 at 60-65.

In 1900 one person in every 288, exclusive of Maoris, in New Zealand was afflicted with lunacy.

IDIOCY.

The number of idiots of both sexes enumerated in the census was 105, against 144 in 1896; the proportion to 10,000 of population being 1.36 against 2.02 at the previous census. As with lunacy, the proportion of idiocy amongst the males (1.43 per 10,000) is higher than amongst the females (1.28).

Chapter 39. SECTION XI.—METEOROLOGY.

TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AND WIND, THROUGHOUT NEW ZEALAND, AS OBSERVED AT EIGHT STATIONS, FOR THE YEAR 1901.

(From Tables prepared by Sir James Hector.)

THE OBSERVATIONS WERE TAKEN AT 9.30 A.M.
Stations and Months.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Wind.
Highest.Lowest.Wet Days.Fall.
Auckland (lat, 36° 50′ S.; long. 174° 50′ 40″ E.; alt. 125 ft.).° Fahr.° Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
January79.048.0163.22029.960SW.
February76.550.5123.98029.990SW.
March74.0530165.11030.004SW.
April72.546.5101.12030.070NE, SW, SE.
May66.542.0180.98030.100SW.
June64.037018275030090NE, SE.
July59038.0269.14029.790NE, SW.
August62.039.5133.22030.130SW, NE.
September640450120.85030.170SW, NE.
October72044.0103.11030.130NE, SW, SE.
November70.043.0111.44030.080SW, S.
December75051.0143.57029.820SW, NW, NE.
Rotorua (lat. 38° 9′ S.; long. 176° 15′ E.; alt. 990 ft.).      
January91.035.0123.61030.060W, N, SW.
February85.041.5105.59030.210N, NW.
March80.037.5103.78030.150SW.
April76.031.5121.24030.260SW, S.
May70.028.050.68030.190SW, W.
June61.029.0175.28030.300N, SW.
July61.026.0166.92029.820SW, W.
August66.027.0128.22030.270SW.
September66.0330133.06030.310N, SW, W.
October77.029.082.98030.290N, NW.
November78.534.061.20030.280SW, W.
December80.038.0158.04029.960SW, W.
Stations and Months.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Wind.
Highest.Lowest.Wet Days.Fall.
New Plymouth (lat. 39° 3′ 35′′ S.; ng. 174° 4′ 58′′ E.; alt. 100 ft.° Fahr.° Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
January84.0420183.74029.990W, NE.
February81.047.0174.55030.110W, SW.
March80.045.0212.84030.102SE, N.
April87.0390153.51030.210NW, SE.
May88034.025341530.160SW, NW.
June84.032.0237.44030.210NE, S.
July84.030.0268.39029.840SE.
August84.031.0193.82030.210SE, SW.
September86.037.0204.85030.250NE, SW.
October91.0320173.93030240NE, SW.
November92.036.0193.35030.150SW, NW.
December88.0400258.60529.860SW, NW, NE
Wellington (lat. 41° 16′ 25′′ S.; long. 174° 47′ 25′′ E.; alt. 140 ft.).      
January79.044.0124.14229.851NW.
February75.0460122.65029.963NW. N, SE.
March73.545.0152.04629.997S, NW.
April74.037.0112.34630.059NW.
May66036.0111.94329.977NW.
June68.0320174.47030.042NW, S.
July58.0300205.49629.762S. NW.
August59.332.0133.55030.085NW, S.
September68.5390175.31930081NW, S.
October65.040.5143.48030.053NW.
November78.538.0152.18029.966NW, N, S.
December75.544.0183.93529.430NW, N, S.
Hokitika (lat. 42° 41′ 30′′ S.; long. 170° 49′ E.; alt. 12 ft.).      
January83.041.51210.49029.841SW, NW.
February80.546.0118.69029.984SW.
March69.041?119.50029.960SW, NW.
April79.031.01612.16030.066SW, NW.
May67.032.01914.26030.022SW, NW, E.
June65.029.01615.79030.022NW, E.
July67.026.0103.99029.727E.
August59.029.0189.49030.105SW, E.
September64.535.01911.24030.104SW, NW.
October64.033.01812.63030.050SW, NW.
November.65.0390209.14030.003SW, NW.
December75.041.51816.59029.710SW, NW.
Stations and Months.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Wind.
Highest.Lowest.Wet Days.Fall.
Lincoln College, Canterbury (lat. 43° 32′ 16′′ S.; long. 172° 38′ 59′′ E.; alt. 65 ft.)° Fahr.° Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
January86.538.0113.37029.787NE, SW.
February83.039.0111.48529.911NE, SW.
March83.238.8181.47029.967NE, SW.
April81.628.6112.09029.977NE, SW.
May75.223.861.03129.892NE, SW.
June72.921.170.86030.070NE, SW.
July54.423.0215.34529.828SW, NE.
August71.023.690.83530.051NE, SW.
September72.529.090.45530003SW, NE.
October85.132.440.91029.891NE, NW.
November81.934.9101.42029.837NW, NE, SE, SW.
December81.041.2172.74529.657SW, NE, NW.
Dunedin (lat. 45° 52′ 11′′ S.; long. 170° 31′ 7′′ E.; alt. 300 ft.).      
January82.038.0167.64029.718SW, W.
February83.043.0164.64229.835W, SW.
March75.038.0141.75829.892NE, SW.
April75.033.0142.20029.875SW.
May64.035.0164.39429.782SW.
June66.032.051.45629.599N, NE, SW.
July50.025.0143.60629.278SW.
August60.030.0162.96229.944SW, NE.
September67.034.0121.22629.884NE, W.
October78.0320101.38429.791W, NE.
November76.034.0162.64229.711SW, W.
December70.038.0243.74229.625N, NE, SW.
Chatham Islands (lat. 43° 52′ S.; long. 176° 42′ W.; alt 100 ft.).      
January71.040.0145.24029.680NW, SE, SW.
February68.048.01.61029.790NW, SW. 
March 39.0152.17029.450SE, SW.
April65.039.0142.57029.850N, SW.
May63.035.0171.69029.640SW, N.
June59.0151.38029.960N, SE. 
July55.031.0242.74029.520SW.
August56.032.0213.35029.760SW, S.
September58.032.0152.52029.880SAV, N, NW.
October63.035.0100.89029.830SW, N, NW.
November67.034.0182.26029.680SW, NW.
December70.040.0173.77029.580E, NW.
EIGHT STATIONS: COMPARATIVE TABLE; YEAR 1901.
Stations.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of BarometerPrevailing Wind.
Highest, and Date.Lowest, and Date.Days on which Rain fell.Greatest Fall, and Date.
 °Fahr.° Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
Auckland79.0, 6 Jan.37.0, 23,25 June1761.590, 3 Oct.30.028SW, NE, NW.
Rotorua91.0, 8 Jan.26.0, 7 July1363.350, 11 Aug.30.175SW, N, W.
New Plymouth92.0, 11 Nov.30.0, 7 July2453.480, 19 Dec.30.111SE, SW, NE.
Wellington79.6, 19 Jan.30.0, 5 July1751.670, 27 Sept.29.938NW, S.
Hokitika83.0, 22 Jan.26.0, 7 July1884.350, 8 Dec.29.974SW, NW.
Lincoln60.5, 9 Jan.21.1, 26 June1341.680, 24 July29.906NE, SW, NW.
Dunedin83.0, 14 Feb.25.0, 1 July1731.710, 26 Jan.29.744SW, NE, W.
Chatham Islands71.0, 6 Jan.31.0, 12, 22 July 9 Aug.1891.500, 13 Jan.29.718SW, N, NW.

The following table, compiled from information published in the Statistical Abstract for the Colonial Possessions of the United Kingdom, shows the shade temperature for each month in New Zealand and other British States and Colonies. The figures given are the means of four years (H signifies highest, and Lowest):—

British Possessions (Stations and Height in Feet above Sea Level where known).Jan.Feb.March.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Year.
H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.
 °F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.
New Zealand—                          
    Wellington (140)7845784776447043663862345933623465376941743375447833
Queensland—                          
    Brisbane (130)9264936391618554805076427539784185469150945797619739
New South Wales—                          
    Sydney (155)9259895884597951724867446339704277458848875494579420
Victoria—                          
    Melbourne (91)101489947994586407437643762326834743481409444934510132
South Australia—                          
    Adelaide (140)10849106501004889457840673865367437941864196451014810836
Western Australia—                          
    Perth (47)10750102539852965781407038703773388042834293481006110737
Tasmania—                          
    Hobart (160)9145944593447538713761345933663372357735924086439433
Natal—                          
    Durban (150)996395619460945889 86498848914996509153975798599949
Cape Town—                          
    Royal Observatory (37).9454905192498645804270397437703783398644894890529437
Hongkong —                          
    Observatory (110)7347784677498458.896891739174917492709066825579499146
Straits Settlements —                          
    Singapore (30)8870907091718173907390729072897289718971897189709170
Mauritius—                          
    Royal Alfred Observatory (179)8469847184708270806277607569755977628062826684688459
Canada—                          
    Toronto (350)47−345−35167122783186448846894782417127501345−189−3
    Montreal (187)45−1442−134406924813287438850865081397027591143−1188−13
    St. John (N.B.) (116)49−746−74746222693381427949774873376026561649−381−7
    Halifax (122)50−146−350106322733283398448844980366929602151384−3
    Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (38)47−643−94756020703177398049794975396630581947180−9
    Winnipeg, Manitoba (764)34−3732−3749−2576882209035874091348630731753−1639−2991−37
    Victoria, British Columbia (10)5114552260306729733876397943764471386435553051237914
    St. John's, Newfoundland (125)48−650−850116115712776338141794278330524621951981−8
Barbados—                          
    Joes River (430)8167816783698470847185728470857085718571847083698567
Bahamas—                          
    Military Hospital7763796879678469897288738978897387758677827077678963
Jamaica—                          
    Kingston (60)9163906390629168917092719571937392709369916790639562
    Trinidad (130)8667876888698870897086718671867089708870877085698967

Chapter 40. SECTION XII.—THE MAORI POPULATION.

THE census of the Maori population—that is, full-blooded Maoris, with all half-castes living as members of a Native tribe—was taken under the supervision of the officers of the Justice Department in the latter part of February, 1901. The enumeration of the Natives cannot be effected for one particular night, as is done with Europeans, but it is done as quickly and thoroughly as is possible under the circumstances existing.

The enumeration was made to state the names of the Natives in the Sub-Enumerator's books, besides information as to sex, age, principal tribe, sub-tribe, or hapu to which belonging, and particulars as to extent of cultivations owned individually or communally, with live stock.

Enumerators for the Maori census were directed to report on the health of the Natives, which is stated to have been generally good—that is, no epidemic disease was observed, though occasional outbreaks of influenza, fevers, &c., had happened since 1896.

The departmental report of 1st June, 1901, comments thus:—

As a knowledge of sanitary laws increases among the Maoris it may be expected that certain causes of disease will gradually disappear. But it is useless to expect the social habits of a people to conform to another standard all at once. While it is true that social conditions are susceptible of almost infinite modification, it is equally true that such modification can occur only after long periods of time....

The diffusion of knowledge must tend to uplift the Maoris. The transforming powers of education and association are at work, and must in time have their effect. The village schools are steadily improving the general standard of knowledge among the Maori people as a whole, while the higher schools turn out a number of intelligent young fellows who want only the opportunity to show the value of the training they have received. Suitable openings in the public service are limited, but the Government has displayed a sympathetic regard for deserving Maori youths wherever possible. There are now two Native medical students attending the Otago University, and the recent appointment of Dr. Pomare as Native Health Officer is expected to do much good in the direction of sanitary and social reform. Much also is hoped from the Maori Councils Act of last session, which confers on the Natives a limited measure of local self-government, and enables them to regulate and control habits and customs which are harmful alike to the individual and the community. Many of the older chiefs, as well as the educated younger generation, are showing a very intelligent interest in the reform movement, but they want to be shown what to do and how to do it....

The reports of the Enumerators and Sub-enumerators contain much of interest. Crime does not prevail in any marked degree. The Natives as a whole are becoming more and more temperate every year. The drunken orgies that were once common are in a great measure things of the past. In several of the reports reference is made to their adoption of the European style of living; some are sheep-farmers, others cultivate their land, while others again engage in various forms of remunerative labour. Every year the spread of settlement brings them into closer touch with their pakeha neighbours, and subjects them to the influence of European example. Their ultimate destiny must remain a matter of speculation.

The proportion of the Maori population to that of European descent was in the years 1896 and 1901 one Maori to every eighteen Europeans. It is in the North Island that the proportion of Maoris to Europeans is by far the highest, being one in every ten, against one in one hundred and eighty-nine for the South and Stewart Islands.

The percentage of each race to the population was:—

 EuropeanMaori
 Per Cent.Per Cent.
North Island90.569.44
Middle Island99.500.50
Stewart Island70.8329.17
Chatham Islands49.5250.48

In February, 1901, the number of Maoris on the principal islands of New Zealand was as shown hereunder:—

 M.F.
 Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.
North Island40,71521,91918,7962,5171,3791,138
Middle Island1,9091,022887551288263
Stewart Island11266461358
Chatham Islands—      
    Maoris1809090341420
    Morioris31151618810
Maori wives living with European husbands196 196   
            Totals43,14323,11220,0313,1331,6941,439

Besides the half-castes included in the above table, there were 2,407 half-castes (males, 1,188; females, 1,219) living with and enumerated as Europeans at the time of the census.

The above total of 43,143 shows an increase on the population as enumerated in 1896 of 3,289 persons. But the figures for 1896 showed a large decrease, and the increase for the period 1896-1901 is too great to be taken as an absolute fact—at least to the full extent shown. That some degree of increase has recently taken place is highly probable, although averaging the results of the different enumerations of Maoris made since 1878 conveys the idea of a stationary population.

MAORI POPULATION AS ENUMERATED, 1874 to 1901.
 Persons.Increase.Decrease.
1874 (first census)45,470  
187843,595 1,875
188144,097502 
188641,969 2,128
189141,99324 
189639,854 2,139
190143,1433,289 

HALF-CASTES.

The half-caste population consists of those who live as members of Maori tribes, and others living with and counted as Europeans in the census. Adding the numbers of the two kinds gives the following figures for three censuses:—

 Half-castes living as Members of Maori Tribes.Half-castes living as Europeans.Total Half-caste Population.
Census,Persons.Persons.Persons.
18912,6812,1844,865
18963,5032,2595,762
19013,1332,4075,540

Here the half-castes who were living as members of tribes are shown as decreasing in number since 1896, while those living as Europeans increased at both periods under review.

PROPORTIONS AT DIFFERENT AGE-GROUPS.

It has been stated that the increase shown by the census of 1901 in the Maori population can scarcely be considered a certainty to the full degree exhibited. The proportions of the people under and over fifteen years are now given for six successive census years, and the figures for 1896 and 1901 tend to show a growing proportion at the earlier ages.

PROPORTIONS PER 100 PERSONS LIVING.—MAORIS.
 M.F.
 Under 15 Years.Over 15 Years.Under 15 Years.Over 15 Years.
190135.7564.2537.8962.11
189635.2864.7236.8263.18
189133.2266.7835.2264.78
188631.6468.3633.5666.44
188133.6566.3534.6465.36
187832.0068.0031.6368.37

The proportions per cent. under 15 years of the young people of either sex are somewhat different from those found in the European population, viz.: Males under 15, 32.24; over 15 years, 67.76; and females under 15, 34.66; and over 15 years, 65.34.

TRIBES.

Of the principal tribes residing in the North Island, the Ngapuhi again shows the greatest number of persons, and the next in importance was Ngatikahungunu. Waikato and Ngatiporou had over four thousand persons living. The Arawa had over three thousand, Ngatiraukawa, Rarawa, and Wanganui between two and three thousand each. A complete statement is given:—

Principal Tribes in the North Island.
 Persons.
Ngapuhi6,359
Ngatikahungunu5,064
Waikato4,457
Ngatiporou4,152
Arawa3,547
Rarawa2,842
Whanganui2,327
Ngatiraukawa2,084
Ngatiawa1,701
Ngatimaniapoto1,570
Ngatimaru1,350
Urewera1,094
Ngaiterangi913
Ngatiruanui853
Whanau-a-Apanui711
Taranaki639
Whakatohea598
Ngatiwhatua356
Unspecified98
 40,715
Principal Tribes in the South Island.
Ngatikahungunu1,549
Ngatiawa211
Waikato85
Others64
 1,909
Principal Tribe in Stewart Island.
Ngatikahungunu112
Principal Tribes in Chatham Islands.
Ngatiawa180
Moriori31
 211

The total number of Maoris enumerated in each county is added, as showing the localisation of the Natives throughout the colony. Further particulars as to sex, age, &c., will be found in the complete tables belonging to Appendix B of the Census volume:—

Counties.Persons.
Mongonui2,093
Whangaroa743
Hokianga2,330
Bay of Islands2,235
Hobson984
Whangarei739
Otamatea186
Rodney173
Waitemata171
Eden223
Great Barrier Island37
Waiheke Island70
Manukau734
Coromandel565
Thames774
Ohinemuri630
Piako409
Waikato983
Waipa226
Raglan1,499
Kawhia1,649
West Taupo1,130
East Taupo651
Rotorua971
Tauranga1,301
Whakatane3,170
Waiapu2,474
Cook1,803
Clifton420
Taranaki1,020
Stratford43
Hawera853
Patea274
Waitotara and Wanganui1,689
Rangitikei459
Oroua433
Pohangina3
Manawatu252
Horowhenua1,035
Wairoa1,991
Hawke's Bay1,605
Waipawa403
Patangata181
Pahiatua24
Wairarapa North337
Wairarapa South476
Hutt264
Sounds263
Marlborough79
Kaikoura78
Collingwood22
Waimea107
Buller23
Westland60
Ashley188
Selwyn56
Akaroa293
Levels and Geraldine134
Waimate65
Waitaki117
Waikouaiti168
Peninsula92
Taieri42
Clutha22
Southland2
Wallace98
Stewart Island112
Chatham Islands211

Chapter 41. SECTION XIII.—LAW AND CRIME.

CIVIL CASES.

SITTINGS of the Supreme Court are held for trial of civil cases at Auckland, Gisborne, New Plymouth, Napier, Wellington, and Wanganui, in the North Island; and at Blenheim, Nelson, Hokitika, Christchurch, Timaru, Oamaru, Dunedin, and Invercargill, in the Middle Island.

The number of writs of summons issued in the Supreme Court in 1900 was 414, against 511 in 1899, 426 in 1898, 460 in 1897, 529 in 1896, and 511 in 1895. The number of civil cases tried decreased from 157 in 1899 to 145 in 1900. Of these last, 39 were tried before common juries, 10 by special jury, and 96 by Judge without jury. The total of amounts for which judgments were recorded in 1900 was £1,435. There were 42 writs of execution issued during the year.

Thirty-four cases were commenced at seventeen District Courts in 1900. Four of these cases were tried before juries, and 15 before a Judge only, making a total of 19 cases tried. Fifteen cases lapsed or were discontinued. The total of amounts sued for was £6,269, and judgments were recorded for £1,291. Before the Magistrates' Courts 19,816 cases were tried, against 23,095 in 1899; the aggregate sum sued for during 1900 being £286,719, and the total for which judgment was given £167,224.

COURT OF APPEAL.

Three Crown (criminal) cases were reserved from the superior Courts to be brought before the Court of Appeal in 1900. In two cases the convictions were affirmed, and in one the conviction was quashed. There were appeals from 27 civil cases, of which 13 were allowed and 14 dismissed. Judgments were given on 5 other cases removed to the Court of Appeal.

BANKRUPTCY.

The petitions in bankruptcy during 1900 numbered 304, of which 268 were made by debtors and 36 by creditors. This number is 85 fewer than the number of petitions for the preceding year.

Of the bankruptcies in 1900: in 11 cases the liabilities were under £50; in 73, from £50 to £100; in 84, from £100 to £250; in 70, from £250 to £500; in 41, from £500 to £1,000; in 13, from £1,000 to £2,000; in 9, from £2,000 to £5,000; in 3, £5,000 and upwards.

The following gives the number of petitions, the total amount of the unsecured assets, the amount of debts proved, and the amount paid in dividends and preferential claims for the years 1896 to 1900:—

Year.No. of Petitions in Bankruptcy.Debtors' Statements of Assets, excluding Amounts secured to Creditors.Amounts realised by Official Assignees.Amount of Debts proved.Amounts paid in Dividends and Preferential Claims.
  ££££
1896412115,45571,712256,87037,492
189741573,46640,942133,34445,015
189840790,00845,474285,15430,994
189938959,43434,268158,93130,084
190030477,68953,415141,80037,411

A special article on the present bankruptcy law of New Zealand was printed in the Year-book of 1894. Reference is made in it to a mode of private assignment, which has come into such frequent use as to militate against conclusions being drawn from a comparison of the figures above given.

DIVORCE.

In 1898 the Legislature of New Zealand passed a Divorce Act, and the signification of Her Majesty's assent thereto was duly notified by His Excellency the Governor in a Proclamation dated the 1st April, 1899.

This Act places persons of either sex practically on an equality as regards petitions for dissolution of marriage; the same grounds, in substance, for a decree of divorce applying to man or woman.

Besides this important alteration of the law, the grounds for divorce are extended as under:—

  1. Adultery, on either side.

  2. Wilful desertion continuously during five years or more.

  3. Habitual drunkenness on the part of husband, along with failing to support wife; or drunkenness and neglect, with unfitness to discharge household duties on the part of the wife.

  4. Conviction, with sentence of imprisonment or penal servitude for seven years or upwards, for attempting to take life of petitioner.

Every decree for dissolution of marriage is in the first instance to be a decree nisi, not to be made absolute till after the expiration of such time, being not less than three months from the pronouncing thereof, as the Court shall by order from time to time direct.

The petitioner need not necessarily move to make absolute any decree nisi that may be pronounced.

A decree for a judicial separation may be obtained either by the husband or wife on the ground of adultery, or of cruelty, or of desertion without cause for a period of two years.

The petitions in 1900 under “The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, 1867,” were 116 in number, being 3 in excess of those for 1899: 111 were for dissolution of marriage, and 5 for judicial separation; 85 decrees for dissolution of marriage were granted, and 3 for judicial separation. The proceedings under the Act for the years 1896 to 1900, were as follows:—

Year.Petitions forDecrees for
Dissolution of Marriage.Judicial Separation.Dissolution of Marriage.Judicial Separation.
1896556362
18974810331
18985113322
189911214616
19001115853

The new Act has evidently operated in the direction of increasing largely (but probably in the main temporarily) the number of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage or judicial separation.

The proportion of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage to the number of marriages was up till 1898 higher in New Zealand than in England and Wales, but lower than in New South Wales or Victoria. The full effect of the operation of the new law in New Zealand has now, however, to be experienced.

As early as 1889 an Act was passed in Victoria to allow of divorces being granted for wilful desertion, habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect, imprisonment under certain circumstances of either party, and adultery on the part of the husband. This multiplication of the causes for divorce has largely increased the proportion of decrees in that State.

An Act of a similar tenor was passed in New South Wales in 1892, and brought into working in August of that year, under which, and an amending Act of 1893, in addition to adultery since marriage on the part of the wife, and adultery and cruelty on the part of the husband, petitions for divorce can now be granted in that State on any of the following grounds:—

Husband v. wife: Desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness for a similar period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned under a sentence of three years or upwards; attempt to murder or inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults on him within one year previously.

Wife v. husband: Adultery, provided that at the time of the institution of the suit the husband is domiciled in New South Wales; desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness for the same period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned for three years or upwards, or having within five years undergone various sentences amounting in all to not less than three years; attempt to murder, or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults within one year previously.

To entitle either party to seek relief on these grounds, he or she must have been domiciled in the State at the time of instituting the suit for three years or upwards, and should not have resorted to the State for the purpose of the suit. When a wife seeks for a decree on the ground of three years' desertion, if she was domiciled in New South Wales when the desertion commenced, she shall not be deemed to have lost her domicile by reason of her husband having thereafter acquired a foreign domicile.

The divorces and separations in New South Wales and Victoria since the divorce law has been altered in the direction of increasing the grounds for decrees are as under. With these are given the figures for New Zealand under the old law up to 1898, and according to the new Act for 1899 and 1900. The figures for New South Wales tend to show that on altering the law there was a large accumulation of cases to get rid of, which increased the number of decrees to a degree which was not subsequently maintained.

New South Wales.VictoriaNew Zealand
Year.Divorces.Judicial Separations.Divorces.Judicial Separations.Divorces.Judicial Separations

*Act of 1898 in force in New Zealand.

18933069857251
189431314812204
18953011185 185
189623481062362
189724613117 331
18982471787 322
1899*    4616
1900*    853

CRIMINAL CASES.

Charges before Magistrates.

The number of charges heard before the Magistrates' Courts in 1900 was 25,04:5. Repeated charges against the same person are counted as distinct. Of the charges in 1900, 355 were against persons of the aboriginal native race, a decrease of 66 on the number for the previous year.

If the Maoris be excluded, the number of charges in 1900 is found to have been 24,690, an increase of 2,016 upon the number for 1899; and the proportion per 1,000 of population was 32.34, against 30.23 in 1899.

The figures, both numerical and proportional, covering a period of nineteen years are subjoined:—

CHARGES BEFORE MAGISTRATES.
Year.Number.Proportion per 1,000 of Mean Population.
188222,10843.41
188522,70939.61
188818,82930.88
189117,18927.29
189417,35325.55
189719,94927.65
189822,23430.19
189922,67430.23
190024,69032.34

Summary Convictions, and Convictions in Superior Courts.

The summary convictions in 1900 numbered 19,242, including 253 Maoris. 773 persons, 27 of whom were Maoris, were committed for trial at the Supreme and District Courts, an increase of 63 on the number committed in 1899.

Dealing with the summary convictions, and convictions in the superior Courts, for all offences, the figures for 1891 and onwards (excluding the Maoris) are:—

 SUMMARY CONVICTIONS.CONVICTIONS IN SUPERIOR COURTS.
Years.Number.Proportion per 1,000 of Mean Population.Number.Proportion per 1,000 of Mean Population
1891—    
    Offences against the person7511.19310.05
    Offences against property1,3122.081410.23
    Other offences10,98817.45420.07
                Totals13,05120.722140.35
1894—    
    Offences against the person7241.07360.05
    Offences against property1,2841.891990.29
    Other offences10,60515.61650.10
                Totals12,61318.573000.44
1897—    
    Offences against the person7811.08490.07
    Offences against property1,4121.962400.33
    Other offences12,68217.57140.02
                Totals14,87520.613030.42
1899—    
    Offences against the person6780.90790.11
    Offences against property1,5492.072730.36
    Other offences15,05920.08240.03
                Totals17,28623.053760.50
1900—    
    Offences against the person7240.95790.10
    Offences against property1,4761.932710.35
    Other offences16,78921.99190.02
                Totals18,98924.873690.47

Including 22 Maoris, the convictions in the superior Courts numbered 391 (persons). Particulars of sentences for these higher Courts, and of the punishments consequent on summary convictions in the lower Courts, are appended in two tables:—

TABLE showing the Sentences of Criminals Tried and Convicted in the Supreme and District Courts during Five Years.
Punishments.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.

* Including 19 Maoris.

Including 12 Maoris.

Including 35 Maoris.

§ Including 7 Maoris.

|| Including 22 Maoris.

Death 23 1
Imprisonment with or without hard labour253235286306286
Fined131922
Imprisonment with whipping  222
Released under “The First Offenders' Probation Act, 1886”4363506174
Held to bail, or awaiting pleasure of Court1312211225
Sent to lunatic asylum113  
Sent to industrial school  2 1
                Totals*311316386§383||391
TABLE showing the Punishments inflicted consequent on Summary Convictions during Five Years.
Punishments.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.
N.B.—Maoris have been excluded from this table.
Fine6,4256,8218,1498,2299,206
Fine and imprisonment 5   
Fine and order made8    
Fine and recognisance4    
Imprisonment in lieu of fine1,5521,4091,4101,7621,895
Imprisonment and whipping 1   
Peremptory imprisonment1,5341,5791,6161,6831,723
Recognisance 123111118121
Whipping728182815
Other4,6194,9095,3385,4666,029
                Totals14,14914,87516,64217,28618,989

Drunkenness.

During the five years, 1896 to 1900 inclusive, the consumption of beer in the colony per inhabitant would seem to have increased, the proportion having been 7.5 gallons in the earlier year, against 8.7 gallons in the later one. Excluding the Maoris, the same result is found to obtain, the figures being 7.9 for the year 1896 and 9.2 for 1900. Wine and spirits also show an increase in the consumption per head of population.

The following calculations are made to show the results, including and excluding Maoris:—

CONSUMPTION OF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS PER HEAD OF POPULATION (INCLUDING AND EXCLUDING MAORIS).
 M.F.
 Bear. Gal.Wine. Gal.Spirits. Gal.Beer. Gal.Wine. Gal.Spirits. Gal.
18967.4530.1330.6057.8730.1410.639
18977.7900.1380.6288.2200.1460.663
18987.9950.1390.6348.4270.1460.668
18998.1500.1410.6538.5830.1480.687
19008.6960.1450.6849.1500.1520.720

The actual quantities of beer, wine, and spirits used in the colony were, for the five years:—

 Beer for Consumption. Gals.Wine for Consumption. Gals.Spirits for Consumption. Gals.
18965,565,04099,473451,679
18975,931,550105,060478,136
18986,204,700107,595491,846
18996,437,140111,049515,384
19006,986,900116,188549,932

Excluding Maoris, the proportion of convictions for drunkenness per 1,000 of population was 9.18 in 1890, diminishing to 6.60 in 1895, 6.82 in 1896, 7.01 in 1897, 7.41 in 1898, and 8.26 in 1899, but increasing to 9.50 in 1900. The number of convictions to which the proportions for the years 1896 to 1900 relate were as under:—

Year.Number.
18964,822
18975,060
18985,458
18996,194
19007,252

The totals of charges for drunkenness for the same years were:-

Year.Number.
18964,916
18975,156
18985,559
18996,279
19007,319

Among the New - Zealand - born population of European descent there is evidence of less drunkenness than among persons who have come to the colony from abroad. At the census of 1901, out of the total population of New Zealand over 15 years of age, 51.85 per cent, were found to have been born here; while the proportion of the convictions for drunkenness of New-Zealand-born Europeans to the total convictions was in the year 1900 about 17 per cent. only.

The prison statistics show for some years back the number of distinct prisoners received into gaol after being convicted of drunkenness. The figures for the years 1889-1900 are as follow (readmissions of the same person not counted):—

DISTINCT PRISONERS CONVICTED OF DRUNKENNESS RECEIVED INTO GAOL.
Year.Number.
1889802
1890808
1891694
1892638
1893619
1894457
1895469
1896515
1897486
1898520
1899610
1900674

Here the decrease proceeds rapidly and uniformly from year to year until the year 1895, after which the figures rise somewhat. But conclusions cannot be drawn so safely from these prisons statistics as from the convictions for drunkenness previously stated, because the punishment is more often by fine than imprisonment. The convictions showed numbers rising from year to year, but along with the increase in the population of the colony.

In Australia the consumption per head of alcoholic liquors is greater than it is here. The average for three years, according to Mr. Coghlan, is given in the “Seven Colonies of Australasia,” and quoted below:—

 Spirits. Gal. Per Head.Wine. Gal. Per Head.Beer. Gal. Per Head.
Now South Wales.0.730.669.58
Victoria0.721.9411.76
Queensland0.980.5511.58
South Australia0.392.268.95
Western Australia1.851.0723.84
Tasmania0.390.097.33
New Zealand0.650.148.18

In each of these States, with the exception of Tasmania and South Australia, charges for drunkenness are, in proportion to population, far more numerous than in New Zealand. The order of the States for the year 1898 in this respect is, to quote from the same authority, as under:—

CHARGES OF DRUNKENNESS IN PROPORTION TO POPULATION.
Western Australia18.79 per 1,000
Queensland15.28 per 1,000
New South Wales14.67 per 1,000
Victoria11.82 per 1,000
New Zealand7.55 per 1,000

“The Inebriates Institutions Act, 1898.”

Under this law, the Governor in Council may direct that any building or establishment which is the property of the Crown shall be an institution for inebriates; and he may appoint superintendents, with other officers.

Power is also given to make regulations for the management, supervision, and inspection of these institutions, any of which may be separated into two divisions, with different scales of accommodation, and fees to be paid by patients.

An inebriate may himself make application to a Judge or Magistrate for an order committing him to an institution. Or, if the husband, wife, or any relation or friend of any inebriate applies, the Judge or Magistrate may summon the inebriate to show cause why he should not be committed; when, if necessary, he may be compulsorily dealt with.

There are penalties for improper treatment of patients, and a patient is also liable if misconducting himself. It is also enacted that, during the continuance of an order, an escaped inebriate may be retaken.

A home has been established at Waitati, near Seacliff.

Grime amongst Maoris.

The Native population of the colony has hitherto been regarded as stationary, and comparisons of the numbers of summary convictions by the higher and lower Courts are given. The number for 1897 is swelled by 108 persons convicted of trespass. The figures relating to the convictions by the superior Courts are small and fluctuating, the proportionately large increase in 1898 being caused by the inclusion of sixteen convicted of conspiring to prevent the collection of taxes.

SUMMARY CONVICTIONS OF MAORIS.
Year.Number.
1891298
1892293
1893253
1894321
1895316
1896332
1897450
1898349
1899300
1900253
CONVICTIONS OF MAORIS IN SUPERIOR COURTS.
Year.Convictions.Number of Persons convicted.
189177
18921615
18931312
18942524
18951715
18961919
18971612
18982135
189987
19002222

Prisoners in Goal.

The total number of prisoners received in the different gaols of the colony during the year 1900 was 3,911, including persons awaiting trial but not convicted within the year, and counting as distinct persons repeated admissions of the same person, as well as transfers from gaol to gaol of convicts undergoing sentence. In 1899 the number received was 3,774, so that the figures for 1900 show an increase of 137. Of 3,911 admissions for 1900, 54 were for debt, and 57 on account of lunacy; while 130 were Maoris imprisoned for various offences. If the debtors, lunatics, and Maoris be excluded, the number of persons received into gaol is reduced to 3,670, against 3,531 in 1899.

The number of persons in gaol (including Maoris) at the end of the year 1900 was only 2 more than in 1899, notwithstanding the increase of population:—

PRISONERS IN GAOL (31ST DECEMBER).
Year.Undergoing Sentence.Debtors and LunaticsOn Remand and awaiting Trial.Total.
1889611319633
1891494436534
1893463633502
1895531546582
1897623 51674
1899508 58566
1900527 41568

Of the prisoners previously convicted received in 1900, 354 men and 38 women had been convicted once; 217 men and 26 women twice; 1,018 men and 458 women three or more times: making a total of 1,589 men and 522 women.

Besides the returns from the Prisons Department, a separate card for each admission is furnished for every gaol. Such cards as show convictions are arranged alphabetically according to name of prisoner, and where several are found referring to the same person, all are thrown out but one; then the number of cards retained equals the actual number of distinct convicted prisoners received in the various gaols during the year. In 1900 this number (excluding Maoris) was 2,116, a decrease of 9 on the number in 1899. These figures do not include children committed to the industrial schools simply on the ground that they are neglected or destitute.

The following table shows the number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) received into gaol after conviction during 1900, classified according to nature of offence, religion, birthplace, and age:—

DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS RECEIVED INTO GAOL, 1900.

[NOTE.—In this table a prisoner convicted of more than one offence during the year is reckoned once only, under the heading of the principal offence—e.g., a prisoner convicted three times of drunkenness, twice of vagrancy, and once of theft, is counted only once, under the heading “Theft.” Debtors and lunatics received into gaol, and children committed to the industrial schools not convicted of any crime, are omitted.]

Offences against the Person.Offences against Property.Miscellaneous.Totals.
Convicted on Indictment.Summarily convicted.Theft and Deceit.Mischief.Vagrancy.Drunkenness.Other Offences.
 M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.
Religions—                
      Church of England22247 2701116 8037201111607796101
      Roman Catholic171551107101525434209541397596109
      Presbyterian10221 7247 3511922256329342
      Wesleyan1   2411 9218220 735
      Others2 3 22 2 12232323 965
                  Totals52512614952641519086552122398171,854262
Birthplaces—                
      England and Wales14130 1245112571816825116552056
      Scotland2 9 3615 234731343119119
      Ireland9123 48710140231364356532280
      New Zealand20246 20997143308134112351879
      Australian Colonies31313532 8528422 10114
      Other British possessions  2 7 1 12122102336
      China1 1 3   2   3 10 
      Other countries3 12 331511645413611598
                  Totals52512614952641519086552122398171,854262
Ages—                
      Under 10 years                
10 and under 12 years                
12 and under 15 years1   6         7 
15 and under 20 years212 6411 437423110310
20 and under 25 years13131 975101141133376 27421
25 and under 30 years6 221793  20756973125621
30 and under 40 years11134 125610 461813738100546368
40 and under 50 years9123 69510252341524262637790
50 and under 60 years7 10 423522691032039221236
60 years and over314 1335 28464625214216
                  Totals52512614952641519086552122398171,854262
                  Totals, 1899646140 5312439217210149111942171,858267

The number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) imprisoned after conviction, in the past eleven years, counting one offence only when the same person was imprisoned more than once, with the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is added:—

Distinct Persons imprisoned after Conviction.

Year.Prisoners.Proportion per 10,000 of Population.
18902,39738.61
18912,11333.55
18922,16433.69
18932,11131.92
18941,95528.78
18951,93027.87
18961,93627.11
18971,88425.84
18981,98226.92
18992,12528.33
19002,11627.71

There has been since 1890 a decrease of 11.72 per cent. in the number of distinct convicted prisoners, and a reduction of 10.90 per 10,000 in the proportion to population. In New South Wales the proportion for 1898 was 66 per 10,000 persons.

It must be understood that the actual number of imprisonments was much in excess of the figures given, as many persons were several times imprisoned, either for offences differing in kind or for repetitions of the same offence. Thus, persons returned as imprisoned for larceny underwent other imprisonments for drunkenness, &c. Some returned as convicted of drunkenness were several times in gaol during the year for the same offence, or for another, such as assault, riotous or indecent conduct, &c. Often there were several charges preferred against the same person at the one time, of which the most serious followed by conviction has been selected.

The proportions in every 100 distinct convicted prisoners belonging to each of the four principal religious denominations, with proportions of prisoners at each age-period, and particulars as to birthplaces and ages, will be found in the Statistical Volume for 1900, on pages 447 and 449.

Cost of Prisoners.

The prisoners in gaols during the year 1900 were maintained at a net cost to the State of £29 4s. 6d. per head, against £30 15s. 4d. in 1899.

Crime amongst the New-Zealand-born.

While the New-Zealand-born formed at the last census 67 per cent. of the whole population of the colony, they contributed in 1900 only 28 per cent. of the prisoners received in gaol. Of the New-Zealand-born population, however, a large number are under 15 years of age, a period of life at which there are very few prisoners; and, therefore, another comparison is necessary. It is found that the New-Zealand-born over 15 years formed 52 per cent. of the total population above that age; but, as before stated, New-Zealanders constituted only 28 per cent. of the total number received in gaols.

The total number of New-Zealand-born distinct prisoners (excluding Maoris) received for the year 1900—597 persons—is found to be 34 in excess of the number for 1899. Of those received in 1900, 94 were under twenty years of age. As before stated, the plan adopted in preparing the foregoing tables is to count each prisoner only once, and to exclude all who are not convicted prisoners, besides dealing only with the number received during the year, instead of with the full number in gaol, which would, of course, include those brought forward from the previous year. The comparative results for a series of years given by this method are held to be more valuable than those brought out by one which includes prisoners merely awaiting trial, and continual repetitions of the same individuals.

Remarks by the Inspector of Prisons.

In his report for the year 1901, the Inspector of Prisons thus comments on the work of the tree-planting prison at Waiotapu, the establishment of which was mentioned in the last Year-book:—

A new departure has this year been made by the establishment of a tree-planting prison at Waiotapu, twenty-three miles from Rotorua on the Galatea and Taupo Roads. The prisoners selected for this work are all serving their first sentences, and none have been convicted of immoral or indecent offences. Of course, the experiment has not yet been sufficiently long established to say how it will work out, but so far the conduct of the prisoners has been exemplary, and the Forest Department, for whom the men are working, report that the prisoners are working quite as well as free men. They are accommodated in huts similar to those used by the railway gangers—four in a hut. There are a total of twenty-five prisoners and four officers. The cost of maintenance will, of course, be considerably higher than in the towns, but if the desired effect of keeping these better class of prisoners away from the habitual criminals, and thereby endeavouring to give them a chance of reforming, is taken advantage of by them, the extra cost will be money well expended.

First Offenders' Probation Act.

One hundred and twelve persons were placed on probation in the year 1900, as against 117 in 1899. Of these, 32 were discharged after satisfactorily carrying out the conditions of their licenses, 3 were rearrested, and 77 remained under the supervision of Probation Officers.

Of the 1,232 persons placed on probation since the introduction of the Act in October, 1886, no less than 1,021 had, by the end of the year 1900, been discharged after satisfactorily carrying out the conditions of their licenses, 73 have been rearrested and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment, 1 committed suicide, 2 died, 29 absconded, 1 was sent to a lunatic asylum, and 105 remained fulfilling the conditions of their terms of probation. The Inspector of Prisons, in his report for the year 1900, made the following remarks, which will well bear repeating:—

From the foregoing it will be seen that a percentage of 83 have done well, while only a percentage of 241 have eluded the vigilance of the Probation Officers and absconded. These statistics speak for themselves, and show that the Probation Officers, who do the work gratuitously, have carefully inquired into and made judicious recommendations in the majority of cases, and are deserving of commendation.

The above-quoted results prove beyond doubt that the First Offenders' Probation Act, which was placed on the statute-book of the colony to put first offenders under a term of surveillance that is calculated to give them an extra incentive to good behaviour, and to check predilections that might end in a career of crime, is satisfactorily attaining that end. A probationer has ever before his mind the inevitable consequence which will ensue should he deviate from strictest rectitude of conduct during his probation, while he is not in a position to bé contaminated by the evil associations which are almost inseparable from a prison life. The State is relieved of the expense of his support, and there is much more inducement to return to the paths of honesty and industry than there would be were he under bars and bolts inside the walls of a felon's cell; and, lastly, he is not branded as a “gaol-bird.”

The amount of costs which the various Courts directed to be paid during the year 1900 was £515 9s. Id., of which £242 3s. 10d. has been actually paid. The approximate cost of keeping these first offenders had they been sent to prison would have amounted to £5,029, which sum, added to the amount of costs, &c, actually paid, gives a saving of £5,271 3s. 10d.

Inquests.

The number of bodies on which inquests were held in 1900 was 967, including 32 Maoris. In 735 cases the bodies were of males, and in 232 of females.

The inquests on suicidal deaths in 1900 show a decrease on the number for the previous year. The figures for each of the last five years were:—

 Year.Inquests on Suicides.
 Males.Females.Total
1896581270
1897421153
189869877
1899611374
1900521163

The verdicts given at the inquests held in 1900 may be classified as under:—

 Nature of Verdict.Inquests on Suicides.
 Males.Females.Total
Accident33469403
Disease and natural causes327146473
Intemperance325
Homicide8412
Suicide521163
Not classed11 11
 735232967

Of the accidental deaths, drowning is the most fatal form. The verdicts show that 130 bodies were found drowned, giving a percentage of 32.26 on the accidental deaths from all causes.

Fire Inquests.

The inquests on fires held during 1900 numbered 39. In seven cases the verdict was incendiarism; in four, accident; and in twenty-eight no evidence was forthcoming.

Chapter 42. SECTION XIV.—LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.

Counties, Boroughs, etc.

FOR purposes of local government New Zealand is divided into counties and boroughs. Although the boroughs, of which there were 101 in March, 1901, lie geographically within the counties, yet by the law they are not considered as part of them. On the 31st March, 1901, the counties numbered 86. The number is increased from time to time as need is found for further division. In the year 1878 there were only 63 counties. Interior to the counties are the road and town districts, but much of the country is outlying, many road districts having been merged, especially on gold-fields territory.

There were, however, 227 road districts (three without Boards) in existence in March, 1901, and 35 town districts. One of these latter is the special Town District of Rotorua, constituted under “The Thermal-Springs Districts Act, 1881.” Besides the above there were 29 river protective districts (excluding Inch Clutha, in Bruce County, which is also a road district), 1 drainage district (Christchurch), 2 water-supply districts, and 17 land drainage districts under the Land Drainage Act of 1893 (two without Boards). The Harbour Boards numbered 26.

These bodies levied rates in the financial year 1900-1901 to the amount of £734,023, of which £490,789 consisted of general rates, and £243,234 special and separate rates. The sum of £81.561 was raised by licenses, and £17,553 by other taxes, making £833,138 altogether, which sum is equivalent to £1 Is. 9d. per head of the mean European population. In the year 1899-1900 the local taxation was £1 Is. 7d. per head, or 2d. less than in 1900-1901.

It will be seen from the table on the next page that since 1881 revenue derived from rates has nearly trebled itself, having increased from £249,087 in 1880-81 to £734,023 in 1900-1901. Revenue from Government and other sources has, on the other hand, decreased in the same period, twenty-one years, from £352,540 to less than one-half, viz., £168,785. Receipts which cannot be classed as “revenue” were £889,705 in 1880-81, against £825,039 in 1900-1901; but these figures vary from year to year according to circumstances, such as large operations by way of construction of works, for which money has to be specially raised.

The receipts (distinguishing revenue from other sources of income) and expenditure of the various local bodies, with the amount of rates collected, and the amount of indebtedness on account of loans for each of the past twenty-one years, are shown in the following table:—

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RATES, RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURE, AND LOANS, 1881 TO 1901.*
Year ended 31st March.Receipts of Local Bodies.Expenditure of Local Bodies.Outstanding Loans of Local Bodies (excluding Government Loans, for which see the following Columns).Government Loans to Local Bodies.
Revenue from.Receipts not RevenueTotal ReceiptsOutstanding Debentures under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882.”Net Indebtedness in February of each Year under“The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1880” (including Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, converted).
Rates.Licenses, Tolls, Rents, and other Sources.Government.Total Revenue.

* The figures for the Christchurch Drainage Board and Harbour Boards included are for the calendar years ended three months previous to the financial years.

Not including balances, deposits, or amounts paid to sinking funds and for redemption of debentures

On the 30th June.

 ££££££££££
1881249,087461,602352,5401,063,229889,7051,952,9341,871,7523,039,807....
1882297,328476,473218,179991,980419,6081,411,5881,637,3373,277,584....
1883327,129466,885133,565927,579311,4661,239,0451,397,8633,540,046....
1884398,659502,969241,5581,143,186331,9941,475,1801,499,1173,962,33077,439..
1885401,393477,813364,0821,243,288430,5611,673,8491,653,7064,313,223123,086..
1886410,639504,807377,8111,293,257514,7281,807,9851,644,7064,943,270134,534..
1887434,237447,631342,4321,224,300992,6332,216,9331,885,0015,620,747113,072..
1888433,832460,210334,8571,228,899511,5941,740,4931,819,7875,812,80318,635191,687
1889445,929535,140141,2881,122,357316,1391,438,4961,560,6055,892,05010,495273,289
1890460,303568,405139,3201,168,028206,6881,374,7161,476,5405,978,0599,676319,603
1891463,581518,757144,0081,126,346236,9021,363,2481,381,3206,042,6934,317367,715
1892488,824584,274109,0221,182,120214,1241,396,2441,400,4676,081,9344,245449,532
1893508,157573,161136,5151,217,833340,5381,558,3711,482,5486,203,8693,465525,173
1894551,412547,560134,2711,233,243623,0381,856,2811,589,1246,614,8242,685547,679
1895581,868545,629138,2281,265,725328,7981,594,5231,584,5180,685,5102,015621,903
1896592,903581,966156,1801,331,049269,1451,600,1911,627,0796,737,5781,442667,451
1897598,526586,599178,4481,363,573246,9191,610,4921,636,7166,793,3981,077709,282
1898644,552608,436182,1661,435,154304,6451,739,7991,733,0166,834,361712742,530
1899685,769642,289178,4381,506,496385,3681,891,8641,778,5746,963,254347789,618
1900714,151695,988152,0441,562,183372,0281,934,2111,960,0737,057,350..810,192
1901734,023751,046168,7851,653,854825,0392,478,8932,250,5727,563,069..902,769

The indebtedness of local governing bodies on account of outstanding loans has increased in twenty-one years by nearly 149 per cent., from £3,039,807 to £7,563,069, exclusive of moneys borrowed from Government under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882,” and “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886,” which represented a further indebtedness of £902,769 at the end of March, 1901.

Taxation by Local Bodies.

TABLE showing the Revenue of Local Governing Bodies derived from Rates, Licenses, and other Taxes during the Year 1900-1901.
Local Bodies.Rates.Licenses.Other Taxes.Total.
General.Special and Separate.

* For year ended 31st March, 1901.

For year ended 31st December, 1900.

Wharfage dues, charges, fees, tolls, rents, &c., amounting to £372,381 7s. 1d., have not been classed as taxation.

§ Equal to £1 1s. 9d. per head of the mean European population of the colony for the financial year 1900-1901.

 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Counties*180,03218840,89316523,309289,836119254,07296
Boroughs*148,436193183,6987052,6111136,03137390,77811
Town Boards*3.28251153143,511591731057,12027
Road Boards*91,7967312,6881932,129011,5,966108,123131
River Boards*6,793641,588111....8,381175
Land-drainage Boards*2,0501971,0691010..21583,12361
Harbour Boards38,10458......38,10458
Christchurch Drainage Board20,2911010......20,2911010
Waimakariri-Ashley Water-supply Board*..3,142610....3,142610
        Totals490,788128243,23412981,56019917,553711833,137131§

Receipts and Expenditure, 1900-1901.

A summary of all the transactions for the year 1900-1901 is given on pages 293 to 295. The total revenue of the local bodies for the financial year was £1,653,854, and they further received a sum of £825,039 which could not properly be termed “revenue,” making altogether a grand total of receipts amounting to £2,478,893. The rates formed 44 per cent. of the revenue proper. Licenses, rents, and other sources yielded 46 per cent., and 10 per cent. was granted by the General Government.

While the revenue proper of the counties amounted to £380,683, of which these bodies raised £220,927 by way of rates, the Road Boards' revenue was only £158,578, out of which £104,485 represented the result of their rating. The boroughs had the far larger revenue of £604,820, including £332,135 of rates, and their receipts under the heading of licenses, rents, and other sources amounted to the considerable sum of £255,282. In the matter of receipts from Government, of which a table is printed on the next page, the counties received the bulk of the money.

The details of amounts received, representing Government support to the various bodies, are stated in the following table:—

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS FROM GOVERNMENT, 1900-1901.
Counties.Boroughs.Town
Boards.
Road
Boards.
River
Boards
(excluding
Inch-Clutha
, also Road
Board).
Land
Drainage
Boards.
Harbour
Boards.
Drainage
Board.
Waimakariri
Water-supply
Board.
Totals.

* For amounts under various heads see preceding table; also for specification of loans under Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and special grants, which are here included with “Receipts not revenue.”

Excluding loans under Roads and Bridges Construction Act and Government Loans to Local Bodies Act. For rates of interest see page 297.

Not including loans, amounting to £902,769, repayable by instalments under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882,” and “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886.”

NOTE.—The return of receipts and expenditure in this summary represents the net receipts and expenditure of the year, exclusive of credit and debit balances, bank overdrafts, deposits, amounts paid to sinking funds, and for redemption of debentures

 £ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.
Rates on Crown and Native lands...70 1 4..104 9 11..........174 11 3
One-third receipts from land sold on deferred payment and from perpetual lease20,892 0 1..3 15 86,028 18 8..........26,924 14 5
One-fourth of rents from small grazing-runs2,786 8 0....612 11 6..........3,398 19 6
Goldfields revenue and gold duty41,907 15 111,265 0 40 16 257 6 0..........43,230 18 5
Subsidies under the Local Bodies' Finance and Powers Act44,019 4 1114,175 19 6704 3 219,587 0 316 16 10........78,503 4 8
Fees and fines under the Financial Arrangements Act1,256 8 11,082 16 4113 14 09 1 5......30 0 0..2,491 19 10
Other receipts995 10 0807 19 11 10 05,431 12 4190 14 797 10 06,389 6 3146 10 0..14,060 12 3
        Total Revenue Account111,857 7 017,401 16 7823 19 031,831 0 1207 11 597 10 06,389 6 3176 10 0..168,785 0 4
Loans under Government Loans to Local Bodies Act43,793 10 026,880 7 10..13,858 2 0..2,200 0 0....1,000 0 087,731 19 10
Grants for special works, &c.75,791 14 44,048 17 8..199 2 6..........80,039 14 6
        Total receipts from Government231,442 11 448,331 2 1823 19 045,888 4 7207 11 52,297 10 06,389 6 3176 10 01,000 0 0336,556 14 8
LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS FROM GOVERNMENT, 1900-1901.
Financial Year ended 31st March, 1901.
Counties.Boroughs.Town
Boards.
Road
Boards.
River
Boards
(excluding
Inch-Clutha
, also Road
Board).
Land
Drainage
Boards.
Waimakariri
Water-supply
Board.
Totals.
Receipts:—
        Revenue from—£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.
        Rates220,926 15 1332,135 6 33,435 6 5104,485 6 68,381 17 53,120 10 53,142 6 10675,627 8 11
        Licenses, rents, and other sources47,898 8 6255,282 7 107,037 11 813,892 3 34,001 4 952 13 24 18 3328,169 7 5
        Government*111,857 7 017,401 16 7823 19 031,831 0 1207 11 597 10 0..162,219 4 1
        Country....158 1 28,369 15 9......8,527 16 11
                Total revenue380,682 10 7604,819 10 811,454 18 3158,578 5 712,590 13 73,270 13 73,147 5 11 1,174,543 17 4
        Receipts not revenue149,630 10 5395,581 4 01,212 19 819,095 7 313,819 12 112,209 0 01,015 13 3582,564 7 6
                Total receipts530,313 1 01,000,400 14 812,667 17 11177,673 12 1026,410 6 65,479 13 74,162 18 41,757,108 4 10
Expenditure:—
        Public works387,209 8 4461,163 3 37,743 18 2125,349 6 117,461 19 103,803 0 31,423 11 10994,154 8 7
        Charitable aid and hospitals36,252 14 327,372 8 10192 14 68,058 19 0......71,876 16 7
        Management48,976 18 1055,783 17 51,983 15 315,795 9 81,343 0 8275 15 10557 18 11124,716 16 7
        Other expenditure67,133 6 2354,969 14 02,295 17 030,547 18 98,986 3 61,257 6 91,134 0 10466,324 7 0
                Total expenditure539,572 7 7899,289 3 612,216 4 11179,751 14 417,791 4 05,336 2 103,115 11 71,657,072 8 9
Liabilities (including loans)845,404 2 103,572,787 6 65,227 16 6329,865 1 1080,255 13 628,956 13 722,470 0 048,84,966 14 9
Loans6,714 0 03,251,817 0 0609 0 03,728 0 043,670 0 0..21,200 0 03,327,738 0 0
LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURE, AND LOANS
Financial Year ended 31st December, 1900.Totals—all Local Bodies.
Harbour Boards.Drainage Board.
* † See notes to table on previous page.
Receipts:—
     Revenue from—£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.
        Rates38,104 5 820,291 10 10734,023 5 5
        Licenses, rents, and other sources414,111 8 11237 14 9742,518 11 1
        Government*6,389 6 3176 10 0168,750 4
        County....8,527 16 11
                Total revenue458,605 0 1020,705 15 71,653,854 13 9
        Receipts not revenue211,352 5 41,122 2 9825,038 15 7
                Total receipts699,957 6 221,827 18 42,478,893 9 4
Expenditure:—
        Public works265,562 12 94,865 0 41,264,582 1 8
        Charitable aid and hospitals....71,676 16 7
        Management13,771 4 3833 7 4139,321 8 2
        Other expenditure292,443 3 416,024 1 11774,791 12 3
                Total expenditure571,777 0 421,722 9 72,250,571 18 8
Liabilities (including loans)4,186,056 7 11203,583 11 119,274,606 14 7
Loans4,035,331 0 0200,000 0 07,563,069 0 0

The expenditure of the local bodies amounted to £2,250,572. In the counties the cost of management, including salaries, travelling-expenses, rent, printing and advertising, collection of rates or tolls, legal expenses, and sundries, was £48,977. The Borough Councils expended in the same way £55,784, and the Road Boards £15,795.

The percentages borne by the cost of management to the total receipts and total expenditure were:—

Cost of Management per Cent. ofTotal ReceiptsTotal Expenditure.
Counties9.29.1
Boroughs5.66.2
Road Boards8.98.8

Loans of Local Bodies.

The outstanding loans of local governing bodies form the subject-matter dealt with in the two next tables. From them it will be seen that the total amount owing was, on the 31st March, 1901, £7,563,069. But against this accrued sinking funds to the value of £786,818 were held, leaving a net debt of £6,776,251, exclusive of moneys borrowed from the General Government and repaid by annual instalments.

The total annual charge (excluding exchange and commission) stood at £422,578, of which £385,959 was for interest, and the remainder, £36,619, contributions to sinking fund accounts.

Of the total net indebtedness in 1900-1901 the debt of the Harbour Boards, £3,664,380, formed the largest item, while the Borough Councils owed £2,881,653.

In the succeeding table (page 297) will be found a summary of the amounts raised by loan, classified according to the rates of interest paid, distinguishing loans raised in the colony from those raised abroad. It will be noticed that the amount raised abroad (£5,510,800) is nearly three times as great as that raised in New Zealand (£2,052,269). The lowest rate of interest paid was 3 per cent., but the large sum of £2,789,699 was raised as 5 per cent., and £2,402,845 at 6 per cent., while £142,000 bore interest as high as 7 per cent. and 7 ½ per cent.

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES, MARCH, 1901.—NET INDEBTEDNESS AND ANNUAL CHARGE.
Amount of Debentures and Stock in Circulation.Amount of Accrued Sinking Fund.Net Indebtedness.Annual Charge (excluding Exchange and Commission).
Interest.Sinking Fund.Total.
* Repayable by annual instalments of £51,585, representing 4 ½ per cent. per annum on £874,412,4 per cent. per annum on £12,634, and 3 ½ per cent. per annum on £335,157, the amount insert to 1st February, 1901. Payments for 26 years on the amount inscribed (£1,222,234, including £89,878 debentures under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882,” exchanged) would be £1,520,220. The actual repayments to date are £415,309, leaving £1,104,912 to be paid by way of interest and sinking fund on a present indebtedness of £902,769.
 ££££££
Counties6,7147705,944336108444
Boroughs3,251,817370,1642,881,653170,03613,018183,054
Town Boards60987522341549
Road Boards3,728..3,728176..176
River Boards43,6709,87133,7992,2555642,819
Water-supply Board21,20079120,4091,0152001,215
Harbour Boards4,035,331370,9513,664,380200,10720,364220,471
Drainage Board200,00034,184165,81612,0002,35014,350
                Totals7,563,069786,8186,776,251385,95936,619422,578
Inscribed debt of local bodies under “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886” (including inscribed stock exchanged for debentures under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882”)902,769..902,769*....51,585
                Totals8,465,8387868187,679,620..474,163
LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES, RAISED WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE COLONY.
TABLE showing the Amount of Indebtedness of Counties, Boroughs, Town, Road, River, and Water-supply Boards, as on the 31st March, 1901, and of Harbour and Drainage Boards as on the 31st December, 1900, classified according to the Rates of Interest paid, distinguishing Loans raised in the Colony from those raised elsewhere. (See note ||)
Loans raised in the Colony.
Local Bodies.No. Interest.3%3 ¾%4%4 ¼%4 ½%5%5 ¼%5 ½%6%6 ½%7%Total

* Including £500 at 4 ⅜ per cent. and £2,500 at 4 ¾ per cent.

Including £2,000 at 57 per cent. and £3,000 at 5 ¾ per cent.

Including £6,000 at 7 ½ per cent.

§ Including £109 at 3 ½ per cent.

|| Not including loans, amounting to £902,769, repayable by annual instalments under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882,” and “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886.”

 £££££££££££££
Counties............6,714..........6,714
Boroughs25,450....410,68234,800124,325*153,53518,00065,900170,7252,60080,5001,086,517
Town Boards....109............500....609
Road Boards........1,956......1,75220....3,728
River Boards......3,200..5,000....3,3206,150....17,670
Water-supply Board..........9,00012,200..........21,200
Harbour Boards..14,03160,000690,700..20,00098,650..32,000450....915,831
Total raised in colony25,450114,03160,109§1,104,58236,756158,325*271,09918,000102,972177,8452,60080,5002,052,269
Loans raised outside the Colony.
Boroughs......33,000..254,700785,500....1,030,600..61,5002,165,300
River Boards............21,000....5,000....20,000
Harbour Boards......318,000..100,0001,712,100....989,400....3,119,500
Drainage Board..................200,000....200,000
Total raised out of colony......351,000..354,7002,518,600....2,225,000..61,5005,510,800
Total Loans raised.
Counties............6,714..........6,714
Boroughs25,450....443,68234,800379,025939,03518,00065,9001,201,3252,600142,0003,251,817
Town Boards....109............500....609
Road Boards........1,956......1,75220....3,728
River Boards......3,200..5,00021,000..3,32011,150....43,670
Water-supply Board..........9,00012,200..........21,200
Harbour Boards..14,03160,0001,008,700..120,0001,810,750..32,000989,850....4,035,331
Drainage Board..................200,000....200,000
Total loans raised25,45014,03160,109§1,455,58236,756513,025*2,789,69918,000102,9722,402,8452,600142,0007,563,069

On referring to the comparative table on page 291, a great advance in the outstanding loans of local governing bodies will be noticed. Between 1891 and 1901 the gross indebtedness increased from £6,042,693 to £7,563,069, an addition of £1,520,376 or 25 per cent. during the ten years. During the same period the population advanced at the rate of 22 per cent., and the value of land and improvements from £122,000,000 to £147,000,000, or at the rate of 20 per cent.

The aggregate interest-charge for the year under review was £385,959, and £293,736 of this was payable on loans raised outside the colony. The average rate of interest payable to bondholders was rather more than £5 2s. 5d. per cent., as shown hereunder:—

Loans raised by Local Bodies.Debentures and
Stock in
Circulation.
Interest-charge.Average
Rate of
Interest.%
* The £25,450 on which no interest is paid has not been taken into account in computing the average rate of interest.
 ££%
In the colony25,450Nil...
 2,026,81992,2234.5501
Outside the colony5,510,800293,7365.3120
        Total (excluding loans) from Government)7,563,0691385,9595.12041

While the average rate of interest on the above-mentioned debt is found to be more than 5.12 per cent., over two millions and three-quarters were raised at 5 per cent., and upwards of two and a half millions at 6 per cent. or over.

“The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1901.”

The above Act consolidates certain measures dealing with loans to local bodies. As to Government loans, it contains the same provision as the Amendment Act of 1899 in respect of the debentures of any future loan, and offers, instead of interest payable at 5 per cent. for a term of twenty-six years, one or other of the following alternatives:—

Four and a half per cent. per annum for a term of twenty-six years;

Four per cent. per annum for thirty-two years; or

Three and a half per cent. per annum for forty-one years.

“The Municipal Franchise Reform Act, 1898.”

This is a law extending and amending the franchise in the case of boroughs, and provides that, in addition to the persons who are already entitled to be enrolled, every person shall be so entitled who possesses the freehold or residential qualifications stated in the Act.

The possession of the freehold qualification is defined as being the beneficial owner of a freehold estate in land of the capital value of not less than £25, situated in the borough, notwithstanding that the person may be already enrolled, or entitled so to be, as a ratepayer of the borough.

Every person is deemed to possess a residential qualification within a borough if he is, and for at least three months last past has been, a residential occupant within such borough.

No person may be entered in the burgess lists in respect of more qualifications than one; but (except in the case of a ratepayer) any person who has more than one qualification may select the one in respect of which he wishes to be entered.

In the case of husband and wife, any qualification possessed by one of them is deemed to be possessed by each.

No person enrolled on a burgess roll has more than one vote, and no person enrolled by virtue of the residential qualification can vote on any proposal relating to loans or rates; and persons failing to record their votes at any poll taken in the borough are liable to have their names removed from the roll of burgesses.

Rating on Unimproved Value.

“The Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896,” gives power to local governing bodies to levy rates upon the unimproved instead of upon the capital (or annual) value of real property; and “The Local Government Voting Reform Act, 1899” (section 2) provides that if any proposal is submitted to the votes of the ratepayers or burgesses of the district or of any subdivision of the district of a local authority, such proposal shall be deemed to be carried if at the poll taken on such proposal the number of valid votes recorded in favour of it exceeds the number recorded against it, each ratepayer having one vote and no more. And it is further provided by “The Rating on Unimproved Value Act Amendment Act, 1900,” that in the localities where a poll had been previously taken and the proposal affirmed by a majority, but rejected because the majority was less than two-thirds, as was required by “The Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896,” the proposal may again be submitted to the ratepayers.

Rates made and levied under this Act must be so adjusted as to equal as nearly as may be, but not exceed, in their producing capacity, rates made and levied on the capital (or annual) value under “The Rating Act, 1894,” see special article in Part III.

Up to the end of March, 1902, forty-three local governing bodies (twenty-four boroughs, eleven counties, one town district, and seven road districts) had notified in the New Zealand Gazette that the proposal to levy rates on the unimproved value of land had been carried, while in seven cases (six boroughs and one county) the proposal had been rejected.

The amount of rates levied by the various Borough Councils, County Councils, Town Boards, and Road Boards, with other particulars, as returned by these bodies for the 31st March, 1901, will be found on the following pages:—

BOROUGHS, 1900-1901
Name of Borough.Estimated Area (including Town Belt) in Acres.Population.Number ofAmount of Rate levied in the Pound.Estimated Annual (or renting) Value of Rateable Property in March, 1901.Capital Value of Rateable Property, March, 1901.Unimproved Value of Rateable Property, March, 1901.
Dwellings.Ratepayers.Rateable Properties.General.Separate.Special.Water.Library.

(1) Consumers only.

(2) Stores and land, 6d.; dwellings, 1s.

(3) 1s. 3d. per 1,000 gallons by meter.

(4) On capital value.

(5) On capital value. £341,400.

(6) On annual value.

(7) On capital value, for charitable aid purposes.

(8) Special, ⅓d.; Christchurch drainage rate, ¾d.; South Waimakariri River Board rate, 2/64d.

(9) 2 ½ per cent. on unconnected property.

(10) Sanitation rate in West District only.

(11) Maximum under “Municipal Corporations Act, 1886.”

(12) Under £12 10s., 10s.; under £300, 5 per cent.; over £300, 4 per cent.; land and building, half these rates.

(13) 3d. in portion of district.

(14) 2 ½, 3 ½, 6, and 7 per cent. on rateable value.

(15) 6d. for charitable aid; 6d. for sanitation.

      s. d.s. d.s. d.s. d.s. d.£££
Whangarei2,0381,4293173354270 1 ½0 ¾........131,493..
Birkenhead2,7001,0572182522781 30 2 ¼0 3....7,312....
Devonport6403,8237836331,1101 0..9d. & 6d.6d., or 2 ½ per cent...25,777....
Auckland1,76234,2136,8574,5896,3000 90 31 3(1)2 ½ per cent.0 0 ½335,537....
Grey Lynn9004,1108326708841 00 30 44 to 6 per cent...25,886....
Newmarket1502,0604293113901 3..0 74 to 6 per cent...13,268....
Parnell4804,5669505908631 3..1 04 per cent...30,131....
Onehunga1,2003,0156896161,0001 0....4 per cent.....16,512..
Thames2,5604,009920....................
Te Aroha2008881962083181 0....0 7..5,900....
Hamilton1,6001,253248400672130 2....0 18,004..
Cambridge1,0839892051986881 0........5,352....
Tauranga1,0009452644125911 3..1 0....4,717....
Gisborne1,2602,737520460..8201 3..0 6....33,150..
New Plymouth8504,4059159211,2061 3..0 10(2)..38,000....
Stratford1,9202,0274304887010 15/16..0 0 7/32....17,134142,835..
Hawera5002,1314404126101 3........17,134....
Patea1,4206911481903801 30 4 ⅜..0 1 ¾..5,340....
Wanganui1,0007,3291,4331,2601,6550 11..1 1....57,000....
Marton1,4231,1012302453931 1..0 8..0 19,052....
Feilding3,5002,2984954608551 3..1 0..0 119,182....
Palmerston N.4,5936,5341,3391,155..2,5360 1 ¾....2 per cent. under max.0 0 7/16..331,499
Foxton5,7601,2112603246551 3......0 17,229....
Hastings5,7403,6508058381,3621 3..0 9....41,867....
Napier8798,7741,8299482,5800 9..5d. & 10d.1 to 2 ½ per cent.(3)..85,331....
Dannevirke2222,3154564061,2961 3..3d. & 7d.2 ½ & 3 ¾ per cent...14,433....
Woodville1,2409262234694690 3 5/8............40,663
Pahiatua7401,2092544004550 2..0 0 ½........61,794
Masterton4,3113,9498246571,1461 1......0 135,800....
Carterton1.8801,2052732433060 0 15/16..........108,105..
Greytown3,9071,1222542283701 3..0 2 ¼..0 18,902....
Lower Hutt3,2251,8223603945750 0 15/160 0 1/6........344,573..
Petone9523,7807615751,4611 00 80 4....25,850....
Onslow2,8701,4993183566280 20 0 1/60 0 ¾......146,598..
Wellington1,10043,6388,1925,0209,7981 30 30 10 ¾0 9 3/50 1458,052....
Karori5,1271,2122472683980 1 49/101(4)0 0 3/1716/27d., 8/27d., 8/27d.........103,127
Melrose3,9622,9956408061,0500 1 61/127(5)0 0 1/6(5)0 0 1/6........215,985
Picton5608751572679800 0 ¾0 0 1/5..½ d. and 1d.....68,797..
Blenheim1,5713,2226225801,4501 1 ½0 20 2 ½....24,247....
Nelson4,8007,0101,4751,1502,3161 1..0 3 7/82 to 3 ½ per cent...54,461....
Richmond2,3005431211311510 0 ¾....4 per cent.(6)....85,062..
Motueka5,6438861671652900 1..........81,294..
Westport7132,9227148751,1251 8........20,469....
Greymouth2,0003,7487616071,0010 4(7)0 0 7/16..........79,050
Brunner5,7001,5723482533281 3..1 4....5,345....
Kumara8421,1212903214270 0 15/160 1 ½........27,658..
Hokitika1,2801,9465235706650 0 15/160 1 ¼0 0 ¾......106,057..
Ross4,1966141783504140 0 ¾0 1 ¼........26,582..
Rangiora1,0401,7684043455540 0 ¾..........173,097..
Kaiapoi1,0201,7954093636191 3........10,241....
Christchurch1,24917,5383,5753,1464,7541 31 01 ½d. and 2 ¼d.....236,798....
Linwood6596,7371,4471,1471,4600 0 15/160 0 ⅛(8)0 0 ⅓......476,136..
St. Albans1,5006,6071,4191,3601,7080 0 11/160 0 3/320 0 29/64......710,335..
Sydenham1,19011,4042,3851,9652,3760 0 7/8..0 0 ¼......782,161..
Woolston1,2762,5325095406670 0 15/160 0 5/32........200,919..
Sumner4,8768442162853911 30 20 72 ½ per cent.(9)..7,031....
New Brighton1,5001,0082665607111 00 20 9....6,909....
Lyttelton2,0144,0238215677931 3........23,777....
Akaroa2215591401281900 0 15/16..........47,907..
Ashburton6802,3224645105361 0........20,682....
Temuka7941,4653333866350 1(10)0 0 ⅜........82,930..
Timaru1,1006,4241,2539001,8201 01 01 06d. and 1s...49,000....
Waimate6491,3593163405000 4 ¾............25,569
Oamaru1,1114,8361,0581,3041,5471 3..1 9(11)..29,476....
Hampden640331921201300 0 ¾..........15,663..
Palmerston S.8007381842483600 0 ¾..⅓d. & 1 ¼d.......38,429..
Hawksbury2,7006901612404400 0 ½..........44,826..
Port Chalmers3352,0564675085761 0..0 6(11)..12,163....
North - East Valley3,9803,5277271,0961,1341 00 20 6....17,980....
Maori Hill3,7001,5503153433821s. and 1s. 3d........10,359....
West Harbour1,6701,4652994766371 0..1 0....8,884....
Dunedin1,80024,8795,0223,0006,0801 3..0 9(12)..246,600....
Roslyn2,0004,6329149451,0711 0(13)0 1 ½......30,912....
Mornington6544,0088088101,0011 30 30 1 ½....22,722....
Caversham1,0735,2661,0568461,0741 30 30 31 0..31,989....
St. Kilda4631,7003254746791 0..0 66 per cent...10,335....
South Dunedin4135,3631,1249041,1371 30 60 66 per cent...23,103....
Green Island1036671371841951 3........2,862....
Mosgiel9671,4633153245141 0........8,534....
Milton2651,2412902283151 3........6,962....
Kaitangata1,1581,4632852855281 00 6......6,359....
Balclutha5681,0172252543001 30 3....0 15,252....
Lawrence6401,1592413503001 0....3d. and 6d...7,894....
Roxburgh400478119851271 0........1,603....
Tapanui12635091701191 9........1,909....
Naseby1135051131451660 9....(14)..2,358....
Cromwell6406421461352401 3......1 24,972....
Alexandra8408181921572562 0(15)......6,060....
Arrowtown390410951002201 3........2,054....
Queenstown9236901951757141 0..0 60 6..4,846....
Gore1,1502,3544986101,3371 0........17,624....
Mataura1,5308671822104851 0........4,632....
Winton1604741001201601 3........3,021....
Invercargill1,0006,2151,2011,1001,7501 00 31 2(11)..61,644....
North Invercargill3269251912503201 0..1 8....3,959....
South Invercargill4,0001,8744026149071 30 31 3....6,222....
East Invercargill1219391882172171 3..0 9....4,105....
Avenal8035576691051 0........1,912....
Gladstone240329731321321 0..0 6....2,750....
Campbelltown2,0001,3503053556201 3........9,357....
Riverton7188152062304271 3........4,267....
COUNTIES, 1900-1901.
[NOTE.—For value of land and improvements see Statistical Volume, 1900, page 457 and onwards.]
Counties.Area in Square Miles (including Boroughs).Population.Rates struck by County.
General.Other.
* Outlying, ¾d.; road districts, ⅜d.
Manganui (1900)9342,274¾d. 
Whangaroa1609271d. 
Hokianga9721,7672 ½d. 
Bay of Islands8262,5871d. 
Hobson6884,8131 ½d. 
Whangarei9286,380¾d.¾d. separate in outlying districts.
Otamatea3642,721¾d.3d. separate in three and ½d. in two outlying districts.
Rodney5663,678¾d.¾d. in Hoteo outlying district.
Waitemata6137,035¾d.½d. separate in three outlying districts, ¾d. in five; 5/16d. special in Mairetahi Riding.
Eden4319,314.. 
Manukau79112,306.. 
Coromandel4034,1691 ½d.¾d. on Native lands.
Thames4945,0431 ½d. 
Ohinemuri4789,9785/8d.¾d. special water-rate in water-rate district.
Piako1,0952,436½d.Separate, ¼d.; and special, 1/10d., Taotaoroa and Patetere Ridings.
Waikato5913,183¼d. 
Waipa2823,580½d., ¾d.¾d. separate, Mangapiko and Hamilton Ridings.
Raglan8241,697⅛d., ¾d.⅛d. H. and C.A., ⅛d. Karioi loan; 3/20d. Waingaro loan.
Kawhia1,5151,113.. 
West Taupo1,594287.. 
East Taupo2,581256.. 
Rotorua9841,307.. 
Tauranga5771,720¾d.¼d. special; special 1/6d. Maketu, ⅛d. Waimapu, 1/11d. Katikati Ridings.
Whakatane (no return)1,716779  
Opotiki1,4401,438½d., ¾d.¾d. separate, Ohiwa Riding.
Waiapu1,121711¾d.¾d. special, Tokomaru-Tuakau.
Cook1,9506,393¾d.Various.
Clifton1,5182,5351d.⅓d. special, Junction Road loan; 5/16d. special, Onaero Road loan.
Taranaki58311,1942/3d.1/1 ½d. for Eltham Road loan (small portion of county only).
Stratford7845,081¾d.¾d. separate; special, various.
Hawera4388,347¾d.¼d. separate, Mangatoki, Okaiawa, and Eltham outlying districts.
Patea6913,046¾d.11/16d. special, Kapara loan, ¾d. Omuoa loan; ¾d. separate, Kapara Riding.
Waitotara3433,4761d.Special, for loans in special rating districts.
Wanganui1,9424,018¾d.⅛d., ⅜d. special, Long Acre; 7/16d. Denlair, 10/16d. Waikupu Subdivisions.
Rangitikei8527,570¾d.⅛d. separate in Otairi, Ohingaiti, and Mangahoe Ridings; 1/16d. Wangaehu Riding; special, various, in special rating districts.
Kiwitea3362,844¾d.Special and separate, various.
Oroua3976,778.. 
Pohangina2951,536¾d.¼d., ½d. separate; special, various.
Manawatu2673,0005/8d.Separate and special, various.
Horowhenua5914,654½d., 5/8d., ¾d.Special, various.
Wairoa1,8871,773¾d.Special, ¼d., 5/22d. 1/64d. in portions of county.
Hawke's Bay3,2326,83313/16d. 
Waipawa1,1549,4957/8d., 1 ⅛d.3/10d., 3/25d., 7/10d., 1⅜d., ½d.
Patangata7472,376¼d., ¾d.7/16d. Harbour Board.
Pahiatua3023,60015/16d.Forty-four special, various.
Akitio3771,048½d. 
Castlepoint150457¾d.Special rates on loans.
Eketahuna1662,3321 ½d.¼d. separate.
Mauriceville1231,1277/8d.Special rates over small rating areas.
Masterton6703,123..No return.
Wairarapa South1,2815,419..⅛d. hospital and charitable aid.
Hutt5907,171¼d., ¾d.½d. separate; ⅓d., 1/6d., ⅜d., 5/16d., 5/8d. special.
Sounds573946.. 
Marlborough3,8126,518.. 
Kaikoura6731,765¾d. 
Collingwood1,0292,490¾d. 
Waimea1,6627,833¾d.1/6d. H. and C.A.; 1/10d. and 3/13d. special for loans.
Buller1,8184,8681 ½d.3 ¼d. special, Charleston Riding; ⅜d. H. and C.A.
Inangahua2,2564,5953d. 3 ½d.,Two special, 5/16d., ½d., Reefton Town; 2 ¼d. Boatman's irrigation district.
Grey1,4524,9711 ½d.⅜d. hospitals and charitable aid.
Westland4,4204,4051 ½d. 
Amuri2,3621,142½d.¾d., 7/16d., 5/16d., special, for interest on loans.
Cheviot3221,120¾d., 5/8d.Special ⅛d., Hawkswood Riding, for loan.
Ashley1,62711,599  
Selwyn2,59730,787 1/9d. hospitals and charitable aid.
Akaroa3533,669⅜d.¼d. special.
Ashburton2,54211,342¼d.1/5d. special.
Geraldine9455,991¼d. 
Levels2735,4961d. 
Mackenzie2,5371,6425/8d. 
Waimate1,3435,6531/1 1/6d.1/5d., 5/8d., 5/8d. separate.
Waitaki2,3339,086½d.Separate, ⅛d. Otepopo, ¼d. Kakanui, 8/16d. Moeraki and Waiareka Ridings.
Waihemo3362,0145/8d. 
Waikouaiti3184,082¾d. 
Peninsula372,561  
Taieri9307,179¾d.¼d. hospitals and charitable aid
Bruce5034,762⅜d., ¾d.*3/16d. hospitals and charitable aid; ½d. separate (for bridge erection); special, various.
Clutha9466,445¾d.3/16d. hospitals and charitable aid; special, various.
Tuapeka1,3656,272¾d. 
Maniototo1,2393,792¾d. 
Vincent2,6844,3621d.1 ½d., 2 ½d., special.
Lake3,7122,5351d. 
Southland3,85222,583¾d.⅛d. H. and C.A.; 1/16d. small-birds destruction; ¼d. special in special rating districts.
Wallace3,4047,989¾d.⅛d. H. and CA.; 2d. separate, Aparima Riding; ⅜d. Orepuki and Waiau Ridings; 6d. outlying districts Of Otautau Riding; ½0d. special, in Waiau Riding.
Fiord3,040124  
Stewart Island651253½d.¼d. hospitals and charitable aid.
TOWN DISTRICTS, 1900-1901.
NOTE.—For value of land and improvements see Statistical Volume for 1900, pp. 458-463.
Town Districts.Population.Number ofAmount of Rate levied in the Pound on the Capital (or Annual) Value of Property.
Dwellings.Ratepayers.Rateable Properties.

(1) Special rate, ⅛d.

(2) County rate, ¼d.

(3) Special rate, ⅛d.

(4) Special rate, ¼d.; separate, 1/16d.

* On the annual value.

† On the unimproved value.

     s. d.
Kamo2606075940 0 ¾
Helensville531971011240 4
Papakura286681542020 0 0 ½
Te Awamutu3556765760 0 ¾
Kihikihi22255971400 0 ¾
Ngaruawahia245571401460 0 ¾
Rotorua91460   
Opotiki6271382052800 0 ¾
Waitara (Raleigh)765169273..0 0 ¾
Opunake466981634780 0 ¾
Inglewood7191531962070 0 ¾(1)
Normanby370861211210 5
Manaia4471091533410 0 ¾(2)
Waverley4161081161160 0 ¾
Lethbridge (Turakina)2305143570 8*
Bull's5011271301791 0*
Halcombe336811457301 0*
Clyde (Wairoa)6231281602960 0 ¾
Taradale7631481381890 0 ½
Ormondville4591011832150 2 ⅜
Waipawa6691571351940 1 7/8(3)
Kaikora North268721021351 0*
Featherston6291261501900 0 ¾(4)
Johnsonville5021201121670 0 ½
Havelock31676791530 1
Amberley41797861300 0 ¾
Southbridge396106250..0 0 ¾
Hampstead1,1182342703200 0 ½
Tinwald5611111752310 0 5/8
Geraldine8681812053150 0 ¾
Greytown (Allanton), (1900)22751741140 0 ½
Outram42087661100 0 ¼
Clinton (1900)4311021211320 6*
Wyndham4171111053541 0*
Otautau443981141560 0 ¾

Road Districts, 1900-1901.

NOTE.—For value of land and improvements see Statistical Volume for 1900, pp. 458-463.
County and District.Population.Number ofAmount of Rate levied in the Pound on the Capital Value.
Dwellings.Ratepayers.Rateable Properties.

(1) ⅛d. separate.

(2) On annual value; 4 ½d. special.

(3) ½d. special.

(4) Hospital and charitable aid rate, ⅛d.

(5) ⅜d. special.

(6) ⅓ 3/2d. special.

(7) 5/16d. and ½d. special.

(8) 1/6d. special.

(9) ⅓d. special.

(10) ¼d special.

(1) No rate struck.

(2) ¾d. special.

(3) No general rate; ⅜d. special.

(4) No general rate; ½d., ½d., 2 ¼d., and 2 ½d. special.

(5) No general rate; 3/16d. separate.

(1) No rate struck.

(2) No general rate; ¼d. special.

(3) No general rate; ½d. special.

(4) ½d. special.

(5) ⅓d. special.

(6) 1/6d. special; ⅓d. ⅓d., and ¾d separate.

(7) 1/9d. special.

(8) ¾d. special over special-rating area.

(9) Special, various.

(1) Special, various.

(2) Special, 3/16d.; separate, ⅛d., 1/10d., 3/16d., and ¼d.

(3) 15/16d. and 6/6 2/4d., special.

(4) ¼d. special.

(5) No rate struck.

(62/6 ¼d. special.)

(1) ½0d. special.

(2) special, various.

(3) ¼d. special.

(4) ¾d. special.

(5) ⅜d. special.

(6) No rate struck.

(1) On the annual value; separate, various.

(2) 1/9d, H. and C.A. rate, ¾d. drainage, 2/64d. Waimakariri.

(3) No rate struck.

(4) 1/5d. separate.

(5) 2/64d. separate.

(6) 2/64d. separate, South Waimakariri River.

(7) ¼d. special.

(8) ¼d. separate.

(9) 1/16d. special.

(10) 5/8d. separate in five wards.

(1) ¼d. separate,

(2) Half-rates on Native land

(3) No rate struck.

Mongonui    d.
Whangaroa
Bay of Islands (No road districts.
Hokianga
Hobson
Whangarei—
        Hikurangi49560120147¾
        Kaurihohore191515668¾
        Kensington4991818¾
        Maungakaramea28860131..¾
        Marua2746385112¾
        Maunu584150142154¾
        Otonga300525759¾
        Parua Bay215150200255¾
        Ruarangi103276565¾
        Waikiekie2052792211¾
        Waipu North224547988¾
        Whareora92636380¾
Otamatea—
        Mangawai208509090¾
        Matakohe42379..231¾
        Whakapirau (no Board)264........
Rodney—
        Albertland North65114545¾
        Albertland South32276145190¾
        Ahuroa41135171¾
        Komokoriki62144645¾
        Mahurangi East151347497¾
        Mahurangi Upper947195320431¾
        Mainene74112755¾
        Matakana East132183032¼
        Matakana West1726170150¾
        Omaha35791141201¾
        Puhoi59676123..¾
        Tauhoa3716993..¾
        Wharehine96203235¾
Waitemata—
        Kaukapakapa543100..¾ 
        Pukeatua560..218256¾
        Whangaparaoa66233049¾
Eden—
        Avondale1,075220364446¾(1)
        Arch Hill1,6713602864061s.(2)
        Eden Terrace2,011409310438¾(3)
        Epsom750135129146¾
        Mount Albert2,085320466592¾(4)
        Mount Eden5,12910509461,120¾(5)
        Mount Roskill581115179247¾
        Mount Wellington954180202574¾
        One-tree Hill1,283180174254½
        Panmure Township259707290½
        Point Chevalier684333446½
        Remuera2,186430393511¾
        Tamaki West3751001101455/8
Manukau—
        Awhitu413100158157¾
        Drury (1900)38297102211¾
        Howick Town22471120132¾
        Hunua266541162221 17/128(6
        Karaka18840147236¾
        Mangere702202158206½
        Manurewa2605882141½
        Maraetai82203036¾
        Mauku380118145..½(7)
        Maungatawhiri378486295½
        Mercer Township229325075¾
        Opaheke36982116285¾
        Otahuhu1,211325279354¾
        Pakuranga271647094¾
        Papakura373831061271 34/100
        Paparata37387114160¾
        Paparoa166457093¾
        Papatoitoi176373949½
        Pokeno3987294126¾(8)
        Pollok Settlement88202530¾
        Pukekohe East942214254276¾
        Pukekohe West1,153220252631¾
        Tamaki East580113118142¾
        Turanga227446875¾(9
        Waipipi905210250300¾(10)
        Wairoa792207203304¾
        Waiuku492129210220¾
Coromandel
Thames (No road districts.).
Ohinemuri
Piako—    d.
        Matamata262503852½
        Waitoa1,322240244351½
Waikato—
        Cambridge56295123½ 
        Kirikiriroa964153251251¼
        Tamahere248265252½
        Whangamarino44380209421¾
        Huntly966120190..¾
Waipa—
        Newcastle39189151135¾
        Pukekura810188386394½
        Rangiaohia507851111205/8
        Tuhikaramea98225656¾
Raglan—
        Karamu (no Board)78........
        Onewhero197445960(1)
        Te Akau (no Board)32........
Kawhia
West Taupo (No road districts.)
East Taupo
Rotorua
Tauranga—
        Katikati40982141259¾
        Te Puke477130171171¾
        Te Puna16935135140(1)
Whakatane
Waiapu (No road districts.)
Opotiki
Cook—
        Aroha5811109(1)
        Kaiti700140164260¾(2)
        Ngatapa48911694101(1)
        Ormond482107110160(1)
        Patutahi63875101230(3)
        Pouawa854575110(4)
        Poverty Bay1,050129131131(5)
        Taruheru225455353(1)
        Te Arai2945457188(2)
        Titirangi44101930(3)
        Waikohu328567878(1)
        Waimata264474750(1)
        Waipaoa809916(1)
        Whataupoko1,148200250310¾(4)
Clifton. (No road districts.)
Taranaki—
        Barrett4397777125(½)
        Carrington341668585½(5)
        Egmont635156157301¾(5)
        Elliot2354351605/8
        Frankley231606767¾
        Henui39380100133¾
        Hurford, Upper56171717½
        Mangorei276476668¾
        Moa2,8364705506002/3(7)
        Oakura333100102404¼(8)
        Okato3456180137¼
        Omata294625770¼
        Parihaka1,514251352820½
        Tataraimaka152263838¼
        Waitara West814170170475½(4)
        Waikakaiho3507599183½
Stratford—
        Manganui1,734350..680¾ (9)
Hawera—
        Waimate2,91475512700¾(9)
Patea—
        Kohi166323030¾
        Motoroa60182020¾
        Okotuku134242933¼
        Patea East4017084355(1)
        Patea West777180200630(1)
        Wairoa105223033¾
        Waitotara-Momohaki496115113169¾
        Whenuakura-Waitotara313404242¼
Waitotara. (No road districts).
 
Wanganui—    d.
        Kaukatea1984541108¾
        Kaitoke606120100150½
        Mangawhero973450530490½
        Purua904170160245¾
        Wangaehu Upper695100151333¾(1)
Rangitikei. (No road districts.)
Oroua—
        Manawatu2,4054505197311 1/6
        Manchester3,3137606822,1475/8(2)
        Fitzherbert724136278405¾
Pohangina
Kiwitea (No road districts.)
Manawatu
Horowhenua—
        Otaki1,2802703021,1715/8(3)
        Te Horo5121001335095/8(4)
        Wirokino2,8627607201,050(5)
Wairoa (No road districts.)
Hawke's Bay
Waipawa—
        Kumeroa334100120238½(1)
        Maungaatua244..55188½
        Norsewood1,2062002702901 ½
        Ruataniwha North65111282115½
        Takapau6081106277½(4)
        Waipawa274586478
        Waipukurau7411781281831 ⅛
        Woodville8171752403181
Patangata—
        Oero305......½
        Patangata294464699(5)
        Porangahau4339078153¾(6)
        Taumumu185201818½
        Wallingford192252254½
        Wanstead143166177(5)
        Weber55684125158¾
Pahiatua. (No road districts.)
     d.
        Castlepoint..8885889/16(1)
Wairarapa South—
        Featherston2,267450400600½
        Taratahi-Carterton2,5235504736321 5/16(2)
Hutt—
        Makara257554062½(3)
        Plimmerton84254350¾
        Seatoun432120138138¾(4)
Sounds. (No road districts.)
Marlborough—
        Awatere785200210237¾
        Omaka1,603326456456¾
        Pelorus1,218230263429¾(5)
        Picton8471851602535/8
        Spring Creek819124153167½
        Wairau930180190212¾
Kaikoura. (No road districts.)
Collingwood—
        Collingwood1,078334311541¾
        Takaka1,342338321763¾
Waimea—
        Dovedale286487373¾
        Moutere Upper397100110110(6)
        Riwaka687145....(6)
        Stoke1,183210....(6)
        Suburban North559125....(6)
        Waimea West460847375(6)
Buller
Inangahua
Grey (No road districts.)
Westland
Amuri
Cheviot (no Board).
Ashley—    d.
        Ashley726170220230½
        Cust713161144191
        Eyreton1,5663342692695/8
        Eyreton West404857777¼
        Kowai1,8515406507535/8
        Mandeville and Rangiora2,257524427592½
        Oxford1,973463475684¾
        Waipara1,695320300534½
Selwyn—
        Avon3,88911268521,0971s.(1)
        Courtenay2,560423480754½
        Ellesmere3,497..604909½
        Halswell1,278220200239¾
        Heathcote2,9955908448832/4 9/0(2)
        Lake Coleridge177273075(3)
        Lincoln1,213370240316½(4)
        Malvern965162166309½
        Malvern East625140159290½
        Malvern South42882211340½
        Rakaia825200184333
        Riccarton5,713..1,0111,3045/8
        Spreydon1,457293374415¾
        Springs1,872450408532½(5)
        Taitapu324806773¾(5)
        Templeton2,3384985456457/16(6)
        Waimakariri Upper235211341(3)
Akaroa—
        Akaroa and Wainui1,30823025625611/16
        Le Bon's Bay316589191¾(7)
        Little River8162601601505/8
        Okain's Bay52010397127¾(8)
        Pigeon Bay2585753605/8(9)
        Port Levy1592648565/8
        Port Victoria292555157¾
Ashburton—
        Anama72142022½
        Ashburton Upper2,002380600680(10)
        Coldstream319617088½
        Longbeach1,335..2522317/16
        Mount Hutt1,500270280389¼
        Mount Somers928186228280½
        Rangitata797184190284¼
        South Rakaia1,480330345500¼
        Wakanui1,230224280324¼(1)
Geraldine—
        Geraldine2,250480511833¾
        Mount Peel49311987103½
        Temuka2,380512496..¾
Levels
Mackenzie
Waimate (No road districts.)
Waitaki
Waihemo
Waikouaiti
Peninsula—
        Otago Heads304627196¾(2)
        Peninsula1,324219333393¾
        Portobello796..359365¾
        Tomahawk137232444¾
Taieri. (No road districts.)
Bruce—
        Balmoral476628695(3)
        Inch-Clutha (Road and River)344606272½
        Mount Stuart618110125135½
Clutha
Tuapeka
Maniototo (No road districts.)
Vincent
Lake
Southland—
        Knapdale1,5962933333965/8
        Oteramika2,249368461461½
        Tuturau733113121156½
Wallace
Fiord (No road districts.)
Stewart Island

Chapter 43. SECTION XV.—LICENSES AND LICENSED HOUSES, Etc.

Licenses and Licensed Houses.

DURING the year ended the 31st March, 1901, 2,394 licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors were granted. Of these, 1,522 were publicans' and accommodation licenses, 6 New Zealand wine, 69 packet, 144 wholesale, and 653 conditional licenses. The fees paid amounted to £53,617, and formed part of the revenue of the local governing bodies of the districts in which the licenses were issued. Particulars are given in the following table:—

NUMBER OF LICENSES GRANTED DURING THE YEAR 1900-1901, AND THE AMOUNT OF FEES PAID TO LOCAL BODIES THEREFOR.
Licenses.In Counties.In Boroughs.Total.
Publicans' licenses6126901,302
Accommodation licenses220..220
    Total licensed houses8326901,522
New Zealand wine licenses..66
Packet licenses105969
Wholesale licenses9135144
Conditional licenses511142653
    Total licenses granted1,3621,0322,394
Amount of license-fees paid to local bodies£19,610£34,007£53,61

The average number of persons to each licensed house in counties and boroughs respectively, for 1900-1901, is next shown:—

 Number of Licensed Houses.*Census Population.Average Number of Persons to each Licensed House.

* I.e., houses holding publicans' or accommodation licenses.

Excluding persons on shipboard and adjacent islands.

Counties832417,596502
Boroughs690350,202508
        Totals1,522767,798504

In 1899-1900 the number of licensed houses in counties was 836, and those in boroughs 690, giving a total of 1,526 houses, or 4 more than in 1900-1901. The average number of persons to a licensed house increased from 482 in 1899-1900 to 502 in 1900-1901 in counties, and in boroughs the average apparently decreased from 510 to 508, but this decline is probably due to the population in the earlier years having been estimated too high.

The annual fees paid for licenses are—

 £
* Between the hours of six in the morning and ten at night. For an eleven o'clock license an additional £5 must be paid.
(1.) For a publican's license— 
        (a.) Within the limits of a borough or town district40*
        (b.) Outside the aforesaid limits25
(2.) For a New Zealand wine license1
(3.) For an accommodation license, a sum to be determined by the Licensing Committee, not exceeding20
(4.) For a packet license—
        (a.) For a vessel exceeding 50 tons register10
        (b.) For a vessel not exceeding 50 tons register5
(5.) For a wholesale license20
(6.) For a conditional license, according to duration of license, a sum not exceeding30

The approximate capital value of the licensed houses in the counties was stated at £752,015, and the same for certain of the boroughs at £225,242. There was, besides, an annual value of £127,000 for other licensed houses in the boroughs, which, capitalised at 6 per cent., would represent £2,116,666. The capital value of all licensed houses would therefore be about £3,093,923.

The total number of persons engaged in or connected with the sale or manufacture of wine, spirits, beer, cordials, &c., was returned at the census of 1896 as under:—

 Males.Females.Persons.
Hotelkeeper1,3342041,538
        Relative assisting157348505
        Manager, clerk671178
Hotel, club, &c., servant1,1362,0753,211
Manager, secretary, steward of club-house32335
Barman, barmaid196210406
Wine, spirit, ale merchant43..43
        Assistant516
        Clerk, book-keeper, accountant, traveller, storeman44..44
        Cordial, &c., merchant, salesman5..5
Brewer, bottler2344238
        Manager, clerk, traveller53..53
Relative assisting, apprentice18..18
Cellarman, assistant, carter, &c.1511152
Maltster and assistants118..118
Distiller, bottler2..2
Wine-maker, bottler9..9
Cordial, &c., maker2936299
        Clerk, book-keeper, traveller6..6
                Totals3,9032,8636,766

Local Option Poll.

Under “The Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act, 1893,” each electoral district constituted for the election of a member of the House of Representatives is a licensing district, and electors for the House of Representatives are also electors under the Licensing Acts.

Under the Amendment Act of 1895 the licensing poll is taken at the same time as the general election of members of the House of Representatives. The questions for the decision of the voters are,—

  1. Whether the number of licenses existing in the district shall continue?

  2. Whether the number shall be reduced?

  3. Whether any licenses whatever shall be granted?

The voter may vote for one or two of these proposals, but no more.

The method of determining the result of the poll in each district by the Returning Officer is as follows:—

  1. If the number of votes recorded in favour of the continuance of existing licenses is an absolute majority of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is to be deemed to be carried, and the licenses continue until the next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.

  2. If the number of votes recorded in favour of a reduction in the number of licenses is an absolute majority of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is deemed to be carried, and supersedes the proposal for continuance of licenses. The Licensing Committee then reduces publicans' licenses by not less than 5 per cent. or more than 25 per cent. of the total number existing, excluding forfeitures. Provision is made that when a reduction vote is carried the licenses shall be reduced by one at least when the total number does not exceed ten, two when not over twenty, and three at least when the licenses exceed thirty.

  3. If the number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal that no license shall be granted is not less than three-fifths of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is declared to be carried, and supersedes the proposal for reduction and for continuance, and no licenses can be granted.

  4. If none of the proposals respecting licenses are carried by the prescribed majority the licenses continue as they are until next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.

The result of the poll taken on 6th December, 1899, for each licensing district has been given in the Year-book for 1901 and previously.

Fire Brigades.

On the 31st December, 1901, there were ninety fire brigades in the colony, with a total strength of 1,663 (252 officers and 1,411 men). Compared with the numbers in 1900, these figures show a decrease of one brigade and 8 officers, but an increase of 238 men. There is also a salvage corps in Auckland, consisting of one captain and six men, not included in the figures given above, which works in conjunction with the city and suburban fire brigades.

Chapter 44. SECTION XVI.—REPRESENTATION, AND THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1899.

Representation.

THE colony is at present (June 1902) divided in accordance with the Representation Act Amendment Acts, 1887 and 1889, into sixty-two districts for purposes of European representation—fifty-eight rural districts having one member each, and four city electorates three members each. This division was made on the basis of the results of the census of 1896. The Act of 1889 directed that in computing for electoral purposes the population of the colony 28 per cent. shall be added to the country population—i.e., all persons living outside towns of 2,000 inhabitants and over. The total population of the colony (other than Maoris), with the addition aforesaid, having been ascertained, was then divided by the number of members (70), and the quotient thus obtained formed the quota. The four city electoral districts (which have three members each) are so defined in extent that the population shall be three times the quota. Inasmuch as it would be impossible to divide the country into a given number of districts all having exactly the precise quota of population, the law permitted the Commissioners to make an allowance of 750 persons by way of addition to or deduction from the population of rural districts, and of 100 in case of city electorates, with special provision for districts where the population is partly city and partly rural.

But, although the above describes the existing state of affairs, “The Representation Act, 1900,” provides that when the present General Assembly expires by effluxion of time (December), or other sooner determination, the number of members to be thereafter elected to the House of Representatives shall be seventy-six, instead of seventy, and for six new districts, one for each additional member. It also increases the allowance of 750 persons within or outside the quota to 1,250 persons in the formation of rural districts. Thus, more consideration can be given to community of interest, facilities of communication, and topographical features, in constructing the districts.

“The Representation Act Amendment Act, 1896,” provides for two permanent Commissions, called the “Nelson” and “Nelson” Island Representation Commissions. These sit together as a joint Commission for the purpose of fixing the number of districts for the North and Middle Islands respectively, but afterwards act separately and independently of one another, the duties and functions of each being confined to their respective island.

The North Island with its adjacent islands includes at the present time 30 electoral districts, having 34 members; the Middle and Stewart Islands having 32 districts and 36 members. In 1893 the North Island returned 31 and the Middle Island 39 members. But movement of population between 1891 and 1896 has resulted in the addition of three members to the North, and a corresponding reduction in the Middle Island.

These districts are, as above stated, for purposes of European representation. But the colony is again divided into four districts for purposes of Maori representation, under the electoral law, each district having one Native member elected by the Maoris; making the House of Representatives consist of 74 members altogether—70 Europeans and 4 Maoris. After the next general election the number will be 80 members in full.

The Electoral Acts.

By the principal Act, which came into force in 1893, the great step was taken of admitting women to the franchise. The Amendment Act of 1896 abolished the non-residential or property qualification, with a saving clause in favour of then-existing registrations in respect of such qualification.

[Electors are enrolled on sending to the Registrar a claim and declaration according to a prescribed form. There are no fixed periods for making up fresh electoral rolls, but the rolls are revised and printed before a general election, and also for any district in which a bye-election is to take place. Nor are there any fixed periods for the revising and purifying of the rolls. It is the duty of the Registrar of each electoral district to keep the rolls revised and complete.]

The General Election of 1899.

Remarks on the General Election of 1899, with the result exhibited in tabular form and particulars of the polling, were given in detail in the Year-book for 1901, pp. 320 to 328.

Chapter 45. SECTION XVII.—OCCUPATION OF LAND; AND LIVESTOCK.

THE occupation of land must not be confused with ownership,* because there are large parcels of lands held which are unused and unoccupied. Neither can lands occupied be properly compared with the returns of Crown lands alienated or in process of alienation, for certain lands have passed into the hands of Europeans which were never made waste lands of the Crown.

The occupied lands of the colony for 1901-1902 have been returned by the Department of Agriculture at 35,507,889 acres, including Crown lands leased for pastoral purposes only, or 596,316 acres in excess of the quantity for the preceding year.

Tables are given showing the numbers and acreages of holdings, grouped according to size, for the last five years in which the Department of Agriculture has compiled the information.

In 1895 the holdings of over 1 acre in extent, as returned to the Registrar-General, numbered only 46,676. Holdings occupied by Maoris were excluded, besides holdings of exactly one acre, also gardens and orchards attached to residences.

Occupied Lands: Holdings.

[This and the succeeding statement deal with the full extent of occupied land, including Crown pastoral leases.]

Sizes of Holdings.No. of Holdings.
 1897-98.1898-99.1899-1900.1900-1901.1901-02.
1 acre to 10 acres, inclusive17,13317,23017,45417,46817,817
10 acres to 50 acres, inclusive11,18211,42611,50511,39911,531
50 acres to 100 acres, inclusive7,0687,2767,1957,1627,130
100 acres to 200 acres, inclusive9,1929,1649,1779,0809,332
200 acres to 320 acres, inclusive5,4815,5845,6755,7515,898
320 acres to 640 acres, inclusive5,4365,5555,8306,0236,201
640 acres to 1,000 acres, inclusive1,9561,9462,1282,2122,324
1,000 acres to 5,000 acres, inclusive2,4542,5892,6672,8022,854
5,000 acres to 10,000 acres, inclusive345369352392393
10,000 acres to 20,000 acres, inclusive246220233233234
20,000 acres to 50,000 acres, inclusive164175169167165
50,000 acres and over10210510097103
 60,75961,63962,48562,78663,982

* The only information in reference to ownership of land, which is available, gives figures up to the year 1892. It is contained in Parliamentary Return B.-20A of that year and states the total number of owners of land (town and country holdings of all sizes) to be 91,501 for the colony. But the Commissioner of Taxes pointed out in his remarks that the most important figures (showing ownership of productive land) are those of free-holders outside boroughs and town districts, and excluding holdings of under 5 acres. These figures are:—

NEW ZEALAND OWNERS (OVER 5 ACRES).
Year 189238,935
Year 188937,432
Year 188634,450
Year 188330,764

At the census of April, 1896, the actual number of persons described in the census schedules as having occupations necessitating their occupying holdings of land was 36,643. This number includes 31,577 farmers, 2,115 runholders, 1,402 market-gardeners, 619 horticulturists, 430 dairy-farmers, 225 fruit-growers, 175 nurserymen, 33 vignerons, 32 poultry farmers, 19 bee-farmers, and 16 others.

The holdings are shown to have increased by the number of 3,223 since 1897-98.

The total acreage of occupied land is given in the following table:—

OCCUPIED LANDS: ACREAGES.
Sizes of Holdings in Acres.1897-98. Acres.1898-99. Acres.1899-1900. Acres.1900-1901. Acres.1901-02. Acres.
1 to 10 inclusive68,92968,67170,29071,38773,954
10 to 50 inclusive317,321315,651322,936320,158324,620
50 to 100 inclusive558,798570,503568,716556,868560,888
100 to 200 inclusive1,396,6991,401,1711,404,5811,389,1201,431,532
200 to 320 inclusive1,431,4061,469,8591,475,1951,493,7611,543,749
320 to 640 inclusive2,492,2752,568,4622,688,2312,772,3252,826,787
640 to 1,000 inclusive1,611,2671,649,5801,731,6361,843,2351,924,982
1,000 to 5,000 inclusive5,165,1195,364,5395,495,4675,715,0475,849,516
5,000 to 10,000 inclusive2,416,1492,579,7732,451,0732,591,4972,525,849
10,000 to 20,000 inclusive3,501,5763,274,6233,201,3553,272,7413,285,879
20,000 to 50,000 inclusive5,251,8195,448,0335,535,5415,417,9905,578,887
50,000 to and over9,769,1219,675,4039,477,6329,467,4449,571,246
 33,980,47934,386,26834,422,65334,911,57335,507,889

In regard to holdings, out of a total of 63,982 in 1902, the large proportion of 36,478, or 57.01 per cent., were from 1 to 100 acres in extent; 45,810 or 71.60 per cent., were from 1 to 200 acres; and 51,708, or 80.82 per cent., were from 1 to 320 acres in size. The total number over 320 acres was only 12,274, or 19.18 per cent. of the whole, thus indicating a considerable degree of moderately close settlement, although the area of the holdings over the 320 acres limit necessarily shows as very large in a table which includes the Crown pastoral leases.

The plan of excluding these leases from the table showing the holdings in classes has its advantages, though not now adopted.

From the total extent of occupied land shown for the colony, such of the area of the Crown pastoral leases as has been distinguished by the enumerators can be deducted, and comparison then made for the census years 1886 and 1891, and the Agricultural Department returns for 1901-1902. The figures are:—

Census Results, March, 1886.Census Results, April, 1891.Figures returned by Department of Agriculture, 1901-1902.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.
Total area of occupied land (after deducting Crown pastoral leases)17,077,07419,951,92527,333,808

The acreage shown in the returns as held on Crown pastoral lease would appear to have been understated in the returns rendered by occupiers, for the table (which is given on the next page) shows a little more than eight millions of acres. The figures in the previous column headed “Held from Crown under various tenures” seem greater than they should be, judging from the Lands Department returns. Possibly there may have been some misplacements, and caution is advised in using the numbers in the last two columns.

OCCUPATION OF LAND: TENURE.
Provincial Districts.Total Area of Holdings.Freehold.Leased from Private Individuals or Public Bodies.Leased from Natives.Held from Crown under Different Tenures.Held under Pastoral Lease
* For remarks as to the accuracy of the figures in the columns see previous page.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland5,677,4453,897,193495,243378,271851,71055,028
Taranaki1,039,723554,024216,71888,672179,824485
Hawke's Bay3,336,7441,789,457333,621895,194243,01275,460
Wellington3,844,5772,452,528494,844374,296519,7953,114
Marlborough2,278,946820,86667,44120,515795,815574,309
Nelson2,025,3071,007,017312,94120,468216,945467,936
Westland498,49862,98423,5162,191242,255167,552
Canterbury6,4935922,723,3691,047,95811,929479,8932230,443
Otago10,313,0572,929,4731,161,03010,8991,611,9014,599,754
        Totals35,507,88916,236,9114,153,3121,802,4355,141,150*8,174,081*

It would appear that holders of their lands from the Crown do not return to collectors so much as the quantity on which they pay rent to Government. The acreages stated to be held under Crown pastoral lease do not agree with the tables of the Lands Department.

Arranged according to the number of holdings, the provincial districts stand in order as under:—

Auckland15,994 holdings.
Otago13,833 holdings.
Canterbury10,853 holdings.
Wellington10,537 holdings.
Taranaki4,389 holdings.
Hawke's Bay3,153 holdings.
Nelson3,102 holdings.
Marlborough1,438 holdings.
Westland683 holdings.

The occupied holdings of the North Island now considerably outnumber those of the Middle Island, the numbers being: North Island, 34,073; Middle Island, 29,909. For the year 1896-97 the returns showed 29,535 holdings for the Middle Island, against 29,369 for the North, besides 36 holdings at the Chatham Islands, of which no account was taken for the last five years.

The full details of holdings and acreages, classified according to size, for the year 1901-1902 will be found in the table on the following page.

Occupation of Land: Number and Area of Holdings (including Crown Pastoral Leases).

As compiled by the Department of Agriculture.

TABLE showing for the Year 1901-1902 the Occupied Holdings and the Acreages (including Crown Pastoral Leases) in Groups of Sizes, according to the Provincial Districts.
Provincial Districts.Total of Holdings.1-10 Acres, inclusive.Over 10-50 Acres, inclusive.Over 50-100 Acres, inclusive.Over 100-200 Acres, inclusive.Over 200-320 Acres, inclusive.Over 320-640 Acres, inclusive.Over 640-1,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 1,000-5,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 5,000-10,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 10,000-20,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 20,000-50,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 50,000 Acres.
Auckland: Area in acres5,677,44518,17488,138160,630363,402379,575656,944432,1221,199,561511,241500,932608,131758,595
        Number of holdings15,9944,6272,8812,0112,3361,4421,4385116117635179
Taranaki: Area in acres1,039,7232,83016,78656,847172,730150,386221,905111,818278,37514,04614,000......
        Number of holdings4,3895525677271,14959150514515021......
Hawke's Bay: Area in acres3,336,7444,96417,45118,63538,78547,893111,34781,962486,417389,276572,9821,057,420509,612
        Number of holdings3,1531,1186542402581862391092116144267
Wellington: Area in acres3,844,57712,25048,55291,199268,111247,634490,737391,640988,416420,753460,363235,503189,419
        Number of holdings10,5372,7851,8381,1411,6889481,066468476843382 
Marlborough: Area in acres2,278,9161,5524,6818,65922,33331,22479,90670,467245,723151,766195,823375,3791,091,433
        Number of holdings1,438468170108154113165901161915119
Nelson: Area in acres2,025,3073,10318,12028,23473,08974,995133,73889,603232,18437,052138,680362,699833,810
        Number of holdings3,10276564735950727229111411568117
Westland: Area in acres498,4987584,0986,44816,92514,35623,53118,28976,34183,166102,220152,406...
        Number of holdings68320112882112524818191076...
Canterbury: Area in acres6,493,59214,96462,14188,950188,062227,135410,449278,0951,082,250397,590470,0951,097,6482,176,213
        Number of holdings10,8533,3592,2431,1611,27288790632654660333525
Otago: Area in acres10,313,05715,35964,653101,326288,095370,551708,230450,9861,260,249520,959830,7841,689,7014,012,164
        Number of holdings13,8333,9422,4031,3011,8561,4071,54354361075585144
Totals
        Area in acres
35,507,88973,954324,620560,8881,431,5321,543,7492,826,7871,924,9825,849,5162,525,8493,285,8795,578,8879,571,246
Number of holdings63,98217,81711,5317,1309,3325,8986,2012,3242,854393234165103

Live-stock.

A comparative table is presented showing the increase in livestock since the year 1858. The figures are taken from the census as far as 1891, but for 1895-96 and following years the results of the enumeration made annually by the Department of Agriculture under “The Agricultural and Pastoral Statistics Act, 1895,” have been made use of.

Year.Horses.Asses and Mules.Cattle.Sheep.Goats.Pigs.Poultry.

* Not enumerated.

Numbers for April, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, and 1901.

185814,912122137,2041,523,32411,79740,734*
186128,275153193,2852,761,38312,19143,270236,098
186449,409339249,7604,937,27312,00561,276378,414
186765,715323312,8358,418,57911,964115,104676,065
187181,028397436,5929,700,62912,434151,460872,174
187499,859267494,91711,704,85314,276123,9211,058,198
1878137,763241578,43013,069,33814,243207,3371,323,542
1881161,736362698,63712,985,08511,223200,0831,566,114
1886187,382297853,35816,564,59510,220277,9011,679,021
1891211,040348831,83118,128,1869,055308,8121,790,070
1895-96237,4184261,047,90119,826,604*239,778*
1896-97249,8134341,138,06719,138,493*209,834*
1897-98252,8343931,209,16519,687,954*186,027*
1898-99258,1155341,203,02419,673,725*193,512*
1899-1900261,9314591,222,13919,348,506*249,751*
1900-1901266,2454801,256,68019,355,195*250,975*
1901-1902279,6724061,361,78420,233,099*224,024*

The stock owned by Maoris in the year 1901, which is included above, comprised 317,436 sheep, and 36,943 head of cattle. The number of horses is not specified, but is known to be large.

TABLE SHOWING FOR EACH COUNTY IN NEW ZEALAND THE NUMBER OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, AND PIGS IN 1901.
County.Horses, November, 1901.Cattle, including Calves, November, 1901.Dairy Cows, included in foregoing.Sheep, including Lambs, April, 1901.Pigs, November, 1901.
Mongonui1,9588,0451,28727,4663,573
Whangaroa7901,6871077,4251,293
Bay of Islands2,43610,5231,81436,4931,757
Hokianga2,1024,9491,1909,6981,866
Rodney1,95112,4512,82078,585590
Whangarei4,24526,1557,26336,7841,722
Otamatea1,63113,6282,11951,518868
Hobson3,02320,6943,26318,4553,613
Waitemata2,34511,5173,65138,4121,249
Eden5,9976,5613,6832,8822,483
Manukau8,21848,14317,07194,9336,166
Coromandel7173,07281913,378526
Thames1,8614,7281,7497,4551,362
Ohinemuri2,0255,8971,6434,2863,029
Waikato3,19021,4095,41772,8223,104
Raglan3,02624,8873,29284,9043,144
Waipa2,15912,1243,71437,3971,860
Piako2,97631,7644,276170,5192,058
West Taupo and Kawhia4,86818,1441,33434,8708,196
East Taupo and Rotorua2,0672,41324129,2411,959
Tauranga2,40014,6042,2113,5651,705
Whakatane1,3074,3811,08022,664877
Opotiki1,4556,4371,52218,737875
Waiapu3,91316,049381327,0395,410
Cook6,99340,0073,489887,0662,570
Clifton1,30917,9474,22626,1021,124
Taranaki5,80570,38128,66830,8066,617
Stratford2,55335,75914,74397,5133,060
Hawera6,21074,33829,044168,7147,677
Patea2,94426,5456,587241,2571,816
Wairoa3,2379,916759543,413722
Hawke's Bay8,04333,9134,1351,293,3334,457
Patangata2,78130,281614762,223647
Waipawa5,44941,5329,060699,4522,724
Waitotara1,99412,4973,595171,1291,273
Wanganui4,77518,3234,466393,9223,655
Rangitikei5,54631,6106,981560,5662,728
Oroua5,62035,89415,039326,3186,283
Kiwitea2,18318,1195,732273,0282,479
Pohangina9998,3402,697120,1711,451
Manawatu2,45719,4115,840192,1692,588
Horowhenua2,78220,3266,341151,8522,981
Hutt4,87714,1507,791207,5743,272
South Wairarapa5,14243,6848,043628,4144,757
Masterton3,25922,4302,944560,6401,548
Castlepoint4786,095395149,78871
Akitio1,21011,1961,095148,657486
Pahiatua1,89020,7147,298219,8322,879
Eketahuna1,0188,3653,75271,5291,623
Mauriceville3633,2851,47963,949487
Marlborough3,4954,6872,248515,0222,019
Sounds7164,4521,503149,5481,277
Kaikoura1,0522,726909157,242404
Collingwood1,1736,6732,27045,3211,997
Waimea4,75612,3165,020213,0374,197
Buller4853,8671,5212,146659
Inangahua9006,4961,43621,3131,077
Amuri1,3833,877403391,718181
Cheviot8561,322537195,273705
Westland1,43910,7832,41716,306710
Grey8246,1841,81310,330953
Ashley8,03416,1146,373814,6158,950
Selwyn15,42727,95314,461705,92322,400
Akaroa2,63123,1695,414244,5942,724
Ashburton9,2879,3163,568881,6337,929
Geraldine4,1386,6192,140674,4903,359
Levels3,4015,0822,0171,765
Waimate5,2358,3192,152602,7053,409
Mackenzie1,5042,262695394,927447
Waitaki6,09419,3727,397571,5024,114
Waihemo1,3773,9321,636122,322575
Waikouaiti1,52310,0905,33177,0771,963
Peninsula8667,2534,4041,4961,061
Taieri7,14124,4859,427220,3904,735
Bruce3,5199,9993,305177,0591,716
Clutha4,69017,9685,361314,1442,321
Tuapeka3,7385,8672,179376,1761,062
Maniototo2,1535,9071,375330,165539
Vincent2,2814,8201,322302,628903
Lake1,4483,795900150,851462
Southland16,70960,65320,235890,9428,725
Wallace and Fiord4,81619,7744,846442,4061,410
Stewart Island933211785316
        Totals279,6721,361,784381,49220,233,099224,024

* Not including 39,001 heifers over two years old intended for dairying.

Live-stock in Australasia.

The following gives the number of the principal kinds of livestock in Australasia for the year 1900-1901:—

State or Colony.Sheep.Cattle.Horses.Pigs.
Queensland10,339,1854,078,191456,788122,187
New South Wales40,020,5061,983,116481,417356,577
Victoria10,841,7901,602,384392,237350,370
South Australia5,283,247396,486179,35291,184
Western Australia2,431,861338,66568,23161,696
Tasmania1,683,956124,11831,60768,291
 May, 1901.Nov., 1900.Nov., 1900.Nov., 1900.
New Zealand20,233,0991,256,680266,245250,975

New Zealand thus takes second place in order for number of sheep, and fourth for the number of her cattle and horses.

Sheep.

The returns made to the Department of Agriculture show a smaller number of sheep for the years 1886 and 1891 than the census figures given previously, because the account was taken later in the year. The particulars are given for sixteen years, distinguishing the number for the North from that in the Middle Island.

According to these returns, the flocks of the North Island increased from 5,285,907 sheep in the year 1886 to 10,218,945 in 1901, or at the rate of over 93 per cent., while sheep in the Middle Island increased from 9,888,356 to 10,014,154, a gain of 1.27 per cent. in the same period. For the North Island the increase during the sixteen years was 4,933,038 sheep, while in the Middle Island there was an increase of 125,798.

Year.North Island.Middle Island.Total.
18865,285,9079,888,35615,174,263
18875,506,4859,649,14115,155,626
18885,668,9969,373,20215,042,198
18895,990,2449,433,08415,423,328
18906,588,3469,527,76716,116,113
18917,159,9279,593,82516,753,752
18928,204,02910,366,72318,570,752
18938,685,36110,695,00819,380,369
18949,169,35211,061,47720,230,829
18958,994,64610,831,95819,826,604
18969,131,73610,006,75719,138,493
18979,540,71710,147,23719,687,954
18989,864,9459,808,78019,673,725
18999,953,3999,395,10719,348,506
19009,998,1739,357,02219,355,195
190110,218,94510,014,15420,233,099

There was an increase of 877,904 in the total number of sheep since April, 1900, by the above figures, and an increase between 1891 and 1901 amounting to 3,479,347, or at a rate of 20.77 per cent. The export and local consumption of wool developed from 111,537,546 lb. for the year ended September, 1891, to 147,694,713 lb. for the corresponding year of 1901. The export of sheepskins and pelts, which in 1890 was 2,292,521 in number, rose to 4,601,531 in 1901.

Over a series of years the number of sheep has been well maintained, although the slaughter needed for the export of frozen mutton increased to upwards of three millions and a quarter of sheep and lambs in 1901.

The proportion of small flocks of sheep, until 1901, increased very considerably, and with smaller flocks the rabbit difficulty is easier to master than with large ones.

 NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1900, AND 1901.
Size of Flocks.1886.1891.1896.1900.1901.

* From 1,000 to 2,500 1900. 1901. 1,971 2,189

* 2,500 to 5,000 650 688 2,621 2,877

Under 5006,0248,27212,02812,23911,700
500 and under 1,0001,1891,6912,6052,8103,059
1,000 and under 2,0007479691,4602,621*2,877*
2,000 and under 5,0005326668922,621*2,877*
5,000 and under 10,000263287340352397
10,000 and under 20,000228239231196189
20,000 and upwards166169147139138
9,14912,29317,70318,35718,360 

The average size of the flocks is found to have been 1,659 sheep for 1886, 1,363 for 1891, 1,081 in 1896, 1,040 in 1899, 1,054 in 1900, and 1,102 in 1901.

Of the provincial districts, that of Canterbury had most sheep in 1901, Wellington came next, and Otago occupied the third place. The full particulars, with increases or decreases since 1900, are:—

Provincial Districts.No. of Sheep in 1901.No. of Sheep in 1900.Increase.Decrease.
Canterbury4,318,8873,951,008367,879..
Wellington4,239,5384,082,415157,123..
Otago3,978,0113,746,750231,261..
Hawke's Bay3,298,4213,327,364..28,943
Auckland2,116,5942,079,44637,148..
Nelson868,808841,51327,295..
Marlborough821,812789,21832,594..
Taranaki564,392508,94855,444..
Westland26,63628,533..1,897
 20,233,09919,355,195877,904Net increase.

Seven of the provincial districts show an increase in the number of sheep in 1901 when compared with the previous year's returns, aggregating 908,744, to which gain Canterbury contributed 367,879, Otago 231,261, Wellington 157,123, Taranaki 55,444, Auckland 37,148, Marlborough 32,594, and Nelson 27,295. The other two provincial districts show decreases (Hawke's Bay 28,943, and Westland 1,897), and thus reduce the gain for the whole colony to 877,904, as shown above.

It has been estimated that the annual consumption of mutton in New Zealand is equivalent to 2.25 sheep per inhabitant, and that the number of sheep required in the present year (1902) for food will be about 1,904,000. (Maoris, for the purposes of this calculation, have been included.)

Two important advantages that sheep-farming has in New Zealand are mentioned by Mr. J. A. Johnstone in the Year-book for 1894. They are: (1) the low cost of the production of mutton, (2) the high percentage of natural increase. Respecting the first point, it has been proved beyond all doubt that, under ordinary conditions, the very choicest of mutton can be so produced as to pay the grower handsomely when sold at 2d. per pound for the carcase at the nearest shipping-port. To the British sheep-farmer this statement, of course, is valueless by itself; but, when told that this mutton would cost the London butcher, delivered ex steamer at the dock, only 3 1/2d. per pound, he will be able to realise in some measure what a wonderful grazing-country New Zealand is, and to understand how it is that settlers of the right stamp have done so well. Then, with regard to the high percentage of increase, there need only be cited a few average returns from well-known flocks to show what excellent lambings New Zealand farmers obtain under good management.

LAMBING RETURNS.—AVERAGES.
Locality.Breed of Flock.Breed of Rams.Breed of Ewes.No. of Ewes.Percentage of Lambs.Remarks.
North IslandLincolnLincolnLincoln7,51781.04Land merely surface-sown in English-grass pasture.
North IslandLincolnLincolnLincoln5,30185.05
North IslandLincolnLincoln7/8 Lincoln12,177100.00
North IslandRomneyRomneyRomney1,14196.17
North IslandLincolnSouthd'nLincoln2,03394.71
Middle IslandMerinoMerinoMerino14,76575.36Mountainous country in n'tive past're, unimproved.
Middle IslandMerinoB. Leic'strMerino4,23588.94
Middle IslandCross-bredB. Leic'strCross-bred8,62480.82
Middle IslandHalf-bredB. Leic'strHalf-bred2,74782.79
Middle IslandB. Leic'strB. Leic'strB. Leic'str77890.77
Middle IslandLincolnLincolnLincoln45288.08In English grass pasture.
Middle IslandR. MarshR. MarshR. Marsh253111.46
Middle IslandE. Leic'strE. Leic'strE. Leic'str46493.34
Middle IslandShropshireShropshireShropshire16897.41
Middle IslandSouthd'nSouthd'nSouthd'n11496.87

The above returns are fair average ones, but much higher might have been shown if exceptional cases had been selected.

As showing the actual cost of managing two large estates in New Zealand (Middle Island), No. 1 carrying 20,000 cross-bred sheep, and No. 2 carrying 40,000, the subjoined table may prove interesting:—

 No. 1. Per Head.No. 2. Per Head.
Cost of shearing, including scouring and putting wool f.o.b.s. d.
0 6.5
s. d.
0 6.3
Management, shepherding, dipping, &c.0 100 9.6
Cost of providing special feed (turnips, green feed, chaff, &c.)1 11 6.3
Cost of renewing English grass2 01 5
Total per head4 5.54 3.2

Cattle.

The increase of cattle between 1891 and 1896 was 216,070, or at the rate of 25.98 per cent. The rapid development of the butter and cheese industry, represented in great part by the export figures given in the comparative table on page 187, created a requirement for milch cows, which increased in number from 206,906 in 1891 to 276,217 in 1896, or at the rate of 33.50 per cent.

The cattle as enumerated in 1901-1902 for each provincial district are given in the next table. Here is shown the substantial increase of 105,104 head of all classes over the number returned in 1900-1901, and of no less than 13,887 in the number of cows and heifers for dairy purposes.

Provincial District.Bulls for Stud Purposes.Steers over Two Years Old.Cows and Heifers for Dairy Purposes.Cows and Heifers for Breeding Purposes.Cows and Heifers for Fattening.Steers and Heifers under Two Years not otherwise enumerated.Totals.
* Including heifers over two years old intended for dairying: 34,190 in 1900-1901, and 39,001 in 1901-1902. For actual number of dairy cows in each county see table on pages 325-327.
Auckland5,47467,61985,32855,63213,594142,602370,249
Taranaki3,47127,54391,6569,5827,35985,359224,970
Hawke's Bay1,73422,59315,81234,9373,61336,973115,662
Wellington4,83842,54892,61244,4418,486101,514294,439
Marlborough2498594,9393775174,92411,865
Nelson5784,42212,5891,6892,30612,96734,551
Westland2684,0604,7072,1129204,90016,967
Canterbury1,47310,22639,5962,2575,26740,01598,834
Otago3,14322,94073,25415,0998,20571,606194,247
        Totals, 1901-190221,228202,810420,493*166,12650,267500,8601,361,784
        Totals, 1900-190120,196198,884406,606*150,63052,403427,9611,256,680
        Increase, 1901-19021,0323,92613,88715,496..72,899105,104
        Decrease, 1901-1902........2,136....

Classified according to breed, the numbers for the two years under review are:—

Pure.bred—1901-1902.1900-1901.
    Shorthorn63,47665,117
    Hereford6,5985,618
    Polled Angus8,8368,885
    Ayrshire4,7054,609
    Jersey4,5863,341
    Other pure-breds9,1014,130
Crosses1,264,4821,164,980
        Totals1,361,7841,256,680

Out of a total of 1,361,784 cattle in the colony, the North Island is shown to have had 1,005,320, or 74 per cent., while the Middle Island had 356,464, or 26 per cent. Similarly, the dairy cows and heifers intended for dairying in the North Island numbered 285,408, and in the Middle Island 135,085.

Thus, the North Island, which now leads as regards number of sheep, contains more than twice as many dairy cows and other cattle as the Middle Island.

Of the total number of cattle (1,361,784) given above, 381,492 were dairy cows. It is found impossible to give a statement of the actual amount of butter and cheese made, even at the factories only. All that can be said is that there were in October, 1901, 254 cheese and butter factories and creameries, with 255 skimming-stations, reported to the Department of Agriculture. But very few of these factories made any return to the department of their output for the previous year, and it is therefore impossible to arrive at the total quantity of cheese and butter made. The census returns for March, 1901 show there were then 247 factories and 202 creameries, the annual output during the year 1900 amounting to 29,758,310 lb. of butter and 139,687 cwt. of cheese.

Horses.

The increase in horses is shown for three census years:—

Census Years.Number of Horses.Numerical Increase.Increase per Cent.
1886187, 38228,65812.63
1891211,040  
1896237,41826,37812.50

At the enumeration made in 1901-1902 (November to January), the number of horses was found to have increased to 280,078 (including 406 mules and asses), for which particulars are given. It will be seen that the Provincial District of Auckland had by far the most horses, Otago and Canterbury following, Wellington taking fourth place.

Provincial District.Entires.Geldings.Mares over Two Years old.Mares with Foal at Foot, or to foal this Session.Colts and Fillies under Two Years old.Totals.
* Including 406 mules and asses in 1902, and 480 in 1901.
Auckland78033,41122,2987,4569,93873,883
Taranaki1458,0966,4551,9902,13818,824
Hawke's Bay2119,2066,5291,8091,78119,536
Wellington46719,97915,1224,5304,52944,627
Marlborough422,3491,8124845785,265
Nelson994,1403,3689579919,555
Westland381,0987012032262,266
Canterbury42022,16917,3714,6445,12749,731
Otago39424,42119,5325,1766,86856,391
    Totals, 1901-19022,596124,86993,18827,24932,176280,078*
    Totals, 1900-19012,465120,93293,48722,01727,824266,725*
      Increase1313,937..5,2324,35213,353
      Decrease....299......

Classified according to breed, the numbers for the two years under review are:—

 1901-1902.1900-1901.
Thoroughbred6,5456,118
Hunter and hackney26,73626,917
Carriage and trotting19,89918,999
Light ordinary114,321106,067
Draught99,60497,469
Ponies under 14 hands12,56710,675
Mules and asses406480
                Totals280,078266,725

It has long been expected that the export of New Zealand horses to Australia and India would assume large proportions. So far, however, the trade has not developed to the extent anticipated. The opinion has been often expressed that more might be done than has been in the past. The following figures will show the position for the years 1885, 1890, 1895, 1896, and 1898 to 1901:—

Exported to1885.1890.1895.1896.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Victoria13392102241122938
New South Wales2,687197535339701955
Queensland............2..
Tasmania113271111695
Fiji3257122341650
Bengal342359415111610569106
Brazil..2............
South Sea Islands131815149688
United Kingdom....561231
United States of America (W. Coast)10..3....11..
Cape Colony..........6002..
Natal..........2....
Singapore..........1....
 3,022628193249210219756265

The military requirements for the Cape Colony caused an increase for the year 1900.

Pigs.

Pigs have decreased since 1891, when the number was 308,812, against 224,024 in 1901-1902. The figures given in the accompanying table are those compiled by the Agricultural Department, and for 1901-1902 show a decrease of 26,951 in the total number of pigs kept in the previous year. The Auckland Provincial District has far more pigs than any other.

NUMBER OF PIGS IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT.
Provincial District.Boars for Stud Purposes.Barrows and Sows over One Year old, for Fattening.Sows kept solely for Breeding Purposes.Barrows and Sows under One Year old.Totals.
Auckland1,4839,7878,98541,60061,855
Taranaki4572,3632,76914,70520,294
Hawke's Bay2191,1191,3635,8498,550
Wellington1,0012,4405,68829,43238,561
Marlborough965175042,5833,700
Nelson1691,0231,0046,6208,816
Westland464021871,0281,663
Canterbury8861,7356,31842,04450,983
Otago6262,5693,33223,07529,602
        Totals, 1901-19024,98321,95530,150166,936224,024
        Totals, 1900-19015,60827,42334,876183,068250,975
        Decrease6255,4684,72616,13226,951

The approximate numbers of the different breeds were:—

 1901-1902.1900-1901.
Pure Berkshire34,89137,882
Pure Yorkshire3,5495,635
Other pure-breds2,1941,272
Crosses183,390206,186
                Totals224,024250,975

Ostrich-farming.

Ostrich farming has been attempted in New Zealand, both in Canterbury and Auckland. (See Year-book, 1897, page 313, and also special article in . of Year-book of 1899, entitled “The Heir of the Moa.”)

Chapter 46. SECTION XVIII.—VITAL STATISTICS.

Table of Contents

Births.

The number of births registered in the colony during 1901 was 20,491 or 26.34 in every 1,000 persons living. The rate is higher than those for the five preceding years, but from 1881 until the year 1899 there was a regular fall. The number of births registered in a year reached 19,846 in 1884, after which it fell to 17,876 in 1892, rising year by year to 18,955 in 1898, falling in 1899 to 18,835, but again rising to 19,546 in 1900, and 20,491 in 1901.

The birth-rate for 1901 was a little higher than that for 1896, but the rise over this period of six years is very slight. The recovery since 1899 is, however, satisfactory (1.22 per 1,000 persons).

The figures for each year are worthy of notice, especially in connection with the subsequent particulars given as to marriages solemnised and the growth of population:—

Year.Number of Births.Rate per 1,000 of Population.
188219,00937.32
188319,20236.28
188419,84635.91
188519,69334.35
188619,29933.15
188719,13532.09
188818,90231.22
188918,45730.07
189018,27829.44
189118,27329.01
189217,87627.83
189318,18727.50
189418,52827.28
189518,54626.78
189618,61226.33
189718,73725.96
189818,95525.74
189918,83525.12
190019,54625.60
190120,49126.34

The marriages have increased numerically, and the population of the colony also.

Year.Number of Marriages.Mean Population (excluding Maoris).
18813,277493,482
18823,600509,309
18833,612529,292
18843,800552,590
18853,813573,362
18863,488582,117
18873,563596,374
18883,617605,371
18893,632612,716
18903,797620,780
18913,805629,783
18924,002642,245
18934,115661,349
18944,178679,196
18954,110692,417
18964,843706,846
18974,928721,609
18985,091736,260
18995,461749,984
19005,860763,594
19016,095777,968

In the year 1881 there were in New Zealand 5.72 births to every marriage in the previous year, and in 1901 the proportion had fallen to 3.50 births to each marriage.

In the Australian States a similar decrease is noticeable. In Victoria the number of children to a marriage for the year 1880 was 4.99, but fell to 4.05 in 1898. In New South Wales the figures are 5.0 and 4.11 for the same years respectively.

The average number of children born to a marriage for the decennial period 1891-1900 was, in New South Wales, 4.79; Victoria, 4.39; and in New Zealand, 3.87. In England and Wales for the period 1890-99 the average was 4.09, in Scotland 4.36, and in Ireland 4.83.

New Zealand had in 1880 the highest birth-rate (40.78); in 1900 the case was reversed; but in 1901 the New Zealand rate was higher than that of Victoria.

The fall over ten years is calculated as under:—

BIRTH-RATE PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.
State or Colony.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Queensland35.8433.7331.8632.8530.0629.9228.2827.3130.2128.28
New South Wales33.8933.3331.4830.6628.3528.4227.1427.1027.43..
Victoria32.5431.2329.1628.5627.3326.5925.7226.7125.8225.77
South Australia32.4131.7630.4930.2328.4626.9724.9825.8225.78..
Western Australia33.0934.2228.2726.3022.6525.8229.3530.6431.46..
Tasmania32.4733.9231.1130.0928.1627.7326.2425.9828.2528.40
New Zealand27.8327.5027.2826.7826.3325.9625.7425.1225.6026.34

This table also shows that although New Zealand had in 1900 the lowest birth-rate in Australasia, the fall has been much less in this colony since 1892 than in the others.

A declining birth-rate is noticeable in many civilised countries, and attention has been drawn to the serious consequences that may result by statisticians and political economists. That the fertility of women in New Zealand is decreasing further facts will tend to how.

Taking the number of married women in New Zealand at what may be considered the child-bearing ages (i.e., from fifteen to forty-five years, inclusive) as shown by each census since 1878, and for the same years the number of legitimate births (excluding plural) registered, the birth-rate per 1,000 married women of the above-stated ages is easily found, and is shown to be steadily declining. In 1878 the rate was 337 per 1,000, in 1896 it had fallen to 252, and in 1901 to 244, or, in other words, in 1878 one married woman of the ages specified in every three gave birth to a child, while in 1901 the rate was 1 in 4 only. The figures for each census year are given below, and are followed by a table showing the declining birth-rate, and the increase in the marriage-rate, in the United Kingdom.

BIRTH-RATES (LEGITIMATE) PER 1,000 MARRIED WOMEN AT CHILD-BEARING AGES FOR EACH CENSUS YEAR, 1878 TO 1901.   
Year (Census).Number of Married Women between 15 and 45 Years of Age.Number of Legitimate Births (Confinements).Birth-rate per 1,000 Married Women of from 15 to 45 Years of Age.
187850,99517,196337.2
188157,45818,003313.3
188662,70418,532295.5
189163,16517,455276.3
189669,80717,596252.1
190179,40619,355243.8
BIRTH AND MARRIAGE RATES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1886, 1891, 1896, AND 1900.
  Births.Marriages.
Year.Mean Population.Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.
188636,313,5821,145,68331.55241,1806.64
189137,796,3901,148,25930.38275,9707.30
189639,464,5821,152,12229.19296,0897.50
190040,909,9251,158,92128.33310,7707.60

The above figures are taken from the “Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom, 1886 to 1900” (forty-eighth number), published in August, 1901.

The birth-rates for ten years in Great Britain and certain countries of the European Continent are given from the report of the Registrar-General of England. The rates in England and Wales, and in Scotland, are higher than those in New Zealand, but the rate for Ireland is lower. For 1891 and following years France has the lowest rate of all quoted:—

BIRTH-RATES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 1891 TO 1899.
Countries.Number of Births per 1,000 of Mean Population.
1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
Hungary42.340.342.541.341.540.340.137.539.0
Austria38.136.237.936.738.638.037.536.237.1
Italy37.336.336.635.735.135.035.033.834.2
German Empire37.035.736.735.836.136.336.036.235.9
Netherlands38.732.033.832.732.832.732.531.932.0
Scotland31.230.831.030.130.430.930.630.830.5
Norway30.929.630.729.730.530.430.030.330.9
England and Wales31.430.530.829.630.429.729.729.429.3
Belgium29.628.929.529.028.529.029.028.628.8
Sweden28.327.027.427.127.527.226.726.227.1
Switzerland27.827.427.727.127.127.928.128.428.9
Ireland23.122.523.022.923.223.623.523.222.9
France22.622.322.722.321.722.522.321.821.9

From the year 1895 marriages have shown an increase, the rate being then 5.94 per 1,000 of population. In 1901 the rate rose to 7.83, the highest record since 1878, when it was 7.97 per 1,000 of mean population. The number of marriages solemnised in 1901 was 6,095, an increase of 235 on the number for 1900.

MARRIAGE RATES IN AUSTRALASIA PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.
 1874.1886.1891.1896.1898.1899.1900.
Queensland8.628.677.186.056.036.786.88
New South Wales7.707.997.396.596.666.897.38
Victoria6.337.847.696.486.537.016.96
South Australia8.006.247.316.206.186.246.50
Western Australia6.967.988.008.459.899.8910.27
Tasmania6.837.266.635.886.296.377.71
New Zealand8.815.996.046.856.917.287.67

In April, 1896, New Zealand had 83,659 children living under the age of 5 years, and in March, 1901, the number was 86,806, an increase of 3,147, although the population at all ages increased in the quinquennium by 9.86 per cent. Between 1886 and 1891 the children living under 5 years actually decreased in number by 3,624, the increase of population of all ages (8.33 per cent.) being less than between 1891 and 1896 (12.24 per cent.), or 1896 and 1901 (9.86 per cent.). The number of children under one year to the total population at all ages, according to the results of four censuses, was:—

 Children under One Year.Total Population (all Ages).
Census, 188618,355578,482
Census, 189116,443626,658
Census, 189617,070703,360
Census, 190118,381772,719

Thus, in 1886, with a population of 578,482 persons, there were 18,355 children under one year, against 18,381 children of that age in 1901, with a population of 772,719 persons.

The births registered in 1885 were 19,693, against 18,546 in 1895, and 20,491 in 1901. The birth-rate fell from 34.35 per 1,000 of the population in 1885 to 26.78 in 1895, and to 26.34 in 1901.

Deducting 1,469, the number of deaths of children under one year registered in 1900, from 19,546, the number of births for that year, leaves 18,077, or within 304 of the living children under one year at the time of the last census.

Twin Births.

There were 190 cases of twin births (380 children), and triplets were registered in three instances, in 1901. The number of children born was 20,491; the number of mothers was 20,295: thus on an average one mother in every 107 gave birth to twins, against 102 in 1900, 106 in 1899, 97 in 1898, and 101 in 1897 and 1896. In 1895 the proportion was one in 93, and in 1894 one in 103.

The births of 937 children were illegitimate: thus 46 in every 1,000 children born were born out of wedlock, the same number as in 1900.

The following table gives the rates of illegitimacy in Australasia. The rate in New Zealand is less than in any of the Australian States except South Australia:—

PROPORTION OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EVERY 100 BIRTHS.
Year.Queensland.New South Wales.Victoria.South Australia.Western Australia.Tasmania.New Zealand.
18904.855.265.092.50..4.053.30
18914.655.365.362.93..3.723.49
18925.055.715.592.935.894.753.32
18934.976.165.462.844.174.413.70
18944.526.145.503.054.665.093.80
18954.936.515.333.134.474.974.50
18965.225.715.633.455.615.914.48
18976.026.585.423.535.275.744.41
18986.046.935.293.624.995.094.23
18995.977.155.493.954.916.084.40
19006.407.015.914.244.825.434.63
19015.937.165.58......4.57

These figures show a rise in the proportion of illegitimate births to every 100 births for this colony, amounting to 1.27 for the period 1890-1901.

The total number of births registered were 19,299 in 1886 and 20,491 in 1901, while the illegitimate births rose from 602 to 937. The causes that led to the fall in the birth-rate certainly did not greatly affect the number of illegitimate children.

The number of spinsters in the colony between 15 and 45 increased during the ten years from 65,035 (census 1891) to 100,310 (census 1901), or at the rate of 55.9 per cent., while the illegitimate births increased from 638 to 937, or at the rate of 46.9 per cent. only.

It would therefore appear that the larger proportion of illegitimate births now obtaining cannot with any certainty be taken as indicative of increased looseness of living on the part of the people.

The following figures, taken from “The Wealth and Progress of New South Wales, 1900-1901,” showing the rate of illegitimacy per 100 births in Australasia and in the United Kingdom, are based on statistics for a period of five years:—

Country.Illegitimate Births per Cent.Country.Illegitimate Births per Cent.
New South Wales6.88Tasmania5.65
Victoria5.55New Zealand4.42
Queensland5.94England and Wales4.15
South Australia3.76Ireland2.65
Western Australia5.06Scotland6.97

Of the total number of children born in Australasia during the five years ended 1900, 5.75 per cent. were illegitimate, as compared with 4.42 per cent. in the United Kingdom for the period 1895-99.

The figures in the next table, which give the percentages of illegitimate births in a number of foreign countries, also cover in most cases a period of five years, 1895-99.

Country.Illegitimate Births per Cent.Country.Illegitimate Births per Cent.
Germany9.21France8.26
Prussia7.84Belgium8.51
Bavaria14.00Netherlands2.71
Saxony12.90Sweden10.80
Austria14.55Norway7.35
Hungary9.01Italy6.34

For England and Wales the proportion of illegitimate births to the total births in 1899 was 4 per cent., having gradually diminished from 7 per cent. in 1845. The minimum rate was 2.8 per cent., in Essex, and the maximum 6.6 per cent., in Herefordshire. For London the percentage was 3.6.

The average proportion of illegitimate births in Scotland in 1897 was 7.0 per cent., the rate varying from 3.5 per cent., in Dumbartonshire, to 14.1 in Wigtownshire; but in Ireland in that year the extremely low average of 2.6 per cent. obtained, the rate varying from 0.7 in Connaught to 3.6 in Ulster.

The Legitimation Act.

An important Act was passed in 1894, entitled the Legitimation Act, which makes provision for the legitimation of children born before marriage on the subsequent marriage of their parents. Under this Act any child born out of wedlock, whose parents afterwards marry, is deemed to be legitimised by such marriage on the birth being registered in the manner prescribed by the Act. For legitimation purposes Registrars must register a birth when called upon to do so by any person claiming to be the father of an illegitimate child; but such person is required to make a solemn declaration that he is the father, and that at the time of the birth there existed no legal impediment to his marriage with the mother of the child. He has also to produce the evidence of his marriage. It will thus be seen that in cases dealt with under the Act registration becomes the test of legitimacy. In the December quarter of 1894, 11 children were legitimised; in 1895 the number was 68; in 1896, 56; in 1897, 48; in 1898, 59; in 1899, 41; in 1900, 62; and in 1901, 47; making altogether 392 legitimations since the passing of the law.

“The Infant Life Protection Act, 1896.”

By this statute it has been rendered unlawful for a person to take charge, for payment, of an infant to maintain or nurse for more than three days without holding license as an infants' home keeper. The house of such a person must be registered as an infants' home.

The administration of this law is a matter entirely managed by the police, and the Commissioner reports the working to be satisfactory. The licensed homes are periodically inspected by the police authorities, and the results have shown that licensees generally comply with the required conditions, the homes and infants being well looked after.

Births and Birth-rates in the Four Chief Cities.

The total number of births registered as occurring in the four chief centres and suburbs in 1901 was 5,234, as against 4,875 for the previous year.

The births in the four cities rose from 3,098 in 1900 to 3,161 in 1901, and in the suburban boroughs from 1,777 to 2,073. The birth-rates for 1901 were:—

 Birth-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Auckland City30.00..
Auckland City and five suburban boroughs..28.25
Wellington City26.35..
Wellington City and three suburban boroughs..26.87
Christchurch City24.12..
Christchurch City and four suburban boroughs..26.12
Dunedin City22.04..
Dunedin City and eight suburban boroughs..24.26

Thus, by the inclusion of the suburbs the rate is raised at Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin, but lowered at Auckland. It will be observed that Auckland has the highest rate, Wellington next highest, Christchurch and Dunedin following with intervals. The difference between the Auckland rate (28.25) and the Dunedin rate (24.26) is considerable. The birth-rate for the whole colony for 1901 was 26.34 per thousand. Auckland and Wellington are thus over the average, Christchurch and Dunedin below it.

Taking the births in the four central boroughs without their suburbs, and comparing the numbers for 1901 and 1900, an increase for 1901 is observed at Auckland of 9, at Wellington of 23, at Christchurch of 6, and at Dunedin of 25. The figures for the last five years are:—

 1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Auckland (without suburbs)9069169881,0281,037
Wellington (without suburbs)1,0671,0651,0361,1271,150
Christchurch (without suburbs)376390340417423
Dunedin (without suburbs)498507490526551

The birth-rates for three of the central boroughs in 1901 show a rise (one a decrease) when compared with 1900. In Auckland the rate rose from 29.31 to 30.00; in Wellington, from 25.76 to 26.35; in Christchurch, from 21.51 to 24.12; but fell in Dunedin, from 22.07 to 22.04. The rates for five years, 1897 to 1901, are as follows:—

 Births per 1,000 of Population.
 1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Auckland (without suburbs)28.2926.9625.7729.3130.00
Wellington (without suburbs)27.7125.7524.2425.7626.35
Christchurch (without suburbs)21.8322.0718.7421.5124.12
Dunedin (without suburbs)21.5421.6120.8222.0722.04

Naturalisation.

Aliens residing in the colony may, on taking the oath of allegiance to His Majesty, obtain letters of naturalisation entitling them to enjoy all the rights and privileges that a natural-born subject of the United Kingdom can enjoy or transmit within this colony. Two hundred and thirty-eight aliens (220 men and 18 women) were naturalised in 1901.

The number belonging to each nationality was as under:—

NUMBER OF ALIENS NATURALISED IN 1901.
Natives of—M.F.
    German Empire4610
    Norway and Sweden533
    Denmark262
    Russia, Poland, and Finland141
    Franco and possessions130
    Italy110
    Austria-Hungary81
    China30
    United States of America130
    Netherlands40
    Greece70
    Switzerland90
    Belgium11
    Portugal and possessions70
    Turkey and Syria20
    Spain10
    Wallis Island10
    Cook Islands10

The number of natives of each country naturalised during the last twenty years is next shown,—

Natives of— 
    Germany1,454
    Sweden and Norway1,059
    Denmark775
    China347
    Italy and Sicily180
    Switzerland163
    Russia186
    Austria-Hungary195
    France119
    Netherlands50
    Greece45
    Portugal46
    United States of America62
    Belgium27
    Other countries84
    Total4,792

By section 2 of “The Aliens Act Amendment Act, 1882,” repealed and re-enacted by section 2 of “The Aliens Act Amendment Act, 1892,” it is provided that when the father, or mother being a widow, has obtained naturalisation in the colony, every child who during infancy has become resident with them in New Zealand shall be deemed to be naturalised, and shall have the rights and privileges of a natural-born subject.

Marriages.

The marriages for 1901 show an increase on the number for the previous year. The number was 6,095, or 235 more than in 1900. The marriage-rate rose from 7.67 per 1,000 persons living in 1900 to 7.83 in 1901, the rate for the latter year being the highest obtained since 1878, when it stood at 7.97 per 1,000 persons. The improvement shown during the last six years sets New Zealand in a good position relatively to the Australian States.

The rates for a series of fourteen consecutive years were:—

MARRIAGES PER 1,000 OF THE POPULATION.
Year.Queensland.New South Wales.Victoria.South Australia.Western Australia.Tasmania.New Zealand.
18888.637.378.036.707.186.585.97
18898.376.768.146.476.996.505.94
18908.497.148.217.065.806.646.12
18917.187.397.697.318.006.636.04
18926.676.776.646.517.296.516.23
18935.916.405.996.266.345.516.22
18945.706.205.986.096.245.436.15
18956.236.356.005.886.835.325.94
18966.056.596.486.208.455.886.85
18976.056.726.365.4610.736.236.83
18986.036.666.536.189.896.296.91
18996.786.897.016.249.896.377.28
19006.887.386.966.5010.277.717.67
19016.617.686.996.449.657.687.83

But the improved rate for this colony is still lower than the rate for some European countries.

MARRIAGES IN EVERY 1,000 OF THE POPULATION.
German Empire18998.6
Belgium18998.2
Hungary18999.0
England and Wales18998.3
Switzerland18997.8
Austria18998.2
Spain18947.8
Denmark18997.5
Scotland18997.7
Prance18997.5
Netherlands18997.4
Italy18997.4
Norway18997.2
Sweden18996.3
Ireland18994.9

Of the marriages solemnised in 1901, 5,549 were between bachelors and spinsters, 180 between bachelors and widows, 271 between widowers and spinsters, and 95 between widowers and widows.

Divorced men and women have been classified as bachelors or spinsters: 38 divorced men and 46 divorced women were married during the year.

Included amongst spinsters are nine married women, and amongst the bachelors two married men, who elected to go through the form of marriage with other persons under the protection of the provisions of section 204, subsection (5), of “The Criminal Code Act, 1893,” which runs: “No one commits bigamy by going through a form of marriage if he or she has been continually absent from his or her wife or husband for seven years then last past, and is not proved to have known that his wife or her husband was alive at any time during those seven years.”

The total number of marriages solemnized (6,095) does not include marriages where both parties are of the aboriginal native race, such persons being exempted from the necessity of complying with the provisions of the Marriage Act, although at liberty to take advantage thereof. Fourteen marriages in which both parties were Maoris were contracted in 1901 in terms of the Act: 12 by Registrars, 1 by a clergyman of the Presbyterian Church, and 1 by a Wesleyan minister.

Bachelors and Spinsters in New Zealand.

The results of three censuses in respect of the number of bachelors of 20 years and upwards, and spinsters of 15 years and upwards, in the colony show some interesting features. In 1891 there was an excess of bachelors over the spinsters amounting to 3,497 men. But by 1896 not only had the preponderance of the male element been lost, but an excess of spinsters over bachelors was reported amounting to 1,786 women, while in 1901 this excess had risen to 3,572 women.

It is noticeable how differently the numbers for the provincial districts have been affected by the process in operation. An excess of bachelors was preserved in Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland from 1891 to 1901. In Canterbury, however, an excess of spinsters was found in 1891 of 2,516, which increased to 3,997 in 1896 and to 4,918 in 1901; while in Otago an excess of 773 spinsters in 1891 increased to 2,066 in 1896, and diminished slightly in 1901 when there were 1,899 more spinsters than bachelors. These two important districts of the Middle Island have lost large numbers of bachelors by departures to the North Island.

The following table exhibits the particulars for each provincial district:—

Provincial Districts.Census, 1891.Census, 1896.Census, 1901.
Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.
Total excess3,497....1,786..3,572
Auckland156..703..521..
Taranaki121..524..805..
Hawke's Bay1,337..1,142..425..
Wellington2,129..637..32..
Marlborough644..183..158..
Nelson1,486..580..637..
Westland900..501..666..
Canterbury..2,516..3,997..4,918
Otago..773..2,066..1,899
Chatham Islands15..7..1..
Kermadec Islands..2........

Marriages by Ministers of various Denominations.

Of the marriages in the year 1901, 24.91 per cent. were solemnised by ministers of the Church of England, 24.48 per cent. by ministers of the Presbyterian Churches, 13.19 per cent. by ministers of the Wesleyan and other Methodist Churches, 10.53 per cent. by ministers of the Roman Catholic Church, 10.20 per cent. by ministers of other denominations, and 16.69 per cent. by Registrars.

The following shows the proportions of marriages by ministers of the principal denominations in the past eight years, and the percentages of these denominations to the total population:—

Denomination.Percentage of Marriages.Percentage of
Denomination
to Total Population in 1901.
1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Church of England22.8622.7422.8623.0023.3724.1722.6824.9140.84
Presbyterians25.3024.3225.0125.4426.0225.3026.3824.4822.87
Wesleyans and other Methodists15.9915.6917.9217.6113.9812.9113.2313.1910.86
Roman Catholics10.0811.1910.2610.1210.3710.8710.8210.5314.23
Other denominations6.657.296.055.869.259.3410.2010.2011.20
By Registrars19.1218.7717.9017.9717.0117.4116.6916.69..
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

Marriage by the Registrar is found to be less frequent than it was eight years ago, the percentage falling from 19.12 in 1894 to 16.69 in 1901.

Marriage Register signed by Mark.

Of the men married in 1901, 28, or 4.59 in every 1,000, and of the women 38, or 6.23 per 1,000, signed the register by marks.

The illiteracy of the people, as measured by the proportion of married persons who affix marks instead of signatures to the marriage register, has greatly decreased of late, having fallen since 1881 from 32.04 per 1,000 among men to 4.59 per 1,000, and from 57.98 per 1,000 to 6.23 per 1,000 among women. This is shown in a very striking manner by the following table:—

PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK.
Denomination.1881.1891.1901.
M.F.M.F.M.F.
Church of England16.5927.158.2910.661.323.29
Presbyterians10.2529.615.798.692.684.69
Wesleyans and other Methodists32.4141.798.9310.713.733.73
Roman Catholics117.78133.3331.3318.286.237.79
Other denominations10.3620.729.26 1.613.22
By Registrars39.2293.5127.4243.0813.7715.73
Total marriages*32.0457.9813.9316.824.596.23

The proportion of illiterates in 1901 was greatest among those married before Registrars. Previously the proportion was largest among Roman Catholics; but since 1881 it has, as shown by the table, most remarkably decreased.

Ages of Persons Married.

Of the persons married in 1901, 118 bridegrooms and 1,046 brides were under 21 years of age—one of the bridegrooms was between 16 and 17, two between 17 and 18, and eleven between 18 and 19. Of the brides, three were under 15 years of age, three were between 15 and 16, and thirty-one between 16 and 17 years of age. The proportion of men married is greatest at the ages of 25 to 30, and of women at from 21 to 25 years.

The following are the proportions of men and women married at each age-period to every 100 marriages in the years 1891 and 1901:—

Age.1891.1901.
M.F.M.F.
Under 21 years1.5520.791.9317.16
21 and under 2526.9943.9924.9439.97
25 and under 3036.1922.9737.0826.89
30 and under 4025.948.7227.1212.73
40 and under 506.442.716.042.44
50 and under 602.260.661.770.57
60 and under 700.550.160.920.24
70 and upwards0.08..0.20..

Registrars of Marriages are prohibited by law from issuing certificates for the marriage of minors without the consent of their parents or lawful guardians, if there be any in the colony. If a declaration be made in any case that there is no parent or lawful guardian in the colony, then a certificate may be issued after the expiration of fourteen days following the date on which the notice of intended marriage is given.

A marriage may not be solemnised except after the delivery to the minister or Registrar who officiates of a certificate issued by a Registrar authorising such marriage, and if any persons knowingly and wilfully intermarry without such certificate the marriage is null and void; and no clergyman or minister of any denomination is empowered to solemnise marriages until his name has been placed on the Registrar-General's list of officiating ministers for the year.

Marriage with a deceased wife's sister in New Zealand was legalised in the year 1880, and an Act was passed in the year 1900 which legalised marriage with the brother of a deceased husband. This Act is retrospective, including in its provisions marriages between such parties which had previously been solemnized as well as those contracted after the statute was passed, and declaring all these to be valid, and the issue born prior or subsequent to the passing of the Act to be deemed born in lawful wedlock.

The measure was reserved for the signification of her late Majesty's pleasure. The Royal assent has since been given, and the Act came into force in New Zealand by Proclamation dated the 22nd May, 1901.

The ages at which persons may contract binding marriages are the same as in England—12 years for females and 14 for males. Marriage may be contracted at earlier ages than those stated, but would be voidable at the discretion of either of the parties upon reaching the age of 12 or 14, as the case may be, and without the necessity of proceedings in Court.

Although in New Zealand the age at which girls may legally marry is as above; nevertheless, by the criminal law, to unlawfully carnally know a girl under the age of 16 years is now a punishable offence. The age of consent was raised from 15 to 16 by statute passed in 1896.

The average age of the men married in this colony in 1901 was 29.72 years, and of the women, 25.54 years. In England the mean age of those whose ages were stated was (in the year 1899) 28.34 years for men, and 26.21 years for women. Thus the average age at marriage in the colony is higher for men, but lower for women, than in England.

The proportion of bridegrooms under 21 is much greater in England than in New Zealand; but the proportion of brides under 21 is greater in the colony.

In England, in 1891-95, of every 1,000 bridegrooms whose ages were stated, 56 were under 21 years of age, and of every 1,000 brides 183 were under 21 years of age. In New Zealand, in 1901, the proportions were 19 bridegrooms and 172 brides of similar ages in every 1,000 married:—

Year.Bridegrooms under 21 in every 100.Brides under 21 in every 100.
18881.8524.30
18901.8922.75
18921.6220.14
18941.4419.53
18961.9619.51
18981.5718.13
18992.1018.81
19001.6717.34
19011.9417.16

Number of Ministers.

The number of names on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act is (May, 1902) 1,001, and the denominations to which they belong are shown hereunder:—

Denomination.No.
Church of England327
Presbyterian Church of New Zealand209
Roman Catholic Church160
Methodist Church of Australasia164
Congregational Independents20
Baptists28
Primitive Methodist Connexion36
Lutheran Church9
Hebrew Congregations6
Church of Christ14
Free Methodist Churches3
Auckland Central Mission1
Wellington Central Mission1
Independent Wesleyan1
The Forward Movement1
Salvation Army9
Catholic Apostolic Church4
Seventh-day Adventists5
Unitarian Church1
Pilgrims of Peace1
Scots Church1
        Total1,001

Deaths.

The deaths in 1901 numbered 7,634, being equivalent to a rate of 9.81 in every 1,000 persons living, as against 9.43 in 1900. The lowest rate experienced since the year 1887, when the deaths were 10.29 per 1,000 of the population, was that for 1896 (9.10).

COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATE FOR THE PERIOD 1891 TO 1901.
Country.1891.1892.1893.1891.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
* Excluding the Northern Territory.
New Zealand10.3510.0610.2310.199.919.109.149.8410.249.439.81
Queensland12.7712.6613.3412.0811.3812.1011.3312.6612.0711.7311.88
New South Wales14.2412.2013.2412.3611.7912.3010.8812.4811.8211.1611.68
Victoria16.2413.6314.1113.1413.2513.3512.9015.9414.2812.7513.22
South Australia*13.3011.4113.4411.6411.2511.4811.2413.0612.1410.6411.11
Western Australia17.3316.6715.3114.4017.7816.4516.9716.0513.7612.9213.36
Tasmania15.0013.5313.4712.4211.3811.6311.5313.5112.2511.0510.45
England and Wales20.219.019.216.618.717.117.717.618.3....
Scotland20.718.619.517.219.716.918.818.418.6....
Ireland18.419.417.918.218.416.618.418.117.6....
Denmark20.019.418.917.516.915.716.615.617.5....
Norway17.517.816.316.915.715.215.215.216.8....
Sweden16.817.916.816.415.215.615.415.117.6....
Austria28.228.827.227.827.726.425.624.925.4....
Hungary33.135.031.130.429.628.828.427.927.0....
Switzerland20.619.220.420.519.618.318.218.917.6....
German Empire23.424.124.622.322.120.821.320.621.5....
Netherlands20.721.019.218.518.617.216.917.017.1....
France22.622.622.821.422.320.219.621.221.1....
Italy26.226.325.325.125.224.222.123.122.1....

As will be seen from the preceding table, covering a series of years, the death-rate in New Zealand contrasts very favourably with that in the Australian States and in European countries.

In this statement New Zealand is conspicuous as showing the lowest death-rate. The rates for the principal Australian States are a little higher, but, generally speaking, far below those for the United Kingdom or the European Continental States mentioned in the table.

Deaths and Death-rates of the Four Principal Cities and their Suburbs.

In the earlier annual reports on the vital statistics of the four chief towns the central boroughs alone were dealt with, particulars respecting the suburbs not having been obtained. But this omission was held to be a grave defect, as the suburban death-rate may differ much from the death-rate at the centre. Steps were therefore taken early in 1895 to collect statistics of the suburban boroughs as well as of the four chief cities. As regards Auckland and Christ-church, the whole of the area usually recognised as suburban has not yet been brought under municipal government, and the statistics given below do not deal with such portions as still remain in road districts. The omission, however, is not very important, for there are in either case quite enough suburbs included within borough boundaries to give a fair idea of the death-rate of greater Auckland and greater Christchurch. As further boroughs are formed the vital statistics will be made to include them.

The total number of deaths registered for the four centres in 1901 was 2,275—viz., 1,465 in the cities, and 810 in the suburbs. In 1900 the number was 2,104: 1,379 in the cities, and 725 in the suburbs.

By including the suburbs the death-rate for last year is lowered at each of the four centres. The rates for the year are:—

 Death-rates per 1,000 of mean Population.
Auckland City13.10 
Auckland City and five suburban boroughs 11.50
Wellington City10.66 
Wellington City and three suburban boroughs 10.29
Christchurch City13.11 
Christchurch City and four suburban boroughs 12.77
Dunedin City12.64 
Dunedin City and eight suburban boroughs 11.62

Mortality at Four Centres, including Suburbs.

If the suburbs are included, the death-rate is found to be highest in Christchurch and lowest in Wellington; Dunedin and Auckland taking second and third places respectively. The death-rate for the colony was 9.81 per 1,000 of mean population. The four centres might be expected to show a higher average than this.

If the number of deaths of infants under one year be excluded, the mortality among the rest of the population is found to have been for 1900 and 1901 in the following ratio to the 1,000 living:—

 1900.1901.
Auckland (including suburbs)8.268.65
Wellington (including suburbs)7.057.60
Christchurch (including suburbs)8.209.89
Dunedin (including suburbs)9.589.70

The degree of infantile mortality is perhaps best shown in the proportion of deaths of children under one year of age to every 100 births. For 1900 and 1901 the proportions at the chief centres were,—

 1900.1901.
Auckland (including suburbs)12.789.88
Wellington (including suburbs)7.3210.03
Christchurch (including suburbs)10.8311.02
Dunedin (including suburbs)7.957.89

Thus the proportions for Auckland and Dunedin are less than that found at either of the other two chief cities. Again, the percentage of deaths of children under 5 years to the total number of deaths is: in Auckland, 30.15; in Christchurch, 27.04; in Wellington, 32.28; and in Dunedin, only 20.23. The total of deaths under 5 is 618, or 27.16 per cent. of all deaths, as against 574 and 27.28 per cent. for 1900. The deaths of persons of 65 and upwards numbered 586 last year; in 1900 they were 505.

Mortality at Four Centres, excluding Suburbs.

Excluding suburbs, and dealing with the deaths at all ages in the four cities or central boroughs only, the rates for 1901 are found to be lower in Auckland, but higher in Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin, than in the previous year. The total number of deaths, and the death-rates, for four years are given:—

Cities (excluding Suburbs).Deaths, 1898.Deaths, 1899.Deaths, 1900.Deaths, 1901.
No.Per 1,000 of Population.No.Per 1,000 of Population.No.Per 1,000 of Population.No.Per 1,000 of Population.
Auckland48314.2249913.0248013.6945313.10
Wellington51612.4747711.164019.1746510.66
Christchurch19210.8723012.6820610.6223113.11
Dunedin29812.7331713.4729212.2531612.64

By omitting the deaths of infants under one year, and calculating the rate on the population of one year of age and upwards, the death rates for each of the four principal boroughs are found to be higher in 1901 than in the previous year.

 Deaths per 1,000 of Population, excluding Infants (under One Year of Age).
 1898.1899.1900.1901.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)9.869.539.729.93
Wellington9.188.397.658.12
Christchurch8.859.168.2210.69
Dunedin10.8711.5910.6410.88

Subjoined is a table showing the rates of infant mortality in the four cities for each of the past five years, together with the mean rates for the period.

 Deaths of Children under One Year to every 100 Births.
 1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.Mean of Five Years.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)12.8017.1414.4714.4911.5714.09
Wellington (excluding suburbs)10.5913.7112.266.6510.4310.73
Christchurch (excluding suburbs)12.5010.0019.7111.9911.3513.11
Dunedin (excluding suburbs)6.229.6610.208.379.078.70

Causes of Death at Four Centres, Including Suburbs.

While treating of the death-rates at the chief cities and surroundings, it is desirable to refer to the causes of mortality, which is done in the remarks that follow. The deaths for the whole colony, classified according to their cause, are treated of at length a little further on.

Specific Febrile and Zymotic Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

The total mortality from these diseases at the four centres, with their suburbs, was lower in 1901 than in 1900, 1899, and 1898. The total deaths in this class for the four towns were 304 for 1898, 360 for 1899, 214 for 1900, and only 209 for 1901.

Deaths from Febrile and Zymotic Diseases.
 Auckland and Suburbs.Wellington and Suburbs.Christchurch and Suburbs.Dunedin and Suburbs.Total.
190170465439209
190093374341214
18991106210484360
1898117994444304

Of the above, influenza caused most deaths in 1901 at the four centres taken together, the total number being 74. Diarrhœal diseases came next, with 57 deaths, diphtheria 13, typhoid fever 24, whooping-cough 4, measles and scarlet fever 2 each, and other zymotic complaints 33.

Comparison of the deaths for each city shows,—

Zymotic, &c., Diseases.Auckland and Suburbs.Wellington and Suburbs.Christchurch and Suburbs.Dunedin and Suburbs.
 1901.1900.1901.1900.1901.1900.1901.1900.
Diarrhœal diseases315710111011614
Influenza14101452592114
Typhoid fever118586322
Measles......1....2..
Scarlet fever1......11....
Bubonic Plague..1............
Diphtheria25762723
Whooping cough1..1..1612
Chicken pox........1......
Other zymotic diseases1012968656

Parasitic Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

Hydatids were fatal at Wellington (3 deaths), Christchurch (1 death), and Dunedin (2 deaths).

Dietetic Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

These numbered 28, of which 15 were attributed to intemperance, 12 being due to want of breast-milk, or malnutrition, and 1 to exposure.

Constitutional Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

From these, deaths at the four towns numbered 471 in 1901. The first in importance of these diseases, and of all causes of death, is tubercle. The figures for 1900 and 1901 show 266 and 263 deaths for each year respectively.

Phthisis and other Tubercular Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).
 1901.1900.
 Phthisis.Other Tubercular Diseases.Phthisis.Other Tubercular Diseases.
Auckland and suburbs4194715
Wellington and suburbs55255712
Christchurch and suburbs4311477
Dunedin and suburbs68115328
 2075620462

The mortality from tubercular diseases for 1901 was 11.56 per cent. of the total deaths at the four boroughs from all causes.

Deaths from cancer at the chief towns rose in number from 145 in 1900 to 154 in 1901. The latter number is 6.77 per cent. of deaths for the year from all causes.

Diabetes showed 24 deaths in 1901, against 15 in 1900.

Developmental Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

There were 227 deaths in this class; 93 of which were from premature birth, 115 from old age, and 19 from other causes.

Local Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

Deaths in this class were 107 more than in 1900, the figures being 1,125 against 1,018. Diseases of the respiratory system showed 308 deaths for 1901, or more than one-fourth of the whole mortality in the class, against 182 in the former year. Bronchitis, pneumonia, congestion of lungs, pleurisy, and allied diseases form this group. The large increase in deaths from these complaints accounts for more than the total increase in the class as a whole.

Under the head of “diseases of the digestive system” there were 192 deaths at the four centres, including 59 from enteritis; peritonitis, 19; gastritis, 25; cirrhosis of liver, 9; jaundice, 7; and dentition, 10.

Diseases of the urinary system caused 73 deaths. The remaining deaths were: 244 from nervous diseases, 1 disease of organs of special sense, 260 of organs of the circulatory system, 10 of the lymphatic, 24 of the reproductive system, 7 of the organs of locomotion, and 6 of the integuments.

Violent Deaths (at Four Chief Centres).

There were 119 violent deaths at the cities and suburbs, 94 of which were classed as accidental. Four of these latter were caused by fractures, and 9 by falls. In 10 cases death resulted from the deceased being run over by cab, cart, wagon, or train. Thirteen deaths were from burns or scalds, 24 by drowning, 6 by suffocation, 1 by poisoning, 5 by misadventure with morphia or chloroform, besides 8 from accident at birth, and 14 others.

Two deaths were returned as homicidal, murder, manslaughter, &c.

Of 23 suicides, 5 were by shooting, 6 by cutting throat, 2 by poison, 4 by hanging, 2 by drowning, 1 by placing himself on the railway-line, 1 by strangling, 1 by throwing himself from a bridge, and 1 from a window.

Vital Statistics of Australasian Capitals, 1900.

The vital statistics of the chief cities, with their suburbs, of Australasia, show that the death-rate in Wellington (N.Z.) for 1900 was lower than that of any other of the principal towns for the same year.

Capital Cities (including Suburbs).Estimated Mean Population.Births.Deaths.Excess of Births over Deaths.
Total Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.Total Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.
* Ten-mile radius.
Melbourne490,10012,06724.627,02114.335,046
Sydney486,06712,12724.955,50211.326,625
Adelaide159,3074,09325.692,03312.762,060
Brisbane*120,5853,43328.471,31410.902,119
Perth35,4051,24035.0252114.72719
Hobart34,51983024.0449514.34335
Wellington49,0671,24325.334378.91806

Deaths in the whole Colony at various Age-periods.

The average age at death of persons of either sex, in each of the seven years, 1895-1901, was as follows:—

 Males.Females.
189536.21 years30.17 years.
189636.80 years32.41 years.
189738.80 years34.77 years.
189839.29 years35.69 years.
189937.73 years33.54 years.
190040.31 years36.14 years.
190141.64 years37.68 years.

From a mortality table, constructed by the Assistant Actuary of the Government Life Insurance Department for his own purposes, it appears that out of every 1,000 males born 662 reach the age of 50 years, 614 the age of 55, 550 the age of 60, and 471 the age of 65. For females, 688 out of every 1,000 born live to 50 years, 648 to 55, 598 to 60, and 530 to 65. These results must not be regarded as put forward by authority of the department.

Subjoined is a classified statement of the deaths of infants under one year during 1901, with the ratio of the deaths in each class to the 1,000 births during the year:—

Year.Sex.Under 1 Month.1 and under 3 Months.3 and under 6 Months.6 and under 12 Months.Total under 12 Months
NUMBER OF DEATHS.
1901Male354142167160823
1901Female256130125129640
DEATHS TO THE 1,000 BIRTHS.
1901Male33.8013.5615.9515.2878.59
1901Female25.5512.9712.4812.8763.87

Seventy-nine out of every thousand of male children born, and sixty-four of every thousand females, are found to have died before attaining the age of one year. The mortality is thus one in thirteen of male children and one in sixteen of females, even in New Zealand, where conditions are far more favourable to infant life than in Australia, at least as far as relates to the cities.

It will also be seen from the figures that the chances of living during the first year of age are far greater for female than for male infants. Thus, during the year 1901 there were—

100 deaths of males to 76 deaths of females under 1 month of age;
100 deaths of males to 96 deaths of females from 1 to 3 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 78 deaths of females from 3 to 6 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 84 deaths of females from 6 to 12 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 81 deaths of females under 12 months of age.

The rates of infantile mortality—that is, the proportion the deaths of children under one year of age bear to the births—are higher in the Australian States than in New Zealand.

Causes of Death (the whole Colony).

The deaths registered in the colony during the last five years, when distributed among the several classes according to their assigned causes, give the rates shown hereunder:—

Causes of Death.Rate per 10,000 living.
1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Zymotic diseases8.4410.9912.419.237.83
Parasitic diseases0.180.370.380.300.24
Dietetic diseases0.840.871.030.930.88
Constitutional diseases17.9918.8118.7517.7618.83
Developmental diseases7.468.809.649.1510.05
Local diseases45.3046.8648.6945.6348.95
Violence7.557.437.237.537.48
Ill-defined and not-specified causes3.634.264.273.763.87
        All causes91.3998.39102.4094.2998.13

The next table shows that fifty in every one hundred deaths in 1901 were from local diseases, of which diseases of the respiratory system formed 13 per cent., diseases of the circulatory system 12 per cent., and of the nervous system 11 per cent., while diseases of the digestive system contributed 8 per cent. Constitutional diseases, including, with others, phthisis and cancer, comprised 19 per cent. of the total mortality. Eight per cent. of deaths were from zymotic causes, including 5.13 per cent. from miasmatic diseases, and 1.82 per cent. from diarrhœal. Deaths from developmental diseases come next in proportion, being 10.21 per cent. of the whole, followed by violent deaths, with 7.63 per cent.

Causes of Death.Number of Deaths.Proportion to Total Deaths.Proportion per 10,000 living, 1901.Proportion per 10,000 living, 1900.
Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.
Class I. Specific febrile or zymotic diseases,—   Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.  
Order 1. Miasmatic diseases2161763924.895.475.135.045.53
Order 2. Diarrhœal diseases68711391.542.211.821.792.61
Order 3. Malarial diseases........................
Order 4. Zoogenous diseases........................
Order 5. Venereal diseases135180.290.166.240.230.31
Order 6. Septic diseases2238660.501.180.790.770.78
                Total Class I.3192906097.229.027.987.839.23
Class II. Parasitic diseases109190.230.280.250.240.30
Class III. Dietetic diseases5513681.240.400.890.880.93
Class IV. Constitutional diseases7706951,46517.4321.6119.1918.8317.76
Class V. Developmental diseases4353477829.8510.7910.2410.059.15
Class VI. Local diseases,—........................
Order 1. Diseases of nervous system49033082011.0910.2610.7410.549.95
Order 2. Diseases of organs of special sense2130.050.030.040.040.13
Order 3. Diseases of circulatory system57036393312.9011.2912.2212.0011.11
Order 4. Diseases of respiratory system56541698112.7912.9312.8512.6110.50
Order 5. Diseases of digestive system3342806147.568.718.057.898.47
Order 6. Diseases of lymphatic system1517320.340.530.420.410.32
Order 7. Diseases of urinary system192922844.352.863.723.653.76
Order 8. Diseases of reproductive system,—        
        (a.) Of organs of generation...2727...0.840.350.350.33
        (b.) Of parturition...7070...2.180.920.890.67
Order 9. Diseases of locomotive system1710270.380.310.350.350.21
Order 10. Diseases of integumentary system710170.150.310.220.220.18
                Total Class VI.2,1921,6103,80849.6150.2549.8848.9545.63
Class VII. Violence,—
Order 1. Accident or negligence3921024948.873.176.476.356.50
Order 2. Homicide3580.070.160.110.100.14
Order 3. Suicide6613791.500.401.041.020.89
Order 4. Execution1...10.02...0.01......
                Total Class VII46212058216.463.737.637.487.53
Class VIII. Ill-defined and not-specified causes1751263013.963.923.913.873.76
                Grand totals4,4183,2167,634100.00100.00100.0098.1394.29

The next table shows, for either sex, the number of deaths from each cause registered during the year 1901:—

CAUSES OF DEATH.
Class.Causes of Death.Males.FemalesTotal.
Orders and Diseases.
1.—SPECIFIC FEBRILE OR ZYMOTIC DISEASES.    ORDER 1.—Miasmatic.
Small-pox.........
Chicken-pox1 1
Measles426
Epidemic rose-rash, rubeola 11
Scarlet fever, scarlatina71017
Typhus.........
Dengue.........
Relapsing fever.........
Influenza119100219
Whooping-cough279
Mumps.........
Diphtheria251944
Cerebro-spinal fever.........
Simple and ill-defined fever.........
Enteric fever, typhoid583795
Other miasmatic diseases.........
        Total Order 1216176392
    ORDER 2.—Diarrhœal.
Simple cholera6511
Diarrhœa5764121
Dysentery527
        Total Order 26871139
    ORDER 3.—Malarial.
Remittent fever.........
Ague.........
Beriberi.........
        Total Order 3.........
    ORDER 4.—Zoogenous.
Hydrophobia.........
Glanders.........
Splenic fever.........
Cow-pox and other effects of vaccination.........
        Total Order 4.........
    ORDER 5.—Venereal.
Syphilis11516
Gonorrhœa, stricture of urethra, ulcer of groin2 2
        Total Order 513518
    ORDER 6.—Septic.
Phagedæna1 1
Erysipelas156
Pyæmia, septicæmia201333
Puerperal fever, pyæmia, septicæmia 2020
        Total Order 6223860
Total Class I.319290609
II.—PARASITIC DISEASES. .........
Thrush2 2
Other diseases from vegetable parasites.........
Hydatid disease8816
Worms 11
Other diseases from animal parasites.........
Total Class II.10919
III.—DIETETIC DISEASES. .........
Starvation5 5
Want of breast-milk639
Scurvy.........
Intemperance—.........
Chronic alcoholism25631
Delirium tremens11112
Other dietetic diseases8311
Total Class III.551368
III.—CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. .........
Rheumatic fever191332
Rheumatism8614
Gout1 1
Rickets235
Cancer265250515
Tabes mesenterica, tubercular peritonitis242852
Tubercular meningitis, acute hydrocephalus332861
Phthisis304292596
Other forms of tuberculosis, scrofula402666
Purpura, hæmorrhagie diathesis5 5
Anæmia, chlorosis, leucocythæmia271340
Diabetes mellitus373168
Other constitutional diseases5510
Total Class IV.7706951,465
V.—DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES. .........
Premature birth153111264
Atelectasis9413
Cyanosis7815
Spina bifida4610
Imperforate anus112
Cleft palate, hare-lip134
Other congenital defects71219
Old age253202455
Total Class V.435347782
VI.—LOCAL DISEASES .........
    ORDER 1.—Diseases of Nervous System.
Inflammation of the brain or its membranes5549104
Cerebro-spinal meningitis91322
Apoplexy15096252
Softening of brain141024
Hemiplegia, brain paralysis241741
    ORDER 1.—Diseases of Nervous System—contd.
Paralysis (undescribed)533588
Paralysis agitans.........
Insanity, general paralysis of insane301040
Chorea112
Epilepsy221335
Convulsions6249111
Laryngismus stridulus.........
Idiopathic tetanus3 3
Paraplegia, diseases of spinal cord14822
Locomotor ataxia718
Other diseases of nervous system402868
        Total Order 1490330820
    ORDER 2.—Diseases of Organs of Special Sense.
Otitis, otorrhœa2 2
Epistaxis, and diseases of nose 11
Ophthalmia, and diseases of eye.........
        Total Order 2213
    ORDER 3.—Diseases of Circulatory System.
Endocarditis, valvular disease386251637
Pericarditis516
Hypertrophy of heart213
Fatty degeneration of heart392261
Angina pectoris121325
Syncope8346129
Aneurism17118
Senile gangrene9514
Embolism, thrombosis122335
Phlebitis.........
Varicose veins, piles.........
Other diseases of circulatory system5 5
        Total Order 3570363933
    ORDER 4.—Diseases of Respiratory System.
Laryngitis20828
Croup131528
Other diseases of larynx and trachea 11
Asthma, emphysema171128
Bronchitis188155343
Pneumonia249189438
Pleurisy321648
Other diseases of respiratory system462167
        Total Order 4565416981
    ORDER 5.—Diseases of Digestive System.
Stomatitis, cancrum oris426
Dentition141226
Sore throat, quinsy729
Dyspepsia5510
Hæmatemesis112
Melæna 33
Diseases of stomach, gastritis544296
Enteritis8776163
Uation, perforation, of intestine5712
Deus, obstruction of intestine212445
Stricture or strangulation of intestine134
Intussusception of intestine9615
Hernia6612
Fistula1 1
Peritonitis283159
Ascites123
Gall-stones3912
Cirrhosis of liver321547
Other diseases of liver, hepatitis, jaundice311849
Other diseases of digestive system241640
        Total Order 5334280614
    ORDER 6.—Diseases of Lymphatic System and Ductless Glands.
Diseases of lymphatic system527
Diseases of spleen1 1
Bronchocele41115
Addison's disease549
        Total Order 6151732
    ORDER 7.—Diseases of Urinary System.
Acute nephritis261238
Bright's disease9054144
Uræmia81119
Suppression of urine1 1
Calculus224
Hæmaturia2 2
Diseases of bladder and prostate46349
Other diseases of urinary system (kidney diseases undescribed)171027
        Total Order 719292284
    ORDER 8.—Diseases of Reproductive System.
(a.) Diseases of organs of generation,—.........
Ovarian disease 55
ORDER 8.—Diseases of Reproductive System—ctd.
(a.) Diseases of organs of generation—ctd..........
Diseases of uterus and vagina 1919
Disorders of menstruation.........
Pelvic abscess 33
Perineal abscess.........
Diseases of tastes, penis, scrotum, &c..........
(b.) Diseases of parturition,—.........
Abortion, miscarriage 1010
Puerperal mania 11
Puerperal metritis 11
Puerperal convulsions 66
Placenta prævia (flooding) 1212
Phlegmasia dolens 11
Other accidents of childbirth 3939
        Total Order 8 9797
    ORDER 9.—Diseases of Organs of Locomotion.
Caries, necrosis6410
Arthritis, ostitis415
Other diseases of organs of locomotion7512
        Total Order 9171027
    ORDER 10.—Diseases of Integumentary System.
Carbuncle213
Phlegmon, cellulitǭs 33
Lupus.........
Ulcer, bed-sore 11
Eczema257
Pemphigus2 2
Other diseases of integumentary system1 1
        Total Order 1071017
Total Class VI.2,1921,6163,808
VII.—VIOLENCE. .........
    ORDER 1.—Accident or Negligence.
Fractures, contusions18315198
Gunshot wounds16117
Cut, stab639
Burn, scald233154
Sunstroke1 1
Poison369
Drowning12121142
Suffocation15924
Otherwise241640
        Total Order 1392102494
    ORDER 2.—Homicide.
Murder, manslaughter358
Wounds in battle.........
        Total Order 2358
    ORDER 3.—Suicide.
Gunshot wounds19 19
Cut, stab17 17
Poison6612
Drowning437
Hanging16218
Otherwise426
        Total Order 3661379
ORDER 4.—Execution.
Hanging1 1
Total Class VII.462120582
VIII.—ILL-DEFINED AND NOT-SPECIFIED CAUSES. .........
Dropsy325
Marasmus, &c.159118277
Mortification, gangrene.........
Tumour213
Abscess145
Hæmorrhage1 1
Sudden (cause unascertained)9110
Other ill-defined and not-specified causes.........
Total Class VIII.175126301
General totals4,4183,2167,634

Mortality from Zymotic and Febrile Diseases.

The deaths in 1901 from specific febrile or zymotic diseases amounted to 609, a proportion of 7.83 in every 10,000 persons living, and a decrease of 96 on the number of deaths in 1900, when the proportion was 9.23. A reduced mortality from measles, diphtheria, whooping-cough, and diarrhœal diseases were the main causes of the decreased death-rate in this class.

The following are the diseases in this class that have caused the greatest mortality during the past ten years:—

Diseases.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Measles..52514..115613796
Scarlet fever and scarlatina415..422..1017
Diphtheria1951289276744945586344
Whooping-cough115551901502426123909
Influenza14410623312589120219135181219
Diarrhœal diseases329193207232334257275298199139
Enteric or typhoid fever1349711594124106120936895
Puerperal fever29243832101819152420

Measles, which was epidemic in 1893, caused only 16 deaths in the four succeeding years; but in 1898 the mortality rose to 56 and in 1899 to 137 deaths, falling again to 9 deaths in 1900, and to 6 deaths in 1901. From scarlatina there were 17 deaths last year. The mortality from diphtheria rose from 45 deaths in 1898 to 58 in 1899, and 63 in 1900, and fell to 44 deaths in 1901.

Whooping-cough in 1894 destroyed 190 lives, and 150 in 1895, but was in 1896, 1897, and 1898 much less fatal. In 1899 the mortality sprang up again to a total of 123 deaths, against 90 in 1900, and 9 in 1901. In 1891 there were 242 deaths from this cause.

Influenza, the deaths from which were 89 in 1896, 120 in 1897, and 219 in 1898, caused 135 deaths in 1899, 181 in 1900, and 219 in 1901.

From diarrhœal complaints the deaths in 1901 were 139, against 199 in 1900, or 159 less than in 1899; while in 1896 the mortality reached the height of 334 deaths, and in 1889 was even higher (355), with a much smaller population than in 1901. Influenza is the most fatal of the order “zymotic and febrile” (219 deaths), diarrhœal diseases coming second for the year 1901, enteric fever third, and diphtheria fourth.

Enteric or typhoid fever was more fatal in 1901 than in 1900, the figures being 95 deaths, against 68 for the former year. The highest mortality during the decennium was in 1892, when the deaths numbered 134 for the colony.

Bubonic Plague Prevention.

The year 1900 saw the outbreak of the disease known as the bubonic plague in Sydney and other parts of Australia. In that year there was one death from plague in New Zealand, which occurred at Auckland, but none happened in the year 1901. The Public Health Department is taking every possible precaution.

Vaccination.

From small-pox there were no deaths in 1901. The vaccinations registered for the last ten years are as under:—

   Proportion of Successful Vaccinations of
Year.Total Vaccinations registered.Number of Births registered.Children under 1 Year of Age to Total Births. Per Cent.Children under 14 Years of Age to Total Births. Per Cent.
19013.76820,4919.6818.39
19004,52519,54616.1223.15
18995,13318,83517.9427.25
189810,34918,95529.0554.60
189712,44018,73332.8966.41
189611,91718,61230.7864.03
18958,52318,54631.7244.34
18949,32218,52832.4250.31
18937,41218,18728.0940.75
18928,21617,87632.4145.96

The number of successful vaccinations registered in 1901 was only 3,768, against 4,525 in 1900, 5.133 in 1899 and 10,349 in 1898. The fall is consequent on the alteration of the law relative to vaccination in England, and subsequently in this colony.

One child in every ten born in 1901 is shown to have been successfully vaccinated in that year. The procedure under the new law as regards vaccination is similar to that previously in force. The Registrar issues a notice when a birth is registered, with forms for certificate as to the result of vaccination attached. Vaccination is still compulsory, if exemption is not secured in four months from date of birth. But everything is now subject to the provisions of the “exemption clause,” which is the main feature, and governs the rest. Any parent or custodian who has conscientious objections—believing that vaccination would be injurious to the child's health—can apply for a certificate of exemption to a Magistrate or Registrar of Births.

Two thousand five hundred and fifteen exemption certificates were issued from the 13th October, 1900, when the Act came into force, to the end of the year 1901.

When no exemption certificate is obtained, the law now allows twelve months instead of six from date of birth in which to vaccinate to the parent, and a similar period from date of taking charge of child in case of a custodian. There are penalties for not vaccinating as before. One conviction for neglecting to vaccinate a child removes liability until the child is four years of age.

The main features of the new English law include a system of domiciliary visitation by public vaccinators, in substitution for that requiring children to be taken to vaccination stations, and exemption of parents and others from any penalty for not vaccinating children on production to the proper officer of a magistrate's certificate to the effect that he is satisfied as to the conscientious objections raised. Vaccination with glycerinated calf lymph, or other lymph issued by Local Government Boards is offered by the Government. The Act continues in force until the beginning of the year 1904.

Parasitic Diseases.

There were 19 deaths from parasitic diseases, the proportion per 10,000 living being 0.24. Deaths from hydatids numbered 16 in 1901.

Dietetic Diseases.

Under the class “Dietetic Diseases” are included 43 deaths from intemperance. But these cannot be said to represent the full extent of the mortality really caused by the abuse of alcoholic liquors. Many deaths of intemperate persons are attributed to disease of the liver, kidneys, &c., in the medical certificates.

Constitutional Diseases: Phthisis, Cancer, etc.

The deaths from constitutional diseases in 1901 numbered 1,465, or 18.83 per 10,000 of population, and 19 out of every 100 deaths from all causes. This class of disease is more fatal than any other except that defined as “Local diseases,” on account of the great numbers of deaths from cancer and phthisis, with other tubercular complaints, which are classed as “Constitutional.”

From phthisis there are more deaths than from any other cause. The number of deaths was 596 in 1901. The deaths in 1901 were in the proportion of 7.66 in every 10,000 persons living, against 7.56 in the previous year.

Figures for ten years are quoted, showing that the total number of deaths from this disease for 1898 was the highest recorded during the decennium, though the rate had been slightly higher in some of the previous years.

Year.Deaths from Phthisis.Rate per 10,000.
18925248.16
18935458.24
18945768.48
18955537.99
18965237.40
18975968.26
18985978.11
18995937.91
19005777.56
19015967.66

In Australasia the rate is materially increased by the deaths of persons who have come out either already suffering from phthisis or predisposed thereto. There is no reason for believing that this circumstance has more effect on the death-rate in Australia than in New Zealand; so that the lower rate referred to in previous issues of this work as obtaining in this colony may be taken as proof of the superiority of its climate for withstanding consumptive tendencies.

The death-rate of England and Wales from phthisis, though declining, is far higher than that of New Zealand. In 1899 it stood at 13.36 per 10,000.

Phthisis is now known to be and is treated as an infectious preventable disease caused by the bacillus tuberculosis, which is communicable in many ways. Certain constitutions are far more predisposed than others to receive this bacillus, especially under conditions of life unfavourable to robust health, when a nidus is formed for the development of the bacillus.

From other forms of tuberculosis the deaths in 1901 were 179, or 2.30 per 10,000 of population. Thus a large addition has to be made to the deaths from phthisis to appreciate the full mischief done by tubercular disease.

Deaths from all Tubercular Diseases.

The mortality from all forms of tubercular disease, taken together, has been at the average rate of about 10 1/2 persons per 10,000 living for the last ten years. This rate is far lower than that which obtained in England during the year 1897, when the proportion was 19.30 per 10,000 living.

A table is supplied showing the results for each of ten years in New Zealand. Besides the death-rate from tubercular diseases, it also shows the percentage of deaths by tubercle to those from all causes, which was from 10 to 11 1/2 per cent. for the decennial period 1892-1901.

DECENNIAL TABLE, 1892-1901, SHOWING THE DEATH RATE FROM TUBERCLE PER 10,000 LIVING AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS.
Year.Mean Population.Number of Deaths from Tubercular Diseases.Rate per 10,000.Percentage of Total Deaths from all Causes.
1892642,24570010.9010.84
1893661,34972911.0210.77
1894679,19675211.0710.87
1895692,41776110.9911.09
1896706,8466809.6210.57
1897721,60976310.5711.57
1898736,26076910.4410.62
1899749,98479510.6010.35
1900763,5947529.8510.44
1901777,9687759.9610.15

DECENNIAL TABLE, 1892-1901.—Deaths from various Tubercular Diseases registered in New Zealand, specifying the Number under and over Five Years of Age.

Persons.

Year.Tabes Mesenterica, Tubercular Peritonitis.Tubercular Meningitis, Acute HydrocephalusPhthisis.Other Forms of Tuberculosis, Scrofula.Total Deaths from Tuberculosis.Total All Ages.
Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.
18924718333285161630104596700
1893351433398537214297632729
1894361333307569164892660752
18954715253755482856105656761
1896361130285518193390590680
189735933327589134588675763
18983712373810587113795674769
18994319324010583125697698795
1900202024551356494766686752
19013022303110586145284691775

It will be seen that the term “tubercular diseases” includes “phthisis,” “tabes mesenterica,” “tubercular peritonitis,” “tubercular meningitis,” “acute hydrocephalus,” with other forms of tuberculosis (scrofula, &c.). Of these the mortality from phthisis forms by far the greatest part of the whole. Thus, in 1901, there were 596 deaths from phthisis out of a total of 775 deaths from all tubercular complaints. Of 596 deaths by phthisis, only 10 were of persons under five years of age.

Examination of the next table, giving the full series of ages of persons who died from tubercular disease during the year 1901, shows that of 52 deaths from tabes mesenterica, with tubercular peritonitis, 30 were of children under 5 years. Also, that of 61 deaths from tubercular meningitis, with acute hydrocephalus, 30 were of persons under 5 years, and 21 from 5 to 20 years. Under “other forms of tuberculosis” (excepting phthisis) the greater numbers of deaths are at the earlier ages.

The mortality from phthisis is heaviest at 20-30 years, being 196 deaths out of 596 of all ages; but large numbers are found in the columns as far as that for the advanced term of 65 to 70 years, at which the deaths for 1901 were 18.

TABLE showing the Number of Deaths from Tubercular Diseases registered in New Zealand during the Year 1901, arranged in Groups of Ages.

Persons.

Under 1 Year.Under 5 Years.5 to 10.10 to 15.15 to 20.20 to 25.25 to 30.30 to 35.35 to 40.40 to 45.45 to 50.50 to 55.55 to 60.60 to 65.65 to 70.70 to 75.75 to 80.80 and upwards.Total, 5 Years and over.All Ages.
Tabes Mesenterica, Tubercular Peritonitis2630237421 2 1      2252
Tubercular Meningitis, Acute Hydrocephalus9301254333..................1.........3161
Phthisis4105859110866863373631312218462586596
Other forms of Tuberculosis, Scrofula914127171132...23211.........5266
Totals48842018771341027565393835332320462691775

To show the mortality from tuberculosis in various parts of the colony, a table giving the deaths in the various provincial districts is added, which, however, only shows that the mortality is distributed very much according to population. The deaths in the North Island are, however, found to be 29 fewer than those for the South Island, or 373 deaths and 402 deaths for those divisions respectively:—

TABLE showing the Number of Deaths from Tubercular Disease registered in each Provincial District of New Zealand during the Year 1901.

Provincial District.Tabes Mesenterica, Tubercular Peritonitis.Tubercular Meningitis, Acute Hydrocephalus.Phthisis.Other Forms of Tuberculosis, ScrofulaTotal Deaths from Tuberculosis.
Auckland121112510158
Taranaki1521128
Hawke's Bay5326741
Wellington101210915146
Marlborough1...4...5
Nelson3327134
Westland......11...11
Canterbury6911314142
Otago141816018210
Totals526159666775

Eight deaths from “Nelson” have not been included in the comparative table for ten years. All these were deaths of adult persons.

The report of the Royal Commission, presented to the Imperial Parliament and dated 4th April, 1898, states that inquiry was made as to what administrative procedures are available and desirable for controlling the danger to man through using as food the meat and milk of tuberculous animals. Nothing was adduced to raise any doubt as to the accuracy of the opinion expressed at a previous Commission in 1895, that tubercular disease in bovine and other animals is identical with that in the human subject, and communicable from one to the other, nor doubt that any person who takes tuberculous matter into the body as food incurs risk of acquiring tuberculous disease. But the conclusion arrived at was that there has been a tendency to exaggerate the extent of the risk arising from meat. Dealing with the question of milk-supply, the Commissioners say:—

Whatever degree of danger may be incurred by the consumption of the flesh of tuberculous animals, there can be little doubt that the corresponding danger in resect of milk-supply is a far greater one. On this point the opinion of the previous Royal Commission on tuberculosis was emphatic: “No doubt the largest part of the tuberculosis which man obtains through his food is by means of milk containing tuberculous matter.” In Great Britain and Ireland meat, as a rule, is cooked before it is eaten to an extent which goes largely to destroy infective matter. Milk, on the other hand, is largely consumed in a raw state, especially by children, and there exists a general distaste for cooked milk as a beverage. Amongst most continental nations the practice is to some extent the opposite of this, and large quantities of meat, especially in the various forms of sausages, are consumed absolutely raw, while the greater proportion of the milk is cooked before consumption. It has been proved over and over again that milk from tuberculous udders, and even milk which has been purposely contaminated with tuberculous matter, can be rendered perfectly harmless by being boiled for one minute—a method of sterilisation which we agree with the former Commission in preferring for general application to any of the other plans which have been employed. We have already explained how unsatisfactory is the system of meat inspection in this country; but as regards milk, in relation to tuberculosis, inspection is still more so; indeed, it may be said not to exist. Even local authorities, who exert themselves to prevent the sale of tuberculous meat, are without sufficient powers to prevent the sale within their districts of milk drawn from diseased cows.

Legislative action has been recommended to safeguard the life and health of the people from tubercle; and the complete isolation of consumptive patients, with the disinfecting of their sputa, and of everything that has been in contact with them, is suggested from time to time as a necessary measure.

Cancer.

The deaths from cancer during the year 1901 were 515. There were more deaths of males than of females, the numbers being, males 265, females, 250. The rate of mortality per 10,000 living was 6.62. The apparent increase in deaths from this disease is shown further on and compared with that of England. But the increase is not believed by all authorities to be a fact to the extent represented, but partly the result of more careful certification of the causes of death, and of improved diagnosis in cases of what is termed inaccessible cancer.

It is certain, however, that out of a total of 7,634 deaths from all causes in New Zealand during 1901, 515, or 6.75 per cent., were caused by cancer.

The death-rate from cancer is not so great as that from tubercular diseases, but is nevertheless a most alarming matter, not only on account of the number of deaths, but because of its progressive increase.

A decennial table shows that the deaths per 10,000 persons living rose from 4.78 in 1892 to 6.62 in 1901; and that whereas 4.75 out of every 100 deaths were attributable to cancer ten years ago, the proportion had grown to 6.75 last year.

TABLE showing for each of the Ten Years, 1892 to 1901, the Number of Persons registered as having Died from Cancer, the Proportion of Deaths from Cancer per 10,000 Living, and the Percentage of all Deaths attributed to Cancer.

Year.Estimated Mean Population.Deaths from Cancer.Total Deaths all Causes.Deaths from Cancer per 10,000.Percentage of Total Deaths due to Cancer.
1892642,2453076,4594.784.75
1893661,3493326,7675.024.91
1894679,1964086.9186.015.90
1895692,4173836,8635.535.58
1896706,8463896,4325.506.05
1897721,6093956,5955.475.99
1898736,2604717,2446.406.50
1899749,9844687,6806.246.09
1900763,5944307,2005.635.97
1901777,9685157,6346.626.75

To exhibit how cancer affects the different parts of the human body in respect of each sex, the experience of three years (1899, 1900, and 1901) is shown in a succeeding table. Of any single organ affected, the stomach is the one most liable to be the seat of cancer among males, although with this sex the disease is apparently to about the same extent located in the mouth, lips, tongue, and throat, taking these parts all together. Next to the stomach, the liver is with males the part which is most often attacked, to judge by mortality records, and next in order come the intestines and rectum. Afterwards, but at a considerable distance, follow the kidneys, bladder, and urethra.

Amongst the females, the organs of generation, ovaries, uterus, and vagina, as a group, show by far most cases of mortality from cancer; but, as with the males, the stomach is, of any single organ, the one most affected, the liver coming next, then the breast, and then the intestines and rectum. Females do not contract cancer in the mouth (judging by the returns of deaths), tongue, lips, and throat, to nearly the same extent as prevails among males. Whatever may be the cause, the figures are remarkable, being only 5 out of every 100 deaths from cancer among females, against 28 out of every 100 of males dying from the same cause, or, expressed in numbers, 29 deaths of females occurred against 193 of males, from cancer in the mouth, &c., in a three years' experience of mortality.

Deaths from Cancer, 1899, 1900, and 1901.

TABLE showing the Number of Deaths of Males and Females from Cancer during the Years 1899, 1900, and 1901, classified according to the Part of the Body affected.

Part Affected.1899.1900.1901.
Number of Deaths.Proportion of Specified.Number of Deaths.Proportion of Specified.Number of Deaths.Proportion of Specified.
Males.
  Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent.
Mouth, lip, tongue, throat, neck, &c.6527.436831.786024.69
Stomach8736.718037.389739.92
Intestines, rectum208.442612.153213.17
Liver4016.882511.683715.23
Kidneys, bladder, urethra, &c.177.1794.21135.35
Leg, foot, &c.62.5341.87....
Lung20.8420.9341.64
 237100.00214100.00243100.00
Not specified34..32..22..
        Totals271..246..265..
Females.
Mouth, tongue, throat, &c.179.7163.7362.77
Breast2011.431710.563817.51
Stomach4022.862817.396128.11
Intestines, rectum148.002113.04198.76
Kidneys, bladder42.2953.1120.92
Ovary, uterus, vagina5028.575433.545525.35
Liver2514.292515.532913.36
Gall-bladder, spleen, pancreas31.7121.2420.92
Lung, spine, thigh, shoulder21.1431.8652.30
 175100.00161100.00217100.00
Not specified22..23..33..
        Totals197..184..250..

Considering the numbers of persons dying at the different age periods, the following table of ten years' results shows the age of 30 years to be the time of life at which deaths from cancer begin to be numerous (it is really 35 for males and 30 for females). The maximum of deaths is reached at the period 60 to 65 for males, and 55 to 60 for females. These remarks are given without reference to the numbers of persons living at the various ages.

Deaths from cancer, it will be observed, are very rare among children under 5 years, and not frequent in those above that age.

TABLE showing the Number of Persons (Males and Females) at Different Ages registered as having Died from Cancer in New Zealand during the Ten Years, 1892 to 1901.
Year.Under 1 Year.Total under 1 Year.1 to 2.2 to 3.3 to 4.4 to 5.Total under 5 Years.5 to 10.10 to 15.15 to 20.20 to 25.25 to 30.30 to 35.35 to 40.40 to 45.45 to 50.50 to 55.55 to 60.60 to 65.65 to 70.70 to 75.75 to 80.80 and upwards.Total 5 Years and overAll Ages.
Under 1 Month.1 to 3 Months.3 to 6 Months.6 to 12 Months.
1892       2 22123371519275253454021114305307
1898       21313 316922326154573625136329332
1894       1 11 315111527416473713826247407408
1895          2  3161125476164633837196383383
1896        222112561421365974674929147387389
1897 1  1 1 13 211 71022414271744935298392395
1898       2 21225581736474777796935309469471
1899       1 133 14615214248826487452719467468
1900 1  1  1 2  62267164035757859513120428430
1901  1 1    12 455820315360658074633311514515

The numbers of deaths of persons from cancer in each provincial district are given in another table, according to age groups, but the result merely shows the disease to be one found everywhere throughout the colony. At least there is no sufficient evidence of climatic conditions affecting the mortality to a great extent in any particular part of the country.

TABLE showing the Number of Deaths from Cancer at Various Ages Registered in each Provincial District of the Colony of New Zealand during the Year 1901.
Provincial Districts.Ages.
Under 5.5 to 20.20 to 25.25 to 30.30 to 35.35 to 40.40 to 45.45 to 50.50 to 55.55 to 60.60 to 65.65 to 70.70 to 75.75 to 80.80 and upwards.Total.
Auckland1.........15418151281295292
Taranaki............1213225341...24
Hawke's Bay......11...11...122411116
Wellington.........13488710171274283
Marlborough.....................1...1......23...7
Nelson...2......1111263755...34
Westland..................13315652...26
Canterbury...1...2...47513102310118498
Otago...34123814172117201942135
                Totals1655820315360658074633311515

The increase since 1881 is well exhibited in respect of each sex, and in regard to the higher ages, which are the periods at which the most cancer deaths occur, by a proportional statement:—

PROPORTIONS OF DEATHS FROM CANCER PER 10,000 MALES AND FEMALES LIVING AT THREE AGE-PERIODS.
 40 to 50.50 to 60.60 to 70.
Year.Males.Females.Males.Females.Males.Females.
18815.589.8011.1022.5722.8643.78
18989.0716.5921.6426.0955.2147.44

The death-rates for cancer in respect of each sex are given for each of seven years, selected to show the position as from 1886 to 1901:—

DEATHS FROM CANCER IN EVERY 10,000 PERSONS OF EACH SEX LIVING IN NEW ZEALAND.
Year.Males.Females.
18863.693.67
18904.724.79
18946.655.27
18986.775.98
18996.855.56
19006.125.09
19016.486.77

Up till 1901 the mortality was higher among the males than among the females, which is the reverse of English experience, where the rate was 6.72 per 10,000 of males and 9.77 of females, for the year 1899. In the United Kingdom, however, the rate of increase is so much higher among males than with females that the Registrar General calculates equilibrium will be reached in about the year 1932, and thereafter the rate among males would exceed the rate among females. The English rate for 1899 is the highest recorded there for each of the two sexes.

The increase in the numbers for the sexes together for England and New Zealand is represented in the proportions below:—

DEATHS FROM CANCER IN EVERY 10,000 PERSONS LIVING.
Year.New Zealand.England.
18812.695.20
18863.685.90
18914.686.92
18965.507.64
18996.248.29

The actual number of deaths of persons of either sex and all ages registered in New Zealand during the last eleven years was:—

 Males.Females.Totals.
1891154141295
1892173134307
1893188144332
1894240168408
1895208175383
1896205184389
1897210185395
1898263208471
1899271197468
1900246184430
1901265250515
        Totals2,4231,9704,393

Mortality from Developmental Diseases.

The total of deaths from developmental diseases was 782, or 10.05 per 10,000 persons living. The mortality from premature birth comprised 264 deaths, and that from atelectasis, cyanosis, and other congenital defects 63 deaths. The proportion of deaths from premature birth varies from 11 to 14 out of every 1,000 births, and that from congenital defects from 2 to 3 per 1,000 births. Particulars for six years exhibit the annual rates:—

Number and Proportions per 1,000 Births.
 Deaths from Premature Birth.Deaths from Congenital Defects.
Year.No.Proportion per 1,000.No.Proportion per 1,000.
189623012.36462.47
189721111.26522.78
189825113.24542.85
189926113.86472.50
190027614.12552.81
190126412.88633.07

Stating the result in another way, there was one death from premature birth to every 78 births in 1901, and one death from congenital defect to every 325 births. In England the proportion of deaths from premature birth to every 1,000 births was as high as 19.97 in the year 1899.

Old Age.

Deaths from old age in 1901 numbered 455, against 368 in 1900.

Mortality from Local Diseases.

Deaths by diseases of the nervous system were 820, or 10.74 out of every 100 deaths from all causes, and 10.54 out of every 10,000 persons living. Of the 820 deaths, 252 were credited to apoplexy, 111 to convulsions, and 104 to inflammation of the brain and its membranes. Paralysis, including hemiplegia and paralysis of the insane, caused 169 deaths, and locomotor ataxia 8 deaths. Paraplegia, with diseases of the spinal cord, caused 22. Deaths from nervous diseases (excluding convulsions of children) numbered 709, or 9.11 per 10,000 persons living.

Diseases of the circulatory system resulted in 933 deaths, being 12.22 out of every 100 from all causes, and 12.00 per 10,000 persons living. Of the total number in this order, endocarditis and valvular disease of the heart contributed 637 deaths. From angina pectoris there were 25 deaths, from syncope 129, from aneurism, 18; and from other forms of heart disease (hypertrophy, fatty degeneration, and pericarditis) 70.

Diseases of the respiratory system show 981 deaths, of which 781 were attributable to bronchitis and pneumonia. Taken together, these two complaints were the cause of more deaths than was phthisis, and adding 48 from pleurisy, 28 from croup, 28 from laryngitis, and 96 from other respiratory diseases, the mortality in the order is found to be 12.85 per cent. of the total deaths, and 12.61 per 10,000 of the population.

Deaths from diseases of the digestive system also formed a large proportion of the whole (8.05 per cent.), the number being 614. Enteritis was most fatal, showing 163 deaths, gastritis and liver diseases coming next with 96 deaths each.

Of 284 deaths from diseases of the urinary system in 1901, the deaths from Bright's disease of the kidneys (albuminuria) numbered 144.

Violent Deaths.

Deaths by violence form a large item in the total mortality. In 1901 the proportion per 10,000 of persons living was 7.48, the total number of deaths having been 582.

Of 462 males who died violent deaths, 66 were suicides. The deaths of females by violence were far fewer than those of males, amounting to 120, and out of these only 13 committed suicide. A table given previously states the full list of deaths from external or violent causes for the year 1901.

Accidental deaths numbered 494, males 392 and females 102. Of the total male deaths, 183 resulted from fractures or contusions, and 121 from drowning. Of the female deaths, 21 were due to drowning.

Hospitals, Lunatic Asylums, Benevolent Asylums, and Charitable Institutions.

Hospitals.

Prior to the abolition of provinces the hospitals of the colony were supported mainly out of provincial revenues. After that event the expenditure for hospitals was for the most part charged against the revenue of counties and municipal corporations, until October, 1885, when “The Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1885,” came into force.

The portion of the colony included within the three principal islands—the North, Middle, and Stewart Islands—is by the above Act divided into thirty hospital districts, each consisting of one or more counties with the interior boroughs, to be presided over by elective Boards, designated “Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards.”

The revenues of these Boards accrue from the following sources:—

  1. Rents and profits of land and endowments vested in the Board, or set apart for the benefit of particular institutions;

  2. Voluntary contributions;

  3. Grants from contributory local authorities; and

  4. Subsidies from the Consolidated Fund (these being at the rate of 10s. for every £1 of bequests, but in no case exceeding £500 in respect of any one bequest; £1 4s. for every £1 of voluntary contributions; and £1 for every £1 received from any local authority).

The contributory local authorities (being the County and Borough Councils, and Boards of road and town districts where the Counties Act is not in force) are empowered by the Act to raise by special rates the amounts assessed by the Hospital District Boards as their proportionate contributions to the Hospital and Charitable Aid Fund.

The District Boards undertake the general management and control of those hospitals that are not incorporated in terms of the Act, and are required to contribute to the support of the incorporated hospitals. To be incorporated a hospital must have as many as 100 subscribers, contributing not less than £100 annually by amounts of not less than 5s., and must have been declared by the Governor in Council, after receipt by him of a duly signed petition, to be a body politic and corporate, under the government of trustees.

There are 43 hospitals in the colony, of which 22 are incorporated institutions, while 21 are directly managed and controlled by District Boards. In 1901 these hospitals afforded accommodation for 1,139 male and 648 female patients, a total of 1,787. The number of cubic feet of space included within the walls of all the sleeping-wards was 2,529,602, which gave an average of 1,416 cubic feet to each bed. 8,595 males and 4,209 females were admitted as patients during the year 1901, and 764 male and 327 female patients were inmates at the end of the year. The total number of indoor patients during the year was 13,809—viz., 9,301 males and 4,508 females.

Outdoor relief was also given to a very large number of persons; but, as in some of the hospitals no records are kept of the outdoor patients, it is impossible to state the number of distinct persons who received such relief.

The total revenues of the various hospitals as at five different annual periods were:—

1894-95.1897-98.1898-99.1899-1900.1900-1901.
 £££££
Voluntary contributions and bequests7,91511,52111,9919,1887,330
Payments by patients10,22812,72813,06616,50315,998
From Government30,37338,68741,05244,81547,074
From Hospital Boards and local authorities27,75831,52433,86435,00636,812
Rents and other sources5,5225,4295,5235,0976,908
        Totals87,79699,889105,496110,609114,122

Benevolent Asylums and Charitable Institutions.

The various benevolent asylums and charitable institutions are placed on a similar footing to the hospitals. Most of the Boards of hospital districts are also Charitable-aid Boards; but, for the purpose of distributing charitable aid only, some of the hospital districts have been united into larger districts, so that, although there are thirty Boards for hospital purposes, there are only twenty-three for charitable-aid purposes.

Returns were received from nineteen benevolent asylums (not including orphanages), established for the support of indigent persons. The number of inmates in these institutions at the end of 1901 was 1,167, of whom 698 were males and 469 females. Outdoor relief was given by three of these institutions to 1,861 persons (including 1,096 children).

Auckland Sailors' Home.

There is a Sailors' Home at Auckland for the use of seafaring men resident in or visiting the town. The late Edmund Costley having left a large sum for charitable purposes, it was resolved to employ the bequest in building and endowing an institution where sailors might be received without distinction of race or religious belief, and board, lodging, and refreshments provided for them, together with such instruction and amusements as might tend to promote their social comfort and general welfare.

The Home, built in 1887, has room for 35 inmates, who are charged 15s. a week for board and lodging. It is managed by a council of eight members elected by the subscribers to the institution. The late Primate of New Zealand, who first originated the scheme, has been Life President.

Orphan Asylums.

There were in 1901 four orphan asylums in the colony, one maintained by a District Hospital Board, one by the Church of England authorities, and two by clergy of the Roman Catholic Church; three of them receiving, at the charge of the State, orphan, destitute, and other children committed to them by a Stipendiary Magistrate.

Exclusive of the children so committed, 12 male and 25 female orphans were received during the year 1901, and 49 male and 84 female orphans remained as inmates at the end of the year.

Orphanages receiving committed children are, for that purpose, constituted “industrial schools.”

Lunatic Asylums.

There are seven public lunatic asylums in the colony, maintained wholly or in part out of the public revenue. There is also one private asylum, licensed by the Governor for the reception of lunatics.

The amount of sleeping-accommodation provided in each of the public asylums is shown in tabular form, giving separately the number and cubic contents of the sleeping-rooms intended for one person only, and of the dormitories occupied by several inmates conjointly, together with the number of patients actually in the asylums on the 31st December, 1901:—

Sleeping-rooms for One Person only.Dormitories for more than One Person.
Number.Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet.Inmates (Patients) on 31st December, 1901.Number.Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet.Inmates (Patients) on 31st December 1901.
Auckland133119.28013325252,672381
Wellington7772,5097716100,173173
Porirua6863,2176814307,512439
Nelson3832,228381465,112101
Hokitika3123,22331869,30281
Christchurch8060,6518034227,010466
Seacliff176137,73417646283,582468
        Totals603517,8426031571,305,3632,109

At Ashburn Hall, Waikari, there are 66 rooms, each for one person only, with an aggregate cubic content of 64,913 ft. The number of patients on the 31st December, 1901, was 41.

At the end of 1901, 1,634 male and 1,098 female patients (including 20 out on trial) were under the care of the asylum officers of the colony. Of these, 1,536 males and 1,001 females were regarded as incurable, 11 males and 9 females were out on trial, and 87 males and 88 females were supposed to be curable. 188 male and 117 female patients were discharged during the year.

The following shows the proportion of insane—or, rather, of inmates of lunatic asylums and those out on trial—to the population (exclusive in each case of Maoris) at the end of the years stated:—

1884, 1 insane person to every 393 of population.
1886, 1 insane person to every 370 of population.
1888, 1 insane person to every 365 of population.
1890, 1 insane person to every 348 of population.
1892, 1 insane person to every 339 of population.
1894, 1 insane person to every 316 of population.
1896, 1 insane person to every 308 of population.
1898, 1 insane person to every 300 of population.
1899, 1 insane person to every 296 of population.
1900, 1 insane person to every 288 of population.
1901, 1 insane person to every 286 of population.

It must not be overlooked that the proportions are increased by the admission into the asylums of inebriates, idiots, and others, who should not properly be there.

Information as to lunacy, extracted from the results of the census, will be found on pp. 265 and 266.

Deaf, Dumb, and Blind.

Particulars relating to the deaf, dumb, and blind, as ascertained at last census, are referred to on pp. 262 to 265 ante.

Chapter 47. SECTION XIX.—AGRICULTURE.

UNTIL 1895 the agricultural statistics were collected and compiled by the Registrar-General, under authority of “The Census Act, 1877,” annually in the month of February, except in census years, when the collection was made with the enumeration of the people. Under this Act statistics of the acreage in grass and in all kinds of cultivation were taken; and, at the same time, the estimated yields of all the principal crops were obtained from the farmers themselves.

By the Agricultural and Pastoral Statistics Act, passed in 1895, the duty of collecting the returns devolved upon the Department of Agriculture. The plan now adopted under the Act of 1895 is similar to that used in the United Kingdom, the account of land laid down in crop being made up much earlier than formerly, while estimates of produce are made after the results of threshing are known.

Statistics of the land in cultivation were accordingly collected in October, 1901, and an interim return of the compiled results was published in detail in the New Zealand Gazette of the 19th December, 1901, while the corrected acreages under each description of crop were made public on the 6th March following. A summary of the particulars then given is shown in the accompanying tables, with the finally corrected statements of yield of the principal crops; but, in comparing these figures with the results obtained in former years, it must be remembered that, under the new Act, statistics of the acreage and crops of land held and cultivated by Maoris are included; whereas previously information about the farming carried on by Maoris was obtained only when a census of the Native race was taken.

Full remarks on the progress of agriculture in New Zealand, in respect of all its features in detail, are supplied by Mr. Murphy, of Christchurch, in the special article devoted to the subject, which appears as the first of Section II., in .

ACREAGE AND ACTUAL YIELD IN PRINCIPAL CORN-CORPS, 1902.
Provincial Districts.WHEAT.OATS.BARLEY.MAIZE.RYE.
Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.
* Not included in averages.
Auckland1,834222440,5925,28134.11180,15475126.7020,04811,46845.83525,630   
Taranaki60633.0019,9984,50335.00157,60542740.0017,08017740.007,080   
Hawke's Bay72326.2718,9934,07334.80141,74076335.8827,37766650.0038,300   
Wellington5,73829.50169,26121,78537.75822,3831,46235.4051,75418232.005,8241,09025.0027,250
Marlborough1,81030.0054,3001,60933.0053,0975,91432.00189,2481*......   
Nelson1,23226.4832,6224,40437.26164,0963,32434.95116,1859*......   
Westland7*......18*........................   
Canterbury119,53129.712,834,864164,86932.285,321,5899,39630.12282,979.........   
Otago31,98127.39875,959199,38241.158,204,5694,47733.80151,322.........   
        Totals163,46224.764,046,589405,92437.0615,045,23326,51432.28855,99312,50345.77571,8341,09025.0027,250
NUMBER OF ACRES UNDER CULTIVATION IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, 1902.
Provincial DistrictsIn Grass or Clover; sown after land ploughed.In Grass, surface-sown: land not ploughed.In Hay, included in either or both of the previous Columns.In Bare Fallow.In Grain-crops (for threshing only).In Green and other Crops.In GardenIn Orchard or Vineyard.Total in Grass, Crop, and Fallow.In Plantations of Forest-trees.Tussock or Native Grass, and unimproved.
Auckland658,3911,385,62811,76715,97321,76688,1553,96711,6672,185,5479,6853,482,212
Taranaki157,218602,3838,0184605,89015,7351,068882783,6361,292254,795
Hawke's Bay423,5141,388,5996,2471,2106,70024,1481,1181,4361,846,7254,3751,485,644
Wellington285,4002,263,0189,6881,64931,04856,2082,3763,9372,643,6364,0291,196,912
Marlborough88,327267,7521,08666111,82417,869258441387,1321,1401,890,674
Nelson117,665326,2352,91824610,38229,2404772,794487,0391,6211,536,647
Westland7,29948,47028374421,1246110757,17710441,311
Canterbury1,492,942363,98516,0519,440307,647269,3794,5563,1342,451,08321,9264,020,583
Otago1,464,444278,9086,92626,234239,580271,1093,8032,4382,286,5164,6928,021,849
        Totals4,695,2006,924,97862,98455,947634,879772,96717,68426,83613,128,49148,77022,330,627
ACREAGE UNDER SOWN GRASSES, AND CULTIVATION GENERALLY, FOR EACH COUNTY, AS ON THE 15TH OCTOBER, 1901.
Counties.In Sown Grasses, after having been ploughed.In Sown Grasses, not previously ploughed.Land broken up but not under Crop.Total under Crop.In Garden.In Orchard.Plantations of Forest Trees.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Mongonui8,97020,9938811,98611124313
Whangaroa7034,062243829721
Bay of Islands5,44728,52218474414326121
Hokianga62819,496..85012532252
Rodney12,67387,6363631,3651761,20891
Whangarei21,01688,6501962,2561411,289348
Otamatea7,15661,0322075406633036
Hobson1,05757,6847041,042263255256
Waitemata19,62829,4261,3201,2682952,074216
Eden15,5164,554542,6501,002524281
Manukau108,46389,1215,80818,3863851,5251,126
Coromandel3,11712,2952717284977
Thames4,5028,435216945042117
Ohinemuri6,7138,1082361,7372371747
Waikato130,14216,0201,03210,1801155264,500
Raglan14,38976,461793,0749220625
Waipa61,4398,36622312,203141604799
Piako121,04956,9972,63522,2501072791,154
Kawhia and West Taupo13,93054,5764813,61138124222
East Taupo and Rotorua4,2616,9343918444568146
Tauranga27,09918,2734128,067120399148
Whakatane6,0367,5633593,1268455
Opotiki11,38710,1502993,928461019
Waiapu19,653158,072..1,812316916
Cook33,417452,202596,698117451189
Wairoa24,168271,675342,678123155188
Hawke's Bay208,792383,14341016,0876337751,764
Patangata81,278360,876113,405113128828
Waipawa109,276372,9057558,6782493781,595
Clifton11,97346,528401,961979712
Taranaki53,662144,0761616,281450400398
Stratford1,600150,308111,236534438
Hawera47,114146,792627,177329143266
Patea42,869114,1791864,970139198578
Waitotara28,64477,9632043,111152233184
Wanganui17,140169,343873,758166294218
Rangitikei61,271226,33117514,751190399967
Oroua17,369160,70014212,712298864476
Kiwitea2,251141,322582,3812818734
Pohangina27079,68814491451643
Manawatu46,61551,43262712,91870168391
Horowhenua4,43598,01993,069140305108
Hutt7,961167,744261,839590334194
Wairarapa South64,544379,76610018,447230320814
Masterton29,197290,10716611,637180245380
Castlepoint3,98683,941..3521825120
Akitio528107,193..122743830
Pahiatua730135,781301,11113024968
Eketahuna44457,544737648737
Mauriceville1536,144418117395
Marlborough55,749131,66657425,5581632881,068
Sounds2,93196,207521,1916812124
Kaikoura29,64739,879352,944273248
Collingwood2,94335,647141,156162797
Waimea29,830164,29018621,2882722,202238
Buller7917,047..13458146..
Inangahua4,65927,724..8888752
Amuri55,36389,416458,60750371,072
Cheviot24,0792,11117,5497355302
Westland4,75928,3185280437574
Grey2,54020,1522236224506
Ashley257,527130,8501,32581,9616854732,327
Selwyn310,42722,1521,779133,5811,8461,2595,816
Akaroa26,736155,228..3,302116376375
Ashburton421,48819,7871,581161,4446533549,775
Geraldine129,45811,86568057,5442452391,340
Levels86,3192,80445541,9923802531,007
Waimate205,38617,3273,37680,459570143662
Mackenzie55,6013,97224416,7436137624
Waitaki199,89028,3482,37264,8784042751,149
Waihemo34,5254,2834609,5868768144
Waikouaiti21,51551,282926,793118119102
Peninsula3,27911,90151,5542524260
Taieri79,96715,4291,26326,010657381521
Bruce102,2737,07538338,82415572330
Clutha177,32330,26199651,995347173497
Tuapeka102,50122,6601,23633,882157340153
Maniototo44,46310,66888218,21420615330
Vincent21,3841,8203,14012,35012420476
Lake10,7775,3753,68311,00013294157
Southland513,35850,78410,355180,737900554904
Wallace and Fiord153,10838,6781,36754,85725496266
Stewart Island81344..91053
Total4,695,2006,924,97855,9471,407,84617,68426,83648,770

The extent of land in cultivation (including sown grasses and land broken up but not under crop) amounted to 13,128,491 acres, Of this area, land under artificial grasses comprised 88.51 per cent.; land under grain-crops, 4.83 per cent.; land under root and green crops, 5.89 per cent.; land in garden and orchard, 0.34 per cent.; and land in fallow, 0.43 per cent. Full details for the last fifteen years are tabulated.

NUMBER OF ACRES IN GRASS, UNDER EACH CLASS OF CROP, AND IN BARE FALLOW, 1888 TO 1902.
YearIn Grass or Clover, sown after land ploughed.In Grass or Clover, surface-sown: land not ploughed.In Hay, included in either or both of the previous Columns.In Bare Fallow.In Grain-crops (for threshing only).In Green and other Crops.In Garden.In Orchard or Vineyard.Total in Grass. Crop, Fallow, Garden, and Orchard.In Plantations of Forest-trees.
18882,884,0073,053,05267,812154,266738,603454,8248,60816,3297,309,68928,565
18892,941,8883,337,42350,656142,747793,866454,2438,56115,2467,693,97433,938
18903,027,9123,497,13745,889149,979826,505513,8938,56815,7718,039,76528,928
18913,250,5433,715,67544,045210,509703,329582,4399,81017,0478,489,35235,310
18923,327,7554,076,12646,652140,454769,778579,1129,60819,6278,922,46038,723
18933,611,3934,650,65261,811154,254753,091544,3559,76820,0859,743,59340,401
18943,865,3484,833,54960,740142,342669,850551,9629,95121,10910,094,11139,826
18953,908,5814,921,13656,614140,494560,179597,68610,26321,40110,159,74055,386
18964,254,9835,030,24796,81858,039674,850680,75017,74919,36210,735,98043,246
18974,308,7205,733,138109,46657,158688,297762,76216,92422,29111,589,29047,630
18984,123,3045,743,24567,86560,792727,038790,18416,17722,38711,483,12752,546
18994,065,8606,178,87975,62051,164892,468796,23516,93022,98312,024,51947,216
19004,337,5946,515,70868,23478,751745,685796,77316,89024,40112,515,80248,942
19014,425,7386,656,17468,02367,747721,325765,05117,41125,77712,679,22349,394
19024,695,2006,924,97862,98455,947634,879772,96717,68426,83613,128,49148,770

Wheat.

The wheat harvest of 1902 showed an average yield of 24.76 bushels per acre, the crop realised being 4,046,589 bushels, against 6,527,154 bushels in 1901, 8,581,898 bushels in 1900, 13,073,416 bushels in 1899, 5,670,017 bushels in 1898, 5,926,523 bushels in 1897, 6,843,768 bushels in 1896, 3,613,037 bushels in 1895, 4,891,695 bushels in 1894, 8,378,217 bushels in 1893, and 10,257,738 bushels in 1892.

The quantity of wheat of last season's harvest held by farmers in October, 1901, as shown by the gazetted figures, was 3,182,007 bushels, an amount which excludes stocks of grain and flour held by merchants and millers. The total amount of wheat exported during the year 1901 was 2,301,092 bushels, while the imports were only 1,662 bushels, most probably for seeding purposes.

The imports of flour during 1901 were 615 centals (30 3/4 tons), and the exports 1,305 tons.

The area under wheat for threshing decreased from 206,465 acres in 1901 to 163,462 acres in 1902; and this decrease of 43,003 acres was shared by all the provincial districts. In addition to the area cut for threshing, 454 acres were cut for chaff, and 14 acres for ensilage, while 3,544 acres were fed down with stock, so that the total area sown in wheat was 167,474 acres.

Of the 163,462 acres in wheat (for threshing) this year, no less than 119,531 acres were in Canterbury, and 31,981 acres in Otago.

The area under wheat for grain, the estimated gross produce in bushels, and the average yield per acre for each of the last twelve years were:-

Year.Land under Wheat.Estimated Gross Produce.Average Yield per Acre.
 Acres.Bushels.Bushels
1891301,4605,723,61018.99
1892402,27310,257,73825.50
1893381,2458,378,21721.98
1894242,7374,891,69520.15
1895148,5753,613,03724.32
1896245,4416,843,76827.88
1897258,6085,926,52322.92
1898315,8015,670,01717.95
1899399,03413,073,41632.76
1900269,7498,581,89831.81
1901206,4656,527,15431.61
1902163,4624,046,58924.76

The following gives the area in wheat and the estimated produce, for the Australian States, for the season of 1901:-

State.Wheat-crop.
 Acres.Bushels.Bushels per Acre.
Queensland79,3041,194,08815.06
New South Wales1,530,60916,173,77110.57
Victoria2,017,32117,847,3218.88
South Australia1,913,24711,253,1485.88
Western Australia74,130774,17610.44
Tasmania51,8251,110,42121.43

Consumption of Wheat.

The yearly consumption of wheat per head of population in New Zealand, as previously stated, has been estimated at 6 bushels.

The difficulty of correctly computing the consumption of bread-stuffs is shown by the great differences in the estimates arrived at.

The average quantity required per head of the population (exclusive of that used for seed) has been calculated at 6.4 bushels for New South Wales, and 4 1/2 to 5 bushels for Victoria, by statisticians in those States.

The average consumption of wheaten bread-stuffs in New Zealand thus appears to be somewhat higher than in Victoria.

The following is the average annual consumption of wheat per inhabitant in some of the principal countries of the world:-

United Kingdom5.6 bushels.
Canada6.6 bushels.
France8.1 bushels.
Germany3.0 bushels.
Russia2.1 bushels.
Italy5.4 bushels.
United States4.5 bushels.

The English consumption during the last twenty-five years appears to have ranged from 5 1/2 to 6 bushels per head of population.

Oats.

The extent of land in oats grown for grain in 1902 was 405,924 acres, against 449,534 acres in the preceding year, a decrease of 43,610 acres. The Provincial Districts of Otago (199,382 acres) and Canterbury (164,869 acres) account for 364,251 acres of the total area, Wellington taking third place with 21,785 acres. The breadth of land in oats for chaffing, ensilage, or feeding down with stock was 199,508 acres, an increase of 8,001 acres on the figures for 1901.

The average yield per acre was, in 1902, 37.06, and in 1901, 42.45 bushels, the quantity of produce decreasing from 19,085,837 bushels to 15,045,233 bushels.

The oat-crop for 1901 in the Australian States was as follows:-

 Acres.BushelsAverage per Acre.
Queensland3857,85520.40
New South Wales29,383593,54820.20
Victoria362,6899,582,33226.42
South Australia27,988366,22913.09
Western Australia5,88186,97114.79
Tasmania45,0731,406,91331.21

Maize.

This is a very important crop. In 1902 there were 12,503 acres sown for grain, the estimated yield being 571,834 bushels of corn, an average of nearly 46 bushels per acre. Maize is grown only in the North Island, with the exception of a few acres in Nelson and Otago. The Provincial District of Auckland had 11,468 acres; Hawke's Bay, 666 acres; Taranaki, 177 acres; and Wellington, 182 acres, in 1902. As considerable interest is taken in this crop, the group of counties where it is chiefly grown is stated, viz.: Hobson, Manukau, Ohinemuri, Rodney, Whangarei, Mongonui, Hokianga, Tauranga, Whakatane, Opotiki, Waiapu, Cook, Wairoa, and Hawke's Bay. Small acreages are found in all the counties of the Auckland, and in most of the counties in the Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, and Wellington districts.

Barley.

Under barley, 26,514 acres were returned in 1902, the estimated crop being 855,993 bushels, an average yield per acre of 32.28 bushels. In 1901 the area under barley was 30,831 acres, and the yield 1,027,651 bushels, or 33.33 bushels per acre.

Rye.

There were 1,090 acres in rye, yielding 27,250 bushels, or at the rate of 25 bushels per acre, in 1902, against 1,388 acres and 31,169 bushels, the rate being 22.45 bushels per acre, in 1901.

Peas and Beans.

The area under peas for threshing in the season 1902 was 7,242 acres, yielding 164,712 bushels, or an average of 22.88 bushels per acre, against 5,888 acres and 214,211 bushels, or 36.38 bushels per acre, in the previous year.

Under beans there were 3,504 acres, giving a return of 88,905 bushels, the average being 25.65 bushels per acre, against 2,927 acres and 99,964 bushels (34.29 bushels per acre) in 1901.

Potatoes.

The area under potatoes was 31,259 acres in 1902, yielding the return of 206,815 tons, or a rate of 6.61 tons per acre, against 28,524 acres in 1901, and 169,042 tons (or 5.9 tons per acre), an increase of 2,735 acres and 37,773 tons.

A comparison of the gross yield of potatoes with the amount exported in each of the twelve years, 1883-94, showed that for such period an average of 597 lb. per head of population was retained in the colony. Allowing for waste, pig-feed, and seed, the average amount retained for human consumption was found to be 449 lb. a head.

Turnips.

Turnips and rape form a most important crop in a sheep-breeding country such as New Zealand, and in 1892 the area of land under this crop amounted to 422,359 acres. The returns for 1895 gave only 385,788 acres, but for the present year 521,842 acres (398,508 acres in turnips and 123,334 in rape) were set down as under these crops; and there were 10,448 acres in addition: in mangolds (8,249 acres), beet (515 acres), and carrots (1,684 acres).

The cost of growing turnips sown broadcast and in drills may be: Broadcast-Ploughing, 5s. 6d. per acre; harrowing, 3s. per acre; rolling, 1s. per acre; seed and sowing, 1s. 6d. per acre: total, 11s. per acre. Drill-Ploughing, 5s. 6d; grubbing, 3s.; harrowing, 3s.; rolling, 1s.; drilling, 3s. 6d.; hand-hoeing, 10s.; horse-hoeing, 5s.; seed and sowing, 2s. 6d.; manure, 10s. to 15s.: total, £2 3s. 6d. to £2 8s. 6d. per acre.

Hops.

There were 844 acres under hops in 1902, as against 1,050 acres last year. No account of the produce for the last seven years was taken, but in 1895 the yield was 7,556 cwt. In 1900 the total quantity used by the breweries in the colony amounted to 5,020 cwt. Of the land under hops in 1902, 740 acres were in the Waimea County, and 84 in Collingwood, both in the Provincial District of Nelson. The import of hops in 1901 amounted to 927 cwt., and the exports to 4,946 cwt., of which 4,298 cwt. were the produce of the colony.

Tobacco.

The growing of tobacco does not progress in New Zealand. In 1889, 34 acres were being cultivated; in 1890, 25 acres; in 1891, 16 acres; in 1892, 6 acres; in 1893, 4 acres; in 1894, 4 acres; and in 1895, 5 acres, producing 1,599 lb. of dried leaf. Statistics of this crop have not been taken since 1895.

Gardens and Orchards.

The extent of land in garden was 17,684 acres, of which 13,787 acres were private gardens, and 3,897 acres market gardens. In plantations of forest-trees there were 48,770 acres.

There were 26,294 acres in orchard in 1902, an increase of 1,039 acres on the area so returned in the previous year, and 543 acres were returned as “vineyard.” The fruit-crop of the colony is supplemented by a considerable import from the Australian States and Fiji.

Sown Grasses and Seeds.

New Zealand is essentially suited for grazing purposes. Wherever there is light and moisture, English grasses thrive when the natural bush and fern are cleared off. In fact, the white clover gradually overcomes the fern; and, from the mildness of the winter season, there are few places where there is not some growth, even in the coldest months of the year. In all parts of the colony stock live, although in varying condition, without other food than such as they can pick up. Sown grass land, as might be expected, heads the list of cultivations.

At the beginning of the year 1902 there were 11,620,178 acres under artificial grasses. Of these, 4,695,200 acres had been previously ploughed, presumably under grain or other crops, while 6,924,978 acres had not been ploughed. Much of the latter area was bush or forest land, sown down in grass after the timber had been wholly or partially burnt off.

The area under ryegrass for seed in the season of 1902 was 16,244 acres, yielding 356,765 bushels of 20 lbs., or a rate of 21.97 bushels per acre, against 23,270 acres and 475,418 bushels, an average of 20.44 bushels per acre, in 1901.

In cocksfoot there were 27,876 acres, which yielded 4,481,340 lb., or an average of 161 lb. per acre, against 35,758 acres and 5,401,764 lb. (a rate of 151 lb. per acre) in the previous year.

Seeds for sowing pasture lands are used much as in Great Britain, the following being a common mixture: Perennial ryegrass, 25 lb. to 30 lb. per acre; cocksfoot, 2 lb.; alsike, 2 lb.; timothy, 3 lb.; cowgrass, 2 lb.; red clover, 2 lb.; white clover, 2 lb.; rape, 1 lb.: total, 39 lb. to 44 lb. per acre. Pastures are renewed at intervals of from four to eight years, according to the nature of the land.

The following shows the acreage in sown grasses in Australasia in 1900-1901:-

 Acres.
Queensland24,898
New South Wales442,741
Victoria207,896
South Australia22,186
Western Australia (1900)2,590
Tasmania306,180
New Zealand11,081,912

It will be observed that the acreage of land under sown grasses was eleven times as great in New Zealand as in the whole of Australia and Tasmania. When compared in size with the States of Australia, New Zealand is not large-about one-thirtieth of their total area-but in respect of grazing capabilities the relative importance of this country is much greater. Australia is generally unsuitable, owing to conditions of climate, for the growth of English grasses, and the amount of feed produced by the natural grasses throughout the year is very much less per acre than is obtained from the sown grass lands in New Zealand; indeed, it may be said that the average productiveness of grass land is about nine times as great here as in Australia, or, in other words, that land in this colony covered with English grasses may be considered equal, for grazing purposes, to an area of Australian land about nine times as great.

In addition to the artificially-sown pastures, the returns for 1902 show that 22,330,627 acres of unimproved land, including that in tussock or native grass, belonged to the occupied holdings, and were available for stock-feeding by the sheep-farmers and cattle-farmers of the colony.

Chapter 48. SECTION XX.—MINING.

THE natural mineral resources of New Zealand are very great, and have exercised in the past a most important influence on the development and progress of the colony. Gold to the value of £59,159,883 was obtained prior to the 31st December, 1901; the value of the produce for the year 1901 having been £1,753,783. In the earliest years the gold was obtained from alluvial diggings, but at the present time much is taken from gold-bearing quartz, which is distributed widely through several parts of the colony, and thus there is a much better prospect of the permanency of this industry than alluvial diggings alone could give.

The yield of silver to the end of 1901 amounted to £380,806 in value, the quantity mined in 1901 having been 571,134 oz., valued at £65,258.

Of other minerals, the value of the product to the same date amounts to £19,520.275, of which kauri-gum yielded £10,775,945, and coal, with coke, £8,458,380.

The quantities and values of precious metals and minerals obtained during the year 1901, and the total value of all mining produce since 1853, are:—

 1901.Total Value
since 1853.
 Oz.££
Gold455,5611,753,78359,159,883
Silver571,13465,258380,806
 1,026,6951,819,04159,540,689
 Tons.  
Copper-ore310518,088
Chrome-ore  37,477
Antimony-ore3013652,598
Manganese-ore20861460,846
Hæmatite-ore  226
Mixed minerals 7,775110,691
Coal1,227,638676,1748,433,576
Shared12,0186,0246,024
Coke (exported)  24,804
Kauri-gum7,541446,11410,775,945
  £2,955,983£79,060,964

Of the gold entered for exportation during the year ended the 31st March, 1902—viz., 439,005 oz., representing a value of £1,680,382—about 60 per cent, came out of quartz-mines; but, if the total yield of gold obtained in the colony be taken, the value of which to 31st March, 1902, is £59,536,582, about 25 per cent, came from quartz-mines, and 75 per cent, from alluvial workings.

MINERAL PRODUCTION (VALUE) OF AUSTRALASIA TO END OF 1900.

The total value of mineral production for Australasia to the end of the year 1900 is shown in the following table. The figures, except those for New Zealand, are taken from Mr. Coghlan's “Statistics of the Six States of Australia and New Zealand,” 1900-1901:—

State or Colony.Gold.Silver and Silver-lead.Copper.Tin.Coal.Other Minerals.Total.

*Inclusive of kauri-gum to the value of £10,329,831.

 ££££££ 
New South Wales48,740,53330,487,1145,444,7816,525,26237,315,9153,889,307132,402,912
Victoria257,386,448856,53926,395711,317895,167287,994260,343,860
Queensland50,209,783725,8012,055,4654,600,1432,632,112287,66860,510,972
South Australia2,294,975106,56322,321,96927,096 506,56225,257,165
Western Australia22,914,0593,844251,726158,19982,411395,83123,806,070
Tasmania4,598,4122,177,6583,003,7087,060,108407,014336,47017,583,370
New Zealand57,406,100315,54817,983 7,757,40210,607,918*76,104,981
Australasia443,550,31034,673,06733,302,02719,082,12549,090,02116,311,780596,009,330

GOLD-MINING.

The history of the finding of gold in this colony was briefly sketched in the Year-books for 1893 and 1894, and need not, therefore, be repeated here, but a word may be said on recent developments in mining. Great changes have taken place since the early days, when a man wanted but a pick and shovel, tin dish and cradle, to enable him to earn a livelihood on the diggings. The rich shallow gravels have been to all appearances worked out, the ground is getting deeper, the inroads of water more troublesome, and greatly-improved appliances are needed in order to pump the water or wash away the masses of drift that overlie the gold-bearing layers on the bottom.

The difficulty for many years experienced in working the beds of the larger rivers has been at last overcome by the use of dredging machinery. Dredging has not only been adopted for working riverbeds, but has also been applied with advantage to alluvial flats, which cannot be otherwise profitably worked. The total number of dredges at the end of the year 1901 was: Working, 183; being built, 59; not working, 33; undergoing removal, 19; total, 294.

So numerous are rapid streams and rivers in New Zealand that water is generally available for supplying direct motive-power for all kinds of mining machinery, as well as for the generation and transmission of electric energy where the water-supply is distant from the scene of operations. It has been used at Skipper's for years to generate electricity by means of dynamos, the current being transmitted a distance of several miles over a high range for the purpose of driving a crushing battery. Great improvements have been made in the appliances since the method was first adopted.

The total number of gold-miners employed in 1901 was 12,533 as against 13,502 for the previous year. In some places, more especially in Otago, Nelson, and the West Coast, many of the miners do not depend entirely on mining, but employ a part of their time in farming and other pursuits.

Last year (1901) an Act was passed reducing the fee payable for a miner's right from 10s. to 5s.

The total quantity of gold entered for export during the years ending 31st March, 1901, and 31st March, 1902, for the several districts, and the total quantity and value of the gold exported from the colony from the 1st January, 1857, to the 31st March, 1902, are shown hereunder; but this does not necessarily include the whole of the gold produced, as no doubt much has been taken out of the colony from time to time by people who have evaded the duty, and a good deal has been used for making jewellery and ornaments:—

TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY AND VALUE OF GOLD ENTERED FOR EXPORTATION FROM NEW ZEALAND FOR THE YEARS ENDED THE 31ST MARCH, 1901 AND 1902, AND THE TOTAL QUANTITY AND VALUE FROM JANUARY, 1857, TO 31ST MARCH, 1902.
District.Year ending 31st March, 1901.Year ending 31st March, 1902.Increase for Year ending 31st March, 1902.Total Quantity and Value from January, 1857, to 31st March, 1902.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 Oz.£Oz.£Oz.Oz.£  

*Decrease.

Auckland166,049604,018201,861728,49835,8122,852,30410,673,452
Wellington     188706
Marlborough2479702771,1083087,099339,298
Nelson5,12619,2384,20717,118- 919*267,3621,055,495
West Coast85,779343,728104,441418,32218,6626,103,47124,268,118
Canterbury22841971- 3*123483
Otago135,753548,444128,200515,265-7,553*5,852,64223,199,030
Totals392,9761,516,482439,0051,680,38246,02915,163,18959,536,582

It will be seen from the above table that there was last year an increase in the yield of gold of 46,029 oz. on the figures for the preceding twelve months.

Of the total quantity of gold entered for exportation last year Auckland contributed 45.98 per cent.; Marlborough, 0.07 per cent.; Nelson, 0.96 per cent.; West Coast, 23.79 per cent.; and Otago, 29.20 per cent.

Production of Australasia.

The gold yield of Australasia for 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900, was as under:—

 1897.1898.1899.1900.
 Oz.Oz.Oz.Oz.
Queensland796,885920,048946,894963,189
New South Wales292,217340,493496,196345,650
Victoria812,765837,257854,500807,407
South Australia10,32231,96123,12224,086
Western Australia675,0821,050,1841,643,8771,580,950
Tasmania60,73574,23383,99281,125
New Zealand251,645280,175389,558373,616
 2,899,6513,534,3514,438,194,176,023

The increase for the period is 1,276,372 oz. The mint value of Australasian gold averages £3 16s. per ounce, and a comparison of value is therefore as follows: 1897, £11,018,674; 1898, £13,430,533; 1899, £16,864,927; 1900, £15,868,887: increase, 1897 to 1900, £4,850,213.

The Cyanide Process

On the Hauraki Goldfields gold is often found either in so finely divided a form that the ordinary methods of amalgamation fail to recover a payable percentage, or it is associated with, or entangled in, base metallic minerals which necessitate the adoption of scientific, and often costly, methods of treatment. In these goldfields the successful use of the cyanide process is steadily extending, with the result that many ores that formerly were worked at a loss by amalgamation processes now yield regular returns on the capital invested.

Indeed, the cyanide process is the most noteworthy improvement as yet introduced in the treatment of gold- and silver-bearing ores. It is particularly suitable where the gold is found in the ore in fine particles; whereas, if the gold be at all coarse, cyanide will do no more than cleanse and brighten its surface and render it fitter for amalgamation. In a paper on “Cyaniding in New Zealand,” Mr. James Park, F.G.S., comments on the treatment of these ores:—

Dry Crushing.

Prior to the introduction of the cyanide process the ores were treated by dry crushing and hot pan amalgamation with chemicals, by which a recovery of 65 per cent, was effected.

When cyanide treatment was adopted, dry crushing was naturally continued at the different mills, the dry pulverised material being charged into shallow vats and treated directly with cyanide. From 65 per cent, by pan amalgamation the recovery rose at a bound to 85, and in some cases to 90 per cent., and the results were so satisfactory that no further improvement was considered possible.

In a few years, however, it became apparent that dry crushing possessed many disadvantages as compared with wet crushing, the principal ones being the cost of the preliminary drying of the ore, the low of the stamps, and the large number of vats required for leaching. In 1897 mine-owners began to turn their attention to wet crushing, and one by one, since the beginning of 1898, the different mills have been adopting wet crushing, until at the present time dry crushing is the exception, and not, as it was four years ago, the rule.

Wet Crushing.

  1. For ores containing a large proportion of free, easily amalgamable gold, with certain proportion of fine or “Nelson” gold, and silver-sulphide, the mill practice is:—

    1. Crushing with water.

    2. Plate amalgamation.

    3. Spitzlutte separation of sands and slimes.

    4. Cyanide treatment of sands and slimes by ordinary percolation.

    A typical example of an ore of this class is that of the Kauri Gold Estates, at Opitonui, where a forty-stamp mill is erected. The sands and heavy slimes are subjected to the “Nelson” cyanide treatment; but it is doubtful if the additional saving will pay for the extra labour involved. So far no provision has been made for the treatment of the fine slimes. If they are worth it, they will probably be treated by agitation and decanting.

  2. For a clean ore, almost identical with that described above, but containing a small proportion of free amalgamable gold and a large proportion of fine cyaniding gold, with little or no slimes, the method of treatment at the Crown Mines is:—

    1. Crushing with cyanide solution.

    2. Direct cyanide treatment of mixed sands and slimes by percolation.

    3. Plate amalgamation of free gold.

    With an ore exceptionally free from slimes, it seems that the order of treatment could be reversed with advantage as regards both stamp duty and efficiency of amalgamation on the places.

  3. For ores containing some easily amalgamable gold, and fine gold associated with pyrites and silver-sulphides, the treatment used is:—

    1. Crushing with water.

    2. Plate amalgamation.

    3. Spitzlutte separation of fine slimes, if necessary.

    4. Vanner concentration of sulphurets.

    5. Cyanide treatment of sands by percolation.

    6. Cyanide treatment of sands by agitation and decanting.

    7. Cyanide treatment of concentrates by agitation.

    The practice at the Woodstock mill is a typical example of this system, the details being as follows: The ore is chalcedonic and finely crystalline quartz, containing a small proportion of clayey matter and a little pyrites. It is stained a greyish- and blackish-brown colour through the presence of iron and manganese oxides.

  4. For very slimy ores, containing very little easily amalgamable gold and a large proportion of extremely fine gold, besides the usual silver-sulphides, the treatment is as follows:—

    1. Crushing with cyanide solution.

    2. Spitzlutte separation of sands and slimes.

    3. Treatment of sands by percolation.

    4. Treatment of slims by agitation and decanting.

    This method of treatment is subject to various modifications as regards mechanical appliances and methods of application, but the general principles are the same everywhere.

By a statute passed in December, 1897, and termed “The Cyanide Process Gold-extraction Act, 1897,” an agreement was approved by Parliament under which the Government arranged to purchase the patent rights in New Zealand of the Cassel Gold-extracting Company, thus rendering the said patent rights available for mining purposes at reasonable rates of royalty. The process used under the patent is what is commonly known as the cyanide process, and the operation of the Act should prove highly important in the development of low-grade ores, and otherwise promote the mining industry. The royalties received by the Government up to the 31st March, 1902, amounted to £4,577 11s. 1d. The payment of royalties will cease when the total amount disbursed for the purchase of the patent rights has been repaid to the Consolidated Fund.

Quartz and Alluvial Workings.

The working of quartz mines and deep alluvial drifts necessitates a large outlay of money before returns can be expected, and can only be undertaken when capital is available. In the case of quartz mines, they must be sufficiently opened up to ascertain the value and extent of the reefs preparatory to the erection of reduction machinery, which must be constructed on the most modern principles to insure efficiency and economy in the handling and treatment of large bodies of ore.

The introduction of capital has the effect of enabling the claims not only to be opened up at greater depths than heretofore, but they will also be worked in a more systematic and economical manner. Modern machinery and appliances are introduced and erected for the reduction and treatment of the ores, and a far larger percentage of the gold is being recovered than has been the case in the past.

The improved appliances introduced in dredging and hydraulic elevating and sluicing machinery have made it possible to work with profit alluvial ground and drifts that a few years ago could not be handled remuneratively.

In the successful development of alluvial drifts containing only a few grains of gold to the ton or cubic yard, a large and constant supply of water is of primary importance, and to secure this the construction of expensive races must be undertaken as the initial step towards systematic working.

In the colony there are large areas covered with auriferous drifts which will prove remunerative if a sufficient quantity of water can be obtained to work them on an extensive scale; and the number of men who can be profitably employed in alluvial workings will necessarily be in proportion to the quantity of water available.

COAL-MINING.

The extent of the coal - measures in New Zealand will make coal-mining one of the large industries in the colony, especially on the west coast of the Middle Island, where bituminous coal exists equal, if not superior, in quality to coal of the same class in any part of the world.

The progressive increase in the output of coal from 1878 to the end of 1901 is shown below:—

Year.Raised in the Colony.Imported.Total raised in the Colony and imported, per Annum.Exported (excluding Coal for Fuel by Ocean Steamers).Total Consumption of Coal within the Colony.Yearly increase in Consumption within the Colony.
Total.Yearly Increase.

*Decrease.

 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
1878162,218 174,148336,3663,921332,445 
1879231,21869,000158,076389,2947,195382,09949,654
1880299,92368,705123,298423,2217,021416,20034,101
1881337,26237,339129,962467,2246,626460,59844,398
1882378,27241,010129,582507,8544,245503,60943,011
1883421,76443,492123,540545,3047,172538,13234,523
1884480,83159,067148,444629,2756,354622,92184,789
1885511,06330,232130,202641,2652,371638,89415,973
1886534,35323,290119,873654,2262,862651,36412,470
1887558,62024,267107,230665,85012,951652,8991,535
1888613,89555,275101,341715,23627,678687,55834,659
1889586,445-27,450*128,063714,50839,290675,21812,340
1890637,39750,952110,939748,33633,404714,93239,714
1891668,79431,397125,318794,11229,093764,01949,087
1892673,3154,521125,453798,76828,169770,5996,580
1893691,54818,233117,444808,99224,288784,70414,105
1894719,54627,998112,961832,50725,449807,05822,354
1895726,6547,108108,198834,85226,151808,7011,643
1896792,85166,197101,756894,60727,974866,63357,932
1897840,71347,862110,907951,62026,639924,98158,348
1898907,03366,320115,4271,022,46018,3481,004,11279,131
1899975,23468,20199,6551,074,88914,1461,060,74356,631
19001,093,990118,756124,0331,218,02336,6991,181,324120,581
19011,227,638133,648149,7641,377,40277,5631,299,839118,515

It will be seen from the above that, with the exception of 1889, there has been a steady increase in the output of coal from the mines in the colony, year after year, since records have been kept by the Mines Department. The yearly increase in output is principally due to the growing demand for consumption within the colony. During a period of twenty-four years the annual consumption of coal in New Zealand has increased to the extent of 967,394 tons, showing that new industries are quickly springing up, requiring fuel for generating motive-power.

The total output from the mines last year was 1,227,638 tons, as against 1,093,990 tons for 1900, an increase of 133,648 tons. The coal imported from other countries was 149,764 tons, against 124,033 tons in 1900, an increase in the importation last year of 25,731 tons. The imports were 149,004 tons from New South Wales, 758 tons from Queensland, and 2 tons from the United Kingdom. The total export of coal was 168,448 tons, of which 159,643 tons were colonial produce, and 8,805 tons imported coal from other countries. Of the coal exported, 90,885 tons were for coaling direct steamers trading between the colony and the United Kingdom, and has been treated as coal consumed within the colony, these steamers trading wholly between New Zealand and Great Britain. Taking, therefore, the output from the mines and the coal imported, there is a total of 1,377,402 tons, of which 77,563 tons were exported, leaving the consumption within the colony last year 1,299,839 tons, as against 1,181,324 tons for 1900, an increased consumption of 118,515 tons.

The largest increase in the output last year was in the Westport district—namely, 74,911 tons. There was also an increased production from the mines in the Otago District of 23,109 tons, in the Southland district of 18,470 tons, in the Whangarei, Kamo, Ngunguru, and Whauwhau district of 7,418 tons, in the Waikato district of 6,895 tons, in the West Wanganui district of 469 tons, in the Reefton district of 1,723 tons, in the Malvern district of 1,936 tons, in the Miranda district of 430 tons, in the Mokau district of 80 tons; but there was a decline in the Greymouth district of 1,751 tons, and in the Kawakawa and Hikurangi district of 42 tons.

The quantities of coal produced in each district are as under:—

Name of District.Output of Coal.Increase or Decrease.Approximate total Output of Coal up
to the 31st December, 1901.
1901.1900.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Kawakawa and Hikurangi53,29853,340- 421,189,818
Whangarei, Kamo, Ngunguru, and Whauwhau33,75726,339+ 7,418467,619
Waikato84,08677,191+ 6,8951,251,254
Mokau3,5133,433+ 8029,534
Miranda430 + 430430
Pelorus   711
West Wanganui2,2081,739+ 46955,183
Westport455,057380,146+ 74,9114,181,550
Reefton6,1024,379+ 1,72390,246
Greymouth206,168207,919- 1,7513,083,288
Malvern16,09814,162+ 1,936399,484
Timaru   10,657
Otago289,322266,213+ 23,1094,362,659
Southland77,59959,129+ 18,470658,075
Totals1,227,6381,093,990+ 133,64815,780,508

The following table, constructed from “Laboratory Reports of the Geological Survey” (Sir J. Hector) gives the composition of samples of New Zealand coals freshly taken from the principal mines:—

Number.DescriptionLocality.AnalysisEvaporative Power.*
Fixed Carbon.Hydrocarbon.Water.Ash.12.

*The second column headed “Evaporative Power” is obtained by the use of a multiple computed from the results of Professor Liversedge's experiments upon the coals of New South Wales. The multiple used for the first column is the one which has long been generally used for computing the evaporative power of coals; but, to prevent any unfair and prejudicial comparison of our coals with those of New South Wales, the second column is given.

1AnthraciteAcheron, Canterbury84.121.961.8012.1210.9318.50
2BituminousCoalbrookdale74.8320.501.163.519.7016.45
3BituminousCoalbrookdale70.0022.152.525.339.1015.40
4BituminousBanbury69.9725.710.993.339.0915.38
5Altered brown coalMalvern Hills68.5419.894£157.428.2712.50
6BituminousTyneside65.5929.180.824.418.5213.55
7Glance coalRakaia Gorge64.5121.276.767.468.3013.20
8BituminousWallsend62.3731.641.663.838.1713.82
9BituminousGrey River62.3729.441.996.208.0113.22
10Pitch coalKawakawa61.1628.002.518.337.9512.55
11BituminousPreservation Inlet60.8828.604.336.197.9112.80
12Pitch coalBlackball, Grey River60.2029.978.011.827.8212.20
13BituminousMokihinui59.7532.143.974.147.7611.80
14BituminousCoalpit Heath58.8138.981.021.197.6412.96
15BituminousMokihinui57.9234.943.963.187.5012.75
16BituminousBrunner Mine56.6235.681.596.117.3612.46
17BituminousBrunner Mine56.2137.731.504.567.3012.36
18BituminousWestport56.0137.172.604.227.2812.30
19BituminousMokihinui55.5938.863.162.397.2012.22
20BituminousBrunner54.1635.852.507.497.0411.91
21Altered brown coalMalvern Hills53.2932.0412.652.026.9211.50
22BituminousWallsend53.1035.471.4110.026.9011.68
23BituminousOtamataura Creek52.8936.632.198.296.9011.70
24BituminousNear Cape Farewell51.3738.724.385.536.3111.60
25Pitch coalKawakawa50.1542.634.183.046.5011.80
26Glance coalWhangarei50.1138.688.013.206.5011.75
27Pitch coalKamo50.0137.699.612.696.5011.17
28Brown coalMalvern Hills49.9935.4211.792.806.4910.90
29Brown coalFernhill49.9536.9512.001.106.4910.99
30Brown coalAllandale47.3134.2612.416.026.1510.96
31Brown coalKaitangata46.4833.4814.665.386.0410.22
32Brown coalShag Point46.2132.6516.025.126.0010.16
33Brown coalHomebush44.9236.0015.833.255.839.87
34Pitch coalHikurangi, Whangarei44.5047.005.992.515.789.79
35Brown coalHokonui44.2838.2216.501.005.759.77
36Brown coalKaitangata44.1138.3215.442.135.749.96
37Brown coalNightcaps43.6233.6818.334.375.679.59
38Pitch coalShag Point43.1930.0515.8210.945.619.52
39Brown coalSpringfield42.6833.6618.655.015.559.38
40Brown coalOrepuki42.6436.2614.446.665.549.38
41Brown coalKaitangata38.2932.4317.5011.784.878.32
42Brown coalShag Point35.7630.8613.2220.164.647.85
43Brown coalAllandale34.7241.4318.994.864.517.63
44Pitch coalGrey River34.7256.486.202.604.517.63
FOR COMPARISON.
 Newcastle, N.S.W.Best58.33.34.171.835.677.5012.82
 Newcastle, N.S.W.Worst53.3426.663.3316.676.9011.72

As regards the quality of the coal, it cannot be surpassed. The late Sir John Coode, in his presidential address to the Institute of Civil Engineers, London, stated: “The bituminous coal found on the west coast of the Middle Island is declared by engineers to be fully equal, if not superior, to the best description from any part of the world.”

The quantity of each class of coal produced in 1900 and 1901 was:—

Class of Coal.Output of Coal.Increase.Approximate total Output
of Coal up to the
31st December, 1901.
1900.1901.

*Decrease.

 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Bituminous and semi-bituminous673,862754,95381,0918,701,777
Pitch37,80414,58423,220*1,812,711
Brown339,786405,15265,3664,724,099
Lignite42,53852,94910,411541,921
Totals1,093,9901,227,638133,64815,780,508

It has been computed that to deliver coal at the pit-mouth costs in labour 6s. a ton. The number of persons employed in all the coalmines last year was 2,754, and the output of coal, 1,227,638 tons: the average earning for each person would thus be £133 14s. 7d. per annum, or about £2 11s. 5d. per week.

STATE COAL-MINES.

In 1901 an Act was passed by the General Assembly authorising the acquisition and working of coal-mines for the benefit of the State. It is intended to use the coal so obtained for State requirements in the first place, but, should the supply exceed what is needed for this purpose, it will be lawful for the State to sell and deliver coal and other products in the same manner as a private mine-owner.

Investigations have been made in various parts of the West Coast coal-fields to determine suitable sites. Two have been selected: one in the Westport district, and the other in the locality of Greymouth.

At the former, some prospecting has recently been carried out under the direction of the Inspecting Engineer for Mines, and a seam of valuable coal, averaging over 14 ft. in thickness, has been proved over a considerable area. To win this coal no sinking of shafts will be required, but a large adit tunnel has been started in the side of a range of hills. The coal will be conveyed from the inner end of this tunnel to the bins adjoining the Seddonville Railway-station by an endless rope tramway capable of dealing with 500 tons in eight hours when working at its normal speed.

Beyond some preliminary surveys and prospecting, no active work has yet been done at the latter place; but it is expected that operations will shortly be commenced to develop the property on a comprehensive scale.

OIL SHALE.

The mine and works of the New Zealand Coal and Oil Company (Limited), at Orepuki, have reached a productive stage. During 1901 the mine produced 10,662 tons of coal and 12,048 tons of shale. The works are fitted up with retorts, stills, purifiers, extractors, &c., for the manufacture of various grades of burning and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, sulphate of ammonia, &c.

OTHER METALS OR MINERALS.

Very little has been done in the colony to prospect and develop mines other than for gold and silver. The only exports last year of metalliferous products, excluding gold and silver, were 208 tons of manganese-ore, 143 tons of sulphur, and small parcels of other minerals, representing an aggregate value of £8,630.

KAURI-GUM.

The quantity of kauri-gum exported last year was 7,541 tons, as against 10,159 tons for 1900. Last year's produce (£446,114) gave an average value of about £59 3s. 2d. per ton, while for 1900 the average was £61 5s. 2d. per ton.

Chapter 49. SECTION XXI.—ACCUMULATION: PRICES AND WAGES.

BANKS OF ISSUE.

IN December, 1901, five banks of issue were doing business in New Zealand, the Bank of New Zealand and the Colonial Bank having amalgamated in 1895. Two of the five banks, the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand (Limited), were wholly New Zealand institutions, with a paid-up capital of £750,000, besides which the Bank of New Zealand has £2,000,000 of 4 per cent, stock guaranteed by the Government of the colony. The total average liabilities of all five banks for the year 1901 in respect of New Zealand transactions were £17,490,035, and the average assets £18,422,274. The average amount on deposit during the year was £16,034,848, of which sum £812,730 belonged to the General Government. Excluding those belonging to Government, deposits to the value of £8,227,795 were bearing interest, and £6,994,323 at call. The value of the notes in circulation of these banks was £1,361,355.

The development of banking in New Zealand since the year 1857 has been very great. Taking for each year the average of the four quarters' returns made by the banks of issue, the figures for 1857, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1901 are:—

Year.Deposits.Assets.Liabilities.
 £££
1857343,316419,860432,494
18703,127,7696,315,3543,819,670
18808,538,93514,220,2759,550,177
189012,368,61017,735,25913,356,598
190015,570,61017,314,53516,964,582
190116,034,84818,422,27417,490,035

In 1880 the deposits of these banks were £18.00 per head of the mean population. In 1890 they were £19.92 per head; and in 1901, £20.61. The ratio of advances to deposits, which was 132.34 per cent, in 1880, reached its maximum in 1883, when it stood at 173.35 per cent. The proportion since that year fell, till in 1897 it was only 76.21 per cent. In 1898, however, the ratio had advanced to 80.52 per cent., and in 1899 still further, to 80.92 per cent. In 1900 there was again a decline to 77.61 per cent., but in 1901 a substantial advance to 81.74 per cent. is shown, the highest proportion since 1895.

The following figures, which are taken from the published returns for the December quarter of each year, show that the value of the coin and bullion held by all the banks of issue doing business in New Zealand rose steadily from 1891 to 1895, in which year the value stood at £3,333,272. Since that date the value gradually decreased year by year to £2,636,177 in December quarter, 1899, but rose again to £2,802,232 in December, 1900, and further to £3,063,843 in December, 1901:—

Quarter ended 31st December.Coin.Gold and Silver in Bullion or Bars.Total Coin and Bullion.
 £££
18902,421,530169,6592,591,189
18912,231,242126,3462,357,588
18922,381,319141,4062,522,725
18932,480,453121,4962,601,949
18943,103,355118,1213,221,476
18953,199,889133,3833,333,272
18963,171,702122,9013,294,603
18972,848,183107,6352,955,818
18982,625,896126,3492,752,245
18992,511,102125,0752,636,177
19002,658,207144,0252,802,232
19012,921,268142,5753,063,843

The figures shown for each quarter of the year 1901 are:—

 Coin.Bullion.
 ££
March quarter, 19012,752,208133,162
June quarter, 19012,865,443140,709
September quarter, 19012,887,680142,335
December quarter, 19012,921,268142,575

In 1886 the average amount of advances made by the banks was £15,853,420, equal to £27.23 per head of the mean population. The advances gradually declined in amount and proportion to population until 1891, when they were in value £11,549,145, or £18.34 per head. During the years 1892 and 1893, however, there was a rise, but in 1894 a fall to £12,031,537 (£17.71 per head), and in 1897 to £10,892,111, or £15.09 per head, which is the lowest average since the year 1872. In 1898 an increase both in the average amount of advances and in the rate per head of population (£11,387,321 and £15.47 respectively) was observed; in 1899 there was a further increase to £11,806,859, or £15.74 per head; in 1900 to £12,084,744, or £15.83 per head; and in 1901 to £13,106,909, or £16.85 per head. The discounts in 1901 amounted to £1,896,869, or £2.44 per head of mean population. The largest amount of discounts in any year was £6,061,959 in 1879, a rate of £13.53 per head. From 1879 there was a fall year by year until 1896, when the sum was £1,756,791, or £2.49 per head. In 1897 they totalled £1,768,845, but, with a comparatively larger population, the rate per head was only £2.45. In 1898 the amount fell to £1,719,715, and the rate per head to £2.34. In 1899 there was a further decline in the amount to £1,692,201, and in the rate per head to £2.26; but in 1900 a rise to £1,730,809, or £2.27 per head, and in 1901 to £1,896,869, the rate being £2.44 per head.

The deposits, as stated in the returns for the March quarters of the years 1902 and 1901, were:—

 £
Deposits not bearing interest, March quarter, 1902    7,087,161
Deposits not bearing interest, March quarter, 1901    6,929,370
An increase of    £157,791

in the amount held at call. The fixed deposits show a similar movement, but of lesser magnitude:—

 £
Deposits bearing interest, March quarter, 1902   8,318,439
Deposits bearing interest, March quarter, 1901   8,196,351
An increase of   £122,088

Besides the above, the Government had with the Bank of New Zealand £1,255,294 on deposit in March, 1902, as against £770,504 in March, 1901.

Special Banking Legislation.

An Act was passed in 1893 intituled “The Banks and Bankers Act Amendment Act,” under which, notwithstanding anything in previous legislation, the shareholders or proprietors of any bank may, from time to time, by extraordinary resolution, authorise its capital to be increased to such an amount and upon such terms as are deemed by them to be expedient. The holders of shares in such increased capital may be granted special privileges notwithstanding anything contained in the charter of the bank.

Any increased capital may be raised by the issue of new shares of such amount as is determined on by extraordinary resolution of the shareholders or proprietors.

The Bank-note Issue Act of the same year provides that notes issued or circulated in the colony by any bank shall, to the amount of the authorised issue, be a first charge on all the assets and property (including the paid-up capital, uncalled capital, and reserve fund—"Banking Act, 1894”) of such bank, and that the notes shall be payable in gold only at the office of the bank at the place of issue of the said notes.

The assets and property of a bank are defined as assets for the payment of debts or other obligations contracted or entered upon or due and payable in the colony.

The other clauses (.) of the same Act were originally passed for twelve months only, but their operation was extended in 1894 for another twelve months—viz., till September, 1895. As amended by subsequent enactments, they run as follows: The Governor may declare by Proclamation the notes of any bank named to be a legal tender of money to the amount therein expressed to be payable. The period of time is to be limited by the Proclamation, and no such Proclamation is to be made unless the Governor in Council is satisfied that, as between the bank and its creditors, its assets in the colony exceed its liabilities in the colony. The bank must further pay all such notes in gold on presentation, after expiry of the time limited, at the office of the bank at the place of issue At any time within six months after the period limited by the Proclamation, the Colonial Treasurer, on being satisfied that a bank-note covered by the Proclamation has been presented and not paid, shall pay the same in gold to any bonâ fide holder.

On the 29th June, 1894, the Colonial Treasurer introduced in the House of Representatives three Bills relating to banking, which were thereupon passed through all stages and became law forthwith.

The most important of these, intituled “An Act to guarantee out of the Consolidated Fund a Special Issue of Shares by the Bank of New Zealand to the Amount of Two Million Pounds Sterling,” provided for the increase of the capital by the issue of shares* to an amount not exceeding two million pounds sterling, in guaranteed shares of ten pounds each, without further liability. These shares are preferential in respect of both capital and dividend, and the liability of the holders of ordinary shares is to secure payment of the guaranteed shares and the dividends thereon. The directors can refuse to register the transfer of ordinary shares. The guaranteed shares are to be called in at the end of ten years, and cancelled on payment of the principal sum with accrued dividend. The rate of dividend on preferential shares is not to exceed 4 per cent. per annum, and is to be paid by the bank. The guaranteed or preferential shares and dividends thereon are to be a charge upon and, in case of default by the bank, payable out of the Consolidated Fund of the colony; but if at any time any money shall be payable under the guarantee, the assets and property of the bank are to be security for the repayment of money so advanced; if the money be not repaid, the Colonial Treasurer may appoint a Receiver.

One-half of the sum of two million pounds authorised by the Act to be raised is to be at the disposal of the bank for use in its ordinary business, and the remainder is to be invested as the Colonial Treasurer may approve, or as may be specially provided by law. Until the guaranteed shares are called in and cancelled, no dividend is to be paid to ordinary shareholders without the consent of the Colonial Treasurer, who is empowered to satisfy himself that any proposed dividend will not unduly affect the security of the colony in respect of the guarantee.

By section 5 of the Act, the Colonial Treasurer might require the directors to call up £500,000, being one-third of the reserve capital, within twelve months, and this has accordingly been done.

As provided by the Act, the head office of the bank was removed to Wellington, and a new Board of directors elected. The Governor in Council appointed a President (office since abolished under Act of 1898, see post), and an Auditor of the business outside the United Kingdom. An Auditor of the business within the United Kingdom was appointed by the Agent-General.

The shares held in the Bank of New Zealand Estates Company (Limited) by the bank are, pending the completion of liquidation, to be treated in valuing as at par.

“The Bank Shareholders Act, 1894,” provided that the directors of any bank may decline to register any transfer of shares upon which there is any liability made by a shareholder to any person of whose responsibility they may not be satisfied. “The Bank Directors and Shares Transfer Act, 1894,” gave authority to directors to refuse approval, without assigning reasons, to any transfer of shares on which there is liability. It limited the number of directors to not less than five or more than seven. (See subsequent legislation in 1898 as to directory.)

* By further Amendment Act these shares were to be issued in the form of negotiable stock certificates or warrants to bearer, of such amounts as the directors may determine. The certificates with warrants or coupons are transferable by delivery. The holders of stock certificates or warrants may exchange these for registered stock, which is made transferable in such amounts as directors may sanction. Shares or stock may be held by any person without limit as to number, provided that the total value does not exceed two millions sterling.

“THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND AND BANKING ACT, 1895,” AND ITS AMENDMENT ACT.

This Act was passed on the 4th of September, 1895. It provided for writing off the paid-up capital of the Bank of New Zealand (£900,000), together with the proceeds (estimated at £450,000) of the first call of £3 6s. 8d. on the reserve liability of £10 per share.

A sum of £500,000 new capital was raised by preferred shares, and issued to the colony in exchange for Government securities. The preferred shares bore interest at 3 1/2 per cent. The bank was given the right to repurchase at par within six years (since taken advantage of). Further share capital was created by a second call of one-third of the reserve liability (£3 6s. 8d. per share) in four instalments, the final third to be called up at any time after the 31st December, 1898. The sum of one million pounds, required by the Share Guarantee Act of 1894 to be invested as the Colonial Treasurer might approve, was released for employment by the bank in its ordinary business. It was provided that one of the directors of the bank was to be appointed by the Governor, and one of the then directors to resign to make way for the Government appointee. (See subsequent legislation in 1898 as to directory.)

An Assets Realisation Board is established to purchase all the assets of the Estates Company, and of the Auckland Agricultural Company, for the sum of £2,731,706, being the estimated value of the properties on the 31st of March, 1895, subject, however, to an adjustment of station accounts, the purchase-money to be paid in debentures issued by the Assets Board, having a nine years' currency and bearing interest at 3 1/2 per cent. per annum from the 31st March, 1895, any deficiency to be guaranteed by the Government as a charge upon the Consolidated Fund of the colony.

Provision is made for securing the Government against loss on account of this guarantee, and the Colonial Treasurer may, in the event of any deficiency, appoint a Receiver in respect of the securities with the powers of a liquidator appointed by the Supreme Court. The Assets Realisation Board is a body corporate, consisting of three members, two appointed by the Governor and one chosen by the directors of the bank.

Section 3 of “The Banking Act, 1894,” is repealed, and power is given to the Bank of New Zealand to purchase the business and assets of any other bank doing business in the colony, excepting such assets as are found to be bad, doubtful, or valueless. Any such purchase is conditional on ratification by the shareholders of the selling bank and the approval of Parliament. [The business of the Colonial Bank of New Zealand has since been purchased under the authority given, the contract being approved under the Amendment Act of 1895, section 3, and subsequently ratified by the shareholders of the selling bank.]

So long as the colony remains in any measure liable under the Act, or the Share Guarantee Act of 1894, the proprietors of the bank may not take any steps towards winding up or dissolving the bank.

The Assets Board are to draw up a balance-sheet every six months, and lay the same before Parliament.

“THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND AND BANKING ACT, 1898.”

Consequent on the report of a Committee of the House of Representatives appointed to make inquiries respecting the affairs of the Bank of New Zealand, a statute was passed in 1898 bearing the above title.

It provides for a Board of Directors consisting of six persons, instead of five, of whom four are appointed by the Governor in Council and two elected by the shareholders of the bank.

The office of President is abolished, with its power of veto; while the old constitution of the Board, under which the President and one director only were appointed by the Governor in Council, and three by the shareholders gives way to the new one.

Of the four members in the new Board who are appointed by the Governor in Council, two retired on the 31st March, 1901, the retiring directors being decided by lot amongst the four. On the 31st March yearly, the two members who have been longest in office retire. The ordinary time of office of the four members is thus two years.

The two directors elected by the shareholders of the bank hold office for an ordinary term of two years.

On the 31st March yearly the member who has been longest in office retires.

Provision was made for offering the retiring President of the old Board a sum of £4,500 by way of compensation, leaving it open to him to decline, with power of instituting proceedings to recover damages for wrongful removal from office.

The remuneration of the new Chairman and directors is £2,000 per annum, which they divide amongst themselves, in shares fixed by resolution of the Board.

There are sundry provisions as to the voting at meetings, and a carefully limited power of veto in respect of resolutions passed by shareholders, under certain circumstances, is given.

Amongst other various matters provided for, it may be mentioned that the Governor in Council may appoint an Assistant Auditor. The Chief Auditor is given the right to attend meetings of the Board, and empowered to suspend the operation of any act or proceedings until the Board has had an opportunity of considering the same at a future meeting.

SAVINGS BANKS.

The number of post-offices open for the transaction of savings-bank business at the end of 1901 was 466.

There were 50,046 new accounts opened in the year, and 35,018 accounts were closed. The total number of open accounts at the end of 1901 was 212,436.

The deposits received during the year amounted to £4,611,456 6s. 1d., and the withdrawals to £4,230,193 6s. 2d., the excess of deposits over withdrawals having thus been £381,262 19s. 11d. The total sum standing at credit of all accounts on the 31st December, 1901, was £6,350,013 9s. 2d., which gave an average of £29 17s. 10d. to the credit of each open account.

The following were the securities, &c., standing in the name of the Postmaster-General on account of the Post-Office Savings-Bank Fund on the 31st December, 1901:—

Description of Securities.Nominal Value.Value at Cost Price.
 £s.d.£s.d.
“Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1896,” Debentures at 3 1/2 per cent.350,00000350,00000
“Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1899,” Debentures at 3 1/2 per cent.125,00000125,00000
“Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1896-97,” Debentures at 3 per cent.65,0000065,00000
“Consolidated Loan Act, 1867,” Debentures, 4 per cent.13,0000012,48000
Consolidated Stock Act, 1884,” Debentures, 3½ per cent.571,60000571,60000
Description of Securities.Nominal Value.Value at Cost Price.
 £s.d.£s.d.
“Dairy Industry Act, 1898,” Debentures, 3½ per cent.1,781001,78100
“Defence and other Purposes Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4 per cent.750000072,00000 
“Defence and other Purposes Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4½ per cent.8,100008,10000
District Railways Purchasing Acts, 1885 and 1886, Debentures, 4 per cent.42,0000036,076178
District Railways Purchasing Acts, 1885 and 1886, Scrip, 4 per cent.34,1000034,10000
Dunedin Garrison Hall Debentures, 5 per cent.6,000006,00000
“General Purposes Loan Act, 1873,” Debentures, 4 per cent.5,200004,34200 
“Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886,” Debentures, 3½ per cent.231,50000231,50000
Greymouth Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.100,00000100,00000
Hamilton Borough Debentures, 5½ per cent.3,000003,00000
Hokitika Harbour Board Debentures, 5 per cent.10,0000010,00000
“Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4 per cent.174,20000167,27200
“Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4½ per cent.20,9000020,527100
“Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4 per cent. (Imperial guaranteed)400,00000400,00000
Inscribed Stock, 3 per cent.1,884,940001,879,61400
“Land for Settlements Act, 1894,” Debentures, 3½ per cent.731,06600731,06600
Land for Settlements Act Debentures, 3½ per cent.62,0000062,00000
“Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894,” Debentures, 4 per cent.264,00000264,00000
“Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894,” Debentures, 3½ per cent35,0000035,000002
Oamaru Borough Consolidated Loan 1893 Debentures, 5 per cent.13,8000013,80000
Oamaru Harbour Bonds, 5½ per cent.31,0000031,00000
Patea Harbour Board Debentures, 4½ per cent.13,0000013,00000
Thames Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00000
“Public Revenues Act, 1893” (Treasury Bills), 3½ per cent.629,20000629,20000
Westport Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.474,50000474,50000
Totals6,384,887006,361,95978

There are five savings-banks in the colony not connected with the Post Office. The total amount deposited in them in 1901 was £670,602 19s. 4d., of which the deposits by Maoris comprised £82 2s. 10d. The withdrawals reached the sum of £630,672 12s. 6d., or less than the total deposits by £39,930 6s. 10d.

The total amount to the credit of the depositors at the end of the year was £918,089 10s. 1d., of which sum £118 5s. 4d. belonged to Maoris.

SUMMARY OF ALL DEPOSITS.

If the total deposits at the end of the year be assumed to be equal to the average for the last quarter, then it may be affirmed that, exclusive of Government moneys, the deposits in the several banks of issue and in the two classes of savings-banks amounted at the end of 1901 to £22,490,221. In addition, there are the deposits with building societies, which in 1900 were £249,530, and it is known that there were also deposits with financial companies, of which no particulars have been supplied to the department. The known deposits reach an average of £28 17s. 5d. per head of the population, exclusive of Maoris.

BUILDING SOCIETIES.

There were 68 registered building societies in operation in the colony at the end of 1900. Of these, 33 were terminable societies, the rest were permanent.

The total receipts by these societies during their financial year were £659,367, of which deposits comprised £237,542.

The assets at the end of the year were valued at £1,137,642. The liabilities were: To shareholders, reserve fund, &c., £864,860; to depositors, £249,530; and to bankers and other creditors, £23,252.

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES.

During the year ended 31st December, 1901, 160 joint-stock companies, with a total nominal capital of £2,019,253, were registered under the provisions of “The Companies Act, 1882.”

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.

The Registrar of Friendly Societies received returns for the year 1900 from 443 lodges, courts, tents, &c., of various friendly societies throughout the colony. The number of members at the end of 1900 was 40,257.

The total value of the assets of these societies was £766,480, equivalent to £19 0s. 10d. per member. Of the total assets, the value of the sick and funeral benefit funds was £708,862.

The receipts during the year on account of the sick and funeral funds amounted to £89,236, and the expenditure to £63,465, of which the sick-pay to members reached the sum of £41,168. In addition to the sick-pay, the sum of £36,912 was paid out of the medical and management expenses fund for attendance given and medicine supplied to the members and their families.

The Registrar of Friendly Societies has supplied particulars of the number of members of friendly societies, the amount of their accumulated capital, and the average capital per member in Australasia, according to the latest published statistics, arranged in order of membership:—

State or Colony.Date of Return.Number of Lodges.Number of Members.Amount of Funds.Capital per Member.
    ££s.d.
Victoria31st Dec., 19001,11197,9371,316,37013810
New South Wales31st Dec., 189781769,124596,4638127
South Australia31st Dec., 189548742,703475,6541129
New Zealand31st Dec., 190044340,257766,48019010
Tasmania31st Dec., 189911712,883100,5627161
Western Australia31st Dec., 19001086,89046,3066145

New Zealand shows by far the highest average of capital per member, Victoria following next, but not closely. The South Australian average is not quite two-thirds, and those of New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, and Tasmania less than half the sum shown for this colony.

MORTGAGES.

In a return to an order of the House of Representatives it is stated that, during the year ended 31st March, 1901, mortgages to the value of £7,431,698 were registered in the several land registration districts of the colony, while the monetary value of those paid off amounted to £5,082,617. Compared with a similar return for the year 1899-1900, the mortgages registered show a decrease of £3,065, the total amount for the earlier year having been £7,434,763.

The total amounts represented in the mortgages registered and paid off in each registration district during 1899-1900 and 1900-1901 were:—

 1900-1901.1899-1900.
District.Mortgages
Registered.
Mortgages
Paid off.
Mortgages
Registered.
Mortgages
Paid-off.
 ££££
Auckland663,121507,886765,350878,135
Poverty Bay214,394169,279225,723115,999
Taranaki872,111498,149639,641377,032
Hawke's Bay685,395494,964847,895763,517
Wellington2,108,8121,257,3522,077,4461,198,238
Marlborough132,106140,648102,209129,666
Nelson183,022127,172152,278138,849
Westland25,82114,30520,5359,142
Canterbury1,424,7801,057,4581,714,8001,373,906
Otago569,442552,289517,110484,507
Southland552,694263,115371,776254,117
Totals£7,431,698£5,082,617£7,434,763£5,723,108

Classified according to the various rates of interest, the amounts in the mortgage deeds registered during the two years were:—

Year 1899-1900.1900-1901.Rate of Interest.

(a.) Including £4,000, at 4 3/8 per cent., and £4,500 at 4 1/4 per cent.

(b.) Including £2,050 at 5 1/6 per cent., and £24,180 at 5 1/4 per cent.

(c.) Including £2,693 at 5 3/4 per cent.

(d.) Including £144,892 at 6 2/3 per cent.

(e.) Including £700 at 7 1/4 per cent.

(f.) Including £700 at 4 1/4 per cent.

(g.) Including £22,000 at 4 3/5 per cent.

(h.) Including £19,520 at 5 1/4, and £300 at 5 1/3 per cent.

(i.) Including £5,300 at 5 3/4 per cent.

(j.) Including £2,360 at 6 5/12 per cent.

(k.) Including £100 at 7 1/4 per cent.

(l.) Including £200 at 7 2/3 per cent.

(m.) Including £30 at 8 1/4 per cent.

 £ 
101,39178,319at 4 per cent or under.
1,731,654 (a)1,652,410 (f)at 4 1/2 per cent.
171,13380,310 (g)at 4 3/4 per cent.
2,298,7232,242,362at 5 per cent.
355,541 (b)441,098 (h)at 5 1/2 per cent.
698,147 (c)675,772 (i)at 6 per cent.
5,1904,071 (j)at 6 1/4 per cent.
15,800135,793at 6 1/2 per cent.
5,900100at 6 3/4 per cent.
361,157 (d)244,248 (k)at 7 per cent.
31,344 (e)22,619 (l)at 7 1/2 per cent.
158,536188,102 (m)at 8 per cent.
9,21666,142at 8 1/2 per cent. and over.
1,411,0311,600,352at rates not specified.
£7,434,763£7,431,698 

Comparison of the foregoing with the amounts at the various rates of interest in the mortgages registered during 1895-96 shows the lowering of the rates that has taken place:—

Year 1895-96.
£
 
26,285in small sums at less than 5 per cent.
833,226at from 5 per cent. to 5 1/4 per cent.
732,764at 5 1/2 per cent.
116,600at 5 3/4 per cent.
1,372,261at from 6 per cent. to 6 1/4 per cent.
371,896at from 6 1/2 per cent. to 6 3/4 per cent.
599,542at from 7 per cent. to 7 1/4 per cent.
111,651at 7 1/2 per cent.
382,348at 8 per cent.
173,416in small sums, at rates above 8 per cent.
853,801at rates which are not specified.
£5,573,790 

The total amount shown in deeds as secured by mortgage under the Land Transfer Act on 31st March, 1901, was £37,767,650, as against £35,303,728 in March, 1900, £33,035,337 in March, 1899, £32,152,288 in March, 1898, and £31,112,921 in March, 1897; but in respect of some transactions the same money may be included more than once.

LIFE INSURANCE.

There were existing in the colony at the close of the year 1900 as many as 89,849 life insurance policies, an average of 117 in every 1,000 persons living. The gross amount represented by these policies was £22,629,255, an average of £251 17s. 2d. for each policy, and of £29 7s. 3d. for every European inhabitant of the colony at the end of the year.

The distribution of these policies shows that nearly one-half are held in the Government Life Insurance Department:—

Name of Office.Number of Years of Business in the Colony.New Zealand Business only.
Number of existing Policies at End of Year 1900.Gross Amount insured by Policies at End of Year 1900.
   £
Australian Mutual Provident Society3926,9967,428,138
Australian Widows' Fund Life As surance Society (Limited)31,156310,973
Citizens' Life Assurance Company (Limited)73,093472,191
Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited)174,5461,200,368
Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States16831322,721
Mutual Life Association of Australasia245,2311,375,006
National Mutual Life Association of Australasia (Limited)217,4891,769,470
New York Life Insurance Company1413953,352
Life Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government3140,3689,697,036
Totals, December, 1900 89,849£22,629,255
Totals, December, 1899 85,540£21,762,155

The rate at which life insurance increased is evidenced by the difference between the amounts insured at the end of each of the two years 1899 and 1900, being a sum of £867,100, or 3.98 per cent., while for the same twelve months the population increased by 1.87 per cent. only.

INDUSTRIAL LIFE ASSURANCE.

In addition to the ordinary life insurance transactions alluded to above, there were in 1900 two industrial life assurance offices doing business in New Zealand. The number of policies in existence and the gross amount insured by such policies at the end of the year were:—

Name of Office.Number of Years of Business in the Colony.New Zealand Business only.
Number of existing Policies at End of Year 1990.Gross Amount insured by Policies at End of Year 1900.
   £
The Citizens' Life Assurance Company (Limited)716,658376,806
The Provident and Industrial Insurance Company of New Zealand117,904167,310
Totals, December, 1900 24,562£544,116
Totals, December, 1899 21,066£479,876

Here an increase of £64,240, or 13.39 per cent., is shown to have taken place in twelve months.

“THE NEW ZEALAND ACCIDENT INSURANCE ACT, 1899.”

By this statute the Commissioner of Life Insurance is given power to insure persons from accident, and specially employers against liability for accident to any person employed, besides generally doing the business of an insurer against accident.

The Act provides for capital for the accident insurance business by empowering the Governor in Council to raise by debentures or scrip, or by issue of inscribed stock, sums of money not exceeding £25,000 altogether. To redeem at maturity the securities issued in respect of capital raised there are provisions for a sinking fund.

The funds, assets, and liabilities of the Government Life Insurance Department belonging to its accident insurance branch are to be kept separately and distinct from the main life insurance business, and powers are vested in the Governor to make regulations in regard to tables fixing rates of premiums, and other details, for the conduct of accident insurance.

THE PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE.

This institution was described in full detail in the Year-book for 1898, page 454.

Classifying the business as on the 31st March, 1901 and 1902, the results are:—

 1901.1902.
 Number of Estates.Value of Estates.Number of Estates.Value of Estates.
  £ £
Wills and trusts (including sinking funds accounts)6841,022,8386511,122,404
Intestate estates867134,820923163,304
Real estates697,459697,317
Lunatic estates626159,087728163,306
Native reserves110363,076143366,000
West Coast Settlement Reserves293622,604309625,000
Unclaimed lands24917,07022620,283
Total2,898£2,326,9543,049£2,467,614

The capital funds of the Public Trust Office invested amounted, on the 31st March, 1902, to £1,723,451. The investments are as follow:—

 £
New Zealand Government securities578,323
Local bodies' debentures28,129
Mortgages of freehold property1,116,999
Total£1,723,451

DUTIES ON ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS.

By the Amendment Act of 1885 the Schedule of Duties payable under the principal Act of 1881 has been repealed, and the following imposed in lieu thereof:—

1. When the value does not exceed £100No duty.
2. Upon any amount exceeding £100 but not exceeding £1,000— 
On the first £100No duty.
And on the remainder£2 1/2 per cent.
3. Upon any amount exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £5,000£3 1/2 per cent.
4. Upon any amount exceeding £5,000, but not exceeding £20,000£7 per cent.
Upon £20,000 and any amount over that sum£10 per cent.
Strangers in blood, excepting adopted children£3 per cent. additional.

These duties are leviable upon the final balance of the real and personal estates.

The exemption in respect of property passing absolutely to widow at death of husband is now extended vice versâ.

There are also special provisions in the law affecting children, grandchildren, step-children, and adopted children inheriting property.

The above duties also apply to deeds of gift.

PRIVATE WEALTH.

The number and value of estates of deceased persons finally certified, on which duty was paid during the years 1899, 1900, and 1901 are shown, classified according to amount:—

Value of Estates.1899.1900.1901.
Number of Estates.Aggregate Value on which Duty was Paid.Number of Estates.Aggregate Value on which Duty was Paid.Number of Estates.Aggregate Value on which Duty was Paid.
£     £ £ £ £
Under 500794150,091752146,105856158,551
500 to 1,000224161,220224158,392225163,186
1,000 to 2,000126180,909172246,012159232,961
2,000 to 3,00057133,20466161,72454130,069
3,000 to 4,00030105,07737129,07933113,269
4,000 to 5,0001881,96726115,29529125,701
5,000 to 7,50034209,18520121,08030181,849
7,500 to 10,00013110,76516139,79229248,644
10,000 to 15,00010126,66113156,64918227,423
15,000 to 20,0009155,058469,35010167,620
20,000 and over12601,33815517,47214603,425
Totals1,3272,020,4751,3451,960,9501,4572,352,698

The number of estates admitted to probate, and the number of adult deaths in each year, 1897 to 1901, are given, and it will be seen that 28 out of every 100 adults who died during the year 1901 left property subject to estate duty.

Year.Number of Estates.Number of Adult Deaths.Proportion per Cent. of
Adults who died leaving Property
on which Duty paid.
18971,1284,25826.49
18981,2874,69627.41
18991,3274,71928.12
19001,3454,68328.72
19011,4575,13428.38

The private wealth of the colony has been estimated on the basis of the probate returns, the calculation being made on the principle that the wealth of the living is proportionally equal to that left by the dead. Dividing the aggregate amount admitted to probate during a series of years by the number of deaths occurring within the same period, the average value of property left by each person dying is obtained. On the assumption that the average wealth owned by each person living is equal to that left by each person dying, the total aggregate private wealth may readily be found. For a calculation of this kind it is necessary to take the average results for a series of years, as any inference drawn from the figures of a single year would be untrustworthy; for an increase in the death-rate must necessarily give a corresponding decrease in the estimated wealth, unless the value of estates admitted to probate maintains year by year the same ratio to the number of deaths. An epidemic among young children who have no property to leave would unduly lower the average; while, on the other hand, the deaths of a few wealthy persons would raise it abnormally. By putting the figures for several years together, and taking the average for the term, results may be arrived at, thus:—

Years, inclusive.Amount sworn to.Total Number of Deaths.Average Amount left by each Person.Average Number of
Persons living.
Average Total Wealth for
each Year of the Period.
 £ £   s.   d. £
1897-190110,596,25136,353291   9   8749,883218,577,472

It is manifest, however, that this average does not exhibit with sufficient accuracy the actual present amount of wealth. If the average amount per head were the same at the end of the year 19 as for the period 1897-1901—viz., £291.482—then the total wealth possessed by the 787,657 persons in the colony on the 31st December of that year would be £229,587,916.

These figures, however, fall short of the full amount of private wealth, as the values sworn to do not include those estates on which no stamp duty is payable—viz., land and goods passing to the husband or wife of the deceased, and a great number of properties under £100. The aggregate value of such estates must be considerable, and should give a substantial increase to the average amount per head, and therefore to the total wealth. But, on the other hand, only 32 per cent. of the deaths in 1901 were of persons under twenty years of age, and the census of 1901 showed that 44 per cent. of the population living at that time were under twenty: so that, in assuming the average wealth per head of the living to be the same as the average left by each one dying, the aggregate is somewhat unduly swelled, because, as a rule, persons under twenty have little or no property.

The estimated private wealth for each of ten years is shown by the following figures:—

Year.Amount.Average per Head.
 ££
1892152,065,087236
1893156,058,273232
1894154,715,821225
1895152,918,021219
1896170,007,843238
1897183,781,780252
1898201,154,323271
1899217,587,481288
1900228,236,158296
1901229,587,916291

Of the total amount of private wealth given above for 1901—viz., £229,587,916—about £124,000,000 would be the value of real estate privately owned, subtracting which leaves, approximately, £105,000,000 as representing personal property. Although this may appear a high estimate, a very large development in the taxable personal estate during the last ten years is absolutely demonstrated by the returns showing the amounts of income-tax paid, which rose from £67,367 in 1892-93 to £179,397 in 1901-1902.

The Government Statistician of New South Wales estimated the private wealth of Australasia for the year 1899 at £1,079,246,000; and the same authority has returned the private wealth for the State of New South Wales as £370,000,000 sterling for the year 1900.

An attempt to arrive at the value of the public property in the colony led to the following particulars being ascertained:—

PUBLIC PROPERTY.

Public property—i.e., land and improvements not owned by individuals, exclusive of Government railways:—

  £
Crown lands£14,079,993 
Local authorities' lands4,704,442 
Educational lands2,969,438 
Church and other lands2,274,051 
  24,027,924
Government railways, open and under construction, 31st March, 1901 18,230,057
Other public works—viz., telegraphs, lighthouses, harbours, and water-supply on goldfields 4,766,511
Total public property £47,024,492

This amount of £47,024,492, with the sum of £229,587,916 previously shown as the private wealth, estimated from probate returns, gives a total of £276,612,408. If to this be added £7,007,522, the value of Native lands with their improvements, a final total of £283,619,930 is reached.

So much of this sum as represents private wealth may be considered as net wealth because stamp duty is paid after subtracting liabilities on estates. But the debt of the General Government and that of the local bodies (so far as raised abroad) must be deducted. These amounts were, in the year 1901, £44,678,879 and £5,510,800 respectively. Allowing for these, it is found that the colony had in 1901 at least £233,430,251 value of public and private wealth. No doubt there is more, but full information as to public wealth other than property owned by the Government is not procurable.

EARNINGS AND INCOME.

The amount of the aggregate annual earnings of the people of New Zealand is given in the Year-book of 1897 (p. 283). To arrive at this estimate the method adopted was to allot to each person the probable income earned in respect of the occupation set down against his or her name in the household schedules collected at the census of 12th April, 1896. Exception may no doubt be taken to the plan of basing a calculation on a series of arbitrary assumptions, but there is precedent for such a course. The results of the calculation were given without any guarantee of accuracy, similar figures having been called for in the past. Indeed it is important to make clear that the figures must only be considered as put forward with the greatest diffidence, and rather of necessity than otherwise. They may indeed give a fair idea of the facts, but the responsibility of using them for any particular purpose is not accepted by the Registrar-General.

WAGES.

The aggregate of wages paid in the colony for the year 1896, as given in the Year-book of 1897 (p. 284), was arrived at by assigning to each wage-earner the probable annual income each would derive from the profession or occupation followed. As in the case of income, the calculations made were put forward merely by way of an attempt to get as closely as possible to the facts, and because asked for; but no assurance whatever can be given as to the exactness of the conclusions stated, and the Registrar-General does not accept any responsibility in regard to their use.

COST OF LIVING.

An estimate was made in 1894 of the cost of living in New Zealand, including, besides what was spent on necessaries, the additional outlay on what may be termed luxuries, and on things of occasional necessity. The rate arrived at per head of population was £35 6s. 1d. per annum for that year. Fuller particulars are given in former issues of the Year-book.

The average income per head previously referred to was believed to be from £37 12s. to £44 per annum.

Mr. Mulhall, in his “Dictionary of Statistics,” gives the average expenditure per head of population for various countries specified as follows:—

Country.Average Annual Expenditure per Head. 
 £sd.
United Kingdom29149
France23194
Germany2034
Russia10111
Austria1449
Italy11110
Spain15126
Portugal1156
Sweden2084
Norway1900
Denmark28115
Holland20174
Belgium2582
Switzerland1800
United States32162
Canada2322
Australia33103
Argentina2791

The estimate for Australasia, as made in 1894 by Mr. Coghlan, the Government Statistician of New South Wales, was as high as £43 12s. 10d. per head.

ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF FOOD, STIMULANTS, ETC.

The quantities used per head of population in New Zealand of some of the main articles of consumption will be found in the Year-book for 1898. The figures are averages for five years.

PRICES AND WAGES.

The average prices of produce, live-stock, provisions, &c., in each provincial district are given for the year 1901 in tabular form on pages 415 and 416. While the variations for the different districts are such as to render it in most cases inadvisable to show averages for the colony, this has nevertheless been done for the staples of food, i.e., bread, meat, and milk, also for tea and sugar, which may almost be called necessaries. Averages for the colony, taken out for the years 1878, 1888, 1898, and 1901, indicate in some cases a decline in prices with the advance of time. In striking these, prices on the goldfields have not been taken into account:—

1878.1888.1898.1901.
 s.d.s.d.s.d.s.d.
Bread per lb.0201 3/401 1/201 1/2
Beef per lb.05 1/203 3/403 3/404 1/4
Mutton per lb.03 3/403 1/40304
Sugar per lb.0503 1/402 3/402 3/4
Tea per lb.2923 1/211019
Butter (fresh) per lb.1409 1/409 3/4010
Cheese (Colonial) per lb.0100605 1/206
Milk per quart.04 1/203 1/40303

RATES OF WAGES.

The average rates of wages paid in 1901 in each provincial district for agricultural, pastoral, artisan, and servants' labour are given on pages 417 to 420.

AVERAGE PRICES OF PRODUCE, LIVE-STOCK, PROVISIONS, ETC., IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1901.
Produce, &c.Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland (Goldfield).Canterbury,Otago (Part Goldfield).
I. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.         
Wheat per bushel (60lb.)3/ to 4/3/6 to 3/93/ to 3/93/3 to 4/2/83/63/6 to 4/62/82/9 to 4/
Barley per bushel (47lb.)2/5 to 4/62/6 to 3/2/6 to 3/2/3 to 3/63/2/3/1/102/4 to 3/ 
Oats per bushel (40lb.)2/6 to 3/32/9 to 3/32/ to 3/12/3 to 3/2/63/3/ to 3/32/42/ to 2/6
Maize per bushel (56lb.)2/4 to 3/64/ to 4/62/ to 3/3/ to 3/63/3/63/6 to 4/63/3/
Bran per bushel (20lb.)1/1/31/ to 1/410d. to 1/31/1/31/ to 1/37d.9d. to 1/3 
Hay per ton£2/10 to £4/10£2/10 to £4£3£3 to £4/10£2/10£3£4/10£2/10£3 to £3/10
II. FLOUR AND BREAD.         
Flour, wholesale per ton of 2,000lb.£6/15 to £8£7/15 to £9£8 to £9£7 to £9£7£8£8 To £9£7£7/10 to £9/10
Flour, retail per bag of 50lb.4/ to 5/4/6 to 5/4/6 to 5/64/ to 5/4/65/4/6 to 5/4/4/6 to 6/6 
Bread per 4lb. loaf5d. to 6d.6d.6d.6d.7d.6d.6d. to 7d.5d.6d. to 7d.
III. LIVE-STOCK AND MEAT.         
Horses, draught per head£20 to £40£25 to £35£20 to £30£35 to £40£30 to £40£40£30 to £50£25 to £40£30 to £50
Horses, saddle and harness per head£10 to £15£12/10 to £20£10 to £20£15 to £22£15 to £25£18£15 to £30£15 to £30£15 to £25
Cattle, fat per head£6 to £9110/ to 130/£6/ to £8130/ to 170/£5 to £10£6170/ to 220/£7 to £10£6/10 to £9 
Cattle, milch cows per head£5 to £7/10£5 to £7/10£5 to £7/10£5 to £7£8 to £10£4£6/10 to £7£6 to £9£5/10 to £7/1
Sheep, fat per head12/ to 17/612/ to 15/10/ to 14/9/ to 14/10/11/£15 to £1/2/6£12/6 to £17/613/ to £1
Lambs, fat per head8/ to 10/10/ to 10/610/ to 12/10/ to 11/10/9/14/6 to 19/12/6 to 18/10/ to 14/
Butchers' meat:—         
    Beef per lb.3 1/2d. to 6d.3 1/2d. to 5 1/2d.4d. to 5d.4d. to 6d.3d. to 5d.4d.4d. to 6d.5d.4d. to 7d.
    Mutton per lb.3 1/2d. to 6d.4d.3 1/2d. to 4d.3 1/2d. to 5 1/2d.2 1/2d.4d.4d. to 6d.4d.4d. to 6d.
    Veal per lb.5d. to 6d.3 1/2d. to 4d.5d. to 6d.3d. to 6d.5d.4d.5d. to 8d.5d.4d. to 6d.
    Pork per lb.4 1/2d. to 6d.4d. to 6d.4 1/2d. to 6d.5d. to 7d.5d.4d.6d. to 7d.6d.5d. to 7d.
    Lamb per lb.5d. to 7d.4 1/2d.5d. to 6d.5 1/2d. to 7d.3 1/2d.4d.6d. to 8d.6d.4 1/2d. to 7d.
IV. DAIRY PRODUCE.         
Butter, fresh per lb.11d. to 1/210d.1/10d. to 1/10d. to 1/1/8d.1/1/ 10d. to 1/1
Butter, salt per lb.7d. to 10d.10d.8d. to 9d.7d. to 10d.9d.5d.10d. to 1/9d.7 1/2d. to 10d.
Cheese, colonial per lb.5d. to 7d.7d.6d. to 8d.5d. to 7d.6d.8d.7d. to 8d.6d.6d. to 8d.
Cheese, imported per lb.7d. to 9d.1/62/ to 2/31/ to 1/31/10d. 1/8 
Milk per quart3d. to 4d.3d.3d.3d. to 4d.4d.3d.4d. to 8d.3d.3d. to 6d.
V. FARM-YARD PRODUCE.         
Geese per pair7/ to 10/4/8 to 6/68/ to 10/6/ to 7/67/6 7/6 to 10/7/67/ to 11/
Ducks per pair3/6 to 5/3/6 to 5/4/ to 5/5/ to 5/64/64/5/ to 7/4/64/6 to 6/6
Fowls per pair2/6 to 4/3/6 to 4/2/9 to 3/2/6 to 4/2/63/3/6 to 5/3/93/ to 4/
Turkeys per head4/6 to 7/64/6 to 6/5/ to 7/5/6 to 7/65/4/6/ to 8/8/7/ to 12/
Bacon per lb.7d. to 9d.8d.8d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.8d.8d.7 1/2d. to 9d.6d.7d. to 8d.
Ham per lb.8d. to 10d.10d.8d. to 10d.8d. to 10d.9 1/2d.9d.9d. to 10d.8d.8d. to 9 1/2d. 
Eggs per doz.10d. to 1/31/ to 1/28d. to 1/1/1/8d.1/ to 1/99d.9d. to 1/
VI. GARDEN PRODUCE.         
Potatoes, wholesale per ton90/ to 150/140/ to 160/60/ to 120/90/ to 160/120/70/150/ to 200/45/50/ to 90/ 
Potatoes, retail per cwt.5/ to 8/69/ to 10/4/ to 8/6/ to 10/8/4/8/ to 12/2/93/ to 7/
Onions per lb.1 1/2d. to 2/d2 1/2d. to 3d.1d. to 3d.1d. to 3d.1 1/2d.1 1/2d.1 1/2d. to 3d.1 1/2d.1d. to 3d.
Carrots per doz. bnchs.1/ to 2/1/ to 1/61/ to 2/1/ to 2/ 8d. 6d.1/ to 2/
Turnips per doz. bnchs.1/ to 2/1/ to 1/61/ to 2/1/ to 2/ 8d. 1/61/ to 2/
Cabbages per doz.2/ to 4/2/ to 3/32/ to 4/1/ to 1/6 1/ 2/1/6 to 3/
VII. MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.         
Tea per lb.1/4 to 2/2/ to 2/21/9 to 2/1/8 to 2/1/6 to 2/2/2/1/81/10 to 2/6
Coffee per lb.1/4 to 1/91/8 to 2/1/6 to 1/101/6 to 2/1/101/101/6 to 2/1/41/4 to 2/
Sugar per lb.2 1/4d. to 3d.3d.3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.3d.2 1/2d.3d.2 1/2d.2 1/4d. to 3 1/2d.
Rice per lb.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d.2 1/2d.3d.2d2 1/2d. to 3d.
Salt per lb.3/4d. to 1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.3/4d.1d. to 2d.
Soap per cwt.11/ to 19/20/ to 32/620/ to 25/16/ to 22/20/20/18/ to 23/17/15/6 to 22/
Candles per lb.6 1/2d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.8d.6d. to 8d.8d.7d.8d. to 9d.6d. to 8d.6d. to 9d.
Tobacco per lb.5/3 to 6/5/6 to 6/5/65/ to 6/6/5/35/ to 6/5/4/9 to 6/
Coal per ton27/ to 50/40/ to 45/36/ to 47/634/ to 50/40/38/20/ to 35/37/16/ to 45/ 
Firewood per cord24/ to 40/23/ to 25/14/ to 30/14/ to 30/35/24/15/ to 26/40/20/ to 30/
VIII. BEER, WINES, SPIRITS.         
Beer, colonial per hhd.80/ to 100/90/90/ to 100/80/ to 100/ 85/75/ to 96/70/70/ to 90/
Beer, English, bottled per doz. qts.10/6 to 14/15/ to 16/13/ to 14/13/ to 15/13/13/14/ to 15/614/614/ to 18/
Brandy per gallon25/ to 30/32/6 to 36/24/6 to 28/25/ to 30/28/30/24/ to 29/25/624/ to 28/
Rum per gallon24/ to 30/25/ to 28/22/ to 24/24/ to 30/25/28/23/ to 24/25/22/ to 27/
Whisky per gallon22/ to 30/30/24/ to 28/25/ to 27/630/30/24/6 to 25/324/624/ to 30/ 
Gin per gallon24/ to 40/22/6 to 40/18/ to 25/22/ to 30/19/6 19/ to 24/625/19/ to 28/
Wine, Australian per gallon15/ to 25/18/ to 20/15/ to 18/12/ to 21/15/14/ to 15/14/616/ to 18/  
Wine, European per gallon17/ to 25/30/ to 40/19/ to 25/20/ to 22/17/6 16/ to 20/24/20/ to 25/
AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1901.
Description of Labour.Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland (Goldfield).Canterbury.Otago (Part Goldfield).
1. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.         
Farm-labourers:         
    With board, per week20/15/ to 25/20/ to 22/620/ to 30/20/ to 25/20/20/ to 30/15/ to 20/15/ to 25/
    Without board, per day6/88/6/ to 7/7/ 6/ 5/5/ to 6/
Ploughmen:         
    With board, per week20/15/ to 25/20/ to 25/20/ to 30/20/ to 30/20/ 20/ to 25/20/ to 25/
    Without board, per day6/88/ to 9/   6/ 6/6/
Harvesters:         
    With board, per week25/ to 30/  45/ to 50/ 40/ 35/ to 50/25/ to 40/
    Without board, per day8/41/ per hour1/ per hour8/7/ to 8/10/ 8/ to 10/7/ to 8/
Men-cooks on farms:         
    With board, per week20/ to 25/25/20/ to 25/20/ to 30/20/20/ 20/ to 25/20/ to 30/
Female farm-servants:         
    With board, per week8/ to 15/8/ to 15/12/6 to 15/10/ to 15/8/ to 10/ 9/ to 11/12/6 to 20/ 
2. PASTORAL LABOUR.         
Shepherds, with board, per annum£39 to £65£50 to £60£65£50 to £75£75£65 £52 to £72£50 to £75
Stock-keepers, with board, per annum£52 to £65£50 to £60£65£50£75£65 £52 to £72£50 to £75
Station-labourers:         
    With board, per week20/15/ to 20/20/ to 22/620/20/20/ 15/ to 20/15/ to 25/
    Without board, per day6/6/6   6/   
Shearers, with board, per 100 sheep shorn17/ to 20/17/6 to 20/20/17/ to 17/617/615/ 15/ to 16/15/
Men-cooks on stations, with board, per week15/ to 25/20/ to 25/20/ to 25/25/ to 30/25/20/ 20/ to 25/20/ to 30/ 
3. ARTISAN LABOUR (per day, without board).         
Masons10/ to 12/9/ to 10/11/ to 12/12/ to 12/615/10/ 11/12/ to 13/6
Plasterers10/ to 12/9/ to 14/10/ to 11/9/ to 14/9/10/ 10/10/ to 12/
Bricklayers9/ to 12/9/ to 14/9/ to 11/9/ to 12/8/ to 9/10/12/ to 14/12/ to 13/10/ to 12/6
Carpenters9/ to 12/10/9/9/ to 12/10/8/11/ to 12/610/810/8 to 12/
Smiths8/ to 10/8/ to 9/7/ to 10/18/ to 10/9/8/8/ to 12/8/6 to 10/8/ to 12/
Shipwrights9/ to 10/8/ to 10/12/10/ to 12/ 10/ 10/ to 12/10/ to 14/
Plumbers8/ to 12/8/ to 14/9/ to 10/10/ to 12/9/ to 10/8/10/ to 12/10/8/ to 12/
Painters8/ to 10/8/ to 9/8/ to 9/9/ to 10/9/8/8/ to 10/10/7/ to 11/
Saddlers7/8 to 9/7/ to 8/7/ to 9/8/ to 9/8/ to 9/8/8/ to 10/8/7/ to 9/
Shoemakers7/6 to 8/7/ to 8/7/ to 8/7/ to 9/8/ to 9/7/7/ to 10/6/ to 10/8/ to 10/
Coopers8/ to 10/7/ to 9/9/8/ to 11/ 10/ 10/ to 12/8/ to 10/
Watchmakers8/ to 12/7/ to 8/68/ to 11/7/6 to 10/10/8/ 7/ to 12/7/ to 9/7
Wheelwrights8/ to 12/8/ to 10/8/ to 10/8/ to 10/10/10/10/ to 12/9/ to 10/8/ to 12/
4. SERVANTS.         
Married couples without family, with board, per annum£60 to £78£65 to £85£80£65 to £80£75£75£70 to £80£65 to £80  
Married couples with family, with board, per annum£60 to £65 £70£52 to £70£80£65 £52 to £60£55 to £60 
Grooms, with board, per week15/ to 27/15/ to 25/20/ to 25/20/ to 30/20/25/20/ to 30/20/ to 22/615/ to 25/ 
Gardeners:         
    With board, per week15/ to 20/20/ to 27/620/ to 25/20/ to 50/25/25/20/22/6 to 25/20/ to 30/
    Without board, per day5/ to 7/7/ to 8/8/7/ 7/ 5/5/ to 8/
Cooks, with board, per week15/ to 20/20/ to 25/17/6 to 20/15/ to 40/15/-20/15/12/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 30/
Laundresses, with board, per week10/ to 15/15/ to 20/12/ to 15/10/ to 20/20/12/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/12/ to 15/
General house servants, with board, per week8/ to 12/8/ to 12/11/ to 15/10/ to 15/10/-15/10/10/ to 15/10/ to 12/10/ to 15/
Housemaids, with board, per week9/ to 15/10/ to 17/610/ to 12/612/6 to 15/10/-15/10/12/6 to 15/10/ to 12/10/ to 20/
Nursemaids, with board, per week5/ to 8/5/ to 8/7/6 to 9/5/ to 10/7/ to 9/8/5/ to 10/5/ to 10/5/ to 10/
Needlewomen:         
    With board, per week10/ to 18/ 15/20/ to 30/ 15/ 10/ to 12/ 
    Without board, per day (lunch always provided)2/6 to 4/3/63/3/6 to 5/5/3/2/6 to 5/   
5. MISCELLANEOUS.         
General labourers, without board, per day5/ to 8/7/ to 8/6/ to 7/6/6 to 8/7/ to 8/6/9/ to 10/5/ to 6/5/ to 8/
Stonebreakers without board, per cubic yard2/3 to 3/63/62/63/ 1/3/ to 5/2/6 to 3/1/6 to 2/
Seamen, with board, per month£5 to £6£5 to £6£5 to £6/10£3/10 to £6/10 £5 to £7 £7£3/10 to £6
Miners, without board per day8/ to 10/8/   7/10/7/ to 8/8/ to 11/
Engine-drivers, without board, per day10/ to 12/8/6 to 10/10/ to 11/9/ to 10/ 9/10/ to 12/10/ to 12/69/ to 12/
Tailors, without board, per day8/ to 9/    8/9/ to 10/  
Tailors, without board, per week 40/ to 60/50/42/ to 55/45/  30/ to 80/35/ to 60/ 
Tailoresses, without board, per day2/6 to 5/     4/  
Tailoresses, without board, per week 25/ to 30/20/ to 30/20/ to 30/25/15/ to 30/ 15/ to 35/25/ to 30/
Dressmakers, without board, per day3/ to 5/     4/ to 5/  
Dressmakers, without board, per week 30/ to 40/12/6 to 20/10/ to 40/20/20/ to 45/ 15/ to 27/25/ to 30/
Milliners, without board, per day4/ to 5/     4/ to 7/6  
Milliners, without board, per week 30/ to 35/15/ to 30/12/6 to 40/40/20/ to 40/ 12/6 to 25/25/ to 30/
Machinists, without board, per day3/8 to 5/     2/3 to 4/  
Machinists, without board, per week 25/ to 35/10/ to 25/15/ to 30/20/-25/15/ to 25/ 15/ to 30/15/ to 30/
Storekeepers, without board, per day      8/6 to 9/  
Storekeepers, per week30/ to 50/45/50/ to 60/45/ to 70/60/40/ 45/ to 60/40/ to 60/
Storekeepers, assistants, without board, per day      6/8 to 8/  
Storekeepers, assistants, without board, per week25/ to 40/35/ to 37/620/ to 60/45/ to 60/40/30/ 25/ to 45/15/ to 40/
Drapers' assistants, without board, per day      3/6 to 7/  
Drapers' assistants, without board, per week25/ to 50/40/25/ to 50/42/ to 60/50/25/ 25/ to 80/15/ to 40/
Grocers' assistants, without board, per day     6/8 to 7/6   
Grocers' assistants, without board, per week25/ to 45/35/15/ to 40/40/ to 45/30/-40/30/ 20/ to 50/25/ to 40/
Butchers, without board, per day     7/ to 10/   
Butchers, without board, per week25/ to 45/40/45/35/ to 60/50/30/ to 40/ 41 to 65/30/ to 60/
Bakers, without board, per day      7/ to 10/  
Bakers, without board, per week40/ to 50/47/630/ to 50/35/ to 60/60/50/ to 60/ 45/ to 55/25/ to 60/
Storemen, without board, per day      8/6 to 10/  
Storemen, without board, per week 40/ to 45/47/6 to 50/40/ to 60/42/30/ 40/ to 50/30/ to 60/
Compositors, without board, per day     8/4   
Compositors, without board, per weekto 55/to 50/25/ to 45/40/ to 60/50/-70/40/ 60/ to 72/40/ to 60/

LABOUR LEGISLATION.

The legislation passed by the General Assembly of New Zealand, and termed the “Labour Laws,” comprises the undermentioned statutes and regulations made under various Acts:—

“The Accidents Compensation Act, 1901.”

“The Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act Amendment Act, 1895”: Section 10.

Bankruptcy: Sections 112 and 120 of Act of 1892.

“The Coal-mines Act, 1891”: Sections 18 to 58 and 64 to 88.

“The Coal-mines Act Amendment Act, 1901”: Sections 3, 4, and 6.

“The Companies Acts Amendment Act, 1893”: Sections 8 and 9.

“The Conspiracy Law Amendment Act, 1894.”

“The Contractors and Workmen's Lien Act, 1892.”

“The Criminal Code Act, 1893”: Sections 150 and 213.

“The Deaths by Accidents Compensation Act, 1880.”

“The Electoral Act Amendment Act, 1900”: Section 10.

“The Employers' Liability Act, 1882,” with amendments of 1891 and 1892.

“The Factories Act, 1901.”

“The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1900,” with amendments of 1901.

The Inspection of Machinery Acts, 1882, 1883, and Amendment Acts of 1894, 1896, 1900, and 1901.

“The Kauri-gum Industry Act, 1898,” and Amendment Act, 1899.

“The Labour Day Act, 1899.”

“The Land for Settlements Act Amendment Act, 1896” (provision for workmen's homes).

“The Legitimation Act, 1894”: Section 6.

“The Licensing Act, 1881,” section 131.

“The Master and Apprentice Act, 1865.” Master and Apprentice: Extract from “The Criminal Code Act, 1893,” sections 150 and 213.

“The Mining Act, 1898,” and Amendment Acts, 1900 and 1901.

“The Public Contracts Act, 1900.”

“The Servants' Registry Offices Act, 1895.”

“The Shearers' Accommodation Act, 1898.”

“The Shipping and Seamen's Act, 1877,” with Amendment Acts of 1885, 1890, 1894, 1895, 1896, and 1899.

“The Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1894,” with Amendment Acts of 1895, 1896, and 1901.

“The Sunday Labour in Mines Prevention Act, 1897.”

“The Threshing-machine Owners' Lien Act, 1895.”

“The Trade-Union Act, 1878,” and Amendment Act, 1896.

“The Truck Act, 1891.”

“The Wages Attachment Act, 1895.”

“The Wages Protection Act, 1899” (forming part of and to be read with “The Truck Act, 1891”).

“The Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900.”

“The Workmen's Wages Act, 1893.”

The labour laws have been passed in the effort to regulate certain conditions affecting employer and employed. Their scope embraces many difficult positions into which the exigencies of modern industrial life have forced those engaged in trades and handicrafts. The general tendency of these laws is to ameliorate the position of the worker by preventing social oppression through endue influences, or through unsatisfactory conditions of sanitation. It will undoubtedly be found that, with the advance of time, these laws are capable of improvement and amendment; but they have already done much to make the lives of operatives of fuller and more healthy growth, and their aim is to prevent the installation of abuses before such abuses attain formidable dimensions.

The manufacturing population in New Zealand differs from that in some of the Australian States by its wide dispersion. The capital city has hitherto been unable to draw to itself the industrial ability of the other provincial centres; and not only do Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin vie with Wellington as centres of population, but also as nuclei of commercial activity. In the second-class towns, such as Nelson, Napier, Invercargill, &c., many important works are being carried on, while even in the villages and rural districts the progress of new settlement necessitates the manufacture of articles which in older communities are produced in specialised localities. Men scattered widely at the numerous occupations of colonial country life, shearing, harvesting, bush-felling, road-making, or sailing coastal vessels, &c., require legal protection against the dangers and disabilities to which their callings expose them. This general dispersion of industry necessitates not only a wide system of supervision, but legislative measures of a peculiar character, at once sufficiently elastic to comprehend many varieties of function, and yet rigid to crush any apparent abuse.

The most important of these laws, in its general significance, is that dealing with compulsory arbitration in labour disputes. “The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1894” (with its amending Acts of 1895, 1896, and 1898), were consolidated and further amended by the Acts of 1900 and 1901, now in force, and which are for the purpose of encouraging industrial association, and to facilitate the settlement of trade difficulties. Societies consisting of two or more employers, or of seven or more workers, may be registered and become subject to the jurisdiction of the Board and Court appointed by the Act of 1900. Any such society, after complying with stated conditions, may bring a disputed case before the Board of Conciliation appointed for that industrial district, and, if the Board fails to effect a settlement, the dispute may be referred to the Court of Arbitration, whose award may be enforced in the same manner as an award of the Supreme Court. The amount, however, for which such an award may be enforced against an association is limited to £500.

“The Factories Act, 1901,” is a consolidation of previous legislation, with some important amendments. New Zealand has been divided into factory districts under the charge of a Chief Inspector and 150 local Inspectors. As a “Nelson” or “work-room" includes any place in which two or more persons are engaged in working for hire or reward in any handicraft, there are few operatives who do not come within the scope of the Act. Children under fourteen years of age are not allowed to be employed, and the hours of labour, holidays, &c., of women and youths under sixteen are strictly regulated. Good ventilation, sanitary accommodation, and general cleanliness of buildings are points dwelt upon; while machinery has to be properly guarded, fire-escapes provided, and dangerous occupations especially classified. In order to assist the system of free general education which prevails in the colony, young persons are not allowed to work in factories till they have passed the Fourth Standard of the State schools, or an equivalent examination. To prevent the introduction of “Nelson” into our commercial centres, articles made, or partly made, in private dwellings, or unregistered workshops, have to be labelled when offered for sale, so that goods so manufactured (often in unsanitary premises) may not be placed in the market in competition with work done in properly inspected factories. Any person removing such labels is liable to a heavy fine. The Factory Inspectors also exercise supervision over the sleeping accommodation provided for shearers in country districts. As the sheep-runs and farms are widely scattered, sometimes in the rough and remote back country, this part of the work of inspection is no easy task. A woman Inspector of Factories also gives her assistance to the duties of the department, travelling from place to place, and particularly looking into the condition of the operative women and girls.

The duration of the hours of business in shops is limited by “The Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1894,” and the Shops and Shop-assistants Act Amendment Acts, 1895, 1896, and 1901. These provide for the closing of all shops in towns and boroughs for one afternoon half-holiday in each week. A few shops, such as those of fishmongers, fruiterers, eating-house keepers, &c., are exempted from the general closing on account of their convenience to the public; but assistants in such establishments, in the bars of hotels, and in country stores, must have a half-holiday on some day of the week. Very small shops carried on by Europeans without paid assistants are also exempt from closing on the general half-holiday, but must close on one afternoon in each week. The hours of work for women and young persons are defined; sitting accommodation must be provided, and precautions as to the necessary time for meals, sanitary accommodation, &c., are enforced; the Act also enumerates the working-hours, holidays, &c., of clerks employed in banks, mercantile offices, &c.

“The Employers' Liability Act, 1882,” added to and amended in 1891 and 1892, is designed to protect workmen from negligence on the part of employers, by defining under what circumstances compensation for injury or death may be recoverable. The Act covers all employments except that of domestic servant, and does not allow of any “contracting out” by agreement on the part of employer and employed. Another Act of this character has regard to the payment of workmen's wages, and states that if a workman shall demand payment of wages twenty-four hours or more after they are due, and the contractor does not pay such wages, the workman may legally attach all moneys due to the contractor by the employer until such wages are paid. “The Truck Act, 1891,” requires that payment of wages shall not be made in goods or “truck,” but in money, any contra account notwithstanding; but there are a few exemptions, such as for advances for food, tools, &c., to men engaged in felling bush. In order to minimise the number of cases wherein fraudulent or unfortunate contractors victimised their labourers, “The Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act, 1892,” was brought into existence. This entitles a person who has done work upon any land, building, or chattel to a lien upon such property. The lien only to be exercised under certain restrictions, and for a limited amount, but it gives priority of claim for wages against other service, and enables legal proceedings for recovery to be taken before the attached property can be disposed of or alienated.

“The Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900,” will probably almost altogether supersede the Employers' Liability Act, because, while an accident to a workman had not to be compensated by an employer under the latter Act unless it had occurred through his carelessness or that of his agent, under the former all accidents are to be compensated unless they are caused by the serious and wilful misconduct of the person injured. To meet the difficulty of too great expense falling on an employer through his having to pay large accident compensation, “The Government Accident Insurance Act, 1899,” was passed, which insures employers against risk of paying compensation.

“The Accidents Compensation Act, 1901,” provides that an independent medical examination of the injured person may be ordered by the Judge before whom a claim of compensation for accident is brought.

“The Servants' Registry Offices Act, 1895,” regulates the licensing of registry offices for domestic or farm servants. It prevents friendless or uneducated people from becoming the prey of unscrupulous persons, who formerly collected fees by duping the applicants for situations. The registry-office keepers have to pay a licensing fee to the Government, and to present a certificate of good character when applying for a license. Proper ledgers and books open to inspection must be provided, and the lending or hiring of licenses is not permitted. Registry-office keepers are not allowed to keep lodging-houses for servants, or have any interest in such houses.

There are sundry Acts for the supervision of shipping, and the protection of sailors and passengers. They relate to the appointment of pilots and ships' officers; the engagement and discharge of sailors; the sanitation, ventilation, and overloading of vessels; and the number of duly rated hands engaged in proportion to tonnage. They endeavour to prevent injustice to the sailor as to advance-notes, or payments in foreign money, and also specify penalties to be inflicted for desertion, disobedience, &c.

Combinations or associations of persons for regulating the relations between masters and masters, or masters and workmen, or workmen and workmen, are directed by “The Trade Union Act, 1878.” In this Act the different statutes which do not apply to trade-unions (such as the Joint Stock Act, the Friendly Societies Act, &c.) are enumerated, and the manner in which such societies may register, hold property, &c., is set out, together with the necessary provisions as to returns, penalties, &c. [An Amendment Act was passed in 1896, altering the age of membership.] “The Conspiracy Law Amendment Act, 1894,” permits any combination of persons in furtherance of a trade dispute, provided that any act performed by such combination or society would not be unlawful if done by one person. Such action must not include riot, sedition, or crime against the State.

“The Wages Attachment Act, 1895,” prevents wages below £2 a week being attached for debt. It does not interfere with any workman being sued for debt in the ordinary course, but prevents a grasping creditor from stepping in before others and seizing wages in advance before they are earned. [There is also “The Wages Protection Act, 1899,” which has to be read with “The Truck Act, 1891,” previously alluded to.]

“The Master and Apprentice Act, 1865,” applies mainly to the indenturing of apprentices by the State, such apprentices being children of destitute parents. In other respects the law of England is held to be the law governing the relations between masters and apprentices in this colony; but special sections of the Act apply to the punishment of apprentices for absenting themselves from duty, and to the fine on a master for neglecting or ill-using his apprentice. Sections 150 and 213 of “The Criminal Code Act, 1893,” also relate to the proper care of apprentices by their masters.

“The Mining Act, 1898,” consolidates and repeals all statutes of a similar nature, and includes various amendments suggested by the Conference of Wardens of goldfields, and by mining associations. The mining legislation refers to labour in any kind of mine, and deals with the position of tributers and wages-men, the examination for certificates for mine-managers, &c., provision for ventilation, precautions against accident by blasting, &c. There are Amending Acts of 1900 and 1901, providing for the inspection of mines by workmen, and limiting the number of hours of working underground.

In or about coal-mines women and boys are not allowed to be engaged. There is a provision for the appointment of inspectors, mine-managers, engine-drivers, &c., and rules are furnished as to the ages and working-hours of those employed in attending engines, machinery, winding-gear, &c. The ventilation of mines is provided for, and the necessary safeguards imposed as to blasting operations, working in foul air, protecting lights, &c. There are regulations for the management and administration of funds and moneys, which relate chiefly to the withdrawal of moneys from the Sick and Accident fund, and returns demanded from trustees of the fund.

There is also “The Deaths by Accident Compensation Act, 1880.”

“The Public Contracts Act, 1900,” provides that any person entering into a contract exceeding the value of twenty pounds, with the Government, any Education Board, Harbour Board, or local authority, and employing skilled or unskilled manual labour in the execution of such contract, shall be bound to pay wages at the rate ruling in the locality of the work, but in no case lower than the rates fixed by the Arbitration Court. The maximum length of the working day on any public contract is not to exceed eight hours. A penalty, not exceeding ten pounds, is recoverable by summary proceedings for every breach of the provisions of the Act.

CO-OPERATIVE PUBLIC WORKS.

Remarks on the co-operative system of constructing public works were given in a special article in the Year-book of 1894. The numbers of workmen employed in this manner under Government departments during the financial year 1901-1902 were:—

 Roads and Lands
and Survey Departments.
Public Works Department.Total.
April, 19012,6922,8775,569
May, 19012,6383,0305,668
June, 19012,4113,0985,509
July, 19012,2903,3375,627
August, 19012,2893,0455,334
September, 19012,2243,3655,589
October, 19012,0063,3925,398
November, 19011,8413,1745,015
December, 19011,6522,5884,240
January, 19021,0371,8812,918
February, 19028831,5372,420
March, 19027697521521

The average number of men employed in each year was as follows:—

Year.Lands and
Survey Department.
Public Works Department.Total.
1891-92261527788
1892-932808421,122
1893-949331,0151,948
1894-951,1039622,065
1895-961,5727642,336
1896-971,4598542,313
1897-9815528902,442
1898-991,6131,1942,807
1899-19001,8251,2433,068
1900-19011,8202,0903,910
1901-19021,8942,6734,567
        Gross totals14,31213,05427,366
        Average1,3011,1872,488

LABOUR DEPARTMENT.

The total number of men for whom employment has been found by the Department of Labour up to the end of March, 1902, is given below. The statement also exhibits the number of persons dependent upon the men assisted:—

 Men.Dependents.
June, 1891, to 31st March, 18922,5934,729
1st April, 1892, to 31st March, 18933,8747,802
1st April, 1893, to 31st March, 18943,3718,002
1st April, 1894, to 31st March, 18953,0308,883
1st April, 1895, to 31st March, 18962,8718,424
1st April, 1896, to 31st March, 18971,7184,719
1st April, 1897, to 31st March, 18982,0354,928
1st April, 1898, to 31st March, 18992,1154,759
1st April, 1899, to 31st March, 19002,1474,471
1st April, 1900, to 31st March, 19013,1245,432
1st April, 1901, to 31st March, 19021,8302,747
 28,70864,896

Chapter 50. SECTION XXII.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.

SHIPPING.

THE shipping entered inwards during 1901 comprised 688 vessels, of 1,063,274 tonnage; while entered outwards were 691 vessels, of 1,075,906 tons. Comparison with the figures for the previous year shows in the entries an increase of 72 vessels and 208,642 tons, and in the clearances an increase of 78 vessels and 250,631 tons. Of the vessels inwards, 175, of 448,688 tons, were British; 441, of 461,729 tons, colonial; and 72, of 152,857 tons, foreign. Those outwards numbered 177, of 462,179 tons, British; 441, of 458,994 tons, colonial; and 73, of 154,733 tons, foreign. Compared with the figures for 1900 there was an increase of 19 vessels and 56,294 tonnage in British vessels entered, and an increase in the colonial shipping entered of 48 vessels and 69,210 tons. Foreign shipping shows an increase of 5 in the number of vessels entered, and of 83,138 tons. Of the entries in 1901, 250, of 142,391 tons, were sailing-vessels, and 438, of 920,883 tons, steamers. Of the clearances, 244, of 136,167 tons, were sailing-vessels, and 447, of 939,739 tons, steamers. The shipping inwards and outwards for ten years is given in the table following:—

VESSELS ENTERED, 1892-1901.
Year.Total Number.British.Colonial.Foreign.
Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.
NOTE. Coasting-vessels are not included in the above table.
1892686675,22322,038203335,5778,274411265,76911,3037273,8772,461
1893617615,60420,935166290,3237,289405272,25011,7454653,0311,901
1894609631,10021,834141271,9946,456423306,54713,2794552,5592,099
1895611672,95122,074146299,6676,837420319,31313,2094553,97112,028
1896589614,09719,857126249,6015,495395300,17612,2106864,3202,152
1897600686,89921,542133276,0206,086395340,79313,1387270,0862,318
1898620765,25524,081152329,0657,910399369,84013,8976966,3502,274
1899609811,18323,929149350,8616,986388892,67114,6667267,6512,277
1900616854,63223,791156392,3947,183393392,51914,1356769,7192,473
19016881,063,27429,724175448,6887,713441461,72916,06372152,8575,948
VESSELS CLEARED, 1892-1901.
1892689656,10021,679189315,6337,934424263,50411,2417676,9632,504
1893635642,46621,448186317,1307,839400270,30811,6654955,0281,944
1894614631,25021,934140270,4646,437432310,05013,5274250,7361,970
1895597648,94621,619134281,8406,528420315,17113,0684351,9352,023
1896592627,65920,217123259,0645,637402305,92612,4486762,6692,132
1897587675,33321,409140280,2296,240378327,06812,8816968,0362,288
1898622765,79324,130150322,1507,898403377,10213,9486966,5412,284
1899604807,86624,117152355,4427,194379386,21914,6567366,2052,267
1900613825,27523,481149368,2416,978397388,43614,1536768,5982,350
19016911,075,90630,028177462,1797,954441458,99416,10673154,7335,968

The noticeable feature in the operations for the decennium is a considerable increase of tonnage inwards and outwards, but not in the numbers of vessels, showing that larger ships are now used than those of ten years ago.

The figures given apply to the external trade only; but in a new country such as New Zealand, as yet deficient in roads, but having an extensive seaboard and a number of good harbours, the coastal trade must be relatively very large, as is evidenced by the figures next given:—

SHIPPING ENTERED COASTWISE, 1901.
 Number.Tons.
Sailing-vessels    4,441274,455
Steamers    17,0397,569,358
SHIPPING CLEARED COASTWISE, 1901.
 Number.Tons.
Sailing-vessels    4,406276,181
Steamers    17,0167,523,716

The total number of vessels entered coastwise was thus 21,480, of 7,843,813 tons, an increase of 571 vessels and 971,460 tons on the figures for 1900. The total clearances coastwise were 21,422 vessels, of 7,799,897 tons, an increase of 549 vessels and 929,242 tons on the number for the previous year.

REGISTERED VESSELS.

The number and tonnage of the registered vessels belonging to the several ports on the 31st December, 1901 (distinguishing sailing-vessels and steamers), was as under:—

REGISTERED VESSELS, 31st DECEMBER, 1901.

Ports.Sailing-vessels.Steam-vessels.
Vessels.Gross Tonnage.Net Tonnage.Vessels.Gross Tonnage.Net Tonnage.
Auckland17417,62616,7618611,5967,012
Napier8824801171,543843
Wellington224,0193,865254,3912,426
Nelson71801809820517
Lyttelton306,1985,87392,178911
Dunedin4714,35814,0636877,62047,454
Invercargill151,6191,565321155
Totals30344,82443,10821798,35959,218

RAILWAYS.

The history and progress of railways in New Zealand was specially described in the Year-book of 1894, as was also the line partly built by the New Zealand Midland Railway Company. An account of the line belonging to the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company was published in the Year-book for 1895.

The length of Government railways open for traffic on the 31st March, 1902, was 2,235 miles, of which 840 were situated in the North Island and 1,395 in the Middle Island.

The sections of the North Island lines consist of the Kawakawa, 8 miles; Whangarei, 23; Kaihu, 17; Auckland, 341; and the Wellington—Napier—New Plymouth, 451 miles. The Middle Island sections comprise the Hurunui—Bluff, with branches, 1,198 miles; Westland, 112; Westport, 31; Nelson, 33; Picton, 21 miles. The total cost of construction has been £18,170,722 (besides £1,325,831 spent on unopened lines), and the average cost per mile £8,159.

The following statement shows the number of miles of Government railways open, the number of train-miles travelled and of passengers carried, and the tonnage of goods traffic, for the past twelve years:—

Year.Length open.Train-mileage.Passengers.Season Tickets issued.Goods and Live-stock.*
     Tons.
1890-911,8422,894,7763,433,62913,8812,134
1891-921,8693,010,4893,555,76416,3412,122,87
1892-931,8863,002,1743,759,04416,5042,258,235
1893-941,9483,113,2313,972,70117,2262,128,709
1894-951,9933,221,6203,905,57828,6232,123,343
1895-962,0143,307,2264,162,42636,2332,175,943
1896-972,0183,409,2184,439,38743,0692,461,127
1897-982,0553,666,4834,672,26448,6602,628,746
1898-992,0903,968,7084,955,55355,0272,744,441
1899-19002,1044,187,8935,468,28463,3353,251,716
1900-19012,2124,620,9716,243,59382,9213,461,331
1901-19022,2355,066,3607,356,136100,7783,667,039

The traffic in local products for the past twelve years was:—

Year.Wool.Timber.Grain.Minerals.Horses and Cattle.Sheep and Pigs.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Number.Number.

*The equivalent tonnage for live-stock has been given.

1890-9187,701153,078528,683828,07944,9991,313,155
1891-9285,888170,521442,227873,89947,6181,117,253
1892-9396,842169,910523,637884,03146,5901,359,860
1893-94101,340183,192411,191864,53851,5731,394,456
1894-95103,328198,578388,556857,91752,0751,563,213
1895-9699,363213,132374,699878,65950,7661,893,058
1896-9798,958257,825423,8881,032,25247,2562,016,437
1897-98103,055313,073427,4481,048,86854,8712,399,379
1898-9997,396310,266420,0711,147,35366,2262,552,745
1899-1900104,621334,677764,0331,218,69876,5372,559,836
1900-190196,519380,803772,5711,366,24184,2892,463,250
1901-1902101,878427,153813,3451,443,79295,3842,780,019

The cash revenue for the year 1901-1902 amounted to £1,874,586; and the total expenditure to £1,252,237. The net cash revenue—£622,349—was equal to a rate of £3 8s. 6d. per cent. on the capital cost; the percentage of expenditure to revenue was 66.80. The earnings on some of the lines ranged as high as £6 3s. 3d., and even £14 15s. 9d., per cent.

The particulars of the revenue and expenditure for the past twelve years are given herewith:—

Year.Passenger Fares.Parcels Luggage and Mails.Goods and Live-stock.Rents and Miscellaneous.Total.Expenditure.Net Revenue.Percentages of
Expenditure to Revenue.
Percentages of
Revenue to Capital Cost.

NOTE.—For 1895-96 and subsequent years the railways have been credited with the value of services performed for other Government departments, and debited with the value of work done for the railways by other departments.

 £££££££%£s.d.
1890-91353,59338,997690,77938,3321,121,701700,703420,99862.4721811
1891-92364,61741,795671,46937,5501,115,431706,517408,91463.342159
1892-93390,61944,801707,78538,3161,181,521732,141449,38061.97310
1893-94402,01945,206686,46939,0981,172,792735,358437,43462.702179
1894-95385,14943,270683,72638,7061,150,851732,16418,69163.622146
1895-96389,23454,736698,11540,9561,183,041751,368431,67363.512160
1896-97410,16058,081774,16343,7511,286,158789,054497,10461.353310
1897-98433,43060,872837,58944,1171376,008857,191518,81762.303410
1898-99475,55366,418882,07745,6171,469,665929,737539,92863.263510
1899-00515,02068,488985,72354,6601,623,8911,052,358571,53364.80385
1900-01544,97672,7121,051,69457,8541,727,2361,127,84799,38965.30398 
1901-02621,01979,5611,110,57563,4311,874,5861,252,237622,34966.80386

The revenue per (average) mile of railway open during the year was £842, and the expenditure £562; equal to 8s. 1d. and 5s. 3d. per train-mile respectively.

The total number of miles travelled by trains was 5,066,360.

In addition to the above railways, there were 88 miles of private lines open for traffic on the 31st March, 1902—namely, the Wellington-Manawatu Railway, 84 miles; and the Kaitangata Railway Company's line, 4 miles.

The cost of the construction of the Wellington—Manawatu Railway was £774,375, being at the rate of £9,219 per mile. The term “cost of construction,” as applied to railways, includes value of equipment, rolling-stock, &c., not merely the road-line and buildings. The revenue for the twelve months ended the 28th February, 1902, amounted to £104,207, and the working-expenses to £55,202, equivalent to 52.97 per cent. of the revenue.

Australasian Railways.

The following statement gives the average number of miles of Government railways open for traffic in Australasia in 1900-1901:—

RAILWAYS (STATE ONLY).
State or Colony.Year endedAverage Miles open.Train Miles Run.Cost of Construction of Open Lines.Gross Receipts.Working Expenses.Percentage of Net Revenue to Cost.Number of
Locomotives.Vehicles.
Passenger.Goods and Livestock.

*Includes 7 1/2 miles private lines worked by Government.

† State railways only.

    £££%   
Queensland30 June, 190128015,788,11219,739,4951,316,9361,057,9811.313494106,619
New South Wales30 June, 19012,81810,763,69738,932,7813,573,7792,043,2013.9449577111,349
Victoria30 June, 19013,22811,066,01640,145,4043,337,7971,984,7963.375281,1479,729
South Australia30 June, 19011,8824,423,45814,326,7651,250,461754,3193.463514186,393
Western Australia30 June, 19011,3554,126,2027,098,2391,353,7041,044,9204.352292584,819
Tasmania31 Dec., 1990*445815,9033,659,069202,959160,4871.16681671,425
New Zealand31 Mar., 19022,2275,066,36018,170,7221,874,5861,252,2373.4336270112,444

In addition to the Government lines open for traffic in 1901, New South Wales had 85 miles of private railway; Western Australia, 623 miles; Tasmania, 148 miles, 7 1/2 miles of which are worked by Government; and New Zealand, 88 miles.

POSTAL AND ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.

There were 1,739 post-offices in New Zealand at the end of 1901.

The number of letters, letter-cards, post-cards, books, and pattern-packets, newspapers, and parcels dealt with during the year, compared with the number handled in 1900, was as under:—

 Total Number dealt with. 
 1901.190 0.Increase.

*Decrease.

Letters51,544,26538,662,29612,881,969
Letter-cards1,023,2951,236,183*212,888
Post-cards1,522,3771,908,515*386,138
Books and pattern-packets18,262,56617,715,402547,164
Newspapers18,973,63217,045,7151,927,917
Parcels273,442233,45639,986

The average number of letters, &c., posted per head of the population in each of the past six years was,—

 1896.    1897.    1898.    1899.    1900.    1901.
Letters and letter-cards    40.77    42.98    45.34    47.77    49.01    63.49
Post-cards    1.65    1.84    1.90    2.12    2.43    1.88
Books and parcels    17.19    17.36    19.72    21.68    21.10    21.09
Newspapers    13.47    14.10    14.77    15.13    16.17    17.81

The facilities afforded for the transmission of parcels through the Post Office to places within and without the colony have proved of much convenience to the public. The regulations admit of parcels up to 11 lb. in weight being sent to almost all the important countries of the world.

The following table shows the number of parcels exchanged with the United Kingdom, the Australian States, &c., in 1900 and 1901:—

Country.Number of Parcels.
Received.Dispatched.

*Six months only.

† Four months only.

 1900.1901.1900.1901.
United Kingdom and foreign countries viâ London21,68224,0114,6905,787 
United States*9223,019409833
Vancouver14722189131
Victoria3,5402,8531,3221,456
New South Wales6,2297,2601,8092,386
South Australia244284191245
Queensland308408267342
Tasmania143217312377
Western Australia260211262264
Samoa15 128155
Rarotonga19326586
Fiji3660139168
Norfolk Island  1 
Ceylon382487165101
Uruguay  1517
Cape Colony309814707537
Transvaal  345378
Natal 72 26
Malta 2  
India   47
Totals34,23639,95110,91613,336

The declared value of the parcels received from places outside the colony was £109,683, on which the Customs duty amounted to £22,406.

The number and weight of parcels dealt with in 1890 and 1895 to 1901 are given. The word “Nelson” in the first-named table includes the parcels herein mentioned:—

1890.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.
Parcels, No.136,327176,206186,611197,554204,603223,350233,456273,442
Weight, lb.380,521582,193654,333676,054698,301765,836794,994928,237

Money-orders and Postal Notes.

The number of offices open for the transaction of money-order business at the end of 1901 was 477.

During 1901, 405,967 money-orders, for a total sum of £1,286,508 1s. 10d., were issued at the various post-offices in the colony. The money-orders from places beyond New Zealand and payable in the colony numbered, 27,770, for the amount of £103,821 19s. 2d.

The number of offices open for the sale of postal notes at the end of 1901-1902 was 550: 556,316 postal notes were sold, value £173,317 5s. Commission amounted to £3,790 15s. 11 1/2d.

The notes paid numbered 552,878, value £172,522 15s. 6d.

Mail-services.

The cost of the various mail-services between England and New Zealand was, in 1901, as follows:—

SAN FRANCISCO SERVICE.
 1901.
 £s.d.
Payments—   
    Subsidies, &c.26,37011
    Interprovincial and other charges5,58264
 £31,95275
Receipts—   
    Contributions from non-contracting colonies1,28916
    Postages collected in the colony13,56959
 £14,85873
Loss to the colony£17,09402
PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL AND ORIENT LINES SERVICES.
 £s.d.
Payments—   
    To P. and O. and Orient Lines3,6041210
    Transit across Australia219179
    Transit across European Continent46857
    Intercolonial services1,75698
 £6,049510
Receipts—   
    Postages collected from England and from foreign offices1,323164
    Postages collected in the colony2,05182
 £3,37546
Loss to the colony£2,67414

The total amount of postages collected and contributions received for these services in 1901 was £18,233 11s. 9d.

The average number of days in 1901 within which the mails were delivered between London and each of the undermentioned ports in New Zealand was:—

London to—San Francisco Service.P. and O. Line.Orient Line.
    Auckland30.9437.6239.46
    Wellington32.2439.0039.92
    Dunedin33.5339.6340.13
    Bluff34.2838.8839.38

Electric Telegraph.

There were 7,469 miles of telegraph-line open at the end of March, 1902, carrying 21,705 miles of wire. 4,167,981 telegrams were transmitted during the year; of these, the private and Press messages numbered 3,850,391, which, together with telephone exchange and other telegraph receipts, yielded a revenue of £207,476 4s. 8d.

There were twenty-three telephone central exchanges and thirty-five sub-exchanges on the 31st March, 1902. The number of connections increased from 8,210 in March, 1901, to 9,260 in March, 1902. The subscriptions to these exchanges during the financial year amounted to £55,542 4s. 9d.

The capital expended on the equipment, &c., of the several telephone exchanges up to the 31st March, 1902, was £193,511 16s. 2d.

Chapter 51. SECTION XXIII.—GOVERNMENT VALUATION OF LAND AND ITS IMPROVEMENTS.

RESULTS OF THE GENERAL VALUATION MADE FOR MARCH, 1898, AND ITS REVISION TO MARCH, 1902.

IN the year 1896 an Act intituled the Government Valuation of Land Act was passed, providing for the appointment of a Valuer-General, and for the periodical valuation of all land in the colony. The Valuer-General is the Commissioner of Taxes for the time being. The valuations on the general roll are used for the assessment of land-tax, stamp duties, and duties on deceased persons' estates; for local rates, except in places where these are levied on the annual value; also, for the purposes of advances and investments on mortgage of land by the Post Office, Government Insurance Department, Public Trust Office, Government Advances to Settlers Office, and the Commissioners of the Public Debts Sinking Funds. The valuation is also used for the guidance of the Government in transactions under “The Land for Settlements Act, 1894,” and “The Public Works Act, 1894.”

The term “Nelson” means and includes all lands, tenements, buildings, and hereditaments, whether corporeal or incorporeal, and also includes all chattel interests in land.

A certified copy of any entry in the general valuation-roll is supplied by the Department on payment of the prescribed fee.

The general valuation-roll continues in force until a fresh roll is made, but whilst in force it may be altered and amended from time to time. The rolls for rating purposes are supplied to local bodies by the Valuer-General on the request of the local authority. The aim is to insure a standard valuation for taxation, local rating, and loan purposes.

Owners and occupiers dissatisfied with their valuations have the right of objection, the procedure being that laid down by “The Rating Act, 1894,” and the regulations under “The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896.”

The cost of making the valuation is divided proportionally between the Departments mostly using it and the local authorities, while separate fees are provided for by regulation for supplying individual valuations to persons requiring them.

The general valuation-roll shows the capital value of the property, of improvements, and the unimproved value of the land.

The surface-value only of gold mines is included, and the value of the Government railways has been excluded.

All land is included, whether occupied or unoccupied, whether owned by private individuals, by the Crown, by Natives, by local authorities, Education Boards, School Commissioners, Churches, corporations, companies, or societies of all kinds, and whether subject to or exempt from taxation or rates.

The result of the general valuation of land as in March, 1898, is given in the report of the Valuer-General, presented to both Houses of Parliament. Since this general valuation a revision has been made in many districts, which brings the figures as corrected to represent the values on the 31st March, 1902. Comparative figures are here given for 1891 and 1902 showing the increase, and stating separately the unimproved value and the value of improvements.

COMPARISON OF CAPITAL VALUES, 1891 AND 1902.
 1891.1902.Increase, 1891 to 1902.
*In several cases the unimproved value, together with the value of improvements, does not equal the capital value. This is chiefly owing to alterations made by Boards of Review.
 £££
Unimproved value75,787,89594,847,72719,059,832
Value of improvements46,365,29759,968,40513,603,108
            Total122,225,029*154,816,13232,591,103*

In the figures for the North and South Islands the relative degree of increase is exhibited, and the rapid rate of progress in the North Island shows in strong contrast to that of the other Island. There has been great spread of settlement in the Wellington and Taranaki Districts.

CAPITAL VALUES.
 1891.1902.Increase.
 £££
North Island57,441,11583,439,97425,998,859
South Island64,783,91471,376,1586,592,244
            Totals122,225,029154,816,13232,591,103

The increase for the North Island of £25,998,859 represents an advance of 45.26 per cent. on the value in 1891, and that of £6,592,244, for the South Island, 10.18 per cent. The increase for the whole colony, as shown previously, was £32,591,103, or 26.66 per cent.

The following statement gives the capital value of land and improvements in counties and boroughs as for 1891 and 1902.

CAPITAL VALUE OF LAND AND IMPROVEMENTS IN COUNTIES AND BOROUGHS.
 1891.1902.
 ££
Counties85,818,167106,550,772
Boroughs36,406,86248,265,360
            Totals122,225,029154,816,132

The increase in the capital value of land, with improvements, in counties for the eleven years is £20,732,605, or 24.16 per cent., while that for boroughs is £11,858,498, or 32.57 per cent.; but the value of property in boroughs was added to between 1891 and 1902 by the constitution of thirteen new boroughs, and that of the counties correspondingly reduced, so that the actual rate of increase in the value of country lands is higher than indicated by the above figures, and in urban lands considerably less.

Comparisons are given in detail in the tables which follow.

COUNTIES, 1891 AND 1902.

TABLE showing the Capital Value of Land, with Improvements (and distinguishing the Unimproved Value of Land), in each County in New Zealand according to the Results of the General Valuation made in 1891, and that of 1898 corrected to 1902:—

County.Capital Value, Land and Improvements.Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous columns).
As in Year 1891.As in 1898, revised to 31st March, 1902.As in Year 1891.As in 1898, revised to 31st March, 1902.

*No valuation made.

R Signifies valuation revised.

(a) Exclusive of Borough of Whangarei, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(b) Exclusive of Borough of Waihi, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(c) Exclusive of Borough of Te Aroha, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(d) Exclusive of Opotiki County, which in 1891 formed part of Whakatane County.

(e) Formed part of Whakatane County.

(f) Exclusive of Woodville County, which in 1891 formed part of Waipawa County, and exclusive of Borough of Dannevirke, which in 1891 also was included in county.

(g) Formed part of Waipawa.

(h) Exclusive of Stratford Borough, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(i) Exclusive of Eltham, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(j) Formed part of Oroua County.

(k) Exclusive of Counties of Kiwitea, Pohangina, and Kairanga, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(l) Exclusive of Borough of Pahiatua, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(m) Late Wairarapa North County.

(n) Exclusive of Featherston County, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(o) Formed part of Wairarapa South.

(p) Exclusive of Motueka Borough, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(q) Exclusive of Linwood, Woolston, and New Brighton Boroughs, which in 1891 formed part of county.

 ££££
Mongonui196,158213,214152,151148,051
Whangaroa63,82577,10741,37948,622
Bay of Islands365,069354,354247,612223,210
Hokianga422,365411,808365,957341,493
Whangarei523,420554,905(a)316,003328,973(a)
Hobson325,974R 411,858241,880R 252,866
Otamatea258,496303,113156,975186,903
Rodney293,235305,677173,313150,675
Waitemata632,012R 687,797388,568R 381,142
Eden2,002,677R 2,645,894991,380R 1,413,884
Manukau1,385,330R 1,655,278664,272R 885,412
Inlands55,284
71,343
149,01142,574
40,211
79,634
Waikato682,774R 705,657282,655R 328,719
Raglan357,941437,962280,945300,417
Waipa464,086R 540,419197,900R 283,847
Kawhia354,269383,131350,051334,678
Coromandel217,120R 338,398166,483R 228,377
Thames253,013R 381,402168,442R 259,933
Ohinemuri204,704325,860(b)164,182190,609(b)
Tauranga282,723R 389,938172,078R 252,595
Piako689,384713,963(c)427,889371,973(c)
Rotorua168,371468,015114,289387,996
Whakatane663,785306,222(d)548,221258,658(d)
Opotiki(e)445,344(e)357,044
East Taupo301,681252,681292,106241,891
West Taupo235,997237,482226,406214,323
    Islands (Mayor and Motiti)*5,780*3,696
Waiapu472,548R 994,440341,062R 568,247
Cook1,885,856R 3,208,4401,175,712R 1,920,530
Wairoa1,101,072R 1,382,194786,032R 913,462
Hawke's Bay3,673,889R 4,011,8542,558,583R 2,840,621
Waipawa2,179,812R 2,284,658(f)1,249,695R 1,389,388(f)
Woodville(g)520,272(g)263,688
Patangata1,863,936R 2,351,4521,154,909R 1,651,759
Clifton441,325R 755,457385,252R 556,542
Taranaki969,579R 1,981,408604,091R 1,135,566
Stratford560,345R 1,400,087(h)447,502R 864,116(h)
Hawera1,247,436R 2,657516(i)807,887R 1,784,381(i)
Patea823,675R 1,422,947522,322R 878,947
Waitotara731,668R 1,031,569460,842R 695,189
Wanganui1,176,106R 1,796,603830,519R 1,311,335
Rangitikei1,475,4731,960,707870,0911,146,725
Kiwitea(j)R 1,100,771(j)R 651,555
Pohangina(j)R 571,029(j)R 333,873
Manawatu810,171R 1,112,260445,416R 741,797
Oroua2,268,854R 1,162,426(k)1,298,417R 758,110(k)
Kairanga(j)R 1,194,001(j)R 801,90
Horowhenua858,648R 1,430,074551,248R 860,444
Islands (Kapiti and Mana)(*)10,484(*)9,378
Pahiatua511,400R 1,206,558(l)331,634R 666,657(l)
Akitio(m)
1,057,393
R 497,232(m)
178,934
R 303,895
CastlepointR 384,454R 216,556
Eketahuna1,831,209360,382
MauricevilleR 318,242R 152,724
MastertonR 1,784,903R 1,047,175
Wairarapa South1,872,035853,041(n)1,104,064466,898(n)
Featherston(o)1,495,763(o)934,398
Hutt1,030,745R 1,600,041520,005R 845,137
Collingwood323,910360,119223,376192,224
Waimea1,196,2261,232,067(p)740,668747,502(p)
Sounds171,095276,735124,480169,387
Marlborough1,837,632R 2,015,5341,344,120R 1,471,061
Kaikoura350,521368,045209,082277,672
Buller651,129R 682,480483,407R 477,991
Inangahua874,948946,174598,963595,295
Grey861,890817,957670,528579,498
Westland1,048,156792,307964,461668,688
Cheviot486,765573,324413,852486,795
Amuri921,221R 854,256762,518R 642,823
Ashley3,801,341R 4,021,4392,861,083R 3,171,889
Selwyn7,446,756R 7,499,595(q)4,897,419R 5,262,181(q)
Akaroa1,169,379R 1,282,389775,316R 947,286
Borough.Capital Value Land and Improvements.Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous columns).
As in Year 1891.As in Year 1898, revised to 31st March, 1902.As in Year 1891.As in Year 1898, revised to 31st March, 1902

R Signifies valuation revised.

(a) Formed part of Whangarei County.

(b) Formed part of Piako County.

(c) Formed part of Ohinemuri County.

(d) Formed part of Waipawa County.

(e) Formed part of Stratford County.

(f) Formed part of Hawera County.

(g) Formed part of Pahiatua County.

(h) Formed part of Waimea County.

(i) Formed part of Selwyn County.

(j) Formed part of Geraldine County.

(k) Value of railway-station (£80,000) included in 1891, excluded in 1898.

(l) Value of coal-mines excluded.

(m) Formed part of Southland County.

 ££££
Cambridge70,27979,51925,52126,268
Thames227,171294,69576,547114,703
Tauranga63,02687,30125,15329,379
Te Aroha(b)56,925(b)25,520
Waihi(c)186,925(c)63,942
Gisborne317,989R 515,989148,511R 311,511
Napier1,275,8531,263,227667,157585,854
Hastings372,458497,862230,592279,997
Dannevirke(d)147,339(d)78,605
Woodville102,22698,47457,85244,081
New Plymouth341,117R 964,736165,621R 616,768
Hawera84,834220,11537,91498,863
Patea43,378R 64,30012,055R 22,009
Stratford(e)R 262,952(e)R 160,261
Eltham(f)343,132(f)171,302
Wanganui543,403813,205290,321461,743
Marton83,915112,07533,73642,406
Feilding146,884R 300,15068,199R 157,418
Palmerston North489,618R 756,570310,293R 351,253
Foxton85,743100,05139,75542,412
Onslow144,053R 260,20870,803R 140,954
Karori118,728R 243,51774,595R 82,943
Wellington5,865,778R 9,056,5883,440,182R 5,102,053
Melrose203,517R 521,574129,429R 332,688
Pahiatua(g)R 148,875(g)R 71,737
Masterton356,860R 635,582159,861R 339,458
Carterton88,650111,10631,31546,735
Greytown115,649130,03634,09548,456
Lower Hutt244,075R 364,549159,178R 228,898
Petone268,358R 478,377145,221R 247,471
Richmond84,28585,38043,37545,153
Nelson942,370833,562389,397342,029
Picton88,195R 109,54741,189R 52,370
Blenheim378,943R 388,762167,481R 170,690
Motueka(h)106,213(h)59,377
Westport166,987189,91657,78276,756
Greymouth299,077R 369,899114,543R 97,426
Brunner115,89269,661(l)16,16611,529 (l)
Kumara33,56536,7216,9455,461
Hokitika102,708150,09118,05455,580
Ross16,961R 20,9755,250R 5,382
Rangiora158,017175,29271,16173,011
Kaiapoi134,055154,28147,02348,200
St. Albans524,822658,253284,938271,805
Christchurch3,403,5663,364,9211,820,7701,605,137
Sydenham821,060788,735(k)333,876284,718(k)
Linwood(i)468,560(i)169,582
Woolston(i)197,716(i)94,798
New Brighton(i)94,719(i)45,997
Sumner102,145R 130,97360,246R 66,737
Lyttelton851,730841,719150,490238,274
Akaroa49,40750,96819,62817,705
Ashburton223,091244,02790,73394,217
Temuka(j)96,120(j)31,478
Timaru442,830539,659151,661188,212
Waimate75,399R 139,75518,759R 51,789
Oamaru612,571453,576279,113156,838
Hampden13,19519,4365,2296,213
Naseby24,18633,3362,4404,166
Palmerston51,18251,63916,77111,077
Hawksbury45,71649,53319,82321,500
Port Chalmers200,043235,23860,94661,456
West Harbour137,015134,90468,24061,595
North-East Valley276,835273,941130,271106,294
Maori Hill142,890R 198,41967,348R 85,933
Roslyn360,962R 577,967169,610R 246,936
Mornington284,875325,313125,414113,898
Dunedin4,193,422R 4,823,4032,124,467R 2,256,085
Caversham466,074497,645217,158189,187
South Dunedin223,534344,88382,609103,751
St. Kilda118,477191,88176,84297,793
Green Island36,962R 39,39613,585R 11,234
Mosgiel122,625R 157,17353,441R 65,200
Roxburgh20,12330,5353,1673,438
Lawrence79,06697,11518,58423,126
Tapanui16,15516,5722,5752,550
Milton76,207113,29114,01228,723
Balclutha53,21077,00914,54724,693
Kaitangata54,97662,23721,13328,081
Arrowtown24,58626,5475,0124,722
Queenstown65,15366,26113,52412,227
Cromwell22,16834,8184,65810,782
Alexandra13,57831,0892,9559,287
Gore142,708R 269,18966,171R 104,833
Mataura(m)R 119,608(m)R 49,011
Winton20,195R 44,1687,965R 19,613
Gladstone26,54134,05713,82515,991
Avenal15,26923,4886,6878,401
North Invercargill28,29340,99015,64017,221
East Invercargill42,99652,48718,38517,380
Invercargill959,140R 1,194,125517,879R 499,683
South Invercargill79,52697,24942,81337,919
Riverton59,62658,56622,02415,161
Campbelltown97,380165,41249,43086,429

Chapter 52. SECTION XXIV.—CROWN LANDS.

A SUMMARY of the transactions during the year ended 31st March, 1902, will be found in the following table, which shows under all descriptions of tenure the number of selectors and the area selected:—

Nature and Tenure of Lands selected during the Year ended the 31st March, 1902.Number of Purchasers or Selectors.Area.
*Including twenty endowments: area, 15,568 acres 1 rood 39 perches.
 Selectors.Area.    
  A.  R.  P. A.R.P.
Town lands sold for cash156116  1  1648827,28808
Suburban lands sold for cash95432  2  1
Rural lands sold for cash23726,739  0  31
Deferred payment  15200
Perpetual lease  11000
Occupation with right of purchase  447128,89239
Lease in perpetuity  24165,468129
Agricultural lease  12730
Village settlement, cash  21939
Village settlement, lease in perpetuity  32455128
Village settlement, occupation with right of purchase  1101
Village-homestead special settlement  30469125
Improved-farm special settlement (lease in perpetuity and occupation with right of purchase)  91,617326
Occupation leases, Mining Act  712,506310
Small-grazing-runs  2596,708118
Pastoral runs  54572,050126
Miscellaneous leases and licenses  440113,43227
Cheviot Estate—      
    Lease in perpetuity  31,42230
Land for Settlements Acts—      
    Cash lands  120 
    Lease in perpetuity  25749,23513
    Lease in perpetuity, village  1010
    Small grazing-runs  1116,23920
    Pastoral runs  2953238
    Miscellaneous  2217,242130
Endowments—      
    Occupation leases, Mining Act  7136329
    Lease in perpetuity  1319025
    Small grazing-runs  1215,112125
                Totals  *2,179*1,109,655026

Particulars of the number of Crown tenants at present holding lands under the several tenures, together with the yearly rental payable, are given in the next statement.

STATEMENT showing the TOTAL NUMBER of CROWN TENANTS, with Area selected or held, and the Yearly Rent payable, as on the 31st March, 1902.

Tenures.Total Number of Tenants.Total Area held by such Tenants.Total Yearly Rental or Instalment payable.
ORDINARY CROWN LANDS. A.R.P.£s.d.
Deferred payment61296,8850374,55430
Perpetual lease980204,841257,742178
Occupation with right of purchase3,477935,2863134,73370
Lease in perpetuity3,280956,39003730,462138
Agricultural lease17528353063
Homestead151,636110   
Mining Districts Land Occupation Act33914,25901283991
Village settlements—       
    Deferred payment25477364712
    Perpetual lease1652,730129397108
    Occupation with right of purchase3830131312
    Lease in perpetuity4416,32403159988
Village-homestead special settlements—       
    Perpetual lease4308,9551391,412184
    Lease in perpetuity59913,6450251,78697
Special settlement associations—       
    Deferred payment161,6761101966
    Perpetual lease222,08133114472
    Lease in perpetuity647120,346326,068107
Improved-farm special settlements—49353,9061223,204192
Small grazing-runs6061,219,98222725,252188
Pastoral runs73811,459,55631974,71781
Miscellaneous leases2,229450,6682349,888178
Totals15,16915,547,210325201,915141
CHEVIOT ESTATE       
    Lease in perpetuity10424,410196,502152
    Village-homestead special settlement802,4801087304
    Grazing-farms4045,971096,62200
    Pastoral runs11,6420019338
    Miscellaneous671,65912329612
LANDFOR SETTLEMENTS ACTS       
    Lease in perpetuity1,845294,2421589,422189
    Lease in perpetuity, village47429112323166
    Special-settlement associations112,1141916278
    Small grazing-runs4469,69533710,25472
    Pastoral runs2953338121130
    Miscellaneous9019,253217896155
THERMAL-SPRINGS (ROTORUA)2475,7543331,65214
            Grand totals17,74716,015,818017319,236143
Endowments611159,3073397,775151
Native townships163621027734148

Tables I. and II., which follow, exhibit the acreage of land taken up for settlement, and the number of holdings under each description of tenure. The lands held under pastoral license and miscellaneous leases, such as for timber and flax-cutting, coal-mining, &c., are not included in these tables. Tables III. and IV. show the total acreage taken up year by year since 1892 in each land district, and the number of holdings grouped according to size, the areas varying from less than one acre in extent to 1,000 acres and over.

The forfeitures and surrenders in respect of the lands taken up for settlement (excluding, as already remarked, pastoral and miscellaneous leases) for the last six years were:—

1896-97815 holdings228,978 acres.
1897-98658 holdings130,380 acres.
1898-99567 holdings180,957 acres.
1899-1900510 holdings164,003 acres.
1900-1901354 holdings106,690 acres.
1901-1902192 holdings75,368 acres.

Forfeited and surrendered lands are again thrown open for selection as soon as possible, and in the majority of cases are taken up again by fresh selectors within a short time.

A full description of the various tenures under which land is dealt with in the colony is given in the article entitled “The Land System of New Zealand,” in . of this book.

I.—COMPARATIVE STATEMENTSHOWING ACREAGEOF LANDSSELECTED UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNSAND MISCELLANEOUS LEASESAND LICENSES) DURING EACHOF THE YEARSENDED 31st MARCH, 1892-1902.
1891-92.1892-93.1893-94.1894-95.1895-96.1896-97.1897-98.1898-99.1899-1900.1900-1901.1901-1902.

*Perpetual lease.

† Lease in perpetuity.

NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the last six of the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1896-97, 228,978 acres; 1897-98, 130,380 acres; 1898-99, 180,957 acres; 1899-1900, 164, 003 acres; 1900-1901, 106,690 acres; and for 1901-1902, 75,368 acres. But it must not be supposed that these relate to the acreages taken up during the same years; on the contrary, forfeitures may have their origin in selections of long standing and various dates.

 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Cash lands40,50136,32734,99938,69526,57528,48522,52537,40023,93658,70027,290
Deferred payments40,46721,08412,6695,454456  13  52
Perpetual lease and small areas282,547122,5583,8541,2631,4279,1066516406242,49910
Occupation with right of purchase 54,271108,13375,47884,96859,64881,414109,950117,771262,729128,893
Lease in perpetuity 55,320179,99391,799122,350104,927117,938159,415153,531144,208116,445
Agricultural lease90194365453613258114702328
Occupation lease under “The Mining Districts Land Occupation Act, 1894    2,9312,8171,2851,4492,2952,1232,644
Village settlement—           
    Cash4295282249413042210
    Deferred payment182391         
    Perpetual lease8932,636         
    Occupation with right of purchase 12324221 1 
    Lease in perpetuity 43,9534,0503,3651,3171,4262,1151,7621,082456
Village-homestead special settlement2,2134942,5502,7437933604213431376469
Special-settlement associations1,923*157,381†68,852††151,346†44,23728,084††442†607†2  
Homestead1,01038         
Special-settlement improved farms   9,73128,3484,8829,0074,8237,3931,9361,618
Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms159,46592,927252,693117,84646,40768,934149,45877,632155,10986,076128,060
                Totals529,720544,153668,064398,497361,904308,581384,449394,324462,529559,774405,976
II.—COMPARATIVE STATEMENTSHOWING NUMBER of SELECTORSOF LANDUNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNSAND MISCELLANEOUS LEASESAND LICENSES) DURING EACH OF THE YEARSENDED 31ST MARCH, 1892-1902.
1891-2.1892-3.1893-4.1894-5.1895-6.1896-7.1897-8.1898-9.1899-1900.1900-1901.1901-1902.

NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the last six of the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1896-97, 815 holdings; 1897-98, 658 holdings 1898-99, 567 holdings; 1899-1900, 510 holdings; 1900-1901, 354 holdings; and in 1901-1902, 192 holdings. See note to previous table as to the origin of these failures.

 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.
For cash493552497392476388272534491363489
Deferred payments22316996476  1  1
Perpetual lease and small areas82438517371921231
Occupation with right of purchase 161461398431277380458395673447
Lease in perpetuity 126612372696659599675647489502
Agricultural lease24523252311
Occupation lease under “The Mining Districts Land Occupation Act, 1894”    69482331645378
Village settlement—           
    Cash887532316422163521
    Deferred payment2329         
    Perpetual lease59164         
    Occupation with right of purchase  53034233 1
    Lease in perpetuity 220823219310292106809733
Village-homestead special settlement140331186019189126730
Special-settlement associations13838290262238142551  
Homestead81         
Improved-farm special settlement   10731545776441139
Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms80391426032277140643548
            Totals1,9532,5782,4541,9882,5041,7351,5391,9531,8031,7691,661
III.—LANDSTAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONSDURING EACH OF THE YEARSENDED 31ST MARCH, 1893-1902 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNSAND MISCELLANEOUS LEASESAND LICENSES).*
Land District.1892-93.1893-94.1894-95.1895-96.1896-97.1897-98.1898-99.1899-1900.1900-1901.1901-1902.
*See notes as to forfeitures and surrenders on previous tables.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland115,454134,99299,31367,83149,52256,29590,16078,677201,355108,761
Hawke's Bay49,83124,35620,14116,35322,85819,87636,22236,45190,62571,902
Taranaki49,06413,95435,11355,85022,00216,78618,86754,96071,00023,942
Wellington156,29784,87149,58679,47863,80148,90963,74641,38748,53014,301
Nelson17,79736,73934,90619,42114,46213,60018,67310,21118,91829,520
Marlborough8,0558,22718,35315,85820,85854,58151,97374,31133,06364,624
Canterbury12,77794,86133,74414,82722,65475,04152,83934,21820,74411,981
Westland1621,3461,8261,7653,86543735279270927,214
Otago90,043159,05080,43970,23879,21277,34540,59968,43649,90129,232
Southland44,673109,66825,07620,2839,34721,57920,89363,08624,92924,499
            Totals544,153668,064398,497361,904308,581384,449394,324462,529559,774405,976
IV.—HOLDINGSTAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONSDURING EACH OF THE YEARSENDED 31ST MARCH, 1893-1902 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNSAND MISCELLANEOUS LEASESAND LICENSES), CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE.
Size.1892-93.1893-94.1894-95.1895-96.1896-97.1897-98.1898-99.1899-1900.1900-1901.1901-1902.
 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.
Under 1 acre154176256259154103293345158195
1 to 50 acres727739696719588496571501466569
51 to 250 acres1,2539337571,198709616633492522475
251 to 500 acres264341169232178197277262333245
501 to 1,000 acres10415070708463128116181113
1,001 acres and upwards7611540262264518710964
            Totals2,5782,4541,9882,5041,7351,5391,9531,8031,7691,661

The following is a statement of the gross amounts collected by Receivers of Land Revenue for the years 1900-1901 and 1901-1902:—

 1900-1901.1901-1902.
 £s.d.£s.d.
Territorial revenue270,20359249,61916
Lands for settlement72,7818290,05356
Cheviot Estate14,1667414,06108
State forests14,9155317,188115
North Island Main Trunk Railway9,449786,670145
Thermal springs1,65061141486
Rotorua Town Council   1,09424
Lakes Ellesmere and Forsyth1,7871391,615122
Crown-grant fees9151710914125
Native townships50511931081
Mining district land occupation   641124
Miscellaneous2,4337101,753173
Mount Cook Hermitage35816619056
Hanmer Sanatorium1,13919101,34412
Government loans to local bodies21,1575221,420157
Endowments17,724161017,63898
Survey vote2,149282,207161
                Totals£431,338133£427,138147

Chapter 53. SECTION XXV.—LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS.

A FULL description is given, in a special article belonging to Section 1, Part III., of the objects and method of the Land for Settlements Acts, under which the acquirement by Government is authorised, through purchase from private owners, of properties for subdivision into small farms to meet the want felt of Crown lands for disposal in places where they are specially in demand.

The report of the Chairman of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners on the transactions for the twelve months ended the 31st March, 1902, states:—

The number of properties offered during the year was 110, containing 452,518 acres.

The recommendations of the Board were accepted by the Government for 29 estates, and purchases were completed of 24 properties, containing 82,887 acres 1 rood 31 perches, for which £406,576 11s. 11d. was paid.

The names of the estates paid for during the year are: Cradock, Hetana; Kitchener, Methuen, Plumer, and Waari, in Auckland; Forest Gate, Kumeroa, and Mangatoro in Hawke's Bay; Toka-ora, in Taranaki; Langdale, Mangawhata, and Epuni in Wellington; Kohika, Kaimahi, Kapuatohe, Lyndon No. 2, Maytown, Puhuka, Raincliff, Rapuwai, and Rural Section 36278, in Canterbury; and Glenham and Ringway, in Southland.

Since the 1st April, 1902, other estates have been acquired, viz.: Te Reinga, in Hawke's Bay; Linton, in Wellington; Patriarch, Raglan, and Manuka Island, in Marlborough; Kokotahi, in Westland; Eccleston, and Mead, in Canterbury; Windsor Park, and Windsor Park No. 2, in Otago. Negotiations are proceeding for the Longbush and Table-lands Runs, 27,000 acres, in Wellington; the Flax-bonrne Estate of 55,000 acres, the Upton Downs, and Weld's Hill Exchanges, in Marlborough; and the Levels Estate in Canterbury, containing 43,000 acres.

Requisitions for the compulsory taking of the following estates have been gazetted and served, viz.: Longbush and Table-lands in Wellington, containing 27,000 acres, and Kokatahi (Diedrich's) in Westland, containing 4,993 acres.

With regard to Millburne and Mount Vernon, which are also to be taken compulsorily, the requisition has to be served on the Millburne trustees in London, and, as they have 150 days in which to respond, the Arbitration Court cannot sit until October or November next. The Mount Vernon case is deferred until both the Hawke's Bay cases can be taken together.

Negotiations for the purchase by agreement of a considerable portion of Longbush and Table-lands are nearly complete, and the balance will go before a Court of Arbitration as soon as a date can be settled.

The owner of the Kokatahi property having asserted his right to retain the maximum area allowed, an agreement was come to whereby an area of 1,911 acres was acquired at a reasonable price, and the action taking the remainder was adjourned.

For workmen's hamlets there were eight properties purchased during the year, viz.: Cradock, Hetana, Kitchener, Methuen, Plumer, and Waari, near Auckland; Kaimahi and Kapuatohe, near Christchurch; and Puhuka, near Timaru.

The transactions under the Land for Settlements Act, as disclosed in the “Statement of Receipts and Expenditure” for the year which ended on the 31st March, 1902, published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 22nd May, show that the rents received from 386,530 acres of lands leased amount to £90,053 5s. 6d., and the interest paid was £66,834 18s. 6d., giving a profit for the year of £23,218 7s.

SUMMARYOF ALL LANDSOFFERED TO GOVERNMENTUNDER “THE LANDFOR SETTLEMENTS CONSOLIDATION ACT, 1900,” AND HOW DEALT WITH, FROM 1ST APRIL, 1901, TO 31ST MARCH, 1902.
Land District where Land situated.Number of Estates offered.Area offered.Area declined without going to Board.Area not recommended by Board.Area recommended by Board.Area under Consideration.Area withdrawn.Total.
  Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland19183,711..65,7621,088116,861..183,711
Hawke's Bay314,938....4,8505,8654,22314,338
Taranaki45,823..1,8601,5058141,6445,623
Wellington2947,658..11,21111,48022,3132,65447,658
Nelson26,002..6,002......6,002
Westland14,993....4,993....4,993
Canterbury3586,9484,02212,57540,604209,07567286,948
Otago65,930....3,8102,120..5,930
Southland1196,515..7,06913,80871,6104,02896,515
        Total110452,5184,022104,47982,138248,65813,221452,518
SUMMARYOF ESTATESACQUIRED UP TO THE 31ST MARCH, 1902, AND AMOUNTSOF PURCHASE-MONEY.
Name of Land District.No. of Estates acquired before 31st March, 1901.Areas acquired before 31st March, 1901.No. of Estates acquired from 1st April, 1901, to 31st March, 1902.Area acquired from 1st April, 1901, to 31st March, 1902.Total Numbers of Estates to 31st March, 1902.Total Area to 31st March, 1902.Amounts of Purchase-money to 31st March, 1902.
  A.R.P. A.R.P. A.R.P.£s.d.
Auckland635,86921461,0853211236,955135101,79452
Hawke's Bay839,479328332,0033121171,48330425,55373
Taranaki........11,5052811,5052831,616110
Wellington55,02615310,746210815,772315121,346610
Marlborough768,13520........768,13520165,292159
Westland13,23016........13,230163,63416
Canterbury39132,688227923,8072248156,496029843,564151
Otago1460,396315........1460,396315336,417511
Southland320,63510213,738018534,37311888,132159
        Totals83365,4621152482,887131107448,349362,117,35243

The original Land for Settlements Act was passed in October, 1892, and the first land offered to the public in December, 1893.

The total purchase-money paid for the 107 estates, containing 448,349 acres, acquired to 31st March, 1902, amounts to £2,117,352 4s. 3d. To this has to be added preliminary expenses, and cost of roading and preparing for settlement, £111,776 5s. 11d., making a total cost of £2,229,128 10s. 2d.

Interest and expenses on issue of debentures amount to £213,828 4s. 5d.

The total revenue to the 31st March was £303,105 15s. 11d., the surplus or profit to date is therefore £89,377 11s. 6d.

The sum at the credit of the account is stated to be £382,692 6s. 3d., which, with the amount which may be raised, and rents, is sufficient to meet the operations of the current year.

The Secretary for Crown Lands and Surveyor-General's report to the Hon. the Minister of Lands on the condition and settlement of the lands acquired and handed over to his department under the above-mentioned Acts gives the particulars of the estates offered for selection as follows:—

During the year eighteen estates, containing 85,023 acres, were, after survey and valuation, duly advertised by public advertisement, and distribution of plans and pamphlets, as open in allotments for selection at fixed upset rentals (5 per cent. on capital value), on the lease-in-perpetuity system, conflicting applications being determined by ballot.

Though ten other estates were acquired during the financial year, there was not time to carry out the necessary surveys, &c., and place them on the market before the 31st March. These comprised the Cradock, Hetana, Kitchener, Methuen, Plumer, Waari Workmen's Homes in the Auckland Land District; Forest Gate and Kumeroa Estates in Hawke's Bay; the Maungaraki Settlement (a further portion) in Wellington; and the Maytown and Lyndon No. 2 Estates in Canterbury.

The following table shows the estates offered for the first time, and how they were disposed of:—

ESTATESOFFERED FOR SELECTION during the Year ended 31st March, 1902, under “The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900.”
Land District, and Name of Estate.Area of Estate.Number of Selectors.Area unselected 31st March, 1902.Annual Rental payable on Lands leased.Date of Opening.
Hawke's Bay—A.R.P. A.R.P.£s.d. 
    Hatuma26,52232059709207,62731025 April, 1901.
    Mauga-a-toro19,581312214,348003,921131021 Jan., 1902.
Taranaki—
    Tokaora1,505286845022670191020 Nov., 1901.
Wellington—
    Mangawhata1,2402367......82610014 May, 1901.
    Epuni Hamlet1003144221244805825 June, 1901.
    Maungaraki470341019422212517220 Dec., 1901.
Marlborough—
    North Bank12,895001......300001 April, 1901.
Canterbury—
    Kohika3,86411016......1,45114213 May, 1901.
    Tarawahi313012110231225825 June, 1901.
    Raincliff745201......8531025 June, 1901.
    Puhuka392761400369429 July, 1901.
    Kaimahi1002112611423691015 Oct., 1901.
    Kapuatohe49337419208219215 Oct., 1901.
    R.S. 36278618201......251814 Nov., 1901.
    Rapuwai2,2472115......4801689 Dec., 1901.
Otago—
    Earnscleugh1,2693510......1703618 Dec., 1901.
Southland—
    Ringway2,253287......4609020 Dec., 1901.
    Glenham11,484210108,9431245915224 March, 1902
            Totals85,02302323015,0940917,69584 

Of the eighteen estates opened for selection, 69,929 acres, in 230 holdings, were leased, including the North Bank property, which was let temporarily as one run, in order that gold-miners might be allowed to continue their operations.

The Hatuma, Forest Gate, and Kumeroa properties were acquired under the compulsory provisions of the Land for Settlements Act, which hod has not resulted in low valuations or capital values as finally determined. The 709 ½ acres undisposed of in the former was not available for disposal till recently, and is now advertised for lease.

The 4,348 acres unselected in the Manga-a-toro Settlement includes two small grazing-runs.

The balance of Tokaora Settlement is expected to be quitted shortly. Maungaraki is already sold.

The estates, &c., leased in each district under the Land for Settlements Acts to the 31st March, 1902, are next shown:—

Name of Estate.Area acquired.
Auckland—A.R.P.
        Fencourt7,10535
        Karapiro2,27639
        Okauia5,92000
        Opouriao7,60400
        Rangiatea4,00400
        Whitehall8,95900
 35,869214
Hawke's Bay—
        Elsthorpe9,74000
        Hatuma26,522320
        Mahora1,13330
        Mangatoro19,581312
        Pouparae33734
        Raureka42720
        Tomoana111338
        Waimarie430210
        Willows775136
 59,06130
Taranaki—
        Tokaora1,50528
Wellington—
        Aorangi1,78500
        Epuni Hamlet100314
        Langdale9,40500
        Mangawhata1,240236
        Maungaraki47034
        Okakea1,745130
        Paparangi322332
        Te Matua702019
 15,772315
Marlborough—
        Blind River5,50700
        North Bank12,89500
        Omaka3,89800
        Puhipuhi32000
        Richmond Brook5,85400
        Starborough35,90600
        Waipapa3,75520
 68,13520
Westland—
        Poerua3,23016
Canterbury—
        Albury19,539124
        Ashley Gorge1,16536
        Braco2724
        Epworth2103
        Hekeao2,254211
        Highbank9,12138
        Horsley Down3,982335
        Kaimahi10021
        Kapua574122
        Kapuatohe49337
        Kereta105229
        Kohika3,864110
        Lyndon4,243328
        Marawiti2,028233
        Omihi Valley2000
        Orakipaoa384031
        Otarakaro3939
        Otaio373314
        Pareora620213
        Patoa4,535314
        Pawaho52018
        Paaka1,561225
        Pareora No. 28,132031
        Puuka3927
        Punaoa7,02935
        Raincliff74520
        Rakitairi3,526126
        Rapuwai2,247211
        Rautawiri11307
        R.S. 18622000
        R.S. 2682 (part)624
        R.S. 3646915432
        R.S. 36056 and 3605758016
        R.S. 36228100323
        R.S. 3623198330
        R.S. 3627861820
        Roimata48327
        Rosebrook60018
        Studholme Junction10907
        Takitu9,713037
        Tamai41028
        Tarawahi3130
        The Peaks2,81109
        Waiapi1,124236
        Waikakahi48,262234
        Wharenui73110
 140,376213
Otago—
        Ardgowan4,268328
        Barnego7,07821
        Earnscleugh1,26935
        Elderslie11,61824
        Janefield14702
        Maerewhenua11,163331
        Makareao2,38304
        Makareao Extension2,57336
        Momona224116
        Pomahaka7,47822
        Puketapu50906
        Tahawai70135
        Teanaraki351039
        Toka-rahi11,259236
 60,396315
Southland—
        Beaumont4,48404
        Glenham11,484210
        Merrivale9,99800
        Otahu6,153036
        Ringway2,25328
 34,373118
SUMMARY.
Auckland35,869214
Hawke's Bay59,06130
Taranaki1,50528
Wellington15,772315
Marlborough68,13520
Westland3,23016
Canterbury140,376213
Otago60,396315
Southland34,373118
            Totals418,72219

Of the total area of 448,350 acres acquired to the 31st March, 1902, an area of 418,722 acres had been opened for public selection, and 386,529 acres were held under lease by 2,033 selectors, the annual rent payable thereon being £101,058. The area occupied by roads and reserves was 8,069 acres, and the area unlet 24,124 acres. The area acquired, but which, owing to the survey not being finished, had not been opened for selection was 29,649 acres.

Chapter 54. SECTION XXVI.—FINANCE.

Subsection A.—Revenue and Expenditure of the General Government.

THE revenue for the year ended 31st March, 1902, was £6,152,839, and the ordinary expenditure £5,895,915, leaving an excess of revenue over expenditure of £256,924. Adding to this the balance brought forward from the previous year (1900-1901) of £532,564, gives a sum of £789,488. A transfer of £500,000 was made to the Public Works Fund, and £19,000 paid for the redemption of debentures, leaving at the close of the year a balance amounting to £270,488.

The chief heads of revenue and expenditure are shown in the following table:—

REVENUEAND EXPENDITURE.     
Revenue.££Expenditure.££
Balance on 31st March, 1901 532,564His Excellency the Governor7,000 
Customs duties2,201,116 Legislative49,054 
Beer duty90,233 Ministers' salaries and allowances14,809 
Stamps (including Postal and Telegraph cash receipts)908,671 Interest and sinking fund charges1,803,939 
Land-tax312,836 Exchange and commission22,177 
Income-tax179,397 Pensions, civil and military37,465 
Railways1,869,489 Old-age pensions210,045 
Registration and other fees76,492 Railways1,280,997 
Marine dues31,456 Public instruction539,317 
Miscellaneous133,761 Postal and telegraph services463,817 
Territorial revenue249,619 Judicial and legal254,680 
  6,053,070Hospitals and charitable institutions90,646 
Other receipts—  Defence191,250 
    Proceeds of debentures for increases of sinking fund57,000 Subsidies to local bodies63,470 
    Recoveries in respect of “Nelson” of previous years42,769 Department of Agriculture101,358 
  99,769Lunatic asylums59,725 
   Valuation Department25,407 
   Customs40,738 
   Marine (harbours and lights)47,525 
   Printing and stationery33,214 
   Land and Income Tax Department21,960 
   Registration of Land and Deeds, Births, Deaths, and Marriages21,215 
   Public buildings and domains23,703 
   Miscellaneous expenditure255,843 
   Territorial expenditure236,561 
     5,895,915
   Other expenditure—  
       Transferred to Public Works Fund 500,000
       Debentures redeemed 19,000
   Balance on 31st March, 1902 270,488
£6,685,403£6,685,403

Ordinary Revenue.

The ordinary revenue shows an increase for the year 1901-1902 of 3.96 per cent. over the figures for 1900-1901. When considering the figures given it must be remembered that population increased at the rate of 2.24 per cent., so that any rate above this means a higher ratio of revenue. Taking the items in order of their magnitude, the advance is shown below:—

Heads of Revenue.Ordinary Revenue.Increase.
1900-1901.Per Cent. of Total.1901-1902.Per Cent. of Total.Numerical.Centesimal.
 £ £ £Per Cent.
Customs duties2,180,86239.072,201,11637.9320,2540.93
Railways1,720,64130.821,869,48932.21148,8488.65
Stamps (including Postal and Telegraph cash receipts)903,93516.19908,67115.664,7360.52
Land-tax294,5845.28312,8365.3918,2526.20
Income-tax173,8093.11179,3973.095,5883.22
Beer duty85,1711.5390,2331.555,0625.94
Registration and other fees67,5371.2176,4921.328,95513.26
Marine29,5530.5331,4560.541,9036.44
Miscellaneous126,4112.26133,7612.317,3505.81
            Ordinary revenue5,582,503100.005,803,451100.00220,9483.96

The amount derived from Customs duties was 0.93 per cent. greater than that shown for 1900.1901, Beer duty 5.94 per cent., Income-tax 3.22 per cent., Land-tax 6.20 per cent., Stamps, &c., 0.52 per cent., and Railway revenue shows an advance of 8.65 per cent. While the population of the colony increased by 2.24 per cent. during 1901-1902 the ordinary revenue advanced at the much higher rate of 3.96, as shown above.

The Customs and Excise duties in 1901-1902 accounted for £39 9s. 7d. out of every £100 of ordinary revenue collected; Railways, £32 4s. 2d.; and Stamps, &c., £15 13s. 2d. Of other items, the Land-tax yielded 5.39 per cent. and Income-tax 3.09 per cent. of the revenue.

Territorial Revenue.

Territorial revenue belonging to the Consolidated Fund decreased from £270,203 in 1900.1901 to £249,619 in 1901-1902, or at the rate of 7.62 per cent. In the previous year, 1900-1901, there was an increase of 3.04 per cent. Details for the last two years are as follows:—

Territorial Revenue.Increase or Decrease, 1901-1902.
1900-1901.Per Cent. of Total.1901-1902.Per Cent. of Total.Numerical.Centesimal.

*Exclusive of revenue derived from land set apart for State forests. £17,189; lands for close settlement. £90,053; and of the Cheviot Estate, £14,008. These moneys are credited in the separate loan accounts to which they belong. The amount of all moneys taken by the Receivers of Land Revenue during the year ended 31st March, 1902, will be found stated, under each head, in Section XXIV., “Crown Lands”.

 £ £ £Per Cent.
Cash land sales78,79429.1659,57623.87-19,218-24.39
Deferred - payment land sales10,5753.918,4353.38-2,140-20.24
Pastoral runs, rents, miscellaneous180,83466.93181,60872.757740.43
            Territorial revenue270,203100.00249,619*100.00-20,584-7.62

By the foregoing table the cash land sales for 1901-1902 are shown to have decreased by 24 per cent, and to supply 24 per cent. of the whole territorial revenue of the Consolidated Fund; while rents and miscellaneous, which constitute 73 per cent. of the total, have increased very slightly.

Ordinary and Territorial Revenue.

The total ordinary and territorial revenue is found to have increased from £5,852,706 in 1900-1901 to £6,053,070 in 1901-1902, at the rate of 3.42 per cent., or 1.18 per cent. more than the rate at which population increased:—

 Ordinary.Territorial.Total.
 £££
Year 1901-19025,803,451249,6196,053,070
Year 1900-19015,582,503270,2035,852,706
    Increase220,948 200,364
    Decrease 20,584 

After allowing for alteration in system of charging interest and sinking fund, the charges of the public debt, paid out of the Consolidated Fund, in proportion to the ordinary and territorial revenue are found to have fallen from 41.6 per cent. in 1890-91 to 29.80 per cent. in 1901-1902.

If the sum of £68,011, the amount of territorial revenue received by way of land sales in 1901-1902, is deducted from the total revenue the charges of the public debt will be found to have absorbed 30.14 per cent. of the revenue, reduced by the sum derived from relinquishment of real estate of the Crown.

Total Revenue of General Government.

The whole of the revenue of the General Government arising from taxation as well as from other sources for the last seven financial years exhibits great progress. The rates of taxation and of revenue per head of mean population are given to illustrate this:—

Year ended 31 March.Revenue.Rate of Taxation per Head of Mean Population.Rate of Revenue per Head of Mean Population.
From Taxation.From other Sources.Total.
 ££££s.d.£s.d.
18962,335,7602,220,2554,556,01537161010
18972,521,9112,276,7974,798,70831106151
18982,678,5762,400,6545,079,23031311702
18992,707,0992,551,1295,258,2283133723
19002,891,1262,808,4925,699,618316107116
19013,042,8902,864,0265,906,91631967144
19023,113,0793,039,7606,152,83931987176

The total revenue is shown to have increased from £4,556,015 in 1895-96 to £6,152,839 in 1901-1902, a difference of £1,596,824, while the proportion to population has increased by over £1 per head.

The greater yield from the sources of taxation exhibited by the above figures can be regarded as indicative of increased prosperity enjoyed by the people of the colony.

Ordinary Revenue Expenditure.

The expenditure for 1901-1902 (exclusive of expenditure properly belonging to territorial purposes) amounted to £5,659,353, of which the largest item, after the charges of the public debt, £1,803,939, was on account of railways, £1,280,997. Public instruction cost £539,317, of which £445,366 was for carrying on the Board schools; £24,002 for technical and higher education; £19,371 for Native schools; £17,400 for industrial schools; and £24,793 for school-buildings. The postal and telegraph services cost £463,817. Under the heading “Judicial and Legal” the total sum expended was £254,680, of which the largest item was the police, £120,629; the next, District and Magistrates' Courts, £46,374; and, thirdly, prisons, £32,319. Hospitals and charitable institutions cost £90,646, and the lunatic asylums £59,725. Defence required £191,250; the Department of Agriculture £101,358; and the Valuation Department £25,407. Payments of old-age pensions required £210,045 for the year.

Territorial Revenue Expenditure.

The chief items of expenditure under this head are the Lands and Survey Department, £122,278, and Mines, £15,504; while there was paid to local bodies £93,823 (£30,483 being “Nelson” and “Nelson” under the Land Act; and £20,993 for the Greymouth, £4,802 for the New Plymouth, £35,800 for the Westport, and £1,746 for the Nelson Harbour Boards); besides £4,538 expended in management of water-races, and £418 in rates on Crown lands.

Ordinary and Territorial Revenue Expenditure: Six Years.

The expenditure out of ordinary and territorial revenue during the last six financial years is tabulated, specifying the chief heads of expenditure. It must be noted that the old-age pensions become a large item for the years 1899-1900, 1900-1901, and 1901-1902. The development of the Departments of Agriculture, Public Health, &c., also contributed to raising the expenditure latterly:—

Expenditure.Financial Years (ended 31st March).
1896-97.1897-98.1898-99.1899-1900.1900-1901.1901-1902.
 ££££££
Charges of the Public Debt1,709,4691,741,4131,767,4681,749,3941,745,6161,803,939
Railways776,748849,923968,9171,039,4121,145,0881,280,997
Public Instruction (including School-buildings, Industrial and Native Schools, and Deaf-and-dumb Institution)461,582466,925475,218472,653481,087539,317
Postal and Telegraph352,386362,993388,546388,582416,364463,817
Militia and Volunteers88,74291,388119,051162,940229,704191,250
Old - age Pensions  3,124157,095199,708210,045
Crown Lands and Surveys115,247119,920114,469123,441137,838122,278
Police and Armed Constabulary100,401104,214115,293115,752117,744120,629
Other expenditure905,406865,596906,425930,8581,006,5551,163,643
        Totals4,509,9814,602,3724,858,5115,140,1275,479,7045,895,915

Loan Accounts Expenditure, 1901-1902.

In addition to the expenditure above referred to, there were also—excluding operations on debentures, &c.—disbursements during the financial year ended 31st March, 1902, out of the Public Works Fund to the amount of £2,143,252, chiefly for roads, railway construction, and for public buildings; also out of the Land for Settlements Account the large sum of £430,776 for purchase of estates to be cut up for close settlement, including contingent expenses. This account also aided the Consolidated Fund by reducing the interest to be paid to the extent of £66,835. The Loans to Local Bodies Account, which deals with moneys used chiefly for roading the more inaccessible country and for water-supply, shows an expenditure of £240,510; and for interest on debentures, surveys, roads, &c., in connection with the Cheviot Estate £8,881 was paid. Details of all these are given. The total expenditure out of loan accounts was £2,890,767, or adding £600,000 for temporary advances repaid, £3,490,767. As previously explained, this account was aided by a transfer from revenue of £500,000 to the Public Works Fund.

EXPENDITUREOUT OF LOAN ACCOUNTS, 1901-1902.
Public Works Fund—££
        Immigration140 
        Public Works, Departmental16,404 
        Railways1,333,941 
        Roads403,690 
        Development of goldfields15,325 
        Purchase of Native lands18,261 
        Telegraph extension31,729 
        Public buildings145,600 
        Lighthouses, harbour-works, and defences12,159 
        Tourist and health resorts11,260 
        Rates on Native lands570 
        Contingent defence146,876 
        Lands improvement1,677 
        Charges and expenses of raising loans5,620 
  2,143,252
Cheviot Estate Account—  
        Interest (including arrears)8,866 
        Surveys, roading, &c.15 
  8,881
Lands for Settlement Account—  
        Purchase of estates406,577 
        Expenses24,199 
        Interest recouped to Consolidated Fund66,835 
        Charges and expenses on issue of debentures under the Act513 
  498,124
Loans to Local Bodies Account—  
        Grants to local bodies208,531 
        Roads to open up Crown lands31,979 
  240,510
                    Total 2,890,767
Lands for Settlement Account—  
        Temporary advances repaid200,000 
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Acts—  
        Temporary advances repaid400,000 
  600,000
                    Total £3,490,767

The expenditure out of loan accounts for five years may be summarised as given in the next table:—

Heads of Expenditure out of Loan Accounts.Financial Years.
1897-98.1898-99.1899-1900.1900-1901.1901-1902.

*Including sums expended in the purchase of land for settlements—viz., £158,586 in 1897-98; £518,459 in 1898-99; £469,331 in 1899-1900; in 1900-1901 £251,837, and in 1901-1902, £498,124.

† Including sums expended under Loans to Local Bodies Acts—viz., £18,770 in 1897-98; £16,972 in 1898-99; £31,363 in 1899-1900; in 1900-1901, £37,390; and in 1901-1902, £31,979.

NOTE.Excluding amounts applied to investments by way of advances to settlers with charges and expenses, besides amounts for debentures redeemed and advances repaid.

 £££££
Charges and expenses of raising loans522528,3221,4605,620
Cheviot Estate purchase and expenses16,65716,4978,9178,9378,881
Contingent defence10,36013,86742,81037,650146,876
Immigration70105385214140
Land purchases*220,089*571,642*501,355*280,575*516,385
Lighthouses, harbour-works, and defences5,29515,6629,0266,51712,159
Public buildings73,585107,267115,427121,364145,600
Public Works departmental expenditure9,68910,09012,57212,93316,404
Railway - construction and other works connected with railway extension351,600374,141417,937717,7231,333,941
Rates on Native lands156347744673570
Roads309,548312,506316,753353,131435,669
Telegraph extension29,38428,55126,77150,10131,729
Development of goldfields33,11717,35521,81515,90715,325
Tourist and health resorts    11,260
Lands improvement    1,677
Payments to local bodies under Government Loans to Local Bodies Acts75,25775,42868,770138,956208,531
Totals1,134,8121,543,6831,571,6041,746,1412,890,767

The total amount of actual loan-moneys under various heads raised from the beginning is roughly shown further on in a table dealing with the public debt of the colony.

Although the Public Works Fund forms the main source of the expenditure out of loan accounts, all the money included in it has not been raised from loans. Amounts from the revenue of the Consolidated Fund were paid to the Public Works Fund during the last eleven financial years as follows:—

 £
1891-9230,000
1892-93200,000
1893-94250,000
1894-95250,000
1895-96150,000
1896-97150,000
1897-98300,000
1898-99425,000
1899-1900450,000
1900-1901500,000
1901-1902500,000
                Total£3,205,000

The expenditure each year since 1884 on services provided for by the Public Works Fund has been:—

Year.Immigration.Railways.Roads.Development of Goldfields.Telegraph Extension.Public Buildings.Lighthouses, &c.Other Services.Totals.

*Exclusive of moneys spent on roads under Lands Improvement, Native Lands Purchase, and Government Loans to Local Bodies Accounts: £103,076 in 1894-95, £162,757 in 1895-96, £173,358 in 1896-97.

† The expenditure on roads under the first two Acts mentioned above (*) is included as part of Public Works Fund; the sum of £18,770 was also spent out of Loans to Local Bodies Account on roads to open up Crown lands in 1897-98, £16,972 in 1898-99, £30,363 in 1899-1900, £37,390 in 1900-1901, and £31,979 in 1901-1902. These moneys have been excluded as have also small sums expended in roading, &c., the Cheviot Estate.

 £££££££££
1884-8557,148663,063317,0438,02925,799117,36134,033114,2511,336,727
1885-8611,675725,496335,9049,03236,01086,859133,975136,4351,475,386
1886-8712,454615,265278,6177,66518,95289,598148,705162,2281,333,484
1887-8815,598403,726219,5191,01622,98490,52976,825135,962966,159
1888-898,791272,077106,4405512,04734,59247,593132,344613,939
1889-90867289,57284,12628416,34635,4739,43446,362482,464
1890-911,823180,02071,28982116,29222,8192,66639,026334,756
1891-92817154,416101,6052,25727,77334,7917,34762,495391,501
1892-93242220,894105,5063,81129,24531,10111,20560,502462,506
1893-94343176,304147,4185,27216,12744,0326,58810,713406,797
1894-95101247,54561,757*5,86519,22954,1903,1459,578401,410*
1895-96Cr. 10197,10566,774*9,34535,53876,5297,41019,639412,330*
1896-97301207,23164,292*10,50836,79170,57911,60026,683427,985*
1897-9870351,600290,77733,11729,38473,5855,29581,715865,543
1898-99105374,141295,53417,35428,551107,26715,66277,713916,327
1899-1900385417,937285,53221,81526,771115,4279,026116,330993,223
1900-1901214717,723315,79115,90750,101121,3646,51781,4041,309,021
1901-19021401,333,941403,69015,32531,729145,60012,159200,6682,143,252

Conversion Account.

Three-per-cent. stock to the value of £384,147 was inscribed during the year 1901-1902, which began with a credit balance of £3,887 in this account. Of this sum, £51,330 was applied to pay off debentures, £39,900 was exchanged for debentures under “The Land for Settlements Act, 1894,” and £285,000 for debentures under the Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act. Premiums amounting to £2,247 were paid on these conversions. Expenses, the chief items of which were discount (£1,690), stamp duty (£839), interest (£1,458), brokerage and commission (£135), office expenses, rents, law charges, &c. (£732), absorbed £4,854, leaving a credit balance in this account of £4,704 on the 31st March, 1902.

Loans for Government Advances to Settlers.

A notable feature in the legislation of the year 1894 was the passing of the Government Advances to Settlers Act, a description of which, with its amending Acts and the loan operations under the same, will be found in .

The loans authorised to the 31st March, 1902, classified according to provincial districts, are shown in tabular form:—

Provincial Districts.Loans authorised.
Number of Applications.Amount applied for.Amount of Advances authorised.
  ££
Auckland2,133676,006589,133
Taranaki1,567667,442585,609
Hawke's Bay782243,070216,585
Wellington2,8851,138,472995,303
Marlborough303144,377130,585
Nelson16753,11546,955
Westland12832,15528,845
Canterbury919295,752257,715
Otago2,3681,002,611885,890
Totals11,3124,253,0003,736,620

Of the 11,312 advances authorised, 1,450 applicants declined the grants (£662,935) offered them, so that the net advances to the 31st March, 1902, numbered 9,862, and amounted to £3,073,685.

Of the total advances authorised, 9,272 were for advances under £500 in value, and 2,040 over.

The number of applications received to the 31st March, 1902, was 14,746, for an aggregate amount of £5,204,300.

The advances authorised on fixed loans, according to provincial districts, to the 31st March, 1902, were:—

Provincial Districts.No.Amount of Mortgage.Value of Security.
  ££
Auckland4310,34028,069
Taranaki5539,93592,174
Hawke's Bay186,75015,668
Wellington7050,620117,305
Marlborough   
Nelson3250963
Westland66702,113
Canterbury1613,42529,164
Otago8451,045110,928
            Totals295173,035396,384

The liabilities and assets at 31st March, 1902, of the Government Advances to Settlers Office were:—

DR.Liabilities.£s.d.CR.Assets.£s.d.
3-per-cent. Loan, redeemable 1st April, 1945, “A”1,500,00000Investment Account—   
3-per-cent. Loan, redeemable 1st April, 1945, “B”500,00000    Advances on mortgages£3,035,23000
3-per-cent. sundry loans646,33368    Less repayments668,53061
Suspense Account4,04420 2,366,6991311
Accrued interest payable8455Temporary investments, Bank of New Zealand guaranteed stock4,836170
Profit and Loss Account£76,172117Sinking Fund Investment Account with Public Trustee95,95475
Less amount written off loan, flotation charges30,00000Assurance Fund Investment Account with Public Trustee43,87296
 46,172117Mortgage instalments receivable, overdue1,61787
    Bills receivable990117
    Interest receivable, overdue7,207135
    Interest receivable, accrued25,176141
    Cash in hand and in bank36,35086
    Loan-flotation charges113,92818
 £2,696,63458 £2,696,63458

“The Government Advances to Settlers Act Amendment Act, 1899,” as an encouragement to the early payment of the prescribed instalments of interest on fixed loans, and of interest and principal on loans under the instalment principle, provides for a rebate to the mortgagor, which reduces his interest to 4 1/2 per cent. in lieu of 5 per cent. per annum.

There are new alternative modes of disposing of moneys paid in advance laid down in this measure, but it is optional with mortgagors to adopt the new system instead of that previously in operation in respect of moneys paid before the commencement of the new Act, and which are held under the original arrangements.

Provision is made for the readjustment of loans by memorandum of adjustment, which gives elasticity to the system by treating the balance of principal due as a fresh loan granted for a new term.

The margin of security on loans is provided for as follows: In the case of fixed loans the amount of the loan is not to exceed three-fifths of the value of the security, while in case of loans under the instalment system on freehold security of first-class agricultural land the amount of the loan is not to exceed two-thirds the value of the security; on other rural freeholds the limit is three-fifths.

Advances may now be made on the security of urban or suburban land, but on the instalment system only, and with limitation of amount to a maximum of two thousand pounds and a minimum of twenty-five.

Urban land is defined as that situate in a borough having a population of at least two thousand persons, and which is not used for farming, dairying, or market gardening. And suburban land means that which is situate in a borough having under two thousand people, or any town or vicinity, and which is not used for agricultural or dairying purposes as above referred to.

As to security for loans,—in the case of urban lands on which there are buildings, the amount of the loan is not to exceed three-fifths of the value of the land apart from the buildings, plus one-half of the value of the buildings apart from the land. When the land is suburban, having buildings thereon, the loan is not to exceed one-half of the value of the land apart from the buildings, plus one-half of the value of the buildings separately.

When the land be urban or suburban, but having no buildings, the loan is not to exceed one-half of the value of the land, and there is not to be any loan except for the erection of buildings, and to be by way of instalments as erection proceeds.

There is a further subdivision of the Act, under which special provisions are made for protecting the interests of the Advances to Settlers Department, with respect to other than freehold securities.

New Zealand Consols.

Another important financial Act, termed the New Zealand Consols Act, was passed in 1894, with the intention of providing further means of investment for the savings of persons resident in the colony. Some progress is being made in this class of deposits, which tends to show that the public may in time recognise the system as a means of safe and profitable investment of their savings. It is singular that deposits of moneys belonging to trust funds or minors are not more freely made. It is thought that the advantage of such an investment at a fair rate of interest and of a permanent character is not widely enough known.

Up to the 31st March, 1899, deposits amounting to £385,925 had been received in sums ranging from £5 to £150,000. During 1899-1900 the deposits inscribed totalled £55,562, in 1900-1901 £17,902, and in 1901-1902 £8,935, making the sum invested to the 31st March, 1902, £468,324.

The system of making deposits in New Zealand Consols is fully described in .

Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement.

“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1896,” empowered the Colonial Treasurer to raise £1,000,000: in aid of the Public Works Fund to the extent of £500,000, and the Lands Improvement Account and the Native Lands Purchase Account, £250,000 each. The sum of £750,000, bearing interest at 3 1/2 per cent. per annum, was raised locally at par (£500,000 being issued with an alternative currency of ten or twenty-five years); the balance of £250,000 being placed upon the London market in the form of 3-per-cent. inscribed stock, along with the further loan referred to in the succeeding paragraph.

The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act Amendment Act, passed in 1897, authorised the raising of an additional sum of £250,000 to be applied for the purpose of procuring £200,000 for further rolling-stock for railways, and for the repair of damages to lines by floods or otherwise; £25,000 for erection and repair of public-school buildings, and another sum of £25,000 for purposes of building and equipment of technical schools.

“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Acts Amendment Act, 1898,” provided for raising £500,000 in addition to £250,000 raised under the Amendment Act of 1897, and the £1,000,000 under the principal Act of 1896, the provisions of which extend to the later Act.

Of £500,000 which was paid to the Public Works Fund the amount of £175,000 was allocated to railways construction, £200,000 was for new rolling-stock for open railways, and £125,000 for the construction of roads, bridges, and other works authorised.

Under “The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1899,” the sum of £1,000,000 was authorised: £300,000 for railway construction, £225,000 for rolling-stock, £350,000 for land settlement and goldfields development, £50,000 for school-buildings, £50,000 for purchase of native lands, and £25,000 for harbour defence.

“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1900,” provided for the raising of £1,000,000, of which £500,000 was allocated to railway construction, £300,000 for rolling-stock, £150,000 for land settlement, and £50,000 for goldfields development.

“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1901,” authorised the raising, in the colony or elsewhere, sums of money not exceeding one million two hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling altogether, by debentures or scrip, or by the creation or issue of inscribed stock under “The New Zealand Consolidated Stock Act, 1877.”

Provision was made for obtaining the money wanted, pending the raising of the money authorised, by the sale, &c., of short-dated debentures, bearing interest not exceeding 4 per cent. per annum, and having a currency of not more than seven years.

All the money raised under the Act and placed to the credit of the Public Works Fund, is applied to the following works and purposes:—

1. Railways—£
    Railway construction600,000
    Additional rolling-stock, &c., for open lines400,000
2. Land settlement and goldfields development— 
    Construction of roads, tracks, and bridges to open up back blocks, and other work in connection therewith200,000
    For developing goldfields50,000
 £1,250,000

Loans under Land for Settlements Acts.

The moneys raised under these Acts and the operations by way of purchasing estates to be cut up for close settlement form the subject of a special section of this part of the Year-book (No. XXV.).

“The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1901.”

The above measure consolidates all former measures dealing with the borrowing-powers of local bodies. It does not affect the securities issued for any loan raised under any Act repealed.

As to Government loans to local bodies, the yearly rate of interest and the period during which interest is payable by the local authority shall, at the option of such authority, be,—

  1. Four and a half per centum per annum for a period of twenty-six years; or

  2. Four per centum per annum for a period of thirty-two years; or

  3. Three and a half per centum per annum for a period of forty-one years.

The interest payable in respect of every existing loan the period of which is twenty-six years shall be 4 1/2 per centum per annum, unless such loan be adjusted under either of the alternatives (b) or (c) mentioned above. These readjustments may be applied to any loan existing at the time of the passing of the Act should the local authority interested so elect.

At the expiration of the period during which interest is payable the liability of the local authority shall cease without further payment.

SUBSECTION B.—TAXATION.

THE direct taxation prior to 1892 consisted of a property-tax of 1d. in the pound on all assessed real and personal property (with an exemption of £500), and the stamp duties; but in 1891 a Land and Income Assessment Act was passed repealing the property-tax. A full description of the system of the land- and income-tax will be found in a special article in . of this work. The leading features only are briefly stated here.

The Assessment Act of 1891 provided for an ordinary land-tax on the actual value of land, allowing an owner to deduct any amount owing by him secured on a registered mortgage. Under the original Act the deduction for improvements might not exceed £3,000; but, by the Amendment Act of 1893, the value of all improvements whatsoever was exempted from liability to land-tax. Besides this, an exemption of £500 was allowed when the balance, after making deductions as above stated, was not above £1,500; and beyond that a smaller exemption was granted, but ceasing when the balance amounted to £2,500. There is a Consolidation Act passed in 1900 now in force. Mortgages are subject to the land-tax. The revenue from the ordinary land-tax is, in round numbers, about £234,000 per annum. The rate of ordinary land-tax for 1901-1902 was 1d. in the pound. Occupied Native land is taxed 1/2d. in the pound on the unimproved value.

In addition to the ordinary land-tax, there is a graduated land-tax, which commences when the unimproved value is £5,000. For the graduated land-tax, the present value of all improvements is deducted; but mortgages are not deducted. The Act of 1893, while reducing the ordinary taxation on land by exempting all improvements, increased the graduated tax, and the revised rates are now one-eighth of a penny in the pound sterling when the value is £5,000 and is less than £10,000, from which the rate increases with the value of the property by further steps of an eighth of a penny until the maximum of 2d. in the pound is reached, payable when the value is £210,000, or exceeds that sum.

This graduated tax yields, in round numbers, £79,000 per annum, which is not included in the sum of £234,000 given above. Twenty per cent. additional tax is levied in case of persons who have been absent from the colony for three years or more prior to the passing of the yearly taxing Act. This amounts to about £1,000, and is included in the £79,000 shown above.

The taxable balances of real estates for purposes of the graduated tax according to the latest information were:—

Rate.Taxable Balance.Tax.
 ££
1/8d.7,955,2084,144
1/4d.4,619,5994,812
3/8d.2,549,1343,823
1/2d.2,113,7844,404
5/8d.1,386,9313,612
3/4d.1,879,4995,873
7/8d.1,406,3165,127
1d.2,480,95410,337
1 1/8d.1,259,2655,861
1 1/4d.1,009,0365,256
1 3/8d.936,3505,365
1 1/2d.421,2972,633
1 5/8d.461,1383,122
1 3/4d.183,4201,337
1 7/8d.207,1151,618
2d.1,306,76210,890
 30,175,80878,214

Income-tax is levied on all incomes above £300, but from the yearly income of every taxpayer there is deducted by way of special exemption the sum of £300, and from taxable incomes a further deduction up to £50 per annum for life insurance premiums is allowed. The rate of income-tax for 1901-1902 was 6d. in the pound on the first taxable £1,000, and 1s. in the pound on taxable incomes over £1,000.

Companies pay 1s. in the pound, and are not allowed the £300 exemption. The Act of 1893 further disallowed the £300 exemption in the case of persons not domiciled in New Zealand.

The revenue derived from income-tax may be roughly set down at £179,000 per annum.

The indirect taxation is made up of Customs duties, and excise duty on beer made in the colony.

The following statement shows the total amount raised by the General Government taxation in 1885, 1890, and the last seven financial years ending 31st March:—

 Amount of Revenue raised by Taxation.Amount per Head of Population (excluding Maoris).
 ££ s. d.
18852,016,7303 10 10
18902,173,9853 10 0
1895-962,335,7613 7 1
1896-972,521,9113 11 0
1897-982,678,5763 13 11
1898-992,707,0993 13 3
1899-19002,891,1263 16 10
1900-19013,042,8903 19 6
1901-19023,113,0793 19 8

The average annual amount of revenue raised by taxation during the nine years, 1882 to 1890 inclusive, was £3 8s. 11d. per head of population, excluding Maoris.

It may be well to call attention to the fact that a rise in the amount of taxation yielded per head of population may indicate (outside the question of increasing the rate of any particular tax levied) a satisfactory condition of business, as showing activity. In regard to the Customs, notwithstanding modifications of the tariff in 1895, the value of the imports for 1901-1902 was greater than for 1898-99, 1899-1900, or 1900-1901, which would seem to show greater purchasing-power than before, and that profits of trade would still allow of a large amount of duty being paid. The quantity of stocks in hand at the beginning and end of the two years, and any disturbance in prices during the period, may modify the above argument.

As the Maoris contribute somewhat to the Customs revenue, an allowance should be made on that account to ascertain more correctly the amount of taxation per head of the rest of the people. By including Maoris the Customs and excise duties per head of the rest of the population would be reduced by 3s. 0 3/4d. for the year 1901-1902. If this amount be deducted from the taxation per head given for that year, the rate would be reduced from £3 19s. 8d. to £3 16s. 7 1/4d. This latter rate may fairly be used for comparison with the rates in the neighbouring states.

Of the total amount of taxation stated for the year 1901-1902, the indirect taxation—i.e., Customs and excise duties—amounted to £2,291,349, while land and income tax, with stamps for taxation, yielded £821,730, which constitutes direct taxation. So that the colony still raises 74 per cent. of its revenue from taxation by means of the indirect method.

A table of the Customs tariff is given in detail in Part I. of this book (pp. 83-99), and the duties leviable upon estates of deceased persons on page 410.

Growth of Amount paid in Income-tax.

The amounts paid by way of income-tax, under a uniform rate of taxation, show great increase year by year, and afford satisfactory evidences of prosperity. These are quoted with a caution in regard to the figures for 1892 to 1895. The full number of persons properly liable to the tax may not have been ascertained at such time.

 Income-tax paid.
 £
1892-9367,367
1893-9475,238
1894-9589,891
1895-9692,778
1896-97105,504
1897-98115,210
1898-99115,480
1899-1900128,721
1900-1901173,809
1901-1902179,397

The increase from 1895-96 to 1901-1902 is £86,619, being a rate of 93.36 per cent., while the population increased during the same period by 12.32 per cent.

Taxation by Local Governing Bodies.

The various local bodies levied taxation during the year ended 31st March, 1901, to the amount of £833,138, or £1 1s. 9d. per head of European population. Of the total sum, £490,789 was raised by general rates, £243,235 by special and separate rates, £81,561 by licenses, and £17,554 by other taxes.

Taxation in Australasia.

The following were the rates of General Government taxation per head of population in Australasia for 1900-1901, specifying the proportions derived from Customs and other taxes:—

State or Colony.Rate of Taxation per Head of Mean Population.Proportion of Taxation from Customs and Excise Duties.Ratio of Taxation by Customs to Value of Imports.
Customs and Excise.Other Taxes.Total

* Or, including the Maoris, £3 16s. 4d. See remarks on previous page.

 £ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.Per Cent.Per Cent.
Queensland3 0 50 13 33 13 882.0319.82
New South Wales1 8 110 15 82 4 764.955.16
Victoria2 2 100 12 12 14 1177.9710.82
South Australia1 16 110 15 92 12 870.078.24
Western Australia5 10 20 16 06 6 287.3215.85
Tasmania2 15 30 17 33 12 676.1122.40
New Zealand (excluding Maoris)2 18 91 0 93 19 6*74.4720.39

The above calculations, with the exception of New Zealand, are taken from figures published in Mr. Coghlan's “Six States of Australia and New Zealand.”

SUBSECTION C.—PUBLIC DEBT.

THE gross public debt of the colony on the 31st March, 1902, was £52,966,447, an increase of £3,375,202 on the amount owing at the end of the preceding financial year.

The following table states the debentures and stock in circulation on 31st March, 1902, under the several Loan Acts or Ordinances of the Colonial and Provincial Governments, the dates when redeemable, the sinking funds accrued in respect of the same, and the annual charge thereon for interest and sinking fund:—

Amount Outstanding.Due Date.Sinking Funds AccruedNet Indebtedness.Annual Charge.Remarks.
Rate.Amount.When payable.
Int.S.F.
 ££ ££c.c.£  
New Zealand Loan Act, 1863 266,30015 July, 1914137,880128,4205115,97815 Jan. and 15 July.

Sinking Fund payable 13 Mar. and 13 Sept.

*Only £200,000 has actually been issued to the public; the unsold debentures are available for the purpose of obtaining temporary advances from time to time.

The Sinking Fund is payable on £1,744,100 (1 1/2 per cent. on £1,354,514, 1 per cent. on £15,675, and 1/2 per cent. on £373,911); the Land Assurance Fund is also charged with 1/2 per cent. as a contribution towards Sinking Fund.

† £82,200 of this amount will be recouped by the Government Advances to Settlers Office.

* Loan may be paid off at any time after 15th February, 1907, on six months' notice being given.

† 1/4 per cent. over bank rate; varying interest, calculated at 3 1/2 per cent.

‡ Represents the accrued Sinking Fund in respect of the total amount issued under “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886,” of which £1,421,800 has been converted into Consolidated Stock.

§ Treasury bills amounting to £700,000 are not included.

Consolidated Loan Act, 1867 288,400Ann. drawing 288,4005 14,420Quarterly, 15 Jan., &c.
Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870 *1,000,0001 June, 1907705,703294,29742.464,0001 June and 1 Dec.
Canterbury Loan Ordinance, 18623,80016,0002 Jan., 191513,4702,530611,12030 June and 31 Dec.
12,2002 July, 1916
Consolidated Loan Act, 1867 13,00015 April, 1913 13,0004 52015 April and 15 Oct.
Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870363,000390,90015 April, 1913 363,0004 14,52015 April and 15 Oct.
27,90015 April, 1913 27,9004 1/2 1,25615 April and 15 Oct.
Defence and other Purposes Loan Act, 187025,000100,0001 July, 1910 25,0004 1/2 1,12530 June and 31 Dec.
75,00015 April, 1913 75,0004 3,00015 April and 15 Oct.
General Purposes Loan Act, 187317,40082,90015 Oct., 1913 17,4004 69615 April and 15 Oct.
10,80015 May, 1914 10,8004 43215 May and 15 Nov.
54,70028 Nov., 1914 54,7005 2,73515 May and 15 Nov.
District Railways Purchasing Acts, 1885-8640,000137,1001 July, 1909 40,0006 2,4001 April and 1 Oct.
97,1001 April, 1905 97,1004 3,884
Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886 250,3001 Sept., 1907 250,3003 1/231,1041 Mar. and 1 Sept.
Consolidated Stock Act, 187729,150,30243,344,4261 Nov., 1929 29,150,3024 1,166,0121 May and 1 Nov.
6,161,1671 Jan., 1940 6,161,1673 1/2 215,6411 Jan. and 1 July.
8,032,9571 April, 1945 8,032,9573 240,9881 April and 1 Oct.
Consolidated Stock Act, 1884—Colonial Issue214,500724,0001 Sept., 1905 724,0003 1/2 25,3401 Mar. and 1 Sept.
509,50031 Dec., 1907  
Native Land Purchases Act, 1892 (Renewed under the Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1899) 125,00031 Oct., 1906 125,0003 1/2 4,37530 April and 31 Oct.
Land for Settlements Act, 1892 (Renewed under the Land for Settlements Acts Amendment Act, 1899) 45,27631 Oct., 1906 45,2763 1/2 1,58530 April and 31 Oct.
Land for Settlements Acts, 1894, 1897, 1899, and 1900769,490-2,393,74031 Oct., 1906 769,4903 1/2 26,93230 April and 31 Oct.
349,0001 April, 1909 349,0003 3/4 13,0881 April and 1 Oct.
62,0001 April, 1909 62,0003 1/2 2,1701 April and 1 Oct.
260,1001 April, 1902 260,1004 10,4041 April and 1 Oct.
56,0001 April, 1905 56,0004 2,2401 April and 1 Oct.
10,0001 April, 1906 10,0003 1/2 3501 April and 1 Oct.
527,9501 May, 1904 527,9504 21,1181 May and 1 Nov.
21,0001 Nov., 1904 21,0004 8401 May and 1 Nov.
338,2001 Feb., 1905 338,2004 13,5281 Feb. and 1 Aug.
Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894 400,00030 Sept., 1908 283,0004 11,32031 Mar. and 30 Sept.
117,0003 1/2 4,09531 Mar. and 30 Sept.
New Zealand Consols Act, 1894 468,3241 Feb., 1910 468,3243 1/2 16,3911 Feb. and 1 Aug.
            Carried forward 50,045,666 857,05349,188,613  1,933,607 
            Brought forward 50,045,666 857,05349,188,613  1,933,607 
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Acts, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, and 1901500,000-2,845,00015 Aug., 1921* 500,0003 1/2 17,50015 Feb. and 15 Aug.
15,00031 Oct., 1903 15,0003 1/2 5251 Feb. and 1 Aug.
150,0004 Jan., 1904 150,0003 1/2 5,2501 Feb. and 1 Aug.
100,00015 Jan., 1905 500,0003 1/2 17,50023 April and 23 Oct.
100,00015 Feb., 1905 
100,00015 Mar., 1905 
100,00017 April, 1905 
100,00015 May, 1905 
100,00015 June, 1905 465,000 16,27531 Mar. and 30 Sept.
100,00016 July, 1905 
100,00015 Aug., 1905 
100,00015 Sept., 1905 
65,00015 Oct., 1905 
465,0001 April, 1903 465,0004 18,6001 April and 1 Oct.
500,0001 April, 1904 500,0004 20,0001 April and 1 Oct.
250,0001 Dec., 1904 250,0004 10,0001 June and 1 Dec.
Dairy Industry Act, 18984381,7811 Aug., 1908 1,7813 1/2 621 Feb. and 1 Aug.
8431 Jan., 1911 
5001 Jan., 1916 
Government Accident Insurance Act, 1898 2,0001 Feb., 1911 2,0003 1/2 701 Feb. and 1 Aug.
Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1901 72,0001 Jan., 1909 72,0003 1/2 2,5201 Mar. and 1 Sept.
     52,109,394    
    Less accrued Sinking Fund in respect of the Government Loans to Local Bodies Acts    271,763271,763    
            Totals 52,966,447§ 1,128,81651,837,631  2,041,909 

Net Indebtedness: Comparison with past Years.

The net public debt, after deducting the accrued sinking fund (£1,128,816), was on 31st March, 1902, £51,837,631, an increase of £3,279,880 during the year. More than eight years' revenue, ordinary and territorial, at the present rate would thus be required to pay off the net debt of the colony. The net indebtedness per head of population for 1901-1902 is greater than in 1900-1901 by £2 15s. 6d. In March, 1890, it stood at £60 5s. 3d.; in 1891, £59 11s. 10d.; in 1892, £59 2s.; in 1893, £58 2s. 7d.; in 1894, £57 8s. 10d.; in 1895, £57 9s. 9d.; in 1896, £60 2s. 4d.; in 1897, £60 13s. 9d.; in 1898, £60 4s. 11d.; in 1899, £61 14s. 4d.; in 1900, £61 17s. 3d.; in 1901, £62 16s. 10d.; and in 1902, £65 12s. 4d. But, when considering the increase of the amount of debt per head as a burden on the people, regard should be paid to the effect of conversions on the amounts paid by way of charges of the public debt out of the revenue year by year. Remarks on this subject are made, and figures given, further on, under the head of interest and sinking funds; also previously under revenue, which is shown to have been relieved substantially since the year 1890.

Years ended 31st March.Estimated or Census Population.Amount of Debentures and Stock in Circulation.Gross Indebtedness per Head of European Population.Amount of Sinking Fund accrued.Net Indebtedness.Net Indebtedness per Head of European. Population
  ££ s. d.£££ s. d.
1890618,65738,667,95062 10 11,386,18537,281,76560 5 3
1891626,65838,830,35061 19 41,487,04237,343,30859 11 10
1892637,47238,713,06860 14 81,037,86237,675,20659 2 0
1893656,18739,257,84059 16 71,113,77038,144,07058 2 7
1894676,74739,826,41558 17 0951,92438,874,49157 8 10
1895689,47540,386,96458 11 6751,93239,635,03257 9 9
1896703,18743,050,78061 4 5778,89142,271,88960 2 4
1897717,64944,366,61861 16 5814,29443,552,32460 13 9
1898731,71344,963,42461 9 0881,90344,081,52160 4 11
1899746,67346,938,00662 17 3857,27946,080,72761 14 4
1900758,61647,874,45263 2 2944,37546,930,07761 17 3
1901772,71949,591,24564 3 71,033,49448,557,75162 16 10
1902789,99452,966,44767 0 111,128,81651,837,63165 12 4

The debt of the colony as above stated does not include the unpaid loans raised by the several local bodies, amounting at the end of March, 1901, to £7,563,069, of which sum £5,510,800 was raised outside the colony. These are referred to in dealing with the finance of local bodies.

Increase of Gross Public Debt.

The increase of the gross public debt since the 31st March, 1891, amounts to £14,136,097. A schedule of items composing this sum is subjoined. It shows the purposes to which the money raised has been or is being devoted. The second largest item is £2,740,000 raised for advances to settlers, which represents investments by the Government bearing interest and lent on continually improving security, the principal being repaid by instalments.

Other items which may be considered to represent interest-bearing investments are those under the heads “Land Settlement,” “Native Land Purchases,” “Loans to Local Bodies,” “Lands Improvement,” “N.Z. Consols,” and “Bank of N.Z. Preferred Shares.”

  £
Gross Public Debt, 31st March, 1902 52,966,447
Gross Public Debt, 31st March, 1891 38,830,350
                Increase £14,136,097
 £ 
Native Land Purchases649,700 
Land Settlement (including Cheviot)2,772,716 
Loans to Local Bodies1,419,100 
Lands Improvement500,000 
Advances to Settlers2,740,000 
Bank of N.Z. Preferred Shares500,000 
N.Z. Consols468,324 
District Railways47,000 
Public Works4,585,000 
Increase by Conversions654,229 
Sinking Fund Accretions1,464,700 
Naval and Military Settlers27,226 
Government Accident Insurance2,000 
Advances to Dairy Companies1,781£
  15,831,776
    Less Redemptions  
        Consolidated Stock Act, 1884, Debentures1,260,420 
        Other Debentures435,259 
  1,695,679
                Total net increase £14,136,097

Interest and Sinking Fund.

Of the total amount of outstanding public debt at the end of March, 1902—viz., £52,966,447—more than thirty-three millions sterling bore interest at the rate of 4 per cent., over ten millions sterling at 3 1/2 per cent., and more than eight millions sterling at 3 per cent. The following are the rates of interest payable on the complete public debt:—

Rates of Interest.Amount at each Rate.

* Including £465,000 on which the interest paid was one quarter per cent. over bank rate: varying rate, averaging 3 1/2 per cent.

 £
6 per cent.56,000
5 per cent.609,400
4 1/2 per cent.52,900
4 per cent.33,427,852
3 3/4 per cent.349,000
3 1/2 per cent.10,438,338*
3 per cent.8,032,957
                Total£52,966,447

The total amount of interest payable to bondholders on the full amount of the public debt as quoted above is £1,992,743, which gives an average rate of £3 15s. 3d. per £100. On the total public debt outstanding on the 31st March, 1891, the average interest charge was £4 10s. 3d. per £100. During the period 1891-1902, therefore, the average rate is found to have declined nearly 17 per cent.

The above refers to interest payable to bondholders only, and has nothing to do with sinking-fund requirements, which are included in the whole annual charge of the public debt.

The actual payments during eight years for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund are shown hereunder, together with the percentage of ordinary and territorial revenue absorbed by the public debt charges:—

Year ended 31st March.Amounts actually paid for Interest and Sinking Fund out of the Consolidated Fund.Rate per Head of Mean Population.Percentage of Revenue absorbed by Public Debt Charges.
Public Debt.Treasury Bills.Total.
Interest.Sinking Fund.Total.Interest.
 ££££££ s. d. 
18951,619,92557,9791,677,90438,9851,716,8892 10 33.96
18961,602,93341,1831,644,11639,6591,683,7752 8 436.96
18971,630,57741,8581,672,43537,0341,709,4692 8 235.62
18981,668,69743,3801,712,07729,3361,741,4132 8 134.28
18991,689,74944,6511,734,40033,0681,767,4682 7 1033.61
19001,674,61846,0731,720,69128,7031,749,3942 6 631.07
19011,671,55246,3641,717,91627,7001,745,6162 5 629.83
19021,722,81947,7241,770,54333,3961,803,9392 6 229.80
NOTE.—The alteration made in 1894-95 of the system which previously obtained in dealing with the drawing loan of 1867 has affected the comparison of the figures for the last eight years with those preceding, The total amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund in 1889-90 was, under the old system, £1,897,602. The figures for each of the years ended March, 1890 to 1894 inclusive, will be found in the Year-book for 1899.

The above amounts shown as interest and sinking fund do not comprise the whole of the interest and sinking fund paid by the Government in respect of moneys raised by the issue of loans. Thus in respect of loans raised under the Land for Settlements Acts, the Government Advances to Settlers Acts, and for the purchase of the Cheviot Estate, the interest, although made a charge upon the Consolidated Fund, is recovered from the receipts derived from the leasing of the lands, or from instalments paid by borrowers. The amount of interest thus charged and recovered during last year was £148,691. Such interest does not become a burden upon the taxpayer, and consequently is not included in the figures upon which the rate per head of mean population is calculated.

The amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund during 1901-1902 was £58,323 more than that for the previous year, and the rate of charge per head of population increased somewhat.

The lowering of the burden on the revenue of the Consolidated Fund by the lessened charges of the public debt is shown in the last column of the table.

The securities in which the sinking funds were held as on the 31st March, 1902, are specified in the statement following:—

STATEMENT of the SECURITIES in which the SINKING FUNDS of the several LOANS were invested on the 31st March, 1902.
Investments in—£s.d.
            New Zealand 5-per-cent. Debentures3,47000
            New Zealand 4 1/2-per-cent. Debentures1,70000
            New Zealand 3 1/2-per-cent. Debentures1,25000
            New Zealand 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock129,754196
            New Zealand 3 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock2,57137
            County of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures6000
            Borough of Brunner 6-per-cent. Debentures84000
            Borough of Hokitika 6-per-cent. Debentures1,86000
            Borough of Patea 4 1/2-per-cent. Debentures20000
            Borough of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures20000
            Westport Harbour Board 4-per-cent. Debentures55000
            Waimakariri-Ashley Water-supply Board 5-per-cent. Debentures32000
            Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company 5-per-cent. Debentures54000
            Government Loans to Local Bodies 3 1/2-per-cent. Debentures40000
            Land for Settlements 4-per-cent. Debentures2,06000
            Mortgages82,70000
            New South Wales 4-per-cent. Debentures20,80000
            New South Wales 4-per-cent. Stock5,48667
            New South Wales 3 1/2-per-cent. Stock84,269134
            New South Wales 3-per-cent. Stock66,286147
            Victoria 4-per-cent. Debentures15,00000
            Victoria 4-per-cent. Stock43,233174
            Victoria 3 1/2-per-cent. Stock83,34196
            Victoria 3-per-cent. Stock27,158910
            South Australia 4-per-cent. Debentures24,70000
            South Australia 4-per-cent. Stock4,85105
            South Australia 3 1/2-per-cent. Stock38,068116
            South Australia 3-per-cent. Stock114,819126
            Canada 4-per-cent. Debentures18,20000
            Canada 4-per-cent. Stock60,00000
            Canada 3 1/2-per-cent. Stock34,022118
            Canada 3-per-cent. Stock33,226123
            Canada 2 1/2 per-cent. Stock13,6661511
            Tasmania 3-per-cent. Stock4,124134
            Ceylon 3-per-cent. Stock6,00000
            Leeds Corporation 3-per-cent. Stock14,00000
 939,7321110
                        Cash balance on 31st March, 1902189,083100
                                    Total£1,128,816110

Flotation of Loans.

Of the gross public debt of the colony outstanding on 31st March, 1902, £46,430,126 was raised in London, £181,600 in Australia, and £6,354,721 in New Zealand; and of the total amount £43,812,750 was held as inscribed stock, and £9,153,697 in the form of debentures. Details are given hereunder:—

Kind of Stock.London.Floated inTotal.
Australia.New Zealand.
Debentures3,085,700181,6005,886,3979,153,697
Inscribed stock43,344,426 468,32443,812,750
        Total46,430,126181,6006,354,72152,966,447

Prices of New Zealand Stock.

The highest and lowest London prices for the New Zealand 4, 3 1/2, and 3 per cent. stock, taken over a range of thirteen years, are quoted:—

QUOTATIONS, NEW ZEALAND STOCK.
Year.4-per-cents.3 1/2-per-cents.3-per-cents.
Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.
1888104 1/296 1/4    
1889109 1/499 5/8    
1890109 1/8102 1/498 5/893 1/4  
1891107 1/210098 1/491 1/8  
1892106 5/81009891 1/2  
1893107 1/49797 1/290  
1894109 7/8105 3/8103 1/296 1/4  
1895113 1/2105 5/8107 1/210095 3/491
1896118 1/4106 1/2110 3/8101 1/2103 1/290
1897117112 3/8111104 3/410299 1/2
1898116 7/8108109 7/8103101 1/296 1/2
1899116 1/2105 1/210910299 1/494 1/4
1900113 1/4109106 3/4103 3/898 1/295 1/4
1901115 3/8110 3/4109 3/4104 1/899 1/293 1/8

Prices of Australasian Stock.

The prices of stock of Australasia in London for the years 1893 and 1897 show the position as affected by the financial and banking crisis in the former year, and the improvement that had taken place since 1893 and as late as 1897:—

State or Colony.Year when Stock Redeemable.Prices, 1893.*Prices, 1897.
Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.

* Figures taken from Victorian Year-book, 1894.

† Debentures.

4-PER-CENTS.
Queensland1915-24108 1/289116111
New South Wales193311197 1/2123 3/4117 1/2
Victoria1920103 1/495115111 1/8
South Australia1917-36105 3/893114 1/2111 1/4
Western Australia1934107 1/2102123 3/4120
Tasmania1911102 3/497 1/4110100
New Zealand1929107 1/497117112 3/8
State or Colony.Year when Stock Redeemable.Prices, 1893.*Prices, 1897.
Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.

* Figures taken from Victorian Year-book, 1894.

† Rate for week ending 19th May, time of Australian banking crisis.

‡ At any time on or after 1st January, 1920, on giving twelve months' notice.

3 1/2-PER-CENTS.
Queensland192492 1/475108 5/8104 5/8
New South Wales192497 1/883 1/8111 1/2107 3/4
Victoria192393 1/879108 3/8104 1/4
South Australia19399685 1/2113 1/2109 3/4
Tasmania1920-409684111 1/8105 1/2
New Zealand194097 1/290111104 3/4

Public Debt of Australasia.

The following figures, which, with the exception of those for New Zealand, are taken from Mr. Coghlan's Australasian Statistics, show the public debt of each State or colony in 1901:—

State or Colony.Date.Public Debt.Debt per Head of Population
Fixed Debt.Floating Debt.Total.

* As shown previously (see page 473), the amount of accrued sinking fund reduces this by £1 6s. 9d. per head.

 ££££s.d.
Queensland30 June, 190136,849,3141,00036,850,31473192
New South Wales30 June, 190161,479,6625,881,58467,361,2464973
Victoria30 June, 190153,071,0472,335,07155,406,1184651
South Australia30 June, 190126,423,805 26,423,8057326
Western Australia30 June, 190111,709,4301,000,00012,709,43067146
Tasmania31 Dec., 19008,511,005 8,511,00547178
New Zealand31 Mar., 190149,591,245 49,591,2456437*

The amount of indebtedness per head of population in June, 1901, in South Australia, Western Australia, and Queensland was thus greater than that for New Zealand in March, 1901.

Public Works in New Zealand.

The burden of a public debt depends greatly on the measure in which it is expended on reproductive works, and on the degree of prosperity enjoyed by the people. The generally rugged character of this country, and the natural difficulties appertaining to the sites of many of the towns, soon necessitated a large outlay on roads and public works. The need was fully recognised, and to some extent met, by the Provincial Governments, which have justly received great credit for their far-seeing and liberal exertions. A great deal of road-making, often of a very costly character, was accomplished, harbour and other improvements begun, and immigration encouraged. Some railways were made in Canterbury, Otago, and Southland. The City of Christchurch and the Canterbury Plains were connected with the Port of Lyttelton by a railway, which required the construction of a long and very costly tunnel through the intervening range of hills. In Otago private enterprise, backed by the guarantee of the Provincial Government, built a railway from Dunedin to Port Chalmers, and some miles of line were made in Southland from the Town of Invercargill into the interior; but no general and comprehensive scheme of public works could be carried out by the separate exertions of the Provincial Governments. In 1870, therefore, the General Government brought forward its public-works and immigration policy, by which it was proposed to raise a loan of ten millions for the construction of main trunk railways, roads, and other public works of importance to the colony as a whole, as well as for the promotion of immigration on a large scale, the expenditure to be spread over a period of ten years. This policy was accepted by the Legislature, and embodied in “The Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870.”

The demands for local railways and other works soon caused the original proposals to be exceeded, and entailed an expenditure at a much more rapid rate and to a far greater amount than was originally contemplated. Although many of the works undertaken have been directly unremunerative, yet the effect of the policy as a whole has been largely to develop the settlement of the country, and to increase enormously the value of landed property; land in parts which before the construction of railways was valued at from £1 to £2 per acre having been subsequently sold at prices varying from £10 to £20 per acre. Moreover, the railway and telegraph lines yield a revenue which covers a large portion of the interest on their cost after paying working-expenses.

Utilisation of Money composing Public Debt.

A statement is supplied, based on figures taken from the Colonial Treasurer's Budget of 1897 (to which the necessary additions have been made), showing the purposes for which the money forming the public debt of the colony was raised or voted.

But the amounts in the items must be regarded as only approximations to the actual facts. The information is merely indicative of the truth, and is a revision of what was given in the Year-book, 1899, which was found to be not as near to correctness as possible in places.

PUBLIC DEBT OF NEW ZEALAND, MARCH, 1902, SHOWING APPROXIMATELY THE AMOUNTS RAISED OR VOTED UNDER VARIOUS HEADS, ARRANGED IN THREE CLASSES.
 On 31st March, 1902.

* NOTE.—Only a portion of expenditure of old Provincial Governments on railways became public debt of the colony. The total expenditure on railways (Provincial and General Government) to 31st March, 1902, was over nineteen millions sterling, which includes £1,104,281 spent by the Provincial Governments, of which £82,259 was for the Dunedin and Port Chalmers line.

 £
a.) Railways17,421,000*
            Lands improvement (roads and bridges)5,193,000
            Public works and buildings4,014,000
            Land-purchases2,183,000
            Immigration2,459,000
            Maori war2,357,000
            Defence1,816,000
            Telegraphs900,000
            Goldfields and coal-mines756,000
            Lighthouses and harbours512,000
            Tourist and health resorts12,000
(b.) Advances to settlers2,740,000
            Loans to local bodies1,698,000
            Purchase of lands for settlement2,772,000
            Bank of New Zealand preferred shares500,000
            New Zealand Consols deposits470,000
(c.) Deficiencies in revenue, charges and expenses of raising loans, provincial liabilities, and miscellaneous expenditure7,163,000

It will be found that on the 31st March, 1902, out of a total debt of £52,966,447 the amounts allocated for services formed approximately the following proportions of the whole:—

 Per Cent. Per Cent.
For Railways32.91For Maori war4.45
[For] Lands improvement (roads and bridges)9.82[For] Defence3.43
[For] Public works and buildings7.58[For] Telegraphs1.70
[For] Land-purchases4.12[For] Goldfields and coal-mines1.43
[For] Immigration4.64[For] Lighthouses and harbours0.97
[For] Tourist and health resorts0.02  

The total sum is divided into three classes in the table, of which (a) is composed of the various services above referred to, and the total of which forms 71.07 per cent. of the whole debt in 1902. Class (b) consists of moneys devoted to what may be termed investments, being 15.41 per cent. of the total; (c) moneys paid away in charges and expenses of raising loans, also to meet deficiencies of revenue, besides old provincial liabilities, and miscellaneous expenditure, forming 13.52 per cent. of the debt.

The figures given as to railways do not include all the sums spent by the Provincial Governments, as stated in the note to the table, nor do the figures in some other items agree with those given elsewhere, made up from tables showing the expenditure out of the Public Works Fund, which, as previously explained, is augmented by contributions from the Consolidated Revenue Account.

Expenditure out of The Public Works Fund.

The net expenditure, under all heads, of the Public Works Fund from 1870 to the 31st March, 1902, can be given correctly, but this fund, as stated previously, is not altogether composed of money charged to the public debt. It had received £32,717,368 from loans and £4,167,591 by way of receipts in aid on the latter date. The money received by way of aid included £3,205,000, transferred from the Consolidated Fund during the last eleven financial years, out of surplus revenue Thirty-six millions sterling were spent since the year 1870 up to March last, and the items given below exhibit the nature of the works, &c., with amount for each.

NET EXPENDITUREOF PUBLIC WORKS FUNDFROM 1870 TO 31ST MARCH, 1902.
Expenditure on—£
    Immigration2,147,859
    Public Works, Departmental477,087
    Railways, including Surveys of New Lines18,501,967
    Roads5,966,209
    Land-purchases1,983,231
    Development of Goldfields701,679
    Telegraph Extension937,887
    Public Buildings2,655,249
    Lighthouses, Harbour-works, and Defences977,772
    Contingent Defence696,836
    Rates on Native Lands64,797
    Thermal Springs14,600
    Tourist and Health Resorts11,260
    Lands Improvement1,741
    Charges and Expenses of raising Loans1,063,391
    Coal-mines10,835
    Interest and Sinking Fund218,500
                    Total£36,430,900

Expenditure on Railways.

The railway expenditure during each of six quinquennial periods and for the years ended 31st March, 1901 and 1902, since the initiation of the public-works policy has been:—

 £
1st July, 1870, to 30th June, 18753,575,362
1st July, 1875, to 31st March, 18804,919,712
1st April, 1880, to 31st March, 18853,120,680
1st April, 1885, to 31st March, 18902,308,319
1st April, 1890, to 31st March, 1895978,498
1st April, 1895, to 31st March, 19001,547,732
1st April, 1900, to 31st March, 1901717,723
1st April, 1901, to 31st March, 19021,333,941
                        Total£18,501,967

New Zealand's expenditure on railways is, with one exception, that of Tasmania, the lowest per head of the population of any of the Australian States. The next table shows the cost of railway-works, the mileage, the average cost per mile, the population, and the cost per head of the population in New Zealand and the several States referred to:—

State or Colony.Year endedCost of Construction of Open Lines.Average No. of Miles of Line open.Average Cost per Mile.Estimated PopulationCost per Head of Population  

*Including Northern Territory.

† Maoris included.

  £ £ £s.d.
Queensland30 June, 190119,739,4952,8017,047502,8923950
New South Wales30 June, 190138,932,7812,81813,6821,366,41028910
Victoria30 June, 190140,145,4043,22812,4021,204,1753369
South Australia*30 June, 190114,326,7651,8827,613362,60439103
West'n Australia30 June, 19017,098,2391,3555,239187,66037166
Tasmania31 Dec., 19003,659,0694458,339172,9792131
New Zealand31 Mar., 190218,170,7222,2278,159833,17721162

In the foregoing table the cost per head of population for railway-construction is shown to have been between thirty-three and thirty-eight pounds sterling in the States of Victoria and Western Australia; over thirty-nine pounds in South Australia and Queensland; in New South Wales it was over twenty-eight pounds; but in New Zealand the cost has been nearly twenty-two pounds, and in Tasmania a little over twenty-one pounds, per head of population.

SUPPLEMENTARY.

THE ASSETS REALISATION BOARD.

ON page 402 reference is made to the establishment of an Assets Realisation Board for the purchase, in connection with the affairs of the Bank of New Zealand, of all the assets of the Estates Company and of the Auckland Agricultural Company.

The General Manager reports that during the year ended 31st March last (1902) sales to the extent of £139,898 have been made, an increase of £38,187 over those of the previous year. Of the total value (£139,898) £117,116 represents country and £22,782 town lands.

The sales for the period 1895-1902, including stock, show a total of £825,180 received.

On 31st March, 1902, the proportion of total sales from time of starting to the book-cost of all estates (£2,731,706) was 30.2; and to land-tax valuation, plus 10 per cent. for sundry properties, with the manager's valuation for station properties (which together total £1,895,179), it was 43.53 per cent.

Particulars of operations are—

 £
Sales of properties finally realised, 1895-1902 (including stock)405,527
Properties partially realised, 1895-1902419,653
 £825,180

The book-cost of the estates in respect of which the sales were finally closed was £604,393. These properties are shown above to have realised £405,527, leaving a deficiency of £198,866, including the realisation expenses, &c.

The localities of the sales are as follows:—

 Estates.Farms.Town Sections.Suburban Sections.£
Auckland5149608263253,615
Canterbury3731963235,650
Hawke's Bay2 9 104,140
Otago2956512467,540
Marlborough1465620,414
Wellington 1731189,631
    770,990 
Proceeds: realisation of sundry assets7,868
Stock sales on properties finally realised46,322
 £825,180    

SPECIAL BANKING LEGISLATION.

A SYNOPSIS of the Banking Acts under which guarantees have been given by the Government of New Zealand will be found on pages 400 to 403 ante.

Chapter 55. MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.

I.—PROGRESSOF THE COLONY, YEARS 1901 AND 1891.

SUMMARY.
  1901.1891.Increase
Population census (exclusive of Maoris) 772,719626,658146,061
Value of land and improvements—    
        Unimproved value(1902)£94,847,72775,787,89519,059,832
        Value of improvements(1902)£59,968,40546,365,29713,603,108
Land in cultivation—    
        Holdings (in cultivation)No.*63,98238,083*25,899
        Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow, but excluding gardens and orchards (44,520 acres) and plantations of forest trees (48,770 acres) in 1901Acres13,083,9718,462,4954,621,476
        In cropsAcres1,407,8461,285,768122,078
        In sown grassesAcres11,620,1786,966,2184,653,960
        In fallowAcres55,947210,509-154,562
Live-stock—    
        HorsesNo.279,672211,04068,632
        CattleNo.1,361,784831,831529,953
        Dairy cows (included above)No.381,492206,906174,586
        SheepNo.20,233,09916,753,7523,479,347
AUCKLAND PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, 1901-1891.
  1901.1891.Increase

NOTE.—The minus sign (-) signifies decrease.

*The comparison is not quite a fair one, as in 1901, holdings of exactly one acre in extent, and certain holdings occupied by Maoris, have been included by the Department of Agriculture, which was not done in 1891.

  1901.1891.Increase.
Population census (exclusive of Maoris)175,938133,15942,779 
Value of land and improvements—    
        Unimproved value(1902)£15,462,18212,196,4243,265,758
        Value of improvements(1902)£11,444,8078,830,8922,613,915
Land in cultivation—    
        HoldingsNo.*15,9948,608*7,386
        Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)Acres2,168,9131,165,4411,003,472
        In cropsAcres109,92170,03839,883
        In sown grassesAcres2,044,0191,060,741983,278
        In fallowAcres15,97334,662-18,689
Live-stock—    
        HorsesNo.73,65342,82630,827
        CattleNo.370,269234,306135,963
        Dairy cows (included above)No.75,43646,18229,254
        SheepNo.2,116,5941,500,102616,492
TARANAKI PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, 1901-1891.
  1901.1891.Increase
Population census (exclusive of Maoris) 37,85522,06515,790
Value of land and improvements—    
        Unimproved value(1902)£6,288,7552,982,6443,306,110
        Value of improvements(1902)£3,783,8951,529,0452,254,851
Land in cultivation—    
        HoldingsNo.*4,3892,504*1,885
        Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)Acres781,686308,072473,614
        In cropsAcres21,62515,3806,245
        In sown grassesAcres759,601291,471468,130
        In fallowAcres4601,221-761
Live-stock—    
        HorsesNo.18,82110,9157,906
        CattleNo.224,970103,356121,614
        Dairy cows (included above)No.83,26826,95156,317
        SheepNo.564,392240,471323,921
HAWKE'S BAY PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, 1901-1891.
  1901.1891.Increase
Population census (exclusive of Maoris)35,42428,5066,918 
Value of land and improvements—    
        Unimproved value(1902)£8,047,4536,704,8201,342,633
        Value of improvements(1902)£4,509,8793,864,044645,835
Land in cultivation—    
        HoldingsNo.*3,1531,913*1,240
        Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)Acres1,844,1711,085,454758,717
        In cropsAcres30,84836,218-5,370
        In sown grassesAcres1,812,1131,021,277790,836
        In fallowAcres1,21027,959-26,749
Live-stock—    
        HorsesNo.19,51013,4806,030
        CattleNo.115,64255,00960,633
        Dairy cows (included above)No.14,5689,0395,529
        SheepNo.3,298,4212,668,893629,528
WELLINGTON PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, 1901-1891.
  1901.1891.Increase

NOTE.—The minus sign (-) signifies decrease.

*See note on page 484.

Population census (exclusive of Maoris) 141,35497,72543,629
Value of land and improvements—    
        Unimproved value(1902)£19,824,49512,456,6127,367,883
        Value of improvements(1902)£14,078,5088,874,9705,203,538
Land in cultivation—    
        HoldingsNo.*10,5375,808*4,729
        Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)Acres2,637,3231,508,5871,128,736
        In cropsAcres87,25663,31323,943
        In sown grassesAcres2,548,4181,440,8931,107,525
        In fallowAcres1,6494,381-2,732
Live-stock—    
        HorsesNo.44,59330,54214,051
        CattleNo.294,439155,466138,973
        Dairy cows (included above)No.83,48830,61552,873
        SheepNo.4,239,5382,750,4611,489,077
MARLBOROUGH, NELSON,AND WESTLAND PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS, 1901-1891.
  1901.1891.Increase
Population census (exclusive of Maoris)—    
        Marlborough Provincial District 13,32612,964362
        Nelson Provincial District 37,91535,1542,761
        Westland Provincial District 14,50615,929-1,423
Value of land and improvements—    
        Unimproved value(1902)£7,230,6897,395,637-164,948
        Value of improvements(1902)£4,049,0363,555,449493,587
Land in cultivation—    
        HoldingsNo.*5,2233,200*2,023
        Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)Acres927,210475,860451,350
        In cropsAcres70,48155,43115,050
        In sown grassesAcres855,748411,199444,549
        In fallowAcres9819,230-8,249
Live-stock—    
        HorsesNo.17,07915,1811,898
        CattleNo.63,38348,81614,567
        Dairy cows (included above)No.20,07713,7596,318
        SheepNo.1,717,2561,631,45685,800
CANTERBURY PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, 1901-1891.
  1901.1891.Increase
Population census (exclusive of Maoris) 143,041128,39214,649
Value of land and improvements—    
        Unimproved value(1902)£21,502,30719,148,8672,353,440
        Value of improvements(1902)£10,492,22610,073,196419,030
Land in cultivation—    
        HoldingsNo.*10,8537,563*3,290
        Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)Acres2,443,3932,034,813408,580
        In cropsAcres577,026566,15310,873
        In sown grassesAcres1,856,9271,409,785447,142
        In fallowAcres9,44058,875-49,435
Live-stock—    
        HorsesNo.49,65247,5672,085
        CattleNo.98,83482,05816,776
        Dairy cows (included above)No.36,82031,2505,570
        SheepNo.4,318,8873,559,533759,354
OTAGO PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, 1901-1891.
  1901.1891.Increase

NOTE.—The minus sign (-) denotes decrease.

*See note on page 484.

The population of the Chatham and Kermadec Islands, which are not included in any provincial district, was 215 persons in 1901, and 290 in 1891.

Population census (exclusive of Maoris)173,145153,09720,048 
Value of land and improvements—    
        Unimproved value(1902)£16,491,84614,902,8911,588,955
        Value of improvements(1902)£11,610,0549,637,7011,972,353
Land in cultivation—    
        HoldingsNo.*13,8338,487*5,346
        Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)Acres2,280,2751,884,268396,007
        In cropsAcres510,689479,23531,454
        In sown grassesAcres1,743,3521,330,852412,500
        In fallowAcres26,23474,181-47,947
Live-stock—    
        HorsesNo.56,36450,5295,835
        CattleNo.194,247152,82041,427
        Dairy cows (included above)No.67,83549,11018,725
        SheepNo.3,978,0114,402,836-424,825

II.—THE TOTALISATOR.

Year.No. of Totalisator Licenses issued for Meetings held during Financial Year.Days.Percentage paid to Treasury.Total Amount Invested by the Public.
   ££
1889-90187241  
1890-91219278  
1891-922343007,591506,078
1892-9324030710,800720,029
1893-9424731810,375691,673
1894-9520726810,446696,456
1895-9617025611,156743,763
1896-9715825011,911794,096
1897-9815526813,297886,567
1898-9914425013,695912,969
1899-190015427815,9831,065,580
1900-190115327817,5411,168,732
1901-190216530919,0401,275,813
N.B.—The years used for purposes of the table are financial years, not the racing years. This accounts for the number of licenses issued in some of the periods being over the legal limit for one year.

III.—LICENSESUNDER THE GAMINGAND LOTTERIES ACT,GRANTED TO RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

RETURN of LICENSES granted by the Colonial Secretary under “The Gaming and Lotteries Act, 1881,” to Persons connected with Religious Denominations.

Year.Total Number of Licenses granted.Church of England.Presbyterian Church.Roman Catholic Church.Jewish Church.Not stated.
1894-954691023 4
1895-96488118 21
1896-976230329  
1897-9870352321 
1898-994014 26  
1899-19004213 29  
1900-19015521 33 1

IV.—CONTINGENTSFOR SOUTH AFRICA.

Ten contingents have been despatched from New Zealand between the 21st October, 1899, and the 19th April, 1902, consisting in all of 6,411 officers, non-commissioned officers, and men, with 6,612 horses. The number forming the different contingents, which were composed of mounted infantry and bushmen, are given in tabular form:—

RETURNOF NEW ZEALAND TROOPSDESPATCHED ON ACTIVE SERVICEIN SOUTH AFRICA.
No. of Contingent.Date of Sailing.Mounted Infantry.Bushmen.
Officers, n.c.o., and men.Horses.Officers, n.c.o., and men.Horses.

*Remounts for various contingents.

121st October, 1899215250  
220th January, 1900258304  
317th February, 1900264277  
 24th February, 1900 96*  
424th and 31st March, 1900466520  
531st March, 1900  523533
Reserve31st March, 190071   
 19th May, 1900 180*  
 16th June, 1900 500*  
630th January, 1901  578580
76th April, 1901  600 
Details8th February, 1902200   
88th February, 19029961,152  
919th March, 19021,0721,099  
1019th April, 19021,0061,121  
Details19th April, 1902162   
  4,7105,4991,7011,113
Totals.
Officers, non-commissioned officers, and men.Horses.
1,2742,127
523533
578580
600 
200 
9961,152
1,0721,099
1,0061,121
162
6,4116,612

The names of the vessels by which these troops were despatched, and the number of men conveyed in each vessel, were: s.s. “Waiwera,” 21st October, 1899, 215 men; s.s. “Waiwera,” 21st January, 1900, 258 men; s.s. “Knight Templar,” 17th February, 1900, 264 men; s.s. “Monowai,” 24th March, 1900, 245 men; s.s. “Maori,” 31st March, 1900, 209 men; s.s. “Waimate,” 31st March, 1900, 278 men; s.s. “Gymeric,” 31st March, 1900, 328 men; s.s. “Cornwall,” 30th January, 1901, 578 officers, non-commissioned officers, and men; s.s. “Gulf of Taranto,” 6th April, 1901, 600 officers, non-commissioned officers, and men; s.s. “Surrey,” 1st February, 1902, 601 officers, non-commissioned officers and men; s.s. “Cornwall,” 8th February, 1902, 595 officers, non-commissioned officers and men; s.s. “Kent,” 12th March, 1902, 526 officers, non-commissioned officers and men; s.s. “Devon,” 19th March, 1902, 546 officers, non-commissioned officers and men; s.s. “Drayton Grange,” 14th April, 1902, 591 officers, non-commissioned officers, and men; s.s. “Norfolk,” 19th April, 1902, 577 officers, non-commissioned officers, and men.

PART III.—ARTICLES ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS.

Table of Contents

Chapter 56. SECTION I.—THE LAND SYSTEM OF NEW ZEALAND.

[By S. PERCY SMITH, F.R.G.S.]

THE Crown lands of New Zealand are administered under “The Land Act, 1892,” together with its amendments and the regulations made thereunder.

The distinguishing features of the present land system are the outcome of ideas which have been gradually coming to maturity for some years past in this colony. These features involve the principle of State ownership of the soil, with a perpetual tenancy in the occupier. This, whatever may be the difference in detail, is the prevailing characteristic of the several systems under which land may now be selected. In New Zealand this tendency to State ownership has taken a more pronounced form than in any of the Australian States. In point of fact, most of the Crown lands are now disposed of for 999 years. The rentals are based on the assessed value of the land at the time of disposal, without increase or recurring valuations. Under this system there is a fixity of tenure practically equal to freehold, and which, like freehold, necessarily carries with it the power of sale, sub-lease, mortgage, or disposition by will. At the same time the improvements made in the soil by cultivation, &c., are secured to the tenant should he from any cause be obliged to forfeit or surrender his lease.

The advantages of this system to the selector are manifest. When it is taken into consideration that, with few exceptions, the Crown lands are, in their prairie condition, incapable of profitable use, the advantage to the settler of setting free his capital to develop the capabilities of the soil, rather than having to expend it in the purchase of a freehold, is very apparent. One of the most striking benefits of this system is the advantage it gives to the man who, with little more capital than his strong right arm, is enabled to make a home for himself; which, under the freehold system, he would be unable to accomplish.

The values placed on the Crown lands are, as a rule, low, for the State does not so much seek to raise a revenue directly therefrom as to encourage the occupation of the lands by the people; this occupation secures an indirect increased revenue, besides the other advantages resulting from a numerous rural population.

Again, underlying the whole of the New Zealand land system is a further application of the principle of “the land for the people”—viz., the restriction in area which any man may hold. This subject has been forced upon the attention of the Legislature by defects in former systems, under which one individual with means at his command could appropriate large areas, to the exclusion of his less wealthy fellow-settler. Under existing conditions, where the price at which land is offered is fixed for ever, and where choice of selection is by ballot, every would-be settler has the same chance, and may hold under the Crown an equal area of land. The quantity that a selector may hold is so fixed as to encourage the class of moderate farmers, for up to the statutory limit the amount he may select is left almost entirely to himself. The Act defines the amount of land any one may hold at 640 acres of first-class, or 2,000 acres of second-class land. These limits apply to lands which are thrown open for optional selection, but in some cases, where the quality of the land is very good and the selectors many, the limit is by regulation made smaller.

In addition to the many advantages offered by the lease-in-perpetuity system, the Land Act provides others, to meet the wants of different classes. The general rule is that land thrown open for optional selection is offered to the public under three different tenures, the choice of which is left to the would-be settler.

The three tenures are:—

  1. Cash, in which one-fifth of the purchase-money is paid down at once, and the remainder within thirty days. The final title is not given until certain improvements have been made on the land.

  2. Lease with a purchasing clause, at a 5-per-cent. rental on the value of the land; the lease being for twenty-five years, with the right to purchase at the original upset price at any time after the first ten years and within twenty-five years, or to convert into a lease in perpetuity (3rd tenure).

  3. Lease in perpetuity, at a rental of 4 per cent. on the capital value.

The present land-laws have been in force since the 1st November, 1892, and, therefore, the returns of the Department of Lands and Survey for the year ending the 31st March, 1902, in respect of lands the tenure of which is optional, will give a fair idea of that tenure most favoured by the public. The figures are:—

  1. Cash: 237 selections, 26,739 acres.

  2. Occupation with right of purchase: 447 selections, 128,893 acres.

  3. Lease in perpetuity: 241 selections, 65,468 acres.

“The Land Act, 1892,” provides for a special class of settlement called small-farm associations, which found favour with the public to a very considerable extent during the first three years after the Act of 1892 came into force, but is now superseded to a large extent by the improved-farm settlement system. The small-farm association system provides that, where not less than twelve individuals have associated themselves together for mutual help, such an association can, with the approval of the Minister of Lands, select a block of land of not more than 11,000 acres, but there must be a selector to each 200 acres in the block. The extreme limit that one person may hold is fixed at 320 acres. Settlements of this class are held on lease in perpetuity, in a similar way to lands under the same tenure when thrown open for optional selection. The conditions of residence and improvement are the same. The system offers many advantages to the settler, so long as the blocks of land are judiciously chosen, having regard to quality of land, access, markets, and the probability of employment being obtained in the neighbourhood. In the eagerness to obtain lands on such easy terms these points have, in the past, not received sufficient attention by some of the associations, and in consequence they are not all successful.

Under “The Land Act, 1885,” there was a somewhat similar system, but it allowed of the acquisition of the freehold. This is now being taken advantage of to a considerable extent.

The following figures show the amount of settlement by associations under both Acts on the 31st March, 1902. At that date there were 696 selectors, holding 126,219 acres under various tenures and in different parts of the country. Many of the settlements, which were carefully selected, are doing well. Others, where long and expensive roads have to be made to them, are as yet not very productive, and many selections have been abandoned.

The village-settlement system of New Zealand has excited much inquiry. This system provides: 1st, villages of one acre sections; 2nd, small farms of 100 acres. There has not been any great extension of this system in recent years. On the 31st March last there were 2,019 settlers holding 42,043 acres, and the total number of persons residing in these settlements was 1,329 and 690 non-resident, the amount advanced by Government for houses, clearing, &c., being £15,115, of which £3,631 had been returned. The total value of improvements on the lands at the same date was £158,752. The above figures include the settlement on reserves and endowments.

The improved-farm settlement system was first begun in order to find work for the people. Considerable areas of forest-clad Crown lands were set aside, and small contracts for the clearing, burning, and sowing these with grass have been let. In most cases the farms are selected or balloted for in their primitive state, and the settler is for a time paid for the improvements he makes, or, in other words, the cost of converting forest lands into grass lands is advanced from time to time by the Government. In other cases a piece of forest land is taken in hand, and men are employed at fixed rates in felling, burning, and grassing. When so much grass is laid down as will give a good start, the land is opened for selection in sections of 50 to 200 acres and balloted for among the applicants. The farms are let on lease in perpetuity at a rental sufficient to cover the cost of clearing, &c., together with a fair rental of the land. Up to the 31st March, 1902, 54 settlements had been allocated, covering an area of 53,906 acres, situate in various parts of the colony. At that date 493 settlers had been allotted sections, who, together with their families, numbered 1,924 persons who were residing on the lands. They had felled and grassed 27,806 acres. The amount paid to the settlers up to the 31st March, 1902, was £71,017, and the total value of improvements on the land (including the Government advances) was £100,096.

The size of holdings averages about 100 acres.

The Land for Settlements Acts.

In the earlier years of the settlement of New Zealand there were opportunities for men of capital and judgment to acquire large estates, and while there were plenty of good Crown lands to select from this was of great advantage to the colony when money was needed for administration and roads and bridges. These large estates employed hired labour, and most of them did little towards cultivating their lands, and consequently progress beyond the pastoral stage ceased in the districts in which they were situated. As the best lands in the course of years passed from the Crown, the country became a series of agricultural communities interspersed with large properties occupied by a manager and a few shepherds, and the people pressed that they and their sons should be allowed to occupy these large estates instead of being compelled to go into inaccessible back country without roads or railways. To meet this the Hon. (later Sir) John McKenzie, then Minister of Lands, introduced into the Legislature in the session of 1892 a Bill intituled “The Land for Settlements Act,” which authorised the purchase from private individuals of suitable properties for subdivision into farms. Under the provisions of this Act and the amending Acts, which are now consolidated into the Act of 1900, properties have been acquired, and divided into small farms and leased in perpetuity at a 5-per-cent. rental, on a capital value fixed at a rate sufficient to cover first cost, together with survey, administration, and roads (if required). The usual process of acquisition is as follows: Whenever a property is offered to the Government, if it is so situated as to meet the object of the Act, a report on it is obtained from a Government officer, and, should his report be favourable, the question of purchase is then considered by a Board of Land Purchase Commissioners, composed of the Inspector, who is the permanent Chairman, three other Government officers, whose training and duties qualify them to advise the Government as to whether the purchase is a suitable one, and as to the price which should be given for the property, and a member nominated by the Government from residents in the district where the land to be dealt with is situated. It is only on the advice of this Board that the Government acts. In nearly all cases the properties acquired have been improved to a certain extent by fencing and buildings, and were situated in the neighbourhood of closely settled districts. The amount which may be expended per annum under the Act is £500,000. The Act also provides for the exchange of high-lying pastoral Crown lands for low-lying agricultural lands suitable for small holdings.

Lands may also be taken compulsorily in cases where the Board cannot agree with the owner as to price, &c., and where the Governor in Council decides to acquire the land for closer settlement. The amount payable to the owner is decided by a Compensation Court, composed of a Judge of the Supreme Court and two Assessors, one appointed by Government, the other by the owner of the property. Four properties have hitherto been acquired compulsorily, and they have been disposed of on satisfactory terms.

The acquisition of lands under the Land for Settlements Acts has proved beneficial in providing homes for a large class of men of moderate capital who shrink from the rough work of breaking in new country or who, having accumulated capital (cash, stock, and implements), prefer open country near civilisation. Sons of farmers begin life near the old home, and help from there is given in many ways. The system also affords to the small-farmer class of the Old Country an opening for building up homes for themselves where their previous experience will be of use, instead of having to learn the methods adapted to a new and wild country.

Preference is given to landless people, and applicants for rural land have to satisfy the Land Board as to their means to stock and cultivate the property applied for and erect suitable buildings thereon. The Board, in fact, has a discretion as to who may become tenants.

Land may also be compulsorily taken for workmen's homes within a borough having a population of at least 15,000 persons, or within a radius of fifteen miles from the border thereof, for the purposes of providing workmen's homes or villages; but the area is restricted to not more than 100 acres every year within any such borough, or within the radius named above from the boundary of the borough.

The owner is left with right to retain an area of not more than 10 acres if in a borough, or 50 acres in any other case.

A workmen's allotment is not to exceed 5 acres, and advances up to £50 are made by Government to successful applicants in aid of the cost of fencing and building dwellinghouses.

Regulations giving full directions to applicants under this Act have been issued from time to time, which should be in the hands of every one before applying for lands under this Act.

An account of the operations under the Land for Settlements Acts will be found in . of this work.

Purchase of Native Lands by Government.

From about the year 1823 (which is the date of the first recorded deed) until the 6th February, 1840, the date of the Treaty of Waitangi, lands in New Zealand were acquired by direct purchase from the Maoris by individual members of the white races. During the years 1837 to 1839, or about the time it became probable that the sovereignty of the islands would be assumed by the United Kingdom, the greater number of these purchases were made, and they extended to most parts of the country. These purchases are technically known as “the Old Land Claims,” and their total number (including pre-emptive claims), as estimated by Commissioner F. Dillon Bell in 1862, was 1,376, covering an area of about 10,322,453 acres, out of which large area grants were recommended for 292,475 acres. These figures have been slightly added to since, but not to any very large extent. The large area shown above was reduced on survey to about 474,000 acres, situated principally to the north of Auckland. The difference in area between the amount granted and the total area surveyed became what are termed “surplus lands of the Crown.” It was held that the Native title had been fully extinguished over the whole area surveyed; but, as by statute the claimants could only be granted 2,560 acres each, the balance became vested in the Crown on the assumption of the sovereignty, the Native title having been fully extinguished.

In many cases the titles did not issue to those to whom the land was awarded, as they were compensated by scrip issued by the Government, with the understanding that such scrip was to be exercised in the purchase of Crown lands in the neighbourhood of Auckland, to which place it was desirable—so soon as the capital was founded—to draw a population. The lands thus paid for in scrip became Crown lands, and these, together with the surplus lands, have from time to time been disposed of by the Crown and settled on. The amount of scrip, &c., issued up to 1862 was over £109,000.

On the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on the 6th February, 1840, the pre-emptive right was ceded to the Government, and consequently private purchase ceased. This remained the law until the passing of “The Native Land Act, 1862,” when the Crown relinquished its right of pre-emption, whilst at the same time the purchase of Native lands for the Crown did not abate, but continued side by side with the private purchases up to the passing of “The Native Land Court Act, 1894.”

“The Native Land Laws Act, 1899,” prohibits the further sale of any Native land except such as was then under negotiation. “The Maori Councils Act, 1900,” and the Maori Lands Administration Act of 1900 transfers the powers formerly held by the Native Land Court to Maori Councils partly elected by Maoris and partly nominated by the Governor, and when so directed by the Chief Judge these Councils may proceed to ascertain ownership, to divide, and to appoint successors and trustees. They may also consent to the alienation of land not required for the support of the owners.

From time to time since 1840 various sums were appropriated by Government or by Parliament for the acquisition of a Crown estate. Up to the date of passing of “The Native Land Act, 1862,” these operations were conducted by officers of the Government specially appointed, who, from a knowledge of the Maoris, their customs and disposition, were successful in securing large areas of land for settlement. It must be conceded that their operations as a whole were successful, and that the number of disputed cases arising out of their labours was exceedingly small. The Waitara purchase is, however, here excluded, for there were reasons of general policy affecting that sale which did not prevail in other cases. This purchase was the ostensible cause of the war of 1860 and following years, but the motives which led to it were far deeper than the mere purchase of a few acres—there was a great principle at stake.

The difference effected in the mode of purchase by “The Native Land Act, 1862,” was this: Previously, the title of the Maoris who were to receive payment for the land was decided by the Land Purchase officers; but the Act quoted set up a Court, presided over by able Judges, who determined the titles, which were afterwards registered in a special Court. Purchases have since been effected with the registered owners.

It is difficult to obtain figures showing the actual area acquired by the Crown from the Maoris up to 1870, but in round numbers it was 6,000,000 acres in the North Island; whilst the whole of the Middle Island, with the exception of reserves for the original Native owners, was acquired prior to the passing of “The Native Land Act, 1862.” Stewart Island was purchased from the Native owners by deed dated 29th June, 1864.

The Native rebellion of 1860-69 brought Native-land purchases, for the time being, practically to a standstill.

The Immigration and Public Works Acts of 1870 and 1873 appropriated £200,000 and £500,000, respectively, for the purchase of lands in the North Island; and these amounts have, up to the 31st of March, 1902, been augmented by further annual appropriations from the public funds and other loan-moneys, covering altogether a total expenditure since 1870 of £1,984,230, with the following results: Area finally acquired in the North Island from Natives, from 1870 to 31st March, 1902, 7,874,541 acres. Area under negotiation in the North Island on 31st March, 1902, 213,458 acres; interests therein finally acquired, 19,533 acres.

Digest of the Land-Laws.

Administration.

The Crown lands are administered, under the authority of “The Land Act, 1892,” by the Hon. the Minister of Lands at Wellington. For convenience the colony is divided into ten land districts, each being under the local direction of a Commissioner and a Land Board. The Commissioner's office is known as the principal land office, and in some of the larger districts there are one or more local land offices. It is with these land offices the selector has to transact all business, from the first consultation of the maps to the final receipt of the Crown title.

Land Districts and Principal Land Offices.

The names of the land districts and of the towns where each principal office is situated are, beginning with the most northerly and taking them geographically, as under:—

Land District.Town where Principal
Land Office is situated.
AucklandAuckland.
TaranakiNew Plymouth.
Hawke's BayNapier.
WellingtonWellington.
NelsonNelson.
MarlboroughBlenheim.
WestlandHokitika.
CanterburyChristchurch.
OtagoDunedin.
SouthlandInvercargill.

Classification of Lands, &c.

Crown lands are divided into three classes:—

  1. Town and village lands, the upset prices of which are, respectively, not less than £20 and £3 per acre; such lands are sold by auction:

  2. Suburban lands, the upset price of which may not be less than £2 an acre; these lands are also sold by auction:

  3. Rural lands, which may be disposed of at not less than £1 per acre for first-class, and 5s. an acre for second-class lands; such lands may be sold or leased by auction, or sold or leased on application.

No rural section may be larger than 640 acres in extent if first-class land, or 2,000 acres if second-class land, whether offered by auction or application. No person can select more than 640 acres of first-class or 2,000 acres of second-class land, including therein any land which he then holds. Small grazing-runs, first-class, may not exceed 5,000 acres, and second-class 20,000 acres. Pastoral runs are limited to areas which will carry 20,000 sheep or 4,000 cattle. No person can select more than one run.

Mode of acquiring Crown Lands.

Crown lands may be acquired as follows:—

  1. By auction, after survey, in which case one-fifth of the price is paid down at the time of sale, the balance within thirty days:

  2. By application, after the lands have been notified as open for selection, in which case the applicant fills up a form (to be obtained at any of the Land Offices) and makes the declaration and undertaking required by the particular system he wishes to select under.

All applications, whether for surveyed or unsurveyed lands, are deemed to be simultaneous if made on the same day, and, if there be more than one applicant for the same land, the right of selection is determined by ballot.

Lands thrown open for application may be either surveyed or unsurveyed, and those not selected the first day remain open.

The Optional System of Selection.

Lands for selection are notified as open for application on and after a stated day, and, at the option of the applicant, may be obtained on any of the three following tenures: (a) Freehold; (b) Occupation with the right of purchase; (c) Lease in perpetuity.

(a.) Freehold.

If the land is surveyed, one-fifth of the price is to be paid down when the application is granted, and the balance within thirty days; or, if the land is not completely surveyed, the survey-fee is deposited when the application is agreed to, and goes towards the purchase of the land; the balance must be paid within thirty days of notice that the survey is completed.

A certificate of occupation will issue to the purchaser on final payment, which will be exchanged for a Crown title so soon as the Board is satisfied that the improvements mentioned on the next page have been completed.

(b.) Occupation with Right of Purchase.

Lands selected on this tenure are held under a license for twenty-five years. At any time subsequent to the first ten years, and before the expiration of the license, after having resided and made the improvements hereinafter described, the licensee can, on payment of the upset price of the land, acquire the freehold. If the land be not purchased, the license may be exchanged for a lease in perpetuity.

The rent is 5 per cent. on the cash price of the land; a half-year's rent has to be paid at the time the application is approved, if surveyed land, which represents the half-year's rent due in advance on the 1st day of January or July following the selection. If the land is unsurveyed, the cost of survey is to be paid, and is credited to the selector as so much rent paid in advance, counted from the 1st day of January or July following thirty days' notice of the completion of survey.

Residence and improvement of the land are compulsory, as hereinafter described.

(c.) Leases in Perpetuity.

Lands selected on this tenure are leased for 999 years, subject to the conditions of residence and improvements described below. The rental is 4 per cent. on the cash price of the land, and applications are dealt with in the same way as under the previous tenure (b), but there is at no time a right to purchase the freehold.

Two or more persons may make a joint application to hold as tenants in common under either of the two last-named tenures.

Residence and Improvements.

Under the two last-mentioned tenures, the conditions as to residence and improvements are:—

RESIDENCE

  1. Must commence on bush or swamp lands within four years, and in open or partly open land within one year, from the date of selection:

  2. Must be continuous for six years on bush or swamp land, and for seven years on open or partly open land, on lands occupied with a right of purchase:

  3. Must be continuous for a term of ten years on lease-in-perpetuity lands.

The Board has power to dispense with residence in certain cases, such as where the selector is residing on adjacent lands, or is a youth or unmarried woman living with parents, and in a few other cases.

RESIDENCE implies the erection of a habitable house to be approved of by the Board.

IMPROVEMENTS which must be made are as follows:—

  1. Freehold-tenure lands must be improved within seven years to an amount of £1 an acre for first-class land, and 10s. an acre for second-class land.

  2. Lands held on lease with right of purchase, or on lease in perpetuity, must be improved to an amount equal to 10 per cent. of the value of the land within one year from the date of the license or lease; within two years must be improved to the amount of another 10 per cent.; within six years must be improved to the value of another 10 per cent., making 30 per cent. in all within the six years. In addition to the above, the land must be further improved to an amount of £1 an acre for first-class land, and on second-class land to an amount equal to the net price of the land, but not more than 10s. an acre.

Improvements may consist of reclamation from swamps, clearing of bush, planting with trees or hedges, cultivation of gardens, fencing, draining, making roads, wells, water-tanks, water-races, sheep-dips, embankments or protective works, or in any way improving the character or fertility of the soil; or the erection of any building, &c.; and cultivation includes the clearing of land for cropping, or clearing and ploughing for laying down with artificial grasses, &c.

Special-settlement Associations.

Under the existing regulations any number of persons, not less than twelve, may select and apply for a block of land of not less than 1,000 acres or more than 11,000 acres in extent, but the number of members must be such that there shall be one for every 200 acres in the block, and no one can hold more than 320 acres, except in swamp lands, where the area may be 500 acres.

The capital value of lands within a special settlement is fixed after survey by special valuation, but may not be less than 10s. an acre; the rental is not less than 4 per cent. on the capital value, and the tenure is a lease in perpetuity.

Residence, occupation, and improvements are generally the same as already described, and applications have to be made in manner prescribed by regulations.

Applicants should apply to a Commissioner for a copy of the regulations, as they are liable to change at any time.

Suitable land for small settlement of this kind is now scarce.

Improved-farm Settlements.

Special regulations are in force for this class of settlement, which should be applied for, but briefly the terms are as follow: Applicants are selected by the Commissioner of Crown Lands, preference being given to married men. The areas of the farms may vary from 10 acres to 200 acres, according to locality; no settler can select more than one farm. Contracts are made with the settler to fell the forest, burn it, and sow with grass-seed up to 100 acres, the cost being paid by the Government, and £10 may be advanced to a single man and £30 to a married man to help to build a house. The rates allowed for felling are those current in the district. The land is then leased for 999 years at a rental of 4 per cent. on the unimproved capital value, plus the actual cost of the felling and grassing. As a rule, the settlers can get employment on the roadworks in the neighbourhood, but Government does not guarantee this.

Residence for the first ten years is compulsory, and improvements must be made in terms of . of “The Land Act, 1892.” (See ante.)

Village Settlements.

Village settlements are disposed of under regulations made from time to time by the Governor, but the main features are as follow:—

Such settlements may be divided into:—

  1. Village allotments not exceeding one acre each, which are disposed of either by auction among the applicants or by application, as already described, with option of tenure, the cash price being not less than £3 per allotment:

  2. Homestead allotments not exceeding 100 acres each, which are leased in perpetuity at a 4-per-cent. rental on a capital value of not less than 10s. per acre.

Residence, improvements, and applications are the same as already described. The leases are exempt from liability to be seized or sold for debt or bankruptcy.

The Colonial Treasurer is empowered in certain cases to advance small sums for the purpose of enabling selectors to profitably occupy their allotments.

Small Grazing-runs.

Small grazing-runs are divided into two classes: First-class, not exceeding 5,000 acres; second-class, not exceeding 20,000 acres in area. The rental in both cases is not less than 2 ½ per cent. on the capital value per acre, but such capital value cannot be less than 5s. per acre. Small grazing-runs are leased for terms of twenty-one years, with right of renewal for other twenty-one years, at a rent of 2 ½ per cent. on the then value of the land. The runs are declared open for selection, and applications and declarations on the forms provided have to be filled in and left at the Land Office, together with the deposit of one half-year's rent, which represents that due on the 1st day of March or September following the selection.

No holder of a pastoral run, and no holder of freehold or leasehold land of any kind whatever, over 1,000 acres in area, exclusive of the small grazing-run applied for, may be a selector under this system; and only one small grazing-run can be held by any one person.

The lease entitles the holder to the grazing rights, and to the cultivation of any part of the run, and to the reservation of 150 acres round his homestead through which no road may be taken; but the runs are subject to the mining laws.

Residence is compulsory, if bush or swamp land, within three years; if open, within one year; and must be continuous to the end of the term, but may in a few cases be relaxed. Improvements necessary are as follow: Within the first year, to the amount of one year's rent; within the second year, to another year's rent; and, within six years, to the value of two other years' rent: making in all a sum equal to four years' rental, which must be expended within six years. In addition to these improvements, bush-covered first-class runs must be improved to an amount of 10s. an acre, and second-class bush-clad runs to an amount of 5s. an acre.

These runs may be divided, after three years' compliance with the conditions, amongst the members of the selector's family.

Pastoral Runs.

Pastoral country is let by auction for varying terms not exceeding twenty-one years; and, excepting in extraordinary circumstances, runs must not be of a greater extent than will carry 20,000 sheep or 4,000 head of cattle. Runs are classified from time to time by special Commissioners into: (1) Pastoral lands, which are suitable only for depasturing more than 5,000 sheep; (2) pastoral-agricultural lands, suitable for subdivision into areas of under 5,000 acres, which may be either let as pastoral runs, generally for short terms, or cut up for settlement in some other form. Leases of pastoral lands may not be resumed; leases of pastoral-agricultural lands may be resumed at any time after twelve months' notice, without compensation.

No one can hold more than one run; but, in case of any one holding a run of a carrying-capacity less than 10,000 sheep, he may take up additional country up to that limit.

Runs are offered at auction from time to time, and half a year's rent has to be paid down at the time of sale, being the amount due in advance on the 1st day of March or September following the sale, and the purchaser has to make the declaration required by the Act. All leases begin on the 1st day of March, and they entitle the holder to the grazing rights, but not to the soil, timber, or minerals; and the lease terminates over any part of the run which may be leased for some other purpose, purchased, or reserved. The tenant has to prevent the burning of timber or bush; in open country to prevent the growth of gorse, broom, or sweetbriar; and to destroy the rabbits on his run. With the consent of the Land Board, the interest in a run may be transferred or mortgaged, but power of sale under a mortgage must be exercised within two years.

In case it is determined again to lease any run on expiry of the lease, the new lease must be offered by auction twelve months before the end of the term, and if, on leasing, it shall be purchased by some one other than the previous lessee, valuation for improvements, to be made by an appraiser, shall be paid by the incoming tenant, but to a value not greater than three times the annual rent—excepting in the case of a rabbit-proof fence, which is to be valued separately. If the run is not again leased, the value of rabbit-proof fencing is paid by the Crown, but the tenant has no claim against the Crown beyond the value of the rabbit-proof fence; he may, however, within three months of sale, remove fences, buildings, &c. Runs may also be divided with the approval of the Board.

Survey Charges on Unsurveyed Lands.

The following is the scale of charges for surveys of unsurveyed lands:—

Not exceeding 30 acres, £6.

Exceeding 30 and up to 50 acres, 3s. 6d. per acre, but not less than £6.

Exceeding 50 and up to 100 acres, 3s. per acre, but not less than £8 15s.

Exceeding 100 and up to 200 acres, 2s. 6d. per acre, but not less than £15.

Exceeding 200 and up to 300 acres, 2s. per acre, but not less than £25.

Exceeding 300 and up to 500 acres, 1s. 8d. per acre, but not less than £30.

Exceeding 500 and up to 1,000 acres, 1s. 4d. per acre, but not less than £41 10s.

Exceeding 1,000 and up to 2,000 acres, 1s. per acre, but not less than £66 10s.

For the survey of any area of rural land, being open land, the scale of charges shall be two-thirds the foregoing rates.

The Chief Surveyor may vary the above charges by substituting a rate per mile or per day for such work as may not come under the foregoing scale.

Chapter 57. ADVANCES TO SETTLERS.

THE Government Advances to Settlers Act was a Government policy measure in the legislation of 1894. It was designed to afford relief to a numerous class of colonists who were struggling under the burden of high rates of interest and heavy legal expenses of mortgages. These were established when prices of agricultural produce were high and profits large; and, so long as business continued to be prosperous, they attracted but little, if any, attention. For several years preceding 1894 commerce and agriculture had suffered from world-wide depression; settlers were becoming embarrassed in their circumstances; and the high rates of interest still charged were felt to be a burden on the industry of the people not easily borne, and a hindrance to the settlement and development of the farming lands of the colony. Under these circumstances the Government brought in the Government Advances to Settlers Act. It was passed towards the close of the session of 1894, and immediately came into operation, with results which have proved beneficial to the farming community. A general decline in the rates of interest at once set in, and it is not too much to claim that the Act has been instrumental in lowering these to a considerable extent on several millions of money invested on mortgage of the farming lands of the colony. This result, while it may have diminished the incomes of a few persons resident within the colony, has benefited thousands of deserving settlers and led to large areas of land being brought under cultivation that, but for the Advances to Settlers Act, would still be in their natural state.

The Act authorised the raising of three million pounds sterling within two years, in sums of a million and a half per annum, at a rate of interest not higher than 4 per cent. In May, 1895, tenders were invited in London for £1,500,000 of 3-per-cent. inscribed stock of the Government of New Zealand, and applications were received for £5,960,400 at prices ranging from £100 to £90. The million and a half was placed at an average price of £94 8s. 9d.

An amending Act, passed in 1895, extended the time for raising the residue of the three millions to three years from the coming into operation of the amending Act. In 1898 this term was extended for a further period of three years, and in 1901 the time-limit restriction was removed altogether, power being given at the same time to raise an additional loan of £1,000,000.

To carry out the objects of the Act, an office was established called the “Government Advances to Settlers Office”; at the same time a General Board was constituted to co-operate with and assist the Superintendent, the title by which the chief administrative officer is known.

The business of the office is the advancing of money in New Zealand on first mortgage of lands and improvements held under any of the following classes of tenure, free from all encumbrances, liens, and interests other than leasehold interests, that is to say:—

  1. Freehold land held in fee-simple under “The Land Transfer Act, 1885,” or freehold land held in fee-simple the title to which is registered under “The Deeds Registration Act, 1868.”

  2. Crown land held on perpetual lease under “The Land Act, 1885.”

  3. Crown land held under Parts III. and . of “The Land Act, 1892.”

  4. Crown land held on lease as a small grazing-run under “The Land Act, 1885,” or under “The Land Act, 1892.”

  5. Crown land held on agricultural lease under “The Mining Act, 1891.”

  6. Crown land held on lease (not being for mining purposes) under “The Westland and Nelson Coalfields Administration Act, 1877.”

  7. Native land held on lease under “The West Coast Settlement Reserves Act, 1881,” or under the Act of 1892.

  8. Land held on lease under “The Westland and Nelson Native Reserves Act, 1887.”

  9. Land held under “The Thermal-Springs Districts Act, 1881.”

  10. Educational and other reserves which are subject to the provisions of “The Land Act 1877 Amendment Act, 1882,” by virtue of Proclamation made under section 50 thereof, or “The Land Act, 1885,” by virtue of Proclamation made under section 237 thereof, or “The Land Act, 1892,” by virtue of Proclamation made under section 243 thereof, and are held on perpetual lease or lease in perpetuity, or on deferred-payment or small grazing-run systems.

  11. Crown land held by license on the deferred-payment system under . of “The Land Act, 1885.”

  12. Land held under lease from a leasing authority, as defined by “The Public Bodies' Powers Act, 1887,” and providing for the payment by the incoming tenant of valuation for improvements made upon the land, whether by the lessee named in such lease or any former lessee, as tenant.

With regard to classes 10 and 12, a lease is not eligible if it provides for absolute forfeiture (without compensation) for breach of conditions, or if on the determination of the lease compensation is to be allowed for certain improvements only.

Mortgages are granted either on the instalment or the fixed-loan system (fully described hereafter); and the margins of security required by the Act are as follow:—

  1. On freeholds (other than urban or suburban) three-fifths of the value may be advanced either on the instalment or fixed-loan system: Provided that in the case of first-class agricultural freeholds instalment loans may be advanced up to two-thirds of the value.

  2. On leaseholds (other than urban or suburban) one-half of the value of the lessee's interest in the lease may be advanced on the instalment system. No loans are granted on leaseholds on the fixed-loan system.

  3. On urban and suburban freeholds, loans are granted on the instalment system only, and the amounts of loan are limited as follow:—

    1. On urban freehold on which buildings exist, three-fifths of the value of the land, plus one-half the value of the buildings, may be advanced;

    2. On suburban freehold on which buildings exist, one-half the value of the land, plus one-half the value of the buildings, may be advanced:

    3. On urban or suburban freehold on which no buildings exist, one-half the value of the land may be advanced, but on such security no loan shall be granted except for the erection of buildings on the land: the loan to be advanced by instalments at the discretion of the Board, as the erection of the buildings proceeds.

“Urban land” means land which is situate in a borough having a population of at least two thousand inhabitants and is not used for farming, dairying, or market-gardening purposes.

“Suburban land” means land which is situate in a borough having a population of less than two thousand inhabitants, or in any town, or in the vicinity of any town or borough, and is not used for farming, dairying, or market-gardening purposes.

Lands situated within towns, and are used for farming, dairying, or market-gardening, are treated in accordance with paragraphs (1) and (2) above.

The right of determining what land may be considered “urban” or “suburban,” or “first-class agricultural,” is imposed by the Act on the General Lending Board.

The security which the applicant offers for the loan must consist of one or more holdings of the several classes of tenure above mentioned, and must, of course, be of the necessary value; and, if the security is leasehold, all the covenants and conditions of the lease, including the payment of rent, must have been regularly complied with.

Any person desiring an advance is required to make a written application on the prescribed form, a copy of which can be obtained from any Postmaster in the colony. The Postmaster also supplies an envelope in which the application may be forwarded free of postage, and affords to the applicant any explanation which may be required respecting the filling-in of the application.

In the case of an application for an advance on the security of an interest in land held under a lease or license issued from the Lands Department (and belonging to one or more of the classes of tenure numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11), a notice of the application must be forwarded to the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district in which the land is situated, on a form which, with an envelope for forwarding it free of postage, may be obtained from any Postmaster in the colony.

No loan of less than £25 or more than £3,000 can be granted, and in the case of “urban” or “suburban” lands the maximum loan is fixed at £2,000.

All applications must be accompanied by a valuation-fee according to the following scale:—

 £s.d.
On an application for a loan not exceeding £1000106
Exceeding £100 but not exceeding £250110
Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £5001116
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £3,000220

If the applicant has already obtained any advance under the Act and is desirous of obtaining a further advance, either on the same security or on a separate security, the amount of the application, added to the amount of the advances already obtained, must not exceed the limit mentioned above—£3,000 for farming and £2,000 for urban or suburban lands.

Mortgages granted on the fixed-loan system may be for any period not exceeding ten years, and the principal is repayable at the end of the term. They may also be repaid in whole or in part on any half-yearly due date during the term, as explained hereafter. Interest at the rate of 5 per cent. is payable half-yearly, reducible to 4 ½ per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date and there are no arrears.

Mortgages granted on the instalment system are repayable by seventy-three half-yearly payments of principal and interest combined. They may also be repaid in whole or in part at any time. Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4 ½ per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date and there are no arrears.

Every half-yearly instalment, except the last, is at the rate of £3 (less the rebate of interest in case of prompt payment) for every £100 of the loan. The following table shows, taking a loan of £100 as an instance, how much of each instalment is applied to repaying the principal, and how much is in payment of interest. It shows also the balance of principal remaining due after payment of the respective instalments until the loan is entirely repaid in thirty-six years and a half:—

TABLE OF PRESCRIBED HALF-YEARLY INSTALMENTS FOR EVERY ONE HUNDRED POUNDS OF THE LOAN.
Half-year.Prescribed Half-yearly Instalment.Apportioned thus:Balance of Principal owing.
On Account of Interest at 5 per Cent.On Account of Principal.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
   1st3002100010099100
  2nd300299010398199
  3rd30029601069893
  4th300293010997186
  5th30029001109776
  6th300288011496162
  7th30028501179647
  8th3002810111195128
  9th300271001229506
10th30027601269480
11th3002720121093152
12th300261101319321
13th30026701359288
14th3002630139911411
15th300251001429109
16th30025601469063
17th3002520141089115
18th300249015388162
19th30024501578807
20th30024001608747
21st30023701658682
22nd3002320161085114
23rd300229017384141
24th300224017883165
25th3002111018182184
26th3002160186811910
27th300210019081010
28th30020601968014
29th3002001007914
30th300119610678010
31st3001190110761910
32nd300118611675184
33rd300118012074164
34th300117512773139
35th3001161013272107
36th300116313971610
37th30011581447026
38th3001151141168177
39th300114515767120
40th3001131016266510
41st3001132161064190
42nd300112617663116
43rd30011191836233
44th3001111181160144
45th30011041985948
46th300197110557143
47th300181011125631
48th3001811111154112
49th300173112952185
50th300166113651411
51st300158114449107
52nd300149115347154
53rd3001311116145193
54th30013011704423
55th300121117114244
56th300111118114055
57th300102119103857
58th300019220103649
59th3000181211134210
60th30001712211311911
61st3000160240291511
62nd30001411251271010
63rd30001392632547
64th300012727522172
65th30001152872087
66th3000103299171810
67th300090211015710
68th300078212412156
69th300065213710111
70th30005121411770
71st30003821644108
72nd30002421781130
73rd1131000101130..

With reference to the above table, it has to be borne in mind that the amount of each instalment (£3) is reduced by one-tenth of the amount set down for interest if payment is made within the prescribed time. Thus, a mortgagor paying promptly his first instalment on a loan of £100 would be charged not £3, but £2 15s., the interest being reduced by one-tenth.

The mortgagor under the instalment system may pay to the Superintendent at any time, and under the fixed-loan system on any half-yearly due date, the whole balance of principal owing, with interest to date of payment, and obtain a discharge of the mortgage on payment of the fee prescribed for such discharge.

The mortgagor may also from time to time pay to the Superintendent, in addition to the half-yearly payments, sums of £5 or a multiple of £5, and in the case of fixed loans such deposits are applied in reduction of the advance, and interest is charged on the balance only; or, if the mortgagor so directs, such deposits are held on his behalf and applied in payment of the half-yearly instalments of interest as they fall due.

In the case of an instalment loan, money paid in advance by a mortgagor is applied in one of the following methods, according as he directs:—

  1. It may be held on his behalf and applied in payment of the half-yearly instalments (consisting partly of interest and partly of principal) as they fall due, until the deposit is exhausted.

  2. It may be applied at once in payment of as many future half-yearly instalments of principal (but not of interest) as it will cover, and, as far as such instalments are concerned, the corresponding interest will not be charged. On the next half-yearly date, however, the mortgagor will be required to continue his payments as before, the advance payment having the effect of reducing the period (thirty-six years and a half) during which he would have to pay such instalments. For instance, a mortgagor has a loan of £100: On the due date of his eighth half-yearly instalment he pays, in addition to the amount due, a sum of £5. This is applied in payment of his ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth instalments of principal—12s. 2d., 12s. 6d., 12s. 10d., 13s. 1d., 13s. 5d., 13s. 9d., 14s. 2d. (see table), making a total of £4 11s. 11d.—and the corresponding interest, £2 7s. 10d., £2 7s. 6d., £2 7s. 2d., £2 6s. 11d., £2 6s. 7d., £2 6s. 3d., £2 5s. 10d., is not charged. A balance of 8s. 1d. remains in his favour. Then on the next due date he has to make the half-yearly payment as usual (less 8s. 1d.), but, instead of being the ninth, it counts as the sixteenth instalment, and by this means the whole loan is repaid three years and a half earlier (seven half-yearly payments) than it otherwise would.

  3. It may be applied as explained in the next paragraph.

On the due date of any instalment, after at least one-tenth of the loan has been repaid, by means of the half-yearly instalments or of moneys repaid in advance, or both, the mortgagor (provided he is not in arrear with any instalment or other payment due under the mortgage) may, with the consent of the Superintendent, readjust the loan by treating the balance of principal then unpaid as a fresh loan duly granted on that date for a fresh term. But no readjustment is allowed unless the balance of unpaid principal amounts to at least £100. Under this arrangement the mortgagor is relieved of paying interest calculated on the original amount of the loan. He only pays interest on the balance of principal not repaid.

Advance payments in reduction of the mortgage, unless made on the due date of a half-yearly payment, take effect only from the next due date.

The law-costs payable for preparing and completing the mortgages under the Act are as follow:—

Mortgages under “The Land Transfer Act, 1885.”
Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance),—£s.d.
        If advance be not exceeding £5000106
        Exceeding £500, but not exceeding £1,000110
        Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding £3,0001116
With cash disbursements, which are the same in every case, namely,—
Mortgage-forms2s.  
Search-fee2s.With an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first.
Registration10s.  
Mortgages under “The Deeds Registration Act, 1868.”
Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage, including disbursements (to be deducted from the advance),—£s.d.
        If advance be not exceeding £5002100
        For every additional £5000150
        Fee chargeable by solicitor not residing in registration centre for employing agent to register mortgage050
        Solicitor's charge for obtaining Land Board's consent to mortgage of leasehold land050
        Fee for execution of consent by the Superintendent to any document0100
        Fee for production of title-deeds held by the Superintendent0100
        Fee for partial or total discharge of mortgage050

Solicitors are entitled to charge moderately for any services mortgagors may require over and above those provided for in the scale—such services, for example, as clearing encumbered titles, obtaining and registering titles, &c.

Valuation reports on the securities offered are made on behalf of the Department by expert land-valuers; and these reports, together with the corresponding valuations appearing in the district valuation-rolls, prepared in accordance with the provisions of “The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896,” and reports from the Commissioners of Crown Lands in the case of Crown leaseholds, are considered by the General Board. Board meetings are held weekly, or as occasion requires, and the Superintendent is bound by the resolutions of the Board. A resolution is taken with regard to every application placed before the General Board, so that on the Board rests the responsibility of granting loans or of refusing to grant them.

Some applicants offer securities which are obviously not eligible; and in that event the valuation-fees paid are returned, the securities are not reported on, and the applications do not go before the Board.

By arrangements made with the Post Office, mortgagors are enabled to pay their instalments and interest to the credit of the Superintendent at any money-order office throughout the colony, and free of all costs for remitting the money to Wellington. This is an arrangement at once convenient and economical for the large number of persons scattered all over the colony who have financial dealings with the Advances to Settlers Office. Loans may also be repaid in full through the Post Office.

The officials of the Government Advances to Settlers Office are bound by declaration to observe secrecy respecting applications for advances, and are forbidden to give any information respecting the business of the Department except to officers appointed to assist in carrying out the provisions of the Act.

The Act provides penalties for persons employed in the business of the Advances to Settlers Office taking any fee or reward from an applicant for a loan under the Act; for persons acting as valuers of land in which they have a pecuniary interest; and for persons who may attempt to bribe any one employed under the Act. It should be understood that no commission, charge, or procuration fee is payable in connection with an application for a loan.

The first meeting of the General Board for the purpose of considering applications for loans was held on 23rd February, 1895; and up to the 31st March, 1902, the Board had authorised 11,312 advances, amounting to £3,736,620. The total amount applied for in the 11,312 applications granted in full and partially was £4,253,000. 1,450 applicants declined the partial grants offered to them, amounting to £662,935; so that the net advances authorised at 31st March, 1902, numbered 9,862, and amounted to £3,073,685. The security for the net authorised advances was valued at £6,737,611. The number of applications received up to 31st March, 1902, was 14,746, for an aggregate amount of £5,204,300.

Chapter 58. THE LAND-TAX AND INCOME-TAX.

BY “The Land and Income Assessment Act, 1891,” a system of taxation was instituted on the unimproved value of land and the capital value of mortgages of land, in conjunction with a tax on incomes in excess of £300 a year. Various amending Acts were passed from time to time, and in 1900 the law was consolidated in one measure—“The Land and Income Assessment Act, 1900.”

Ten years' taxation on this basis has now been collected to date, and it may be safely claimed that the system has, from a financial point of view, been a success, and that the revenue is collected practically without friction.

The Land-tax.

The yield of land-tax for 1901-1902 was, in round figures, £313,000, of which about £234,000 represents ordinary tax; the balance, £79,000, being graduated tax, and the special tax on absentee landowners.

For the purposes of the “ordinary” land-tax, owners are allowed under the Act to deduct from the total unimproved value of their land the amount of any registered mortgage thereon, and the mortgagees are required to make a return of all their mortgages. In the case of uncompleted sales, where the title has not been transferred the amount of unpaid purchase-money is treated as a mortgage—that is, it may be deducted by the purchaser and must be included in the return made by the vendor.

An owner of land the unimproved value of which, together with mortgages owing to him, does not exceed £1,500 (after deducting mortgages owing by him) is allowed an exemption of £500, but where such value exceeds £1,500 the exemption diminishes by £1 for every £2 that such value increases, so that no exemption is allowable when £2,500 is reached.

The Act contains a provision that in cases where the income from any land or mortgages, plus income from all other sources, is less than £200 per annum, and the owner is incapacitated by age or infirmity from supplementing such income, a further exemption may be allowed by the Commissioner upon his being satisfied that the payment of the tax would entail hardship on such owner. This discretionary power has been exercised in a considerable number of instances, especially in the case of widows and orphans with small means, and much hardship prevented.

All mortgages are assessed at their full nominal value, except where it is satisfactorily shown that owing to depreciation of the security or other cause such value has been diminished. In the case of mixed mortgages—that is, mortgages which are secured on both real and personal property—the amount of the mortgage chargeable with land-tax is taken to be the assessed value of the land included in the security, the interest derived from the balance of mortgage being liable to income-tax.

It will be readily seen that the deductions and exemptions which have been referred to materially reduce the number of taxpayers as compared with the number of land-owners, the latter being upwards of 110,000, whilst the former only number about 17,500.

If the unimproved value of land in any assessment amounts to £5,000 or over, graduated tax is payable thereon according to the scale given on another page. Mortgages, however, are not chargeable with the graduated tax; but, on the other hand, no deduction is allowed in an assessment for graduated tax in respect of any mortgage owing on the land.

Twenty per cent. additional on the amount of the graduated tax is levied where the owners have been resident out of the colony for a period of not less than one year next preceding the date of the passing of the annual taxing Act.

Native lands which are occupied by Europeans are subject to the ordinary tax, it being considered that as such lands have benefited equally with the lands of Europeans by the expenditure of public money, they should bear some proportion of the taxation. But, recognising that in some instances, where the interests of the Native owners are small, the collection of the tax might possibly entail some hardship, the Legislature decided that only half the usual rate should be collected on such lands. Graduated tax is not chargeable on Native land.

The Income-tax.

Both the number of income-tax payers and the amount of tax received may appear at first sight smaller than might be expected from the population of New Zealand, but it should be remembered that incomes from land and mortgages are exempt, the unimproved value of the former and the capital value of the latter being chargeable with land-tax in the manner hereinbefore explained. The statutory exemption of £300, plus life-insurance premiums up to £50, renders a very large number of employés and small traders exempt from the tax. Companies pay the tax on profits, and dividends are not returnable by their shareholders. These circumstances will account for the smallness of the number (6,200) subject to income-tax and, to a certain extent, the comparatively inconsiderable contribution to the revenue.

Objections to income assessments are heard in private before the Stipendiary Magistrate.

It is impossible to indicate the number and variety of questions which arise daily in connection with income assessments, or to give a full account of how they are dealt with.

Amongst the questions to which special attention has been given is that of the depreciation of plant and machinery, and the amount to be allowed as a deduction under this heading. The Amendment Act of 1894 admitted, amongst deductions, an allowance for depreciation of plant and machinery over and above what may be claimed as repairs and renewals, and this allowance is maintained in the Act of 1900. The allowance is, by law, fixed at what may be considered just by the Commissioner; but the Chief Inspector of Machinery is, in this matter, the expert adviser of the department, and he fixes the rates to be allowed. There have been naturally some differences of opinion between owners of machinery and the department, but only in the case of steam-vessels has the Inspector found it necessary to alter the scale first laid down. The rule formulated for the Inspector's guidance is as follows:—

An allowance to be made of such an amount (over and above what is expended in renewals and repairs) as will equal the annual loss of profit-earning power.

This is not intended to provide for the loss of capital invested, but simply represents the annual loss through wear and tear (as affecting income-earning capacity), other than that which can be made good by renewals of parts and repairs.

Obsolete machinery is also allowed for when the machinery has been actually discarded; and here the amount to be allowed must bear the same proportion to the whole loss as the time the tax has been in operation bears to the life of the machine. An engine discarded in the tenth year of the tax—the life of the engine being, say, twenty years—would be allowed for to one-half of the loss incurred, less the annual amounts that have been allowed by the department for depreciation during ten years. Machinery superseded by something better, but kept in reserve in case of a breakdown, is not allowed for.

In the consolidating Act of 1900, before referred to, a further allowance is made to taxpayers who occupy their own freehold or leasehold premises. Such taxpayers are now entitled to deduct a sum at the rate of 5 per cent. on the capital value of their interest in the land or improvements thereon. This concession is intended to remove an anomaly which previously existed as between a taxpayer in business who occupied premises for which he paid rent and one who occupied his own freehold, or premises erected on leasehold ground. In the first case rent was deducted, and in the hands of the landlord was not taxable, being income derived from land; in the second case the allowance was limited under the then existing law to 5 per cent. on the amount on which land-tax was paid. This might be nothing, and in the case of premises on leasehold land no allowance could then be made. As an equivalent of the rent paid by a tenant, a freeholder is now allowed a deduction of 5 per cent. on the capital value of his business premises; while a leaseholder, who was previously entitled to deduct his ground-rent only, is now allowed a further deduction of 5 per cent. on the capital value of any leasehold interest he may own in his business premises. Mortgage interest, however, is not now deductible. The deduction of 5 per cent. on the capital value of the taxpayer's interest in his business premises precludes any further deduction. The effect of the provision is to exclude land, with its profit or loss, from the income-tax system.

It should be mentioned here that the statutory exemption of £300 is not allowed to absentees, whether firms or individuals, nor in any case to companies.

Regulations have been issued for levying income-tax on the profits earned by shipowners whose headquarters are beyond the colony. The plan adopted is to require a return of the outward freight and passenger lists, and to levy tax at the rate of one shilling in the pound upon 5 per cent. of the total returned.

Yield of Tax.

The yield of land-tax and income-tax for the last five years has, in round figures, been as follows:—

Year.Land-tax.Income-tax.
 ££
1897-8269,000115,000
1898-9298,000115,500
1899-1900294,000129,000
1900-1294,000173,000
1901-2313,000179,000

Rates of Tax.

The rates of tax at present are as follow: The ordinary land-tax is 1d. in the pound; the graduated tax commences at £5,000, at ⅛ d. in the pound on the unimproved value, and rises to 2d. where the unimproved value of an owner's land is £210,000, or exceeds that sum. The ordinary tax on Native land occupied by Europeans is ½ d. in the pound. For taxpayers other than companies the rate of income-tax is 6d. in the pound on the first taxable £1,000—that is, after deducting the £300 exemption—and 1s. in the pound on any excess over £1,000. A person having an annual income of £1,900 would be thus taxed: £300 would be exempted; £1,000 would pay 6d. in the pound; and the remaining £600, 1s. in the pound: making a total of £55 a year. The tax on an income of £400 would be at 6d. on £100, equal to £2 10s. Income-tax is payable by companies, at the uniform rate of 1s. in the pound.

The schedule of rates of graduated land-tax is as follows:—

Where the value is £5,000 and is less than £10,000,one-eighth of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £10,000 and is less than £15,000,two-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £15,000 and is less than £20,000,three-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £20,000 and is less than £25,000,four-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £25,000 and is less than £30,000,five-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £30,000 and is less than £40,000,six-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £40,000 and is less than £50,000,seven-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £50,000 and is less than £70,000,one penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £70,000 and is less than £90,000,one penny and one-eighth of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £90,000 and is less than £110,000,one penny and two-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £110,000 and is less than £130,000,one penny and three-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £130,000 and is less than £150,000,one penny and four-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £150,000 and is less than £170,000,one penny and five-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £170,000 and is less than £190,000,one penny and six-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £190,000 and is less than £210,000,one penny and seven-eighths of a penny in the pound sterling.
Where the value is £210,000 or exceeds that sum,twopence in the pound sterling.

Chapter 59. “THE GOVERNMENT VALUATION OF LAND ACT, 1896.”

THE above Act provides for the periodical valuation of all landed properties in New Zealand, and for that purpose the colony is divided into special districts.

The first valuation was made as at 31st March, 1898, since which date valuations in many parts of the colony have been revised as circumstances required. An Amendment Act passed during the session of 1900 contains the amendments which four years' experience of the original Act showed to be desirable. As the principle of the original Act remains unaltered, the amendments are practically confined to the machinery clauses and the clearer definition of terms.

The valuations are used for the following purposes: Land-tax, local rates (in cases where rates are levied on the capital or on the unimproved value), stamp duties, and duties under “The Deceased Persons' Estates Duties Act, 1881”; for advances and investments on mortgage of land made by the Post Office, Government Insurance Department, Public Trust Office, Government Advances to Settlers Office, and the Commissioners of the Public Debts Sinking Funds. The valuation is also used for the guidance of the Government in transactions under “The Land for Settlements Act, 1894,” and “The Public Works Act, 1894.”

Valuations are supplied by the department on payment of the prescribed fee.

The cost of making the valuation is borne principally by the Valuation Department, the Land- and Income-tax Department, the Advances to Settlers Office, and the local authorities using the valuation, while separate fees, for supplying individual valuations to those requiring them, are charged by regulation.

Chapter 60. RATING ON UNIMPROVED VALUE OF LAND.

“THE Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896,” was passed by the General Assembly to afford local bodies the opportunity of adopting the principle of rating which is expressed in the title of the measure. It is entirely at the option of the bodies to adopt the system, and provision is made for a return to the old system of rating, if desired, after three years' experience of the new one. The Act provides that a proportion of the ratepayers on the roll, varying from 25 per cent. where the total number does not exceed 100, to 15 per cent. where the number exceeds 300, may by demand in writing, delivered to the chairman of the district, require that a proposal to rate property on the basis of the unimproved value may be submitted to the ratepayers, whose votes shall be taken between twenty-one and twenty-eight days after delivery of the demand. The poll is to be taken in the same manner as in case of a proposal to raise a loan in the district under “The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1886.”

Under the original Act it was necessary for a minimum number of one-third of the ratepayers to vote, and a majority of their votes carried the proposal. Now, under “The Local Government Voting Reform Act, 1899,” the question of adoption or otherwise is decided by a bare majority of the valid votes recorded, irrespective of the number of ratepayers who have voted.

A rescinding proposal can be carried at a poll by the same means as one for adoption, but not until after three years have elapsed, and, vice versá, rejection of a proposal bars its being again brought forward for a similar period. However, in the case of past polls at which the proposal to adopt the Act was rejected solely on account of an insufficient number of ratepayers recording their votes, it is now provided that a new poll may be held at any time.

The valuation-roll is supplied to the local authority by the Valuer-General under the provisions of “The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896,” and its amendment of 1900, and the definitions of “capital value,” “improvements,” “unimproved value,” and “value of improvements” found in these Acts apply also to the Rating on Unimproved Value Act. Provision is made for adjustment of rating powers given under previous Acts to the Act of 1896 by fixing equivalents. Thus a rate of 1s. in the pound on the annual value under former Acts is to be considered equal to ¾ d. in the pound on the capital value under the Act of 1896.

The adjustments are to be made so that the rates on the unimproved value shall be such as to produce as much as, but not more than, the rates under “The Rating Act, 1894.” For instance, supposing a local authority has a rating power up to ¾ d. in the pound on the capital value, then it can levy any rate in the pound on the unimproved value of land in its district so long as the producing capacity of such rate is not greater than would be the producing capacity of a ¾ d. rate on the capital value of the district. When a fixed rate, under the older system of rating, is security for a loan, the Controller and Auditor-General is given power to interfere and fix the new rate himself if of opinion that the new rate on the unimproved value does not afford equally good security to the one to be given up.

The operation of the Act does not apply to water, gas, electric light, sewage, nor hospital and charitable aid rates.

Up to the present time (31st March, 1902) the local bodies that have submitted the question of the adoption of the Act to the ratepayers are as follow:—

RATING ON UNIMPROVED VALUE ACT, 1896.''
 Results of Polls. Votes recorded.
  For.Against.Informal.
* New poll taken under Act of 1900.
Auckland CityRejected7531,697..
Cheviot CountyCarried16541..
Devonport BoroughCarried356109..
Eketahuna CountyCarried149211
Feilding BoroughCarried268561
Gore BoroughCarried122675
Grey Lynn BoroughCarried140712
Greymouth BoroughCarried214481
Hamilton BoroughCarried7752..
Hokianga CountyCarried109256
Hokitika BoroughCarried212533
Hunua Road DistrictCarried602..
Inangahua CountyCarried284112
Invercargill BoroughCarried3861744
Karori BoroughCarried9331
Linwood BoroughCarried276382
Lower Hutt BoroughCarried94684
Manawatu Road DistrictCarried10510..
Maraetai Road DistrictCarried16....
Masterton BoroughCarried2211396
Melrose BoroughCarried236406
Mosgiel BoroughRejected58871
Normanby Town District..82563
Onslow BoroughCarried1408..
Pahiatua BoroughCarried136381
Pahiatua CountyCarried350313
Palmerston North BoroughCarried402123
Papakura Road DistrictCarried301..
Pelorus Road DistrictCarried9841..
Petone Borough* Rejected1001344
Picton BoroughRejected27731
Raglan County* Carried116852
St. Albans BoroughCarried35021815
South Invercargill BoroughCarried106541
Southland CountyCarried919574..
Spreydon Road DistrictCarried141574
Stratford CountyCarried399232
Sumner BoroughCarried9119..
Sydenham BoroughCarried353193..
Tauranga CountyCarried90132
Taratahi-Carterton Road DistrictCarried26153..
Timaru BoroughRejected932465
Waimate BoroughCarried2356114
Waimate CountyCarried368162..
Waipawa CountyCarried462283
Wairarapa North CountyRejected3316810
Wellington CityCarried1,261591..
Winton BoroughCarried39331
Woodville BoroughCarried17571
Woolston BoroughRejected1031915

Chapter 61. “THE MUNICIPAL FRANCHISE REFORM ACT, 1898.”

A SHORT account of the leading features of this measure is to be found on page 298, ante, in the section relating to the local bodies in the colony.

Chapter 62. OLD-AGE PENSIONS.

IN 1898 a Bill, introduced into Parliament by the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, Premier, became law,* which provided for the payment of an old-age pension out of the Consolidated Fund (revenue of the General Government) to persons duly qualified, without contribution by the beneficiaries. The Act, however, only provided for payments out of revenue, for the purposes of the pensions, until the close of the second session of the present Parliament. [By amendment passed in 1900 the limit as to time of the operation of the principal Act is rescinded, and the authority to pay made absolute.] The conditions under which pension is granted are set forth in sections 7, 8, and 64 of the statute, as under:—

7. Subject to the provisions of this Act, every person of the full age of sixty-five years or upwards shall, whilst in the colony, be entitled to a pension as hereinafter specified.

8. No such person shall be entitled to a pension under this Act unless he fulfils the following conditions, that is to say:—

* A Bill had been previously introduced in 1897, which, as amended by the lower branch of the Legislature, was transmitted to the Legislative Council, but thrown out by that body.
As a preliminary to the introduction of the Bill in 1897, an Act entitled “The Registration of People's Claims Act” was passed in 1896, under which persons aged sixty-five years or upwards, having resided twenty years in the colony, and whose income did not exceed £50 per annum, were allowed for a limited time to send in pension-claims. This Act was subsequently repealed, and all certificates granted under it cancelled, by the Old-age Pensions Act of 1898.

  1. That he is residing in the colony on the date when he establishes his claim to the pension; and also

  2. That he has so resided continuously for not less than twenty-five years immediately preceding such date:
    Provided that continuous residence in the colony shall not be deemed to have been interrupted by occasional absence therefrom unless the total period of all such absence exceeds two years; nor, in the case of a seaman, by absence therefrom whilst serving on board a vessel registered in and trading to and from the colony if he establishes the fact that during such absence his family or home was in the colony [By amendment passed in 1900, as an alternative condition in respect of residence an absence of four years from the colony is allowed, provided that the claimant was not absent during the year ended 31st October, 1898, and provided that the total period of actual residence is not less than twenty-five years]; and also

  3. That during the period of twelve years immediately preceding such date he has not been imprisoned for four months, or on four occasions, for any offence punishable by imprisonment for twelve months or upwards, and dishonouring him in the public estimation; and also

  4. That during the period of twenty-five years immediately preceding such date he has not been imprisoned for a term of five years with or without hard labour for any offence dishonouring him in the public estimation; and also

  5. That the claimant has not at any time for a period of six months or upwards, if a husband, deserted his wife, or without just cause failed to provide her with adequate means of maintenance, or neglected to maintain such of his children as were under the age of fourteen years; or, if a wife, deserted her husband or such of her children as were under that age:
    Provided that, if the pension-certificate is issued, the pensioner's rights thereunder shall not be affected by any disqualification contained in this subsection unless the fact of such disqualification is established at any time to the satisfaction of a Stipendiary Magistrate; and also

  6. That he is of good moral character, and is, and has for five years immediately preceding such date been, leading a sober and reputable life; and also

  7. That his yearly income does not amount to fifty-two pounds or upwards, computed as hereinafter provided [By amendment passed in 1900 the property and income of husband and wife is to be computed as belonging to them jointly, and their united yearly incomes, including the pension, is limited to £78]; and also

  8. That the net capital value of his accumulated property does not amount to two hundred and seventy pounds or upwards, computed and assessed as hereinafter provided; and also

  9. That he has not directly or indirectly deprived himself of property or income in order to qualify for a pension; and also

  10. That he is the holder of a pension-certificate as hereinafter provided.

64. This Act, in so far as it provides for the granting of pensions, shall not apply to—

  1. Aboriginal natives of New Zealand to whom moneys other than pensions are paid out of the sums appropriated for Native purposes by “The Civil List Act, 1863”; nor to

  2. Aliens; nor to

  3. Naturalised subjects, except such as have been naturalised for the period of five years next preceding the date on which they establish their pension-claims [By amendment passed in 1900, in the case of naturalised persons the term of qualification preceding the establishment of a pension-claim is reduced from five years to one]; nor to

  4. Chinese or other Asiatics, whether naturalised or not.

If, in the opinion of a Magistrate adjudicating, it would be more advantageous for a Maori applying for a pension to receive an allowance out of the moneys appropriated for Native purposes, he may, in lieu of granting pension, make recommendation accordingly to the Native Minister. A Magistrate may, in granting a pension to a Maori, direct that it be paid to some Government officer for the benefit of the applicant.

The full pension is £18 a year, payable in twelve monthly instalments; but for each £1 of income above £34, also for each £15 of accumulated property above £50, £1 is deducted from the amount of the pension.

The first instalment of the pension is payable on the first day of the month next but one following the date of the certificate.

For the administration of the Act the colony is divided into seventy-two districts, for each of which there is a Deputy Registrar, controlled by a Chief Registrar at Wellington.

Each claimant for a pension must make application on a printed form. The said form is obtainable at any post-office, and when completed the claim is to be sent to the Deputy Registrar for the district in which the claimant resides.

Each application is recorded in a book called “The …… District Old-age Pension-claim Register,” and then transmitted to a Stipendiary Magistrate, who, having fixed a day for investigation, notifies the claimant to attend, if his presence is considered necessary. If the claim is admitted the Stipendiary Magistrate issues a certificate to the Deputy Registrar, who on receipt enters the particulars in a book called “The ……. District Old-age Pension Register,” after which a pension-certificate is issued to the pensioner.

The particulars of pensions granted are entered on a weekly return form, which, with the Magistrate's certificate, is sent to the Chief Registrar for entry in the General Register of Old-age Pensions.

The particulars of instalments falling due are advised to the General Post Office on a schedule. Advice, authorising payment, is then issued to the Postmaster at the money-order office at which the pensioner desired the instalment to be paid. At frequent intervals the Accountant of the General Post Office furnishes a statement of the payments made, from which the monthly instalments are entered on a card bearing the name of the pensioner.

At the due date of the instalment the pensioner may present his certificate for payment at the money-order office named in the certificate. A pensioner failing to collect his instalment within twenty-one days forfeits the amount, but may apply for a warrant of waiver within fourteen days of such forfeiture. [By amendments passed in 1900 and 1901 the currency of each instalment is for one calendar month, with power to the Colonial Treasurer to extend the period in special cases.] If a pensioner is unable, through sickness or other reasonable cause, to collect his pension, he may apply to have an agent appointed to receive the instalments on his behalf. Should a pensioner desire to change the office of payment an application is to be made to the Deputy Registrar for the district in which the pension is registered. The change is advised to the Chief Registrar by telegram, who notifies the postal authorities. A transfer of a pension-certificate from one district to another is effected by the Deputy Registrar for the district in which the pension is registered sending a warrant to the Deputy Registrar for the district to which the transfer is made.

The decease of all persons of the age of sixty-five years and upwards is notified to the Chief Registrar by the Registrars of Deaths in the various districts. By amendment passed in 1900 the right of pensioners to admission to charitable institutions is protected.

All matters affecting the payment of pensions are reported by the Deputy Registrars from time to time.

The Act came into force on 1st November, 1898. The appointment of a Registrar followed; and in December the old-age pension districts were constituted, and Deputy Registrars appointed for them. By the 31st March, 1899, there were 7,443 pensions, which represented a yearly payment of £128,082. A year later the number of pensions in force was 11,285, representing a yearly payment of £193,718. On the 31st March, 1901, the number in force was 12,405, the yearly payment for these being £211,965; and on the 31st March, 1902, there were 12,776 pensions, and the amount was £217,192.

The number of pensions in force in each of the old-age pension districts was:—

NUMBER AND ANNUAL VALUE OF PENSIONS GRANTED TO EUROPEANS AND MAORIS IN FORCE ON THE 31ST MARCH, 1902.
District.EuropeansMaori.Totals.
Number of Pensions.Amount.Number of Pensions.Amount.Number of Pensions.Amount.
  £ £ £
Akaroa41697915350850
Amberley7119....7119
Ashburton1993,383....1993,383
Auckland1,00817,13681361,01617,272
Balclutha1392,363....1392,363
Blenheim1552,6351171562,652
Chatham Islands351117468
Christchurch1,22220,77461021,22820,876
Clyde1001,700....1001,700
Coromandel891,513396631282,176
Culverden351....351
Dannevirke1472,4991171482,516
Dargaville621,05417289791,343
Dunedin98516,74511798616,762
Fairlie10170....10170
Feilding911,54791531001,700
Geraldine1302,21091531392,363
Gisborne5593537629921,564
Greymouth4888,296....4888,296
Greytown821,394117831,411
Hamilton1502,550162721662,822
Havelock7119....7119
Hawera611,037468651,105
Helensville2464,182132212594,403
Hokitika5078,6192345098,653
Invercargill5849,9281175859,945
Kaiapoi2824,79461022884,896
Kaikoura2440811725425
Kaitaia1220447799591,003
Lawrence2093,553....2093,553
Mangonui101702135731527
Marton791,34315255941,598
Masterton891,513117901,530
Maungaturoto41697....41697
Milton1252,125....1252,125
Motueka731,241....731,241
Napier2604,4204682644,488
Naseby821,394....821,394
Nelson2924,9644682965,032
New Plymouth2043,468264422303,910
Oamaru2434,1313512464,182
Opotiki142382745941697
Otahuhu2404,080132212534,301
Otaki5695215255711,207
Paeroa52884610258986
Pahiatua38646....38646
Palmerston North1602,72091531692,873
Palmerston South601,020....601,020
Patea2542546829493
Port Awanui4682847632544
Port Chalmers1873,17971191943,298
Queenstown1061,802....1061,802
Raglan14238641,088781,326
Rawene17289941,5981111,887
Reefton1512,567....1512,567
Riverton1252,1255851302,210
Rotorua813657969651,105
Russell601,020961,6321562,652
Stratford31527....31527
Taupo1173559536612
Tauranga2847647799751,275
Te Aroha3559511736612
Thames2574,369101702674,539
Timaru1492,533....1492,533
Waimate951,615117961,632
Waipawa20340....20340
Wairoa8136661,122741,258
Wanganui1923,264345782263,842
Warkworth721,2248136801,360
Wellington4958,4155855008,500
Westport2484,2164682524,284
Whakatane9153841,428931,581
Whangarei1552,63571191622,754
Whangaroa132212542538646
        Total11,721199,2571,05517,93512,776217,192

With the above, a statement of the cost of administration year by year is furnished, to show the initial and consequent expense. The Deputy Registrars of Old-age Pensions are mostly Clerks of Stipendiary Magistrate's Courts; the adjudication on claims is by the Magistrates; and the payments are made through the Postal Department.

COST OF ADMINISTRATION OF “THE OLD-AGE PENSIONS ACT, 1898,” FOR THE FINANCIAL YEARS ENDED
31 March, 1899.31 March, 1900.31 March, 1901.31 March, 1902.
Salaries—££££
        Registrar100100100100
        Deputy Registrars40150200219
Other expenses—
        Advertising and printing16......
        Clerical assistance2481,1241,2091,328
        Travelling-expenses and interpreters' fees84309194190
        Shorthand-writer (S.M. Courts)19......
        Contributions to Post Office..466500500
        Contingencies3211176138
        Rent of offices....3660
                Total5102,3602,4152,535

The following remarks are taken from the Registrar's report on the transactions for the year ended 31st March, 1902:—

''During the year ended the 31st March, 1902, 1,694 new pensions were granted, of which 167 were granted to Maoris; 935 pensioners died, of whom 99 were Maoris; 206 pension-certificates, of which 48 were held by Maoris, were cancelled; and 182 pensions, of which 76 were granted to Maoris, lapsed through non-application for renewal. The cancelled certificates include 118 renewal claims by Europeans and 34 by Maoris which were refused.

''The total amount paid in respect of pensions during the year was £207,468 8s. 5d. This amount includes £41 0s. 5d. charged to a vote provided for the purpose of paying forfeited instalments in special cases, and portions of instalments accruing up to date of death.

''The total amount of absolutely forfeited instalments during the year was £2,998 10s.

“During the year, 510 pension-certificates, of which 58 were held by Maoris, were transferred from one old-age pension district to another.”

NUMBER OF PENSIONS GRANTED SINCE THE ACT CAME INTO OPERATION; NUMBER OF DEATHS, CERTIFICATES CANCELLED, AND PENSIONS LAPSED DURING EACH YEAR; AND NUMBER OF PENSIONS IN FORCE AT END OF EACH YEAR.
Year endedNumber of Pensions granted.Number of Deaths of Pensioners.Number of Pension-certificates cancelled.Number of Pensions lapsed.Number of Pensions in Force at End of Year.
31st March, 18997,487386..7,443
31st March, 19004,69978665611,285
31st March, 19012,2278152276512,405
31st March, 19021,69493520618212,776
        Total16,1072,574504253..

Chapter 63. NEW ZEALAND CONSOLS.

THE purpose of “The New Zealand Consols Act, 1894,” is, by providing for an inscription of such Consols, to give further facilities for the safe investment of savings. Practically, it establishes another branch of the Government Savings-Bank, with extended power of investment. Under section 3 the Colonial Treasurer is authorised to receive by way of deposits from persons in the colony sums of money up to £500,000 [increased by £250,000 under provisions of section 2, Amendment Act, 1900]; but the amount deposited in any one year must not be more than £250,000. The currency of such deposits is not to exceed forty years. The present issue matures 1st February, 1910. The rate of interest must not exceed 4 per cent. The actual rate being paid is 3 ½ per cent. per annum.

Post-office money-order offices throughout the colony are made use of to receive applications for inscription, and also for payment of the half-yearly interest on the amounts deposited. The Receivers are the Postmasters, and the Registrar under the Act is the Secretary to the Treasury, Wellington.

Regulations have been issued, under which every deposit of money for inscription is to be accompanied by an application according to the form given further on, which is to be signed by the applicant and countersigned by the Receiver (Postmaster) taking the deposit. The person paying the money receives an interim receipt pending official acknowledgment from the Registrar at Wellington. The receipt subsequently given by the Registrar to the Consols-holder is not a negotiable document, or of monetary value, beyond its being proof of the deposit for purposes of inscription. A holder of Consols can obtain from the Registrar, on application and payment of 5s., a certified copy of any entry in the register relating to his deposit.

There is provision for the transfer of Consols from one holder to another on application being made to the Registrar according to the second form given, and payment of 1s. fee.

In case an inscriber desires to make use of his deposit, or any portion of it, to the extent of £5, or a multiple of £5, he can obtain a Consols certificate which is payable to bearer, and is transferable by delivery. This certificate entitles the holder to receive interest half-yearly at the same rate as the original inscription, and also to payment of the principal sum on the due date.

The application for the certificate must be according to the form appended, and the fee payable is 1s. for every one hundred pounds or aliquot part thereof expressed in the certificate. There is also a fee at the above rate for inscribing the amount of a Consols certificate. The form of Consols certificate is also given.

Interest on Consols for which no certificate has been issued is payable by warrant, and such warrants are transferable by indorsement in the manner provided in the form.

Interest on Consols for which a certificate has been issued is payable to the bearer of the certificate on presentation at any post-office money-order office, or at the Treasury, Wellington (see the last form).

The Act provides for the deposit of money by minors, which may be acceptable to parents as encouraging habits of thrift in children.

As stated previously, the present issue of Consols has a currency to the 1st February, 1910, and carries interest at the rate of three pounds ten shillings for every one hundred pounds deposited; and an assured investment of moneys bearing a fair rate of interest for so long a term should secure, when well known, a large portion of the deposits of our thrifty population.

Application for Inscription.

To the Registrar of Inscribed Consols,
        j Treasury, Wellington.

I [We],                , of                , having this day deposited at                 the sum of pounds                 shillings and                 pence, for investment in                 -per-cent. New Zealand Consols, hereby request that the same may be duly inscribed in the books of your office in the name of                .

                        Signature of depositor:

                        Full address of depositor, together with name of nearest money-order office:

Dated at                , this                 day of                , 19.

                Deposit duly received as above.

                                Signature of Receiver:

Application for Transfer.

IN consideration of the sum of                , the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, I [we],                , of                , do assign the sum of                 pounds shillings and                 pence, being my [our] interest or share in the New Zealand         -per-cent. Inscribed Consols, under “The New Zealand Consols Act, 1894,” and all my [our] property, right, and interest in and to the same, and the dividends thereon, unto                        , of                        , his [their] executors, administrators, or assigns, and the Registrar is hereby requested to transfer the same accordingly. The prescribed fee of                 is enclosed herewith.

Witness my [our] hand        , this                 day of                , 19.

Witnessed by—                                        Signature:.

Signature:                                .

Occupation:                                .

Address:                                .

I [We],                , of                                , do hereby accept the above Consols, and apply for the transfer thereof to me [us].

                                        Signature:.

Witnessed by—

Signature:                .

Application for Consols Certificate.

                        Place:                .

                        Date:                , 19.

To the Registrar of Inscribed Consols,
                 Treasury, Wellington.

I [We],                , of                , being the holder of New Zealand Inscribed Consols to the amount of                pounds                 shillings and                 pence, do hereby make application for a Consols certificate in favour of bearer for the sum of                 pounds, to be issued to me [us] in accordance with and subject to the provisions contained in “The New Zealand Consols Act, 1894.” The prescribed fee of                 is enclosed herewith.

Witness—Signature:                .
                Signature: 
                Occupation. 
Address: 

Consols Certificate.

No.        .                        £        .

THE bearer of this certificate will be entitled to payment of the sum of                 pounds sterling upon presentation hereof at the Treasury at Wellington, New Zealand, on the                 day of                , 19        , together with such interest, computed at the rate of                 sterling per centum per annum, as may be found to be unpaid on the before-mentioned date in accordance with the indorsements of interest-payments made hereon.

The principal and interest are a charge upon and shall be paid out of the accruing income of the Consolidated Fund of the colony.

Interest hereon at the rate of                 sterling per centum per annum is payable half-yearly, on the                 and                 in each year, at any post-office money-order office within the colony.

The amount of interest paid is to be indorsed on the back hereof by the person making such payment.

Dated at the office of the Registrar of Inscribed Consols, Wellington,        , 19.

                                , Registrar.

Countersigned—

                , Controller and Auditor-General.

Entered, folio.

[On the back, indorsements of the half-yearly dividends paid by the Postmaster are to be duly made.]

Dividend Warrant.

To the Treasury at Wellington, or to the Postmaster at any post-office money-order office throughout the colony.

PLEASE pay                 or order the sum of                 pounds                 shillings and pence, being interest for half-year due                ,19, on £                 -percent. New Zealand Consols.

£        :        :.                        , Registrar.

I hereby acknowledge to have received the above-mentioned sum in full payment of interest for half-year due as above.

                        Signature:                .

Chapter 64. SECTION II.—AGRICULTURE IN NEW ZEALAND.

[By M. MURPHY, F.L.S.]

IT is generally admitted that there is no part of the British dominions where agriculture, in its widest sense, can be carried on with so much certainty and with such good results as in New Zealand. The range of latitude, extending as it does from 34° to 47° South, secures for the colony a diversity of climate which renders it suitable for all the products of subtropical and temperate zones, while an insular position protects it from the continuous and parching droughts which periodically inflict such terrible losses on the agriculturist and pastoralist of Australia and South America.

Again, the climate, although somewhat variable, never reaches the extremes of heat or cold. So genial, indeed, is it that most animals and plants, when first introduced to the colony, assume a vigour unknown to them before.

North Island.

All the best forage-plants and grasses thrive most admirably, continuing to grow throughout the year with little intermission. Stock of every sort thrive and fatten rapidly on the pastures, coming to maturity at an early age without the aid of roots or condimental foods. All cereals flourish equally well, more especially Indian corn, which produces from fifty to eighty bushels per acre.

So full is the soil of plant-food that several continuous crops of potatoes or cereals may be taken with little apparent exhaustion. Wheat, oats, and barley thrive where the soil is not too rich; otherwise they produce enormous crops of straw, without a corresponding yield of corn. The tobacco-plant thrives well, as do also hops and sorghum, broom-corn, peanut, hemp, ramee or rhea (China grass), together with a large variety of economic plants, the growth of which will one day afford employment for a large population. In addition to these, all the British, Chinese, and Japanese fruits, with oranges, lemons, limes, olives, and vines (in the northern part), flourish abundantly, requiring but ordinary care. Potatoes are largely grown, and yield heavy crops.

Much of the country along the south-west and west coast is now taken up, and the primeval forest is fast disappearing before the settler's axe. For the most part, the soil is fertile, and the growth of grass and clover is extremely rapid and vigorous when sown on the surface after the felled timber has been destroyed by fire.

To the British husbandman it will seem almost incredible that the best pasture-grasses grow and thrive as they do with no other preparation than the ashes resulting from the burnt timber—no ploughing and no previous loosening of the soil—yet, in less than a year from the date of scattering the seed, this same land will fatten from five to six sheep per acre.

So rapidly are these fertile forest-lands being cleared and converted into pastures that the demand for stock (principally dairy) has greatly increased, and this demand must continue for a series of years before it is fully met.

Those who in the past have watched the progress of New Zealand, especially of the North Island, have always maintained that when the Maori difficulties and other impediments to settlement were over, the prosperity of the country would advance at a very rapid rate. The time has now come, and all that is required to expedite the coming prosperity is the settlement of our lands by a thrifty class of settlers.

There are millions of acres yet unoccupied, a great portion of which is of good quality, and only waiting the hand of man to make it carry, with very little cost, large herds of dairy stock, with flocks of long-wool and crossbred sheep. The west coast of the island is essentially a cattle-country. Considerable areas in the midland districts are adapted to long-wool sheep, as is also the country along the east coast. Much of the country may be described as being good sheep-land, a large portion of which is quite capable of carrying two sheep to the acre, and some of it as many as three or four.

Middle Island.

If the North Island has a splendid inheritance in her forests, the Middle Island can boast of her magnificent plain-lands, rolling downs, and vast mountain ranges, all of which, to a greater or less degree, have already been made to contribute to the wealth of the colony.

The central portion of the Middle Island presented to the first-comers a vast plain, covered only with waving tussock-grass, offering little or no obstruction to the plough.

Travelling south, the country assumes a different character: easy, undulating downs, well watered, here and there interspersed with fertile plains, the greater portion admirably adapted for agriculture, and all of it suitable for pastoral purposes.

The climate of the Middle Island is not so warm in summer nor so mild in winter as that experienced in the North Island. However, as has already been stated, there are no extremes of heat or cold. Much more might be said in praise of this portion of the colony. It is deemed necessary to say so much in order that readers may better comprehend the comparative ease with which every kind of farming is carried on in New Zealand as compared with other countries less favourably situated.

Agricultural Statistics.

The following resumé of the statistics, as published in the Gazette for the past season, is sufficient to indicate the trend of the agricultural and pastoral industries; fuller particulars will be found in the statistical portion of this book. It will be seen that there has been a material falling-off in the areas devoted to cereal crops throughout the colony; but a perusal of the statistics referred to will show a more than corresponding increase of land laid down for pasturage.

The decrease in cereals is as follows: Wheat, 40,610 acres; oats, 35,609 acres; barley, 2,282 acres; maize, 1,359 acres. There has also been a falling-off in turnips and rape of 6,809 acres. Against this there has been an increase of land laid down in pasture (including surface-sown grass) of 538,266 acres in excess of last year. Potatoes, peas, beans, mangolds, and linseed have also increased to the amount of 8,042 acres, of which 2,165 acres was the increased area in linseed. The latter crop is for the most part grown in Poverty Bay, in the place of maize, which before the federation of the Australian Colonies and the increased tariff, found a ready market in Australia. This is a circumstance much to be regretted, for the continuous growth of linseed on the same land has a most impoverishing effect upon the soil.

The stock statistics show that horses have increased by 12,947 head, and cattle by 105,104. Pigs have decreased, the probable explanation of this being that the demand for dairy stock has been so increasingly large that the greater portion of the separated milk from the factories has been used for rearing calves.

The sheep returns afford convincing evidence of the phenomenal productiveness of our flocks; for, notwithstanding the enormous drain upon these, to sustain the ever-increasing demand of the frozen-meat trade, it will be seen that the increase over the previous returns is 877,904, the total number being 20,233,099, the highest total yet reached by the colony.

Varieties of Farming.

Sheep-farming, before the advent of the freezing-chamber, could only be carried on profitably on large areas, with large flocks, for the reason that wool and tallow were the only marketable products, the sale of fat sheep and lambs being confined to supplying the demand for local consumption. The new order has completely altered the condition of things from an agricultural point of view. Almost every farmer, small or large, now keeps his flock of breeding-ewes for the production of lambs for freezing, thereby necessitating the growth of root and forage crops, and so bringing about a greatly improved style of farming throughout the colony when compared with the previous system of universal corn-growing. The following notes (by “Ovis”) may be taken as a fair exposition of farming matters throughout the colony. He writes: “During the past season we have had another illustration of the inevitable swing of the pendulum in agricultural and pastoral pursuits. A year ago the prices of wheat and oats were at a low ebb of depression, while the sheep market was somewhat more than buoyant in the early part of the autumn. The area sown in grain was, as an almost natural consequence, restricted; and now we have the price of both wheat and oats comparatively high; but, notwithstanding the improvement in prices, the result of the past harvest has, upon the whole, been disappointing. The whole of Canterbury suffered from a dry and uncongenial spring, and, consequently, the average yield in the earlier districts was light, and in the later districts, where the crops derived substantial benefit from the rain which came in November, there has been the loss consequent upon a wet harvest. The harvest over a considerable area of the colony was exceptionally late; a large quantity of grain was standing out in the fields at the end of March when the floods came, and even before that time there was so much broken weather that harvesting work could not be pushed on. Taking the Canterbury district as a whole, it has suffered both from drought and flood, and, in respect of grain-growing, those who have suffered from excessive moisture, with heavier crops, are in a worse position than those who had light yields but were enabled to harvest the grain in good condition. Grain-growing is a truly precarious business, and fraught with anxiety, and it is not to be wondered at that farmers are ready to restrict the grain area when there is a prospect of good returns being obtainable from sheep. And yet a good price for grain in the fall of the year generally leads to an expansion in grain-growing, and this season will probably be no exception to the rule. Before committing themselves to the sowing of any largely extended acreage in grain, it would be well for farmers to consider what probability there is of the market holding good for another year. The high price of oats is due to the South African demand, and to the relatively small grain production. The quantity of oats in the country at the present time is estimated at some millions of bushels less than at the same period of last year.”

The branch of farming which at present appears to have the best prospect before it is that of dairying. New Zealand butter is much appreciated by English consumers, and there seems to be a practically unlimited demand for it at paying prices. Dairying is an industry in which the Canterbury district is not at present so much interested as several other parts of the colony, and considering its special adaptability for sheep and grain-growing, dairying is never likely to assume such large relative proportions as in the North Island, and in some districts further South. Nevertheless the dairying industry is gradually taking a strong hold in Canterbury, and it is likely to expand to a very considerable extent. A population accustomed to sheep and grain do not take very readily to the monotonous slavery involved in dairy-farming. The work is of a lighter character than much of that involved in grain-growing, and it finds employment for a class of labour for which grain and sheep afford no scope, but it is the continuous never-ending drudgery that is its most objectionable feature. Necessity, however, knows no law, and has no particular regard for personal inclination. The tendency in this country is in the direction of smaller holdings, and as the average size of the holding diminishes there must be corresponding alteration in methods of working them. Much of the land in the colony will never bear cutting up into very small farms; but, on the other hand, there is much that is suitable for close settlement; and it is obvious that a style of management which may be suitable on a farm of 500 or 1,000 acres would not answer in the case of a 200-acre farm, to say nothing of wider range of acreage. Sheep-farming requires a fair amount of room in order to be successfully carried on. A man on a small holding of rich land may be able to produce a large amount of feed in the course of a year, but his farm in all probability will not be suitable for breeding purposes, and he is thrown back on the very precarious chances of grazing, which means that, although in one year he may make large profits, in the following year he may make nothing. A man so situated is almost certain in the long-run to be led, if not driven, to exchange the irregular and doubtful profits of grazing for the steady and continuous returns of dairying.

Wheat.

The Canterbury Plains, the great wheat-growing district of the Middle Island, extend 150 miles north and south, running inland from the sea for forty miles, the whole forming an area of about 3,000,000 acres. A great portion of this vast plain is admirably adapted for the production of wheat, barley, and oats of the best quality, the growing of which has been carried on extensively since the foundation of the colony. The total area under wheat for threshing in the colony for the season 1901-1902 was 163,462 acres (exclusive of 454 acres cut for chaff and 3,544 acres fed off with stock), of which 119,531 acres were grown in Canterbury, the average yields being approximately 25 bushels per acre. The land is for the most part free from stones or impediments of any kind. Single-furrow ploughs are now rarely seen, double- and three-furrow ploughs being in general use, and an occasional steam plough. Three horses, occasionally four, with a man or a boy, can turn over three acres per day on the plains, at a cost of 5s. or 6s. per acre. A stroke of the disc or other harrow, followed by the seed-drill and light harrows, completes the operation of sowing.

Seed-sowing commences in May, and can be continued as weather permits through the winter, and in the heavy swamp-land (drained) on into September and even October. From 1 ¼ to 1 ½ and 2 bushels of seed per acre are usually sown, the quantity increasing as the season advances.

Oats and Barley.

Otago and Southland districts excel in the production of oats, which is their principal cereal crop. The total area sown for grain under this cereal for the season 1901-1902 was 405,924 acres, being an increase as compared with the previous season of 43,610 acres.

The yield of oats in Otago and Southland varies from 40 to 80 bushels per acre, the cost of production being about the same as wheat—viz., £2 per acre when grown from grass-land, and £1 10s. from stubble.

Malting barley, of very superior quality, is grown in Nelson and Marlborough, where the soil and climate appear to be particularly adapted to its culture.

The growing of this cereal (barley) for malting purposes requires more attention than it has yet received in this colony. It is claimed for this crop that it will show a better result than wheat, for the following reasons: (1) It is less exhaustive to the soil; (2) it gives an average yield of from 10 per cent. to 20 per cent. more than wheat; (3) the growing crop in favourable seasons can be fed off twice, or even three times, to the advantage of the subsequent yield of grain. Land of a light and calcareous nature, but unsuitable for wheat, will give a barley thin in the skin, and particularly suited for malting purposes. Barley is not a difficult crop to raise, but there are certain points that need careful attention, which, if neglected, would probably result in the production of an inferior sample, which would hardly pay for growing.

Root-crops.

Potatoes: Potatoes are largely grown throughout New Zealand. On suitable soils very heavy crops are raised, it being no uncommon thing to dig from 8 to 10 tons per acre, although the general average is much lower, for the reason that unsuitable land is frequently devoted to this crop. The area under potatoes in 1901-1902 was 31,259 acres, as against 28,524 acres grown in 1901—an increase of 2,735 acres. The bulk of the crop is planted without manure, but, where used, bonedust, superphosphate, blood-manure, or animal guano (which may be procured of first quality from the local manure manufactories), from 1 cwt. to 2 cwt. per acre, is applied with good results. The potato is, however, an expensive crop to grow, costing from £5 to £6 per acre, and it is perhaps the most precarious of all crops, as the prices fluctuate in a most erratic manner. In 1898 the price rose to £7 and £8 per ton £;in 1899 it fell to £1 10s. and £2, and the crop of 1900 was barely sale-able at £2, while the crop of 1902 has ranged in price from £3 to £4 per ton. Potato growers admit that £1 10s. per ton off the fork will pay better than £2 after being stored for any time. A feeling prevails amongst growers that if regular communication were established between New Zealand, the Cape, China, and Japan, a market would probably be opened up for produce, such as potatoes, onions, vegetables, fruits, &c., packed in cases or crates.

In federated Australia, with extended transcontinental railway communication, some one part of the continent will always be in a position to supply the wants of the other; it is only a matter of transport. In view of these contingencies, together with the increased Commonwealth tariff, it will at once be seen that New Zealand farmers will have to look further afield for a market for their surplus produce.

Land for potatoes is usually broken out of grass, skim-ploughed in autumn, ploughed deeply in spring, and thoroughly tilled; or potatoes may be grown in drills opened and closed with a double-furrow plough. The seed—15 cwt. per acre—is then ploughed in under every third furrow, the after-culture consisting of harrowing just as the crop is appearing over ground (by this means myriads of seedling weeds are destroyed); drill-grubbing, hoeing, horse-hoeing, and earthing-up being the subsequent operations. Heavy crops of wheat, oats, barley, beans, or peas can always be relied upon after potatoes, season permitting.

Turnips:* The turnip crop of this season has been a fairly good one. On the plains of Canterbury the want of sufficient warmth and moisture at the critical period of turnip growth had an injurious effect on thousands of acres. In the southern portion of the Island the crop will be sufficient for the requirements of stock-owners. The area under this crop for the season 1901-1902 was 398,508 acres.

Rape is largely grown as sheep-feed, and may be sown either in early spring or immediately after harvest, the stubble being skim-ploughed or broken up with the spring-tined cultivator. This crop is invaluable in the early spring, and may be fed-off in time for oats or barley. Dairy-cattle, however, should not be fed on rape, as doing so destroys the flavour of the milk. This fodder plant ranks next in value to the turnip for fattening sheep and lambs, and forms a most valuable adjunct to that crop.

Mangolds and Carrots are largely grown in some districts. They cost more money per acre than turnips to produce, as they must be hand-hoed; nor are they so suitable a crop for cleaning the land. Turnip-sowing does not commence till November or December, affording ample time for the destruction of seedling weeds; this important opportunity is largely lost in the culture of the mangold, which is usually sown in October. Mangolds are, however, an invaluable crop on a stock-farm, as they do not reach their primest condition until the turnip-supply is exhausted, usually in August. From 30 to 60 tons per acre is not an uncommon yield of these roots, often without the aid of manure, on rich swamp land.

Carrots are also a valuable crop, especially for horses; on sandy loams the yield reaches 15 to 20 tons per acre. Carrots impart a pleasant flavour to butter, and should be largely grown for dairy stock.

* Valuable information on the growing of this crop will be found under this heading in the Year-book for 1901, page 478.

Fertilisers.

This industry has now assumed important dimensions—manufactured from the waste products of animals slaughtered for freezing and from imported bones. The demand for fertilisers is increasing from year to year, as our lands become more frequently cropped. In the early days of the freezing industry, when the demand for turnips became general, the native-grass land (tussock) was then in its natural state. All that was necessary was to turn this virgin soil over with a shallow furrow, harrow down, and sow the seed (a few ounces) to the acre, without any fertiliser whatever. A good crop was the inevitable result.

The plough has been over almost the whole of our available new lands. It is now found absolutely necessary to apply fertilisers with the seed to give the young plant a start. Assuming that 1 ½ cwt. per acre is used all over the 440,215 acres, the estimated area under root-crops this season, this would mean a demand for 30,000 tons, without taking into consideration that used for grain, orchards, &c. Professor Lowrey (of South Australia), the Director of Canterbury Agricultural College, has had under his consideration the important question of the profitable use of artificial manures in growing wheat on dry, hot soils of the Mallee country. His experiments, extending over a series of years, have finally resulted in the utmost importance to the grain-growing farmers of those regions, as he has demonstrated beyond a doubt that artificial manures can be profitably used for that purpose in that State. The Professor has already turned his attention to like matters as applied to New Zealand agriculture. One of the most practical farmers in New Zealand has, however, given it as his opinion that, with a proper course of rotation, it will be many years before it will be necessary to apply fertilisers to corn crops—except, indeed, in a few extreme cases. Experiments have been made with a view to testing how far fertilisers may be used for raising wheat on the thinner soils of the colony, with varying success. In some cases it has been demonstrated that the application of a nitrogenous manure resulted in an increased yield sufficient to justify the additional outlay per acre, in others the result was not favourable; however, the season has much to do with results from such experiments. The lack of moisture will nullify the good which might otherwise follow the application of fertilisers whether to root or cereal crops.

Seeds.

Clover: Saving clover for seed in favourable seasons is a lucrative industry, adding materially to the farmers' income. Clover is sown with a spring crop, usually of corn, lightly grazed in the following autumn, and then reserved for a crop of hay, which, according to the season, yields from 2 to 3 tons per acre when cut in November or early in December. Most farmers prefer feeding off with sheep in preference to mowing for hay. The after-growth is then allowed to flower and seed, which it does very freely. Thousands of humble-bees may be seen in the clover-fields during the months of January, February, and March. The seed ripens in March, and is then cut and dried, and threshed out by machines known as clover-shellers. An acre of clover may yield in hay and seed from £8 to £10. It must, however, be stated that, while a good crop of clover-seed is a most lucrative one, it is nevertheless a most precarious one. Owing to the lateness of the season of ripening, it sometimes happens that the fertilisation is imperfect, resulting in a majority of barren heads. This has given rise to a controversy as to whether the proper bee has been introduced. The point was referred to the late Miss Ormerod, the English entomologist, who settled the question in the affirmative.

White and alsike clover are now grown in considerable quantities. White clover yields enormously: as much as 300 lb. of alsike seed has been obtained per acre. These clovers are not so dependent on the action of the humble-bee for their fertilisation. They mature earlier, and are more easily threshed and cleaned than cow-grass or clover.

Grass-seed Saving: All the most valuable British grasses flourish throughout New Zealand. Cocksfoot has been for many years a staple product of Banks Peninsula (Akaroa County), where the soil for the most part consists of decomposed volcanic rocks and vegetable mould. Large quantities of this seed are now raised in the North Island and in many other parts of the colony as well. The seed is of the finest description, frequently weighing 20 lb. to the bushel, 12 lb. being a standard bushel. Cocksfoot thrives on a very wide range of soil, from the richest to the poorest, preferring, of course, the former. It may be found on the dry stony plains of the interior, green and healthy, when the surrounding herbage, introduced or indigenous, has given in to the heat of the summer sun.

Growing ryegrass for seed is also an important industry. The seed is usually gathered by stripping; sometimes the grass is cut and tied and afterwards threshed by machinery. The average yield is from 15 to 20 bushels per acre, weighing from 25 lb. to 32 lb. per bushel, 20 lb. being the standard weight. A common practice is to graze the land till midsummer; to take the stock off for a few weeks, and then to run the stripper over the ground. By this primitive method 10 bushels per acre are sometimes secured, being of the finest quality. Ryegrass-seed is usually in good demand; the price varies according to the season, the usual price however is from 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. and 4s. per bushel.

Meadow fescue, one of the most valuable of all the grasses for permanent pasture on good land, is grown both in the North and Middle Islands, but as yet not very largely. A noticeable instance of the value of this grass for pasture purposes was illustrated in a paddock which came under the writer's notice. The paddock was laid off into three equal parts of three acres each, and sown with perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue, and Italian ryegrass. When well grown, sheep were turned in. They at once commenced to feed on the fescue, eating it quite bare, while the perennial ryegrass was left almost untouched. The Italian ryegrass received considerable attention. The preference for the fescue was very marked. Growing grass-seed of all the finer kinds should be an important industry in New Zealand, but as yet very little attention is paid to it. All that is required is to select clean land and clean seed to commence with. Carefully conducted, the seed-growing business should prove a lucrative one.

Many of the indigenous grasses of New Zealand are possessed of considerable feeding value, but, unfortunately, few of them will stand too close feeding. The action of fire is especially injurious to most of them. Of recent years a great deal is being written about Danthonia semiannularis (one of the native oat-grasses) as a grass particularly adapted to some of the poorer soils in the North Island, where it is said to thrive admirably; it is also said to be able to resist the action of occasional grass-fires. There are many varieties of Danthonias, from the giant, coarse-growing snow-grass or oat-grass, to the fine-leaved varieties found in almost all the natural permanent pastures.

Small Seeds: New Zealand, from the nature of her soil and climate, offers a fine field for growing all kinds of farm and garden seeds. This circumstance has already attracted the attention of some of the larger seed-merchants of Great Britain, whose agents occasionally visit the colony with a view to inducing farmers and others to grow certain kinds of seeds. The industry is peculiarly adapted to small holdings, and well suited to young persons, the work being light and of an interesting character. Ready sale can be found for carefully-grown and carefully-cleaned garden seeds.

Other Crops.

Pulse: Peas and beans are largely grown for pig and horse feed, and for export; they form an excellent preparation for wheat. An extensive trade in peas of a certain description is done in the manufacturing towns of Great Britain; and efforts are now being made to secure a share of this trade for the colony by producing peas suitable for splitting for human food. The business should prove a most remunerative one. Thirty bushels of peas per acre are considered a fair crop, while 40 to 70 bushels of beans are often secured. As showing the extraordinary fertility of some of the lands in the Canterbury District, it may be mentioned that beans and wheat have been grown alternately on Kaiapoi Island for thirty years without any apparent diminution of yield, the crops of recent years being as abundant as those grown years ago; 40 to 50 bushels of wheat and 60 to 70 bushels of beans being the usual return per acre.

Cape Barley and Winter Oats: The demand for early spring feed has resulted in the growing of these plants for forage. Their extreme hardiness renders them well adapted for autumn sowing. If sown in March they are ready for feeding-off in May; they may be fed off again in July, and on till the beginning of October, when, if allowed to run to seed, they will produce 40 to 60 bushels per acre, or they may be ploughed in for turnips.

Tares are also grown, but not so largely as they deserve to be, especially for dairy stock. Mixed with oats, barley, or rye, they are excellent milk-producers; and when grown luxuriantly they destroy all kinds of weeds, and leave the land in fine condition for a spring corn-crop.

Lucerne: This permanent fodder-plant thrives admirably in most parts of New Zealand, yielding three to five cuttings in the year; and, if properly cultivated and well attended to, particularly in its early stage of growth, it will continue to yield liberal cuttings for seven or eight years, or even longer. This is a most excellent crop for the small or large farmer, furnishing, as it does, an abundant supply of succulent fodder, in deeply-cultivated soils, during the drier months of midsummer, as well as in the early spring. All farm animals are partial to lucerne; pigs thrive admirably upon it. No farm should be without a well cultivated plot of this plant. In deeply-cultivated land lucerne will yield several cuttings during the season, no matter how hot and dry the weather may be. It is this drought-resisting quality which renders lucerne such a valuable fodder plant in Queensland and New South Wales, where it is extensively grown for pasture purposes.

Cost of Working a Farm in New Zealand.

When comparing the cost of working a farm in England with one of the same size in the colony, several points have to be taken into account, such as the climate, the soil, labour, and machinery. In Australasia wages are higher than in Britain; as a set-off against this, New Zealand can claim, firstly, that there are more fine working days in the year, that the fields are much larger, that the latest improvements in machinery have been introduced, that the soil is more easily worked, and that the genial nature of the climate renders it unnecessary to house stock during the winter months, at least in the North Island, thus saving the cost of attendance; secondly, that farming operations may be carried on continuously throughout the ploughing and sowing season; and, thirdly, that the paddocks are so large, and usually so level, that the double-and treble-furrow plough may be worked by one man or youth with three horses, thus equalising the cost of labour, as we have shown that one man, or even a boy, will be quite equal to two men or boys in the Old Country, so that after all the difference in the rate of wages is not so great as might appear at first sight.

The hay-crop is simply cut one day, raked into windrows the next, and in a couple more it is ready for stacking.

Wheat is cut and tied by machinery, the stooks requiring no capping. It is frequently threshed out of the stook in favourable seasons, thereby saving the cost of stacking and thatching; but this method, although very general, is not recommended except in hot or dry seasons. When stacked, the stacks are rarely thatched, except, perhaps, on the weather side. This is a wise precaution, the neglect of which sometimes entails serious loss, as in the past autumn from incessant rains.

The manure bill, which is such a heavy item of annual expenditure with the British farmer, presses as yet very lightly on the farmers of the colony. It is, however, a notable fact that the use of fertilisers is becoming more general; 1 cwt. to 1 ½ cwt. of superphosphates per acre is used with the turnip and other root-crops, for the purpose of forcing the young plant into the rough leaf, when it will be out of one danger—the turnip-fly. It will nevertheless be seen that the colonial farmer has many advantages over the farmer of the Old Country.

It may also be pointed out that the application of one or two hundredweight per acre of superphosphate of lime produces better results in colonial soils than double the quantity would do in England, showing clearly that the natural richness of colonial soils is not yet exhausted.

The labour question and the laws regulating it, and other surrounding circumstances, are tending to bring about a considerable change in the condition of things agricultural. There is a fast-growing desire on the part of the workers to acquire holdings of their own, however small, rather than to labour for others. The settlement of the land in small holdings is chiefly, if not entirely, responsible for this laudable ambition.

There can be no doubt but that the policy of land settlement as developed by the late Sir John McKenzie has come to stay, and it requires but little power of divination to predict that, in the near future, we shall have a thrifty and numerous body of yeomanry settled throughout the country, assuming that this policy is vigorously carried out. Small capitalists, who have gladly availed themselves of the facilities offered by the regulations, whereby none of their cash is required for the purchase of the holding, leaving it available for the acquirement of implements and stock, are enabled to acquire comfortable homes.

Live Stock.

Cattle: The total number of cattle in the colony for 1901-1902 was 1,361,784.

Horses: The number of horses in the colony for 1901-1902 was 269,672.

Sheep: If any evidence was required to show how splendidly New Zealand is adapted for the production of sheep, it would be found in the fact that, according to the latest returns, the sheep stock of the colony up to the 30th April, 1901, was 20,233,099. This is a remarkable result when it is considered that 1,806,671 frozen sheep and 1,513,017 frozen lambs were exported in 1901.

The returns made up to the 30th April, 1901, shows the distribution of the flocks of the colony to be as follows: In the North Island, 10,218,945; and in the South Island, 10,014,154: total, 20,233,099.

Pigs: The stock of pigs in the colony is estimated at 224,024. There is room for an enormous extension of this industry.

Sheep.

Sheep: New Zealand has proved itself admirably adapted for the breeding of all classes of sheep, from the fine-combing merino to the strongest type of Lincoln. The merino occupies and thrives on the wild lands of the colony, from the snow-line to the border of the plains, as well as on the drier portions of the plains. The merino ewe furnishes the foundation for all the crossbred varieties. On the rich moist soils the Lincoln and Romney Marsh sheep flourish, while the finer English and Border Leicesters and Downs sheep occupy the drier lands.

Crossbred Sheep: Those bred from merino ewes and longwool rams, or from crossbred ewes with Down rams, are the most suitable for the frozen-meat trade, and are known as “freezers.”

The dapper little Southdown flourishes wherever crossbreds thrive. Their more ponderous cousins, the Shropshire and Hampshire Downs, have their admirers, especially the Shropshire, which are largely used for crossing, with a view to producing early-maturing lambs. English Leicesters are also much sought after for this purpose, particularly in the Middle Island, where “prime Canterbury” mutton is produced.

Shearing commences in September, and is continued till January. The usual price per hundred is from 17s. 6d. to 20s. Shearing-machines are not so largely used as was expected when first introduced.

The average clips for the various breeds of sheep are approximately as follow: Merino, from 4 lb. to 7 lb.; quarter-breds, about 6 ½ lb.; half-breds, 7 ½ lb.; three-quarter-breds, 8 ½ lb.; Leicester, 10 ½ lb.; Lincoln, 11 lb. Of course, very much larger clips are obtained from special flocks, as much as 25 lb. to 30 lb. per sheep; but the above figures represent general averages.

The staple of New Zealand wool, especially the long-wool and cross-bred, is remarkable for its freedom from breaks and other imperfections incidental to countries subject to long droughts and scarcity of feed.

The most profitable sheep for New Zealand is that which combines the best fleece and the most suitable carcase for freezing purposes, together with early maturity. This is the class of sheep which some sheep-breeders have set themselves to produce. Whether such an animal, having fixity of type, can be evolved, remains to be proved; so much depends on the feed, situation, and soil.

The capability of New Zealand for producing mutton has not yet reached its limit. When the frozen-meat trade was first seriously considered, an assertion to the effect that the colony could soon find 1,000,000 sheep per annum for freezing without impairing the breeding-flocks was treated as highly chimerical by sheep-breeders of long experience. The annual output of sheep and lambs is now over three millions. Thirty-four freezing-factories have been established, with a total freezing capacity of about 3,665,000 carcases per annum. But, while congratulating the colony on the rapid development of the frozen-meat trade, it must be borne in mind that in Argentina strenuous efforts are being made to secure a share of the frozen-mutton trade carried on by New Zealand with Great Britain; Australia is also striving hard to share the trade with New Zealand. It must be admitted that with cheaper land, and a closer proximity to the markets of the world, Argentina will necessarily be a very formidable rival with Australasia. The only way to keep command of the market is to ship nothing but first quality mutton and lamb.

Raising lambs for the frozen-meat trade has become one of the mainstays of colonial farmers, large and small, especially the latter. As with butter and cheese, the returns are ready cash. The magnitude of this industry may best be estimated by the fact that in the year ended 31st December, 1901, the colony sent away 1,513,017 lambs. This, with the fact of an export of 1,806,671 sheep, is sufficient evidence of the great and important changes which have come over the agricultural industries of this colony—a condition of things which has brought about a system of farming calculated to develop to the utmost the resources of the country. Some 530,075 acres were devoted to root and other fodder crops this season for feeding sheep.

“The New Zealand Flock-book,” published in 1895, is now thoroughly established, and is of great value to the owners of pure pedigree flocks. The Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria also publishes a Flock-book for British breeds of sheep. This is a step in the right direction, as flock-masters in South America demand a certificate to the effect that the cattle and sheep purchased by them are duly registered in an authorised Herd- or Flock-book. The value of these books is now so fully recognised that all the distinctive breeds of sheep in Britain and elsewhere have their recognised registers.

Horse-breeding.

The climate of New Zealand is admirably adapted for the breeding and rearing of horses of all kinds, especially draught-horses. Indeed it would be difficult to find better Clydesdale horses than those bred on the limestone soils of Oamaru and elsewhere. Some of the best blue-blood of this breed has from time to time been imported from Scotland, with the result that the breed is now well established in the colony.

The light-horse stock of the colony has risen into note through the production of animals which have rendered themselves famous on the colonial turf. The demand for horses suitable for remounts for the cavalry service in India is a continuous one, affording a ready market for the proper stamp of animal; shipments have from time to time been made to that country with varying results. The fact that large numbers of the horses purchased for the troops in South Africa came from America clearly shows what a good field we should have in this colony for the production on a large scale of this class of horse.

With a view to bringing the use of pure-bred sires within the reach of small selectors in the outlying blocks the Government have imported a few first-class horses and bulls of the most approved types, which cannot fail to have a most beneficial effect on the stock of the country. The Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association publish a Draught-horse Stud-book, which is largely used by purchasers of that class of horses.

Cattle.

The colony possesses all the best strains of blood, and this is evidenced by the superior class of cattle to be met with throughout the settled districts, especially in the show yards. There are two Herd-books published by the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association—one for shorthorns, the other for breeds other than shorthorns. The value of properly kept herd-books is now fully recognised. Purchasers of animals for export to South America or elsewhere demand that they shall be duly registered in some authorised Herd- or Stud-book as a guarantee of pure breed. New Zealand is free from many of the diseases so disastrous to horned stock in other countries. It is said that Iceland is the only other spot on the earth which enjoys a similar immunity. With a view to maintaining this enviable position, the Government have prohibited vessels carrying live-stock from infected colonies touching at any of the ports of New Zealand except under certain conditions. This action is deemed necessary, owing to the prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia in Australia.

Dairy Stock.

The breeding of first-class dairy stock offers a field for profitable investment. Milking-cattle now command a fair price, and will continue to do so, owing to the increasing development of the dairy industry. The rearing of well-bred heifer calves will repay all the time and trouble bestowed thereon. Separated milk, although relieved of its butter-fat, loses little of its feeding value; the addition of a little linseed meal will restore the fatty constituents, which, however, are not the most valuable for feeding purposes. Ground oats, wheat, or barley added to the linseed mucilage will render calves fit for the butcher in a comparatively short time. An acre or so of European flax should be grown upon every farm where stock-rearing is carried on. The fattening of calves for export has not yet been attempted in the colony, although there is a very large and lucrative market for veal calves in London ranging from £4 to £6 and £7 per head. Much has still to be done in the way of improving the dairy stock of the colony. The yield of milk from fairly good milking-cattle is approximately 500 gal. per annum, although 700 gal. per head are frequently obtained from selected herds. The average quantity of milk obtained will no doubt be increased as more attention is paid to breeding, and proper feeding. The general management and feeding of dairy stock is a question demanding every attention. Kind treatment is essential to success; clean pastures, clear running water, and grasses of the best quality are all factors fully recognised wherever dairying is successfully carried out.

The average yield of butter from milk passed through the separator is 1 lb. for every 2 ½ gal. of milk of 10 ½ lb.; so that the average cow produces annually 200 lb. of butter, or 500 lb. of cheese, which, estimated at 4 ½d. per pound, will be worth about as much as the butter.

The Dairy Industry.

This industry continues to flourish throughout New Zealand. The export of butter for the year ended 31st March, 1902, reached 219,493 cwt., valued at £983,224; and of cheese, 86,476 cwt., value £189,992: or a total of £1,173,216. This industry is capable of much greater expansion without even increasing the number of milch cattle, but by improvement in breeding. The Government continues to spend large sums of money in teaching the art of butter-making, the proper method of packing, and shipping. Till recently nothing was done in the way of encouraging the breeding of better strains of cattle for the production of milk of superior quality as well as quantity. The Government, recognising the importance of this matter, have imported a few first-class sires for the use of those dairy farmers who are not in a position to secure the best bulls for their purpose. The service of these bulls has been fixed at a nominal scale, and is only available for selected animals. It will thus be seen that dairy farming has now developed into one of the settled industries of the colony. Graders are employed examining all butter and cheese for export, and who brand each packet with its proper quality. Factory-owners now recognise the fact that it is folly to pay freight on any but the best quality; and this remark applies to grain and meat as well. We have to compete against Canada, the United States, Denmark, Australia, and the Argentine. New Zealand dairymen must, therefore, endeavour to raise dairy cattle which will yield the maximum of milk of the best quality; in fact, nothing but intense farming will pay in the future, applied to every branch.

It is interesting and instructive to note the position which New Zealand now holds as a butter and cheese producer as compared with other countries. The quantity of butter imported into the United Kingdom for the year ended 31st December, 1901, was 185,140 tons, valued at £19,296,648. Of this huge quantity, Denmark, with its area of only 14,000 square miles and population of 2,000,000, sent to the value of £8,950,497; France, £1,704,128; Russia, £1,655,352: Holland, £1,511,564; Canada, £1,008,002; Sweden, £938,889; Victoria, £921,508; New Zealand, with 100,000 square miles and 800,000 inhabitants, £819,534; United States, £689,164; New South Wales, £293,117; Germany and other countries combined, £804,893. Russia is now entering into competition with all of these countries, and will soon become a formidable rival, owing to the opening up of the resources of Siberia.

In 1901 the import of cheese into the United Kingdom amounted in value to £6,227,277, of which Canada supplied £3,697,780; the United States, £1,274,061; New Zealand, £249,017.

The complete sterilising of milk to destroy the germs of diseases like tuberculosis is a wise precaution. The operation consists of heating milk up to a certain temperature, and cooling it rapidly, a process which has been found to destroy the bacillus of tuberculosis known to be present in the milk of affected cattle. The Government veterinaries are employed examining the cattle, and a large number are annually tested with tuberculin, and when found affected they are destroyed, compensation being allowed.

Pigs.

These useful adjuncts to the dairy should hold a much more important position on all dairy farms in New Zealand than they do at present. The last statistics show that there has been a considerable falling-off in numbers. The favourite breed in New Zealand is the improved Berkshire. The large and small breeds of White Yorkshire are also to be met with, but are not so generally approved of as the black pigs. The Tamworth pig has its admirers amongst pig-breeders, as they answer admirably for crossing with black pigs. They produce good bacon pigs, making more lean meat and longer sides than the pure Berkshires. Pigs require no better attention than a good grass paddock, with a liberal supply of roots, and a little unthreshed pea-haulm for a few weeks before killing, with plenty of water, and shelter from the sun during the warmest summer months.

The breeding, rearing, and fattening of pigs is a source of wealth which is capable of considerable expansion. Several plants for the mild curing of bacon have been set up at the various freezing-factories, and by private persons and firms. The establishment of properly appointed pig-farms is a somewhat costly undertaking, as all the fences must be pig-proof. Doubtless this consideration has had a deterrent effect upon some, while others find the rearing of young stock for the dairy and the breeding of lambs a sufficiently profitable undertaking, besides causing less trouble. There is room for an enormous expansion in this branch of rural industry, as may be gathered from the fact that the imports of bacon and pork into Great Britain for 1901 amounted in value to £13,590,176. Of this amount little Denmark sent £3,234,456.

Poultry.

The efforts being made by the Government to foster this industry are gradually producing the hoped-for results. The distribution of a better class of poultry is showing good results already. Farmers are beginning to see that their poultry-yard should form no mean auxiliary to the general return from the products of the farm. With such a climate as we have, there need be no difficulty in raising hundreds where dozens are now produced. The department is doing much to foster this industry. They receive the poultry in large numbers at the Government works in Christchurch and elsewhere, where they are sorted, packed, and frozen for shipment, with very good results.

The Fruit Industry.

From the North Cape to the Bluff Hill, in the extreme south of the Middle Island, the climate and soil are, for the most part, eminently adapted for the growth of a large variety of fruits. Generally speaking, pears, plums, quinces, apricots, figs, walnuts, cherries, gooseberries, currants, strawberries, and raspberries grow luxuriantly, producing abundant crops of fruit. In the Auckland District, oranges, lemons, and limes flourish: many groves are now bearing, and afford light and pleasant employment to a large number of persons. This employment will go on increasing as the plantations throughout the colony become older. The olive flourishes in the North Island, bearing heavy crops, and the manufacture of oil will assume important dimensions at no distant date.

Vine-growing is also carried on with tolerable success in many districts; tons of fruit grown under glass are sold in the Auckland markets annually. Signor Bragato, an Italian wine expert, has given it as his opinion that there are numerous localities in both Islands suited for growing vines for the manufacture of wine.

Away in the far north the banana grows and ripens its fruit, but it is not thought that it will ever enter into successful competition with those imported at so cheap a rate from the Pacific Islands.

Extensive orchards of apples have existed in Auckland for many years, and are still capable of producing an abundance of fruit, if kept free from codlin-moth and other pests. Orchard-planting is progressing, and must one day be a very important industry. Central Otago will also become a large fruit-producing district, being free from violent and scorching north-west winds.

The manufacture of cider is already assuming considerable dimensions, opening up a ready market for surplus fruit. The colonial-made article is rapidly coming into favour with the general public.

The drying of fruit has been fostered by the Government, who sent an expert through some of the apple-growing districts, giving practical lessons in the art of artificial fruit-drying. A great deal more might also be done in bottling fruits, and the manufacture of fruit-wine, if only for home consumption. The manufacture of jam is successfully carried on; there is, however, plenty of room for further developments in this direction.

Prospects of Small Farmers.

Those who have watched the course of events in other countries, so far as they affect the agricultural interests of New Zealand, have come to the conclusion that New Zealand will have to pay greater attention to the quality of her agricultural exports than has been given to them in the past. Our farmers cannot hope to compete with such countries as Australia and South America, where land is so much cheaper, and where mutton and beef of good quality can be produced; for cheap meat these must command the markets of the world. Happily for New Zealand, our climate and pastures are such that we can not only produce mutton equal to the finest English or Scotch, but we can produce more per acre than can be done in Australia. Our dairy-produce is now second to none, which is largely due to the system of manufacture.

Owing to her humid climate and fertile soil New Zealand is peculiarly well adapted for small holdings. Men of slender means can easily make homes for themselves and their families, always provided they know something of the work they undertake, and are, with their families, willing to work hard and live frugally for a few years. It is quite possible for a man with a few cows and pigs, together with poultry and bees, to make a good living, as markets for these products are now being opened up in England, and there is a good local market if the goods are properly prepared. There is also a continuous demand for the supply of coastal and ocean-going steamers. The facilities now given for obtaining land and money at reasonable rates offer great inducements to persons to settle upon the land. This is amply illustrated at Cheviot, where a fine estate has been cut up into moderate-sized farms, and let to farmers on perpetual lease at a rental representing 4 per cent. on the purchase-money. Prosperous homes have sprung up all over the settlement, and tree-planting* is being carried on by some of the settlers, which is an earnest of the stability of the settlement.

Tree-planting.

Mr. T. W. Adams, advocating the planting of trees and shrubs, says:—

* An interesting article on tree-planting was published in the Year-book for 1900, the reprinting of which on this occasion space will not allow.

''Most landholders, whether the land they hold is of a large or small amount, commence by planting a few trees or shrubs to decorate their home; but, unfortunately, they too often neglect them when planted. Particularly is this the case on the farms where the pet lambs or the calves are allowed to destroy them, either by accident or because the plantation is the handiest place to enclose these animals. If one-half or even one-fourth of the trees that have been planted had received proper attention, many farmers' homes in New Zealand would present a more pleasing appearance than they do today. That it is desirable that the homes of people in the country should be made as beautiful as possible no one will deny. If farmers' homes had more trees and shrubs around them, and the love of beautiful trees, shrubs, flowers, and hardy fruits cultivated, the sons and daughters would not have the hankering after town life that they often now exhibit. To realise how much the imagery of the poets and of beauty in landscape painting depends upon sylvan scenery and rural association, we need but imagine how blank and dreary would poetry and painting appear without them. The pleasures to be derived from the cultivation of trees have been well described by Addison in one of the numbers of the Spectator. He says: ‘There is indeed something truly magnificent in this kind of amusement. It gives a nobler aim to several parts of nature, it fills the earth with a variety of beautiful scenes, and has something in it like creation. For this reason, the pleasure of one who plants is something like that of a poet, who, as Aristotle observes, is more delighted with his productions than any other writer or artist whatsoever. Plantations have one advantage in them which is not to be found in most other works, as they give a pleasure of a more lasting date, and continually improve in the eye of the planter. When you have finished a building, or any other undertaking of a like nature, it immediately begins to decay on your hands; you see it brought to its utmost point of perfection, and from that time hastening to its ruin. On the contrary, when you have finished your plantations, they are still arriving at greater degrees of perfection as long as you live, and appear more delightful in each succeeding year than they did in the foregoing.’

''The benefit that a plantation is as a shelter for stock can hardly be overstated, and my success as a raiser of fat lambs I attribute to some considerable extent to the fact that my fields are so well sheltered from the cold south-westers; but, valuable as plantations are for beauty and shelter, it is far more important that they should be made for a supply of timber for the future, although it is possible that there may be a less demand for wood for some purposes, such as telegraph-poles, if wireless telegraphy succeeds, and for bridges, if in the future stone or iron is substituted for wood; yet, as time goes by, every year will add to the amount required for manufacturing purposes and for our export trade. The quantity of timber now used by our freezing companies, dairy factories, and other exporters requires a considerable area of forest land to produce it annually. What may we expect it to be in twenty years? And it requires more than twenty years to grow a saw-miller's tree. Remembering this, it behoves our legislators to see that there is no waste of our present supply, and that provision is being made for the future. There are large areas of poor pumice-land that will grow trees still in the hands of the Crown, and, in the North, poor clay land that will grow kauri and many of the introduced trees to perfection; and the State may well undertake this work—a work that the most conservative of European States recognise as a legitimate State function. Good work, we believe, is already being done, and nothing could be better or more satisfactory than the experiment made last spring of employing prisoners to plant trees. This should be ultimately profitable to the country, and have a humanising and beneficial effect on the prisoners themselves.

''The Americans are thoroughly aroused to the necessity of conserving their present supply of timber and making preparation for the future by judicious planting of forest trees, a course New Zealand will do well to follow without delay; allowing their experience to be our guide, without waiting until we feel the pinch, as they do now in their manufacturing districts. Especially is it desirable that some experimental planting should be done in every county of New Zealand of those trees which have been found of the greatest commercial value in other countries of the world.

''Most, if not all, the leading and most valuable timber trees of the world would grow in some part of New Zealand; and, if the County Councils undertook the work, Mr. Matthews, the Chief Forester, would be able to suggest the species most likely to be best adapted to the particular district in which the experiment was to be made; and, at a very trifling cost, experiments in planting could be carried out that would be of untold value to the planters of the future. Experience has shown that one species prefers one situation, or a certain kind of soil, and another species a different one. This is well-known in some parts of New Zealand; and I remember on one occasion, when looking for land in a bush district, a friend experienced in this matter could tell from a long distance what kind of soil a certain tract would have by the species of trees growing upon it. There are trees that cannot be got to grow on a limestone country, while others show a preference for it, such as the olive, elm, Austrian pine, Cedrus atlantica, Picea pinsapo, and the following three pines: Pinus laricio, P. excelsa, and P. tuberculata.

''Besides the large tracts of pumice land and the poor clay lands of the North suitable for growing trees, there are on the New Zealand coasts enormous stretches of sand dunes that might be profitably planted with forest trees, and to the great benefit of the better country lying inland.

''During the last century several remarkable instances of arbori-cultural skill were exhibited in seaside planting, not to mention the great French experiment in the Bay of Biscay, of which much has been written, and which added a large area of valuable land to the country. In Great Britain, too, large tracts were reclaimed, and are now producing large quantities of valuable products. One remarkable instance was in Morayshire, where a tract of several thousands of acres of shifting sands, the surface of which was continually influenced by the course of the wind, and upon which nothing ever grew, was planted with pines with marked success. Six years after the plants were put in the ground some of them were lifted, and the roots examined, and it was found that they had extended to an almost incredible distance, in many cases reaching a length of 20 ft. or more, with many fibres, illustrating in a very decided fashion the distance roots will travel in a free soil in search of food. Similar successful plantations have been made in the United States of America in recent years of Pinus rigida—a pine that grows well in Canterbury, although rather slowly.

''For coast planting in New Zealand, Pinus pinaster, P. rigida, P. halepensis, and P. insignis have been found very useful. There are also quite a number of native trees and shrubs that succeed admirably on the coast, and should be largely used in any attempt to reclaim the sand dunes, but only with a view to establishing the more valuable pines. For the Canterbury Plains and the drier parts of New Zealand there are a number of trees that promise to succeed really well. On the better land in Canterbury the oak is thriving well, and even on dry land, although somewhat scrubby, it has generally lived through the most trying seasons, and grew where the ash made no progress. Along the water-races it succeeds on the poorest land splendidly, and if planted would make a beautiful feature in the landscape, as well as provide shade for stock, and at a very early age produce large quantities of acorns for pigs. For the supply of commercial timber, the pines seem most suitable, as they have, a number of them, withstood both drought and frost. After a long experience and careful investigation I would especially recommend for Canterbury Pinus laricio, P. ponderosa, P. jeffreyii and Pinus insignis. The question is often asked with respect to the value of the wood of P. insignis, and by New Zealanders I think it is very much underrated, as although it may not be very durable, yet the very short time required to grow it to a marketable size, and the fact that it has been demonstrated that it is admirably suited for the making of butter-boxes and other purposes of a similar nature, shows that it is not to be despised.

“For the more moist and recently wooded parts of New Zealand there are many valuable trees that would grow to perfection; and those farmers who, having such land, have had the timber destroyed, willingly or unwillingly, would do well to plant shelter belts of the spruces, larch, and especially the ash, as we do not seem to have any other wood to take the place of the ash for tool handles and many other purposes. On such land, with a moist climate, no tree would make better shelter than what is commonly called the Oregon pine (Abies douglasii). It is a beautiful tree, grows with great rapidity, and the wood is very tough and durable.”

Chapter 65. SECTION III.—ROTORUA DISTRICT.

[For full details respecting the thermal springs and Sanatorium at Rotorua, see late Dr. Ginders's article in the Year-book, 1899, also published as a separate pamphlet. The analysis and action of the mineral waters, properties of various bath springs, with medical information as to cases suitable for treatment, will be found therein.]

Rotorua Town.

ROTORUA TOWN is situated on the southern shores of the lake of that name, at an elevation of 915 ft. above the sea. The climate is bracing, without being too cold. It is accessible by rail from Auckland or the Thames, by coach from Tauranga and Napier, by rail and coach from Wellington viá Hunterville and Toka-anu, or by river-steamer from Wanganui to Pipiriki and on by coach viá Wai-o-uru, Toka-anu, and Taupo. There is a post and telegraph and money-order office. The streets and the best hotels and houses are lighted by electricity, the power developed being also used for pumping the sewage to a distance. The accommodation at the hotels and boardinghouses is excellent. The Government Sanatorium is a large building standing in its own grounds. It is well fitted with all requirements, and is in charge of a Resident Medical Officer.

Baths.

The principal baths are at Rotorua. The “Blue Bath” is a hot swimming-bath, fitted up with commodious dressing-rooms, cold showers, and hot douches; its water is of a saline nature. There is also a sulphur and vapour bath in connection with the swimming-bath. The “Duchess Bath,” opened by the Duchess of Cornwall and York, is a highly finished and luxuriously fitted bathroom, supplied from the Rachel Pool. The “Priest's Bath” is in the main pavilion on the edge of the lake; its waters are acid and aluminous, and its temperature 98° to 106° Fahr. There are large public bath-houses—two for ladies and two for gentlemen—and private baths for special cases, with dressing-rooms, hot douches, and cold showers. In the same building is the “Rachel Bath,” the water of which is alkaline-siliceous, its temperature being 194° Fahr. It consists of large public baths for each sex, with private baths for special cases, and dressing-room accommodation and showers. The Ladies' Swimming-bath'' is a large bath attached to the pavilion, its water being of the same quality as that of the “Blue Bath.” The “Postmaster Bath” is on the edge of the lake, but some distance from the other baths which are in the Sanatorium grounds. It is a hot bath, its waters being acid and supplementary to those of the “Priest's Bath” in their indications. It consists of six large public baths—three for men and three for women—with dressing and waiting rooms, cold showers, and hot douches. In addition to the baths mentioned, and not far from them, are such well-known ones as “Cameron's,” “Painkiller,” “Coffee-pot,” “Stonewall Jackson,” “Corlett's,” “Saddler's,” “The Gemini,” and “Vaux” baths. All these are curative, but are not yet closed in. At Whaka-rewarewa, about 2 miles from the Sanatorium, the two principal baths are the “Oil Bath” and the “Spout Bath,” both of which are hot and exceedingly good.

The Sanatorium gardens and grounds at Rotorua are nicely laid out and planted, the native shrubs being preserved and tastefully trimmed so as to give shade and resting-places.

Objects of Interest.

Visitors to Rotorua can within a day make any of the following excursions by way of varying the usual monotony of sleeping, eating, and bathing, and having something else to talk of and listen to than “symptoms”:—

Ohine-mutu and Whaka-rewarewa.

In the morning walk or ride to Ohine-mutu, the old Native village, where there are many hot springs and Natives, the Anglican Mission Church, and the Native meeting-house. On the way to Ohine-mutu, going by way of the lake, the Roman Catholic Church is passed. In the Native Pa there are many boiling pools and baths, and a considerable Maori population, whose ways and manner of life form an interesting study. From Pukeroa Hill, which is a recreation reserve overlooking Ohine-mutu, several excellent views of the old and new townships of Rotorua may be obtained. In the afternoon Whaka-rewarewa may be visited, where there are geysers and another Native village and some healing-baths. At both Ohine-mutu and Whaka-rewarewa the habits of the Natives and their method of cooking by steam form amusing subjects of observation. Coaches run frequently between Rotorua and Whaka-rewarewa.

Hamurana and Tikitere.

Another enjoyable excursion for the day is to take to the water, and in one of the steam-launches visit the cold springs of Hamurana, situate on the northern shores of Lake Rotorua, then across to Te Ngae on the eastern shore—a stay en route may be made at the Island of Mokoia—where by arrangement one can be met by a coach or buggy and driven to Tikitere. From Tikitere the drive back to Rotorua is about 12 miles. Instead of doing this in one day and merely skimming over it, several enjoyable trips may be made out of it. The visitor may steam over to Hamurana, where he can get canoes and paddle up the river to the springs, then have lunch on the beach or river-side, eat as many cherries as he may, if in season, and generally enjoy the scenery, returning to Rotorua by launch in time for dinner; or he may land on Mokoia, famed for its scenery and its story of Hinemoa and Tu-tane-kai, and spend a pleasant day there, returning in the afternoon. Another day's outing may be had by driving to Tikitere the whole way from Rotorua, seeing its wonders, horrors, and beauties; then visiting the Blue Lake near there, and returning by road in the afternoon. The last-mentioned trip is a favourite one, for the route is by the new road from Rotorua to the Rotoiti Lakes, Tikitere being reached in about two hours and a half. To quote from a writer in Bond's Almanac, Tikitere is “in form a valley filled with solfataras, mud-volcanoes, and boiling springs in a condition of fierce activity. In the centre are two boiling lakes, and the narrow strip of ground separating them is known as the ‘Gates of Hades.’ There are many interesting narrows of a like kind, and on the south side there is a valuable healing-spring.” The hydro-thermal action is so great that the ground all round is in a continual tremble, making one half inclined to leave such dismal horrors far behind him. But this feeling soon wears off, and invalids, even ladies, live here for weeks in order to benefit by the valuable mud and other baths, which have effected so many cures. About half a mile north of the springs immense quantities of sulphur are dug by the Natives, and sent to Auckland for commercial purposes. Close by is the Blue Lake before referred to—a lovely piece of scenery—whilst a short climb up a small hill will reward the tourist by a view of Lake Rotoiti and surrounding country. The surrounding hills are still covered with erupted mud, now dry, but furrowed into many sharp crevices and gullies.

Te Wairoa and Tarawera.

A new tour has been arranged. Passengers leaving Rotorua by coach pass Lakes Tikitapu and Rotokakiti, arriving at the site of the buried village of Wairoa, where the remains of houses wrecked by the thermal outburst of Mount Tarawera on the night of the 10th June, 1886, are still to be seen. A rowing-boat is then taken across Lake Tarawera for 8 miles. Passing Moura, where the mountain in its eruption destroyed thirty-nine lives, tourists are landed at Te Ariki, where fifty-one persons lie buried. A short walk takes the visitor to Lake Rotomahana, where, from a point near the former site of the White Terraces, he is taken across in a boat. Passing near the site of the Pink Terraces, he is landed at the south end. Half an hour's walk takes him to the Southern Craters, whence a magnificent view is obtainable, showing Rotomahana in the foreground, with Tarawera in the distance. There are several large craters here, and below can be seen Echo Crater, with its pretty blue lake of boiling water, and the great geyser Waimangu.

Wai-o-tapu Valley.

This valley is about 22 miles from Rotorua on the road to Galatea. The springs there are many, and calmly beautiful compared with Tikitere.

The road goes through the Hemo Gorge. When this is passed the deep blue of Puarenga is seen. It is monotonous enough, the way leading through a valley which apparently at one time was a totara forest, dead logs of that timber being strewn all over the country. The land belongs to the Natives at present. A ride of 10 miles brings you to Pa-karaka, a Native settlement, from which a good view can be obtained of Mount Tarawera. Here a track leads to an old pa and an old Constabulary barrack at Kaiteriria, beautifully situated on the shore of the lake, but abandoned by Natives after the eruption. Earthquake Flat—so called from the numerous cracks which are the result of earthquakes—is 12½ miles.

Following the old road to Rotomahana, the site of the Pink and White Terraces, the top of the hill, Pareheru, is soon reached, and looking towards the north-east Tarawera, with its enormous chasm and desolation, lies before you. At your feet the great geyser of Waimangu sends its column of mud, water, and steam right up into the clouds, forming, indeed, a cloud of its own. Eastward and southward stands Mount Kakaramea as a sentinel at the entrance of the strange region, far to the east the Kaingaroa Plains, and beyond the Urewera (Tuhoe) country. Descending to the main road, a pleasing surprise awaits the visitor, for Mount Kakaramea stands in front—a most striking object, its sides covered with many-coloured earths, with puffs of white steam issuing here and there. Beautifully contrasting is the cool colour of Lake Ngahewa lying at its base. Soon the hotel at Wai-o-tapu is reached, where the traveller can lunch and visit the sights, and return to Rotorua. If, however, he has time, he had better stay the night and thoroughly explore the district.

Rotowhero-Wai-rakei Road.

The road from the Galatea- Wai-o-tapu-Rotorua junction at Rotowhero to Wai-rakei is passable for any kind of wheel traffic, passing mostly through pumice country, and is dry and hard. The latter portion, from the Waikato River to Wai-rakei, is completed, and there is a bridge crossing the Waikato River.

This road is an interesting one for sightseers. From Wai-o-tapu right along to the Waikato River hot steam-holes and springs are to be found on the way. Then the mighty Waikato River rolls past. At Ohaki there is a spring which for size and beauty is remarkable, besides other smaller ones. A divergence should be made to see the Aratiatia Rapids. On the drive to Wai-rakei a continuous view of Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu, with the Te Mari Crater steaming its straight column into the sky, is obtained. From the saddle above Atiahaka there is a grand view of Lake Taupo and the mountains on a clear day.

From Wai-rakei the tourist should obtain horses and visit Orakei-korako, about 12 miles away. This spot is one of the finest in the district; the Alum Cave alone is worth while going a long way to see.

The following are the sights on the drive from Rotorua to Wai-rakei: Wai-o-tapu Springs, 2 miles from junction, or 19 miles from Rotorua; Waikato River, 13 miles from junction; Ohaki Springs, 2 miles from river; Orakei-korako Springs and Alum Caves, 12 miles by track from river; Aratiatia Rapids, 17½ miles from river, or 3 miles from Wai-rakei; Orakei-korako, 12 miles by track from Wai-rakei; Ngauruhoe-Ruapehu and Tongariro Range, most of the way from Waikato to Wai-rakei; Lake Taupo and Mountains, from Atiahaka Saddle; Wai-rakei Geysers, 1 mile from Wai-rakei, or 17½ miles from river.

The country is all open, except a little bush on the right hand from the junction to the river, above the Paeroa Settlement. On the north side of the Waikato River it is well watered, but on the south along the road only two small streams are passed. Generally the land is poor, mostly flat, occupied by Maoris here and there. The largest pa is at Ohaki, sometimes as many as a hundred Maoris being congregated there; the majority of the pas, however, range from thirty to fifty souls. Altogether there are about ten kaingas on the road from the Rotowhero Lake to Wai-rakei. At Wai-o-tapu and Wai-rakei there are comfortable hotels.

A good way of making the trip is for travellers to go to Wai-o-tapu from Rotorua viá Lakes Tarawera and Rotomahana and Waimangu Geyser, see the sights there, and stay the night. Next day drive on to the river and Ohaki, then on to Aratiatia Rapids, and thence to Wai-rakei, staying the second night there, and seeing the sights in the Geyser Valley, then to Orakei-korako another day. Orakei-korako can also be reached on horseback from Atiamuri or from Earthquake Flat, both distant about 10 miles, the latter by following the telegraph-lines; or on horseback from Ohaki, distance 12 miles, thus affording a choice of four routes. The Wairakei-Atiamuri route is the best, and travellers will find it very interesting.

The Lakes: Rotoiti, Rotoehu, Rotoma.

An excursion lasting from one day to a week, or even more, according to the inclination of the traveller, can be made to the lakes from Rotorua. The tourist goes by launch to Tapuae-haruru, a Native village at the eastern end of Lake Rotoiti, where arrangements can be made for staying under canvas for any length of time, and from whence excursions may be made to the other lakes, and the Hot Spring of Waitangi, between Lakes Rotoehu and Rotoma. The scenery along the shores of these lakes is extremely fine, and the only way to get any idea of it is to go and see it. The road recently constructed from Rotorua goes past Tikitere, and along the shores of Rotoiti to Tapuae-haruru, and on to Te Teko and Whakatane. It leads through the bush, following the course of the old Native track along the shores of Lake Rotoehu, past cherry groves and hot springs, to Lake Rotoma, so that the beauties of this district may be visited either by water or road. By a horse-track through the bush, leaving Lake Rotoiti at Te Ruato, a Native village, Lake Okataina can be reached in an hour's time. On Lake Rotorua pleasure-boats can be obtained, sailing or rowing; also tents and all necessary gear for camping.

Rotorua to Tirau and Okoroire.

If the visitor is tired of steam-holes, porridge-pots, geysers, and sulphur, and yearns to get the sulphury fumes from his nostrils and the uncanny sights from his mind, a drive to Tirau or Okoroire is the one thing needful to restore his faculties to their normal condition. Certainly at Okoroire one meets with hot springs and other thermal action, but they are small compared to those of Rotorua.

Leaving Rotorua, the coach travels on a good road along the western or prettiest side of Rotorua Lake, passing on the left Ngo-ngo-taha Mountain, from whose summit a grand view may be obtained of the Bay of Plenty, including Mayor Island, Tauranga Harbour, Motiti, White Island, and Cape Runaway, together with other objects of interest and note.

Tarukenga is 9 miles from Rotorua, its chief attractions being a Native pa on the high ground. Here the visitor by rail from Auckland catches the first glimpse of the lakes, looking from an altitude of 1,000 ft. or 2,000 ft. above sea-level.

In the bush which is entered just beyond, nothing is more enjoyable on a fine day than a drive through its ever-changing hues of green, brown, and yellow. The prevailing trees are rimu, tawa, rata, and some totara and hinau, the mountain rimu especially recommending itself for building purposes.

Getting clear of the bush, the traveller soon comes in sight of cultivation, and reaches the Thames Valley, in which are situated Tirau and Okoroire. On the right is seen Matamata, the Te Aroha Ranges, and the Kaimai, on the left the valley of the Waikato, with the hills beyond. Still continuing the journey, the Waimakariri River is crossed, where there is a trout-hatchery established. Two miles further on the hotel is reached and the journey for the day is completed.

A few miles from Tirau, in the Matamata direction, is the Okoroire Sanatorium and health resort, where many tourists break their journey to or from Auckland. It has many features of interest similar to Rotorua, but on a much smaller scale, although each place has some particular charm all its own. The hotel is built on rising ground on the banks of the Waihou River, and the building commands a wide range of landscape.

Spacious and convenient bath-houses have been erected, connected by a covered way with the river, where visitors may enjoy the luxury of a cold plunge after a warm bath. In their respective seasons, shooting and fishing engage the attention of the tourist, and good bags in both branches of sport are generally obtained. The railway-station is about 5 miles from the Sanatorium, whither coaches convey visitors free of charge to the hotel door.

Chapter 66. TE AROHA THERMAL SPRINGS.

TE AROHA is one of the favourite health resorts in New Zealand. It is very prettily situated on the Waihou (Thames) River, thirty-three miles southward from the Thames, and within easy reach of Auckland by rail. The township takes its name from the adjoining mountain, which rises to a height of over 3,000 ft., and contains numerous valleys and gullies filled with a great variety of tree-ferns and other forms of luxuriant vegetation. The climate is equable, dry, and salubrious. The accommodation for visitors is very good, and the natural attractiveness of the place has been largely added to by improvements carried out by the local authorities.

There are eighteen springs in the township under the control of a Domain Board; fifteen of the springs are hot or tepid. Seven large bath-houses have been comfortably fitted up; there is also a large building, containing a number of private single baths, and a summer-house, with fountain, providing the mineral water for internal use. The waters are, with the exception of the sulphur springs, saline and feebly alkaline, and strongly charged with carbonic-acid gas, which is constantly escaping from the springs in large quantities, rendering them effervescent and pleasant. These springs are very similar to those of Vichy (France), Ems (Germany), and Bilin (near Teplitz, Bohemia), and are quite equal to them in strength. Potash exists in all these waters, but only in very small quantity. Baths Nos. 1 to 15 inclusive, and No. 18, are colourless, with the exceptions of Nos. 4, 13, and 14, which are pale-yellow. No. 16 is turbid, owing to the presence of precipitated sulphur.

Bath No. 1, pleasantly situated up the hill, is set apart for ladies, and is much used.

Bath No. 2 is of large size, with waiting- and dressing-rooms attached. A short distance from it is a reservoir of hot water, containing 20,000 gallons. Three-fourths of the water from the springs supplying it is at a temperature of 90°, and the temperature of the rest from certain springs ranges up to 119°.

No. 3 bath-house is divided into private rooms, with a bath in each, fitted with hot- and cold-water valves to regulate the temperature as desired, and each provided with a shower.

Nos. 4, 5, and 6 are extensively patronised, and good bathing-houses are erected over the springs.

No. 15 spring is largely used for drinking, and, according to Dr. Alfred Wright, a late physician to the Thermal Springs Domain (from whose handbook on Te Aroha some of the particulars here given have been taken), its water is a valuable adjunct to the treatment of certain forms of dyspepsia and kidney affections No. 8 is also a drinking spring, but of lower temperature. No. 16 (cold) has little overflow. Sulphur is found in small quantities in the surrounding clay, and there is emitted a strong sulphurretted-hydrogen gas. No. 17, also a cold spring, is used for application in cases of eye affections. No. 18 is a cold soda-water spring.

In order to meet the demand which has sprung up for potable supply of Te Aroha mineral water for drinking elsewhere than at the fountain, the Government permitted the granting of sole rights for a term of years to a company formed for the purpose of working and distributing the mineral waters, and the Te Aroha Soda and Mineral Water Company (Limited) had a large exhibit of these waters in the New Zealand Court at the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888.

ANALYSIS OF EIGHTEEN MINERAL WATERS FROM TE AROHA.—No. 4423.
Alkaline Waters 1 to 1.5, 17, and 18.
NoTemp. in Deg. Fahr.Chloride of Sodium.Chloride of Potassium.Sulphate of Soda.Carbonate of Lime.Carbonate of Magnesia.Bicarbonate of Soda.Silica.Total Grains per Gallon.
110260.251.7238.3210.776.86461.567.56587.04
211260.451.9032.677.124.21426.297.12539.76
311260.51with the sodium chloride32.827.244.20429.197.21541.17
49234.24 19.164.622.14246.495.17311.82
510068.77 36.926.913.15476.586.10598.43
610466.23 35.147.122.99499.757.14618.37
78667.1334.0434.047.464.34444.207.01564.18
810966.141.9632.917.474.21451.978.60573.26
911241.29..22.164.942.61301.176.44378.61
109635.24..19.194.672.31276.196.00343.60
118834.69..20.125.112.56261.446.11330.03
128841.66..22.965.122.99300.977.11380.81
1312040.67..21.866.113.13301.646.86380.27
1412242.61..23.167.143.49321.646.66404.70
1513943.11..22.166.913.61331.767.05414.60
17..2.71..3.920.640.279.364.2121.11
18..16.12..8.161.971.01131.7213.14172.12

Nos. 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 18 contain traces of alumina and iron-oxide.

Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 contain traces of alumina, iron-oxide, and potassium.

No. 17 contains 1.4 gr. of sulphuretted hydrogen.

Important additions and improvements have been carried out. A bath-house. 98 ft. long by 28 ft., with a centre corridor 8 ft. wide, laid with tile paving, and twenty-three rooms off it, nineteen of which are furnished with the best porcelain baths, was opened in 1898. To provide proper drainage and carry off all the water from the baths a pipe has been laid on from the Waihou River. Two concrete reservoirs, containing respectively 6,000 gallons and 20,000 gallons of hot water, have been laid down, and both are connected with pipes and valves. A large concrete swimming-bath, 40 ft. by 20 ft., and 3 ft. 9 in. to 5 ft. in depth, has been made at a convenient point to receive the overflows from these reservoirs. These and other additions were carried out at a cost of £3,860. After the completion of the railway to the Thames there was a large influx of visitors, and this caused a heavy drain on the supply of hot mineral water available for the baths. In order to obviate any possibility of a shortage, the Board decided to drive a prospecting tunnel, and the Government granted a subsidy of £150 towards this work. There is now an ample supply available, several good springs having been tapped in transit, some registering 120°. A lawn-tennis ground has been provided, and a bowling-green will probably be added as soon as the funds of the Board permit.

Te Aroha is 115 miles by rail from Auckland, thirteen miles from. Paeroa, and thirty-three miles from the Thames. Coaches leave Paeroa frequently for the important goldfields of Karangahake, Waihi, and Waitekauri, so that these districts are also placed within easy reach of the healing waters. It is customary for many of the miners and residents on these goldfields to go to Te Aroha on Saturday and return on Monday morning; cheap return fares are provided by the Railway Department with the view of encouraging this branch of the passenger traffic. It may therefore be surmised that the increase in the Domain Board's revenue which has taken place since the railway was opened to Paeroa and the Thames will go on steadily augmenting year by year.

Chapter 67. HANMER THERMAL SPRINGS.

AMONG the many pleasure and health resorts in the Middle Island of New Zealand the Hanmer Thermal Springs District is justly very popular. As a health-recruiting ground, pure and simple, it undoubtedly holds the first place. There are various reasons for this preference for Hanmer. It is situated beyond the Leslie Hills in the Nelson District, nearly a hundred miles from the hurry and bustle of a large city, and twenty-four miles from a railway-station. The healing natural waters are, of course, the great attraction. Their fame has gone abroad, and year by year brings an ever-increasing number of visitors. The climate must also be credited with its fair share of the attractiveness of the district. Although situated in latitude 42° 30′ S., the heat, even in midsummer, is not oppressive. The height of the springs above the sea-level, 1,220ft., and the distance from the coast, thirty-two miles, insures a dry heat during the day, with cool mornings and evenings. The air is bracing and salubrious, and allows feats of walking and hill-climbing to be performed with less fatigue than on the lower levels and in the more humid atmosphere near the coast.

Besides attracting the physically weak and the mere seeker after pleasure, Hanmer is yearly growing in favour with the fagged brain-worker, the nerve-worn man of affairs, and the mechanic who “needs a spell.” To them Hanmer is a veritable Elysium, where business is not thought of. The world with its distracting cares and life-shortening ways is shut out.

Journey to Hanmer.

To get to Hanmer the train is taken from Christchurch to Culverden, the northern terminus at present of the Hurunui-Bluff railway system, a distance of sixty-nine miles. Leaving Christ-church at 7.35 a.m., Culverden is reached at 12.10 p.m. The railway runs through some of the most fertile country in the Middle Island. Along the route are the Townships of Kaiapoi, Rangiora, Amberley, and Waikari.

Culverden is the centre of the fine pastoral country which extends to the neighbourhood of Blenheim. Having lunched here, the passenger transfers himself and baggage to the coach, and the remaining portion of the journey is performed in three hours and a half. The coach route runs through the picturesque valley of the Waiau. The road winds in and out among the hills until crossing the river by a fine iron bridge the plains are unexpectedly reached. This level plateau, which stands at an altitude of 1,220 ft., is about ten miles long by four miles broad, and is surrounded on all sides by mountains, some of which rise over 5,000 ft. high. About the middle of the plains are the hot springs. These are of an alkaline and saline character, with a strong escape of sulphuretted hydrogen, and they possess undoubted curative properties for certain diseases.

Accommodation, etc., at the Springs.

The springs are situated in an area of 13 acres, enclosed by live fences and trees, and laid out in pleasant walks and lawns, bordered by flowers, all neatly kept. A croquet - lawn, tennis-court, and bowling-green have also been laid down. The hotel-accommodation for visitors is ample. The Government Sanatorium contains twenty-two bedrooms two dining-rooms, smoking-rooms, drawing-room, sitting-room, doctor's consulting-room, &c. It is capable of accommodating about thirty persons—viz., fourteen in the first-class compartments and sixteen in the second-class rooms. The Sanatorium is chiefly used by patients whose complaints require them to live near the baths, and is, in fact, a good hotel, with separate rooms for first- and second-class guests.

“The Lodge” is a commodious two-story house within a few chains of the bathing-grounds. The Jollie's Pass Hotel (licensed) is situated two miles and a half from the baths, and was originally built by the Government as an accommodation-house for travellers crossing the Pass, the great highway between Nelson and Canterbury. Mrs. Lahmert has a Temperance Hotel near the springs, and there are several other boarding-houses.

During the 1901-1902 season 2,347 persons visited the springs, taking 19,985 baths.

The bath-houses contain in all twenty-two private baths, with massage-rooms and Turkish baths supplied with hot and cold mineral-water. The water is brought in pipes from the adjacent springs. The temperature ranges from 86° to 97° Fahr., and may be increased at will to 114°. Besides the private baths there are a ladies' swimming-pool and a gentlemen's swimming-pool, both surrounded by high iron fences and covered by awnings. The average depth is 5 ft. The temperature of the pools is 85° Fahr., and is so comfortable that, once in, the bather hardly cares to come out again. The charge for the private baths is 1s. each or 8s. for twelve, while for the pool 6d. a bath is the price. Situated in the grounds is a pump-room used by patients drinking the waters which give relief in stomach, liver, and kidney troubles. The water is warm, and contains chloride of sodium and sulphurous acid, and many testify to its beneficial effect.

An arrangement of pipes enables the gases to be inhaled by the patient, and this, like the drinking of the waters, gives relief in cases of asthma and bronchial affections. Sufferers from these complaints find that the clear atmosphere of this upland valley has a wonderfully curative effect.

A comfortable reading-room has been provided in connection with the baths, on the tables of which may be found works descriptive of the scenery, resources, and history of New Zealand, also a few of the best monthlies, &c.

Natural gas is used to light and heat the baths, and to light, heat, and cook with, at the sanatorium.

A post- and telegraph-office supplies facilities for communicating with the outside world.

Masseuse Available.

In premises fitted up for her use, Miss Edith Cook, certificated masseuse, practises her art. She has great experience, and those who have been under her hands testify to her skill as a manipulator. In fact, it has come to be recognised that the bathing and the massage treatment go hand-in-hand towards effecting cures in cases of muscular ailments.

Medical Attendance Procurable.

Dr. Little, of Culverden, visits the springs once a week during the season, and his services are at the disposal of the visitors at moderate fees. If urgently required he can be communicated with by telephone at any moment.

Tourist Season, etc.

The tourist season extends from the 1st November to the 1st May, and during those months coaches from Culverden to Hanmer run daily up and down. During the rest of the year coaches only run on Tuesday and Saturday from Culverden, and from Hanmer on Monday and Thursday. The baths are open throughout the year; but the massage treatment can only be obtained during the summer months. The Government Sanatorium and the hotels and boardinghouses, of course, provide accommodation all the year round.

Apart from the cost of getting there—the railway issue through return first-class tickets from Christchurch for £1 10s., and from Dunedin, £4 2s. 6d.—Hanmer, unlike many other pleasure resorts, is not an expensive place to stay at. There are no “extras,” in the shape of boating and driving excursions, as in the cold lakes district, and no guide-fees, as in the alpine district. The only way one can make extra expense is to indulge in a superfluity of baths, and that is hardly likely.

To those capable of Alpine work there are Mount Perceval (5,335 ft.) and Mount Captain (6.600ft). On a clear day, from either of these peaks, the Port Hills, Lake Ellesmere, and the long sweep of the Canterbury Plains to the ocean, can be seen. Jollie's Pass to the Saddle affords a fair morning's walk, so also does Jack's Pass, and there are many other short excursions which may be made by those whom the baths have restored to vigour.

There is good fishing in the Clarence, the Waiau, the Hanmer, and their tributary streams; while for dog and gun there is such game as hares, rabbits, wild ducks, and swamp-hens.

The analysis of water taken from No. 1 Spring at Hanmer Plains, made at the Colonial Museum in 1891, gave these results:—

Chloride of sodium62.09
Chloride of potassium0.15
Chloride of lithiumTrace
Iodide of magnesiumTrace
Carbonate of lime0.55
Carbonate of magnesia1.77
Carbonate of iron0.05
Sulphate of soda7.48
Carbonate of soda2.66
Phosphate of aluminaTrace
Silica2.63
                Total grains per gallon77.38
Gas—Sulphuretted hydrogen2.19

An analysis made fourteen years ago, prior to the earthquake which occurred in 1888, by Professor Bickerton, of Christchurch, is interesting from the fact that it includes an examination of the sediment and organic matter contained in the water. The sample was taken from Spring No. 8 before it was incorporated with No. 1. It is as follows:—

Sediment—Silica and free sulphur 1.400
Nitrogen as free ammonia0.092 
Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia0.048 
Nitrogen as nitric acid0.047 
                Total nitrogen 0.187
Sulphuretted hydrogen, free 3.430
Sulphate of lime9.940 
Sulphate potash1.960 
Sulphate soda0.400 
Bicarbonate Soda7.770 
Chloride Soda56.230 
Bicarbonate of magnesia0.640 
                Total fixed matter 76.940
                Total grains per gallon 81.957

The total amounts of fixed salts in the two analyses correspond very closely. The sulphates and carbonates in either case are so small that the fact of their varying in the two analyses is a matter of no importance. The fact of the discovery of traces of iodine and lithium in the recent analysis is interesting.

Chapter 68. NOTES ON THE COOK AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDS ANNEXED TO NEW ZEALAND IN 1901.

[Taken from a report, dated 28th February, 1902, of the RESIDENT COMMISSIONER at RAROTONGA, and a series of descriptive articles by Mr. JOSIAH MAUTIN.]

The Cook Group.

Rarotonga.

DISTANT from Auckland, 1,638 miles; circumference, 20 miles; height, 2,920ft.; area, 30 square miles; population, 2,060.

Population of Cook and other Pacific Islands recently included within the boundaries of the Colony:—

 Persons.

* Results of census taken this year (1902).

(a) Birthplaces—Rarotonga, 1,517; Mangaia, 206; Aitutaki, 58; Mauke, 16; Atiu, 37 Mitiaro, 11; Society Islands, 73; other Pacific islands, 58; United Kingdom, 30; America, 11; New Zealand, 21; China, 7; Germany, 5; Portugal, 5; Australia, 3; Jamaica, 1; New Guinea, 1.

(b) Birthplaces.—Atiu, 913; Rarotonga, 3; Austria, 1; China, 1.

(c) Not including 149 natives absent in ships or at the guano islands.

(d) Whites and half-castes living as whites, 28 persons: absent in ships or at Tonga, 418 persons.

(e) Birthplaces.—Palmerston atoll. 100; Manahiki, 10; Penrhyn, 3; Pukapuka, 1; Society Islands.

(f) Birthplaces.—Penrhyn, 342; Cook Islands, 25; Society Islands, 64; Arorai, 2; United Kingdom, 8; other places, 4.

(k) Birthplaces.—Manahiki, 469; Pukapuka, 11; Society Islands, 2; England, 2.

Rarotonga*8,060(a)
Mangaia1,541
Atiu*918(b)
Aitutaki*1,170(c)
Mauke (or Parry Island)370
Mitiaro165
Hervey Islands10
                Total Cook group6,234
Niue (or Savage Island)*4,079(d)
Palmerston*115(e)
Penrhyn (or Tongareva)*445(f)
Manahiki*484(g)
Rakaanga400
Danger (or Pukapuka)505
Suwarrow30
                Total other Islands6,058
                Total population of Islands included within the extended boundaries of the colony12,292

Land and Land-tenure.

Rarotonga is, beyond all doubt, the most fertile and valuable of the Cook Group, and it has the largest population. The island has been exceptionally favoured by nature, not only with delightful scenic attractions, but also with a remarkably rich and productive soil—the source of abundant wealth. The secret of its great fertility is its excellent water-supply, which is due to its elevation. The climate, too, is most favourable, not only to vegetable but also to animal life. The island is, however, one of the least planted, for there are many tracts of land of the best quality on the south, west, and north-west coasts that produce little if anything. It must have supported at one time a population of many thousands, but they are now reduced to about 2,100 natives and whites.

At present the country is overrun with noxious weeds, some of them of very recent introduction; and they are spreading with a rapidity that necessitates the most persistent efforts to keep cultivated areas free from them. The cotton scale blight has also made its appearance in this and other islands.

The land-tenure of Rarotonga is as follows: In very ancient times the land was divided amongst the crew of the canoe that first took possession of the island, and the representatives of the eldest branch of each family are now known as Arikis, or Mataiapos, according to their original rank on landing. These chiefs have at all times been recognised as trustees for the descendants of the original ancestor who resided on the land; but they now claim the right to expel any man who dares to assert his independence, or act in any manner contrary to the views of his overlord. In olden days, when it was essential to the existence of a tribe that all should be of one mind and obedient to the chief, any one disputing his will might well have been turned off the land with the consent of the whole tribe. Now, however, this consent is not always deemed necessary by either Ariki or Mataiapo.

The People.

The aborigines of Rarotonga are very closely akin to the Maoris of New Zealand, and probably at one time had frequent intercourse with them. They are not naturally industrious, nor have they had any reason for becoming so; but as they are quite aware of the value of European goods, it may be concluded that they would work willingly enough if inducement offered. Industry would probably follow good land regulations; but these, it is considered, should compel a certain amount of fencing to be done every year.

The Seat of Government.

The seat and centre of the government of the Cook Islands—the double township of Avarua and Avatiu—is situated on the north or Ice side of the Island of Rarotonga, opposite two small openings in the coral reef. The former has the advantage of a boat harbour, where small craft can be moored in safety when the wind is not blowing in from the sea. The residence of the Commissioner and the establishment of the ex-queen are situated here.

Though the dwellings of the natives are built of coral concrete, the Government offices are constructed of wood, and are not imposing in appearance.

Trade.

The value of goods imported into Rarotonga for the Cook and other islands for six years gives an average as under: From New. Zealand, £15,137; from Tahiti, £7,724: total, £22,861.

Exports for the same period from the Cook Group: To New Zealand, £17,000; to Tahiti, £2,904: total, £19,904 per annum. From Penrhyn and other islands, via Rarotonga, £1,956.

The exports from Cook Islands comprise: Copra, 33 per cent.; fruit, including limejuice, 33 per cent.; coffee, 30 per cent.; cotton and other goods, 4 per cent. From Penrhyn and other islands: Pearlshell, 90 per cent.; copra, 10 per cent.

Mangaia.

Distant from Rarotonga, 116 miles; circumference; 30 miles; height, 656ft.; area, 30 square miles: population, 1,541.

Physical Features.

Mangaia is the most southerly island of the Cook Group, and is second in importance to Rarotonga only on account of its difficult and dangerous coast. A fringing reef closely surrounds the island, and there is no break or passage through which a boat can reach the shore. The sea-face of the reef is so steep that vessels can only with the greatest difficulty obtain an anchorage. Communication between them and the islanders is carried on by the latter in canoes, which they navigate most skilfully through the surf on the reef.

Mangaia is almost circular. Around it, rising gently from the shallow lagoon within the reef, is a narrow, sandy beach. From this there rises, almost abruptly, a steep cliff about 100 ft. in height of jagged and broken coral rock, pierced and tunnelled with numerous fissures and caves. On the top of this rise is a level plateau, known as the “makatea,” which extends, about a mile in average width, nearly all round the island. The inner edge of this flattened ring descends again almost to sea-level, enclosing an ancient crater. In the midst of this rise several volcanic mounds, the highest having an elevation of 656 ft. The hollow area is drained by natural subterranean channels under the “makatea” into the sea. The eastern side of the island is a desert of basalt rock.

Productions.

Cocoanuts, bananas, oranges, limes, citrons and other fruits grow plentifully. The annual export of copra is large, as is also that of perishable fruits. The natives have cultivated much of the land, and owing to their industry the productions of the island have a favourable name. The coffee is the best produced in the Cook Group, not from any superiority of soil or climate, but because of the care exercised in picking and drying the berries.

As the general fertility of the land is below that of the other islands of the group, the natives produce better results because of the consequent necessity for cultivation. The “makatea” is especially suitable for the citrus family. Unfortunately the uncertainty of communication has prevented the development of the limejuice industry. In former years cotton was grown in large quantities and exported.

Mangaia is one of the few places in the world of which it can be said that every man, woman, and child owns land on defined boundaries sufficient for his or her support. From the most ancient times the soil has been most minutely subdivided.

Atiu.

Distant from Rarotonga, 116 miles; circumference, 20 miles; height, 371ft.; area, 32 square miles; population, 918.

The Island.

Atiu resembles Mangaia in formation, being a raised mass of coral with high jagged cliffs facing the sea. It has a similar barrier to shipping round its shores, and communication with vessels must be by canoes launched over the sea-wall through the breakers. Every inch of Atiu is worthy of cultivation, though it has not that appearance of fertility that is so characteristic of Rarotonga and Aitutaki. The bare central ridge, with its red soil and low-growing fern, is deceptive, for it is really the best land.

Its Resources.

On the highest point of the ridge cocoanuts, bananas, oranges, and coffee grow with the utmost luxuriance; and the kumara, most valuable and uncertain of South Sea vegetables, yields large crops. The cocoanut-palm grows well everywhere, but especially so on the coral rock formation, though only a few hundred trees are to be found there. Coffee and oranges grow vigorously, but very few trees are to be seen. There is, however, an excuse for the non-cultivation of the orange, for men can hardly be expected to cultivate fruit for which there is no demand. It is only within the last two years that any anxiety has been shown to purchase the oranges of this island, except at the end of the season, when fruit has become scarce and therefore valuable. That the people of Atiu should have neglected to plant the cocoanut-palm extensively is, however, astonishing, for perishable fruits are unsuitable, inasmuch as a very moderate sea from the north or west will prevent their being shipped. With copra this would matter but little, for the cargo would receive no damage by delay. The result of this apathy or neglect is that the tribes of Atiu are about the most poverty-stricken people of the group. For this state of affairs the land tenure of the island may be in a measure responsible, as the old tribal system of New Zealand holds sway. There are but nine hundred people, and this being so it is obvious that under the most favourable circumstances this number of Polynesians could not occupy and cultivate two square miles of their island.

Mauke, Mitiaro, and Takutea belong to the Atiuans.

Mauke.

Distant from Rarotonga, 150 miles; circumference, 6 miles; height, about 60 ft.; area, 4½ square miles; population, 370.

Mauke is a low circular island about two miles across, lying to the north-east of Rarotonga. Like Mangaia and Atiu, it is surrounded by an unbroken fringing reef. It is marvellously fertile, and in value and quantity the produce exported is greater than that of Atiu; but the limit of production has not nearly been reached. Here also the “makatea,” or coral zone, remains unplanted.

The value of a South Sea island can hardly be calculated by reference to the surface area, for the warm damp climate develops exceedingly active growth, whether the land be planted with cocoanuts, oranges, bananas, vanilla, or coffee. Large quantities of oranges are annually produced on Mauke.

Mitiaro.

Distant from Rarotonga, 140 miles; circumference, 5 miles; height, about 50 ft.; area, 4 square miles; population, 165.

This island is a good instance of an elevated coral reef, thinly coated with sand and gravel of the same material. The surface is not more than six feet above high-water mark, and on those rare occasions when the group is visited by a hurricane, there is but one spot on which the inhabitants can find safety, for the sea then breaks right across the island.

Copra is the only article of regular export, but in the centre of the island there is a fertile patch whereon oranges and bananas are grown with moderate success. The people live almost entirely on cocoanut and fish, and their appearance is such as to justify the Polynesian belief that no better food can be obtained for man. A few oranges are occasionally exported, but the wants of the inhabitants are supplied by the sale of some 40 tons of copra per annum. This amount might, however, be increased to 80 tons, or even more.

Takutea.

Distant from Rarotonga, 125 miles; area, 2 square miles.

This island is uninhabited, but belongs to the tribes of Atiu, who visit it for a few weeks in each year to make copra. It is a coral island, and is moderately fertile. It is probably capable of producing 100 tons of copra per annum, but at present the production is only 10 tons.

Aitutaki.

Distant from Rarotonga, 140 miles; circumference, 12 miles; height, 366ft.; area, 7 square miles; population, 1,170.

The name includes the island anciently known as “Arahura,” and some seven or eight smaller islands on the vast barrier reef. Some of these are volcanic, and would seem to have been small peaks on the lip of an extinct volcano, now submerged.

The island itself is pear-shaped, about four miles by two; its highest part (366 ft.) being situated near the centre of the enclosing triangle, with a long, low stalk curving round and joining the reef wall at the apex. This is a good illustration of an atoll in process of formation—the highest part of the original island not yet sunk beneath the waves. Through the western sea-wall is a narrow opening, out of which the sea is always running with considerable force, for it is the only escape for the water driven over the reef on the windward side. The channel is shallow and tortuous, and is the only means of landing on the island.

Productions and Land-tenure.

Some of the best oranges in the New Zealand market, known as “Tahiti,” are from Aitutaki, while the best pineapples in the Eastern Pacific are from the same place. The remaining articles of export are copra, and limejuice of very good quality. Much of the former is produced on the islets.

The land-tenure of this island leaves nothing to be desired, for the soil has been minutely subdivided and each family well provided for. All that is now required is a properly constituted land tribunal to settle questions of title.

The People.

The Aitutakians are naturally a hardy race, and industrious when away from their own homes; but on their native soil much time is taken up with disputes over succession to intestate estates.

They are said to be the best sailors in the Cook Group, and their services are much in demand for working the cargo on vessels at Tahiti. They make fans and mats, and are expert at plaiting various fibres for hatmaking. Independent and conservative, they have preserved their right to prohibit the importation of intoxicants.

Some of the inhabitants have commenced to cultivate the land, and the produce of the island has nearly doubled in the last two years, being now greatly in excess of that of any other island if calculated on the basis of population.

Manuae and Te Au-o-Tu.

Distant from Rarotonga, 120 miles; area of Manuae, 1½ square miles; population, 10.

These two small islands are better known as the Hervey Group. They are situated about midway between Atiu and Aitutaki, and are owned by the people of the latter place, whose title is indisputable. They destroyed all of the original people except a few women, whose descendants have been admitted to have a certain claim apart from, but not superior to, the conquerers, as represented by the Arikis.

The islands have been leased to a European firm, with the result that the export of copra has risen from 36 tons in 1898 to 64 tons in 1901. During the same period the Cook Island Trading Company has planted thirty thousand young palms, and Manuae now bids fair to be the leading copra island of the Cook Group within the next ten or twelve years.

Other Islands.

Niue.

Distant from Rarotonga 580 miles; circumference, 40 miles; height, 200ft.; area, about 100 or 110 square miles: population, 4,079.

Physical Features.

Niue, or Savage Island, is a long, low island, fringed with a misty cloud of fine spray caused by the breakers ceaselessly beating upon its jagged coasts. The shores being too deep and steep to support a barrier reef, the coast-line is deprived of its protection. It is fertile, and is probably three times as large as Rarotonga (being about seventeen miles in length and seven miles and a half in depth), but not more valuable. The soil is not volcanic, for the whole island is but an upheaval of coral reef, seamed and tunnelled in all directions. The coral has been more or less decomposed by atmospheric action, and the land is, therefore, fertile even where the rock is seen peeping from beneath the surface.

In consequence of the porous nature of the rock there are no streams in Niue, and fresh water is therefore very scarce. There are many deep caverns and stalactite caves, however, whence a supply of cool water is obtainable, but most of it is said to get brackish after a spell of dry weather.

Its Trade Resources.

Much of the land is encumbered with a dense scrub of guava bush, a few of these plants introduced into the island having increased and spread over large areas, from which it seems almost impossible to eradicate them.

The orange, the cocoanut, sugar-cane, cotton, and other tropical products grow well, and the lemon flourishes on the rocky shores. Notwithstanding these advantages, Niue appears to be condemned to depend almost entirely on the cocoanut for its export. The shores of the island are so precipitous that the few landing-places are not always approachable even in fine weather, and one—Mutulau—can only be negotiated when the wind is westerly, that is, during three weeks in the year. Under these circumstances perishable fruit could not be shipped successfully.

The great want of the island is a main road connecting all the villages with Alofi. Unfortunately, there are difficulties in this matter, it being necessary to blast out the face of a cliff if Mutulau is to be connected with the chief town. Without good roads Niue can never make the most of its natural fertility, for at the present time most of the produce is carried on men's backs; and as the fixed price of labour at Niue is 4s. per diem, it would cost £6 per ton to carry copra from Mutulau to Alofi.

The People.

On account of their isolation, the natives of Niue are somewhat different in character from other Polynesians. They are very industrious, and the men are often engaged at Tonga and elsewhere as labourers. The girls and women plait hats, which are exported to New Zealand and Australia. They are keen traders, but are much averse to strangers obtaining a foothold in the island itself.

[A fuller and more special description of this island by Mr. S. Percy Smith, who acted as Special Commissioner for several months, will be found following on this article.]

Palmerston Atoll.

Distant from Rarotonga, 273 miles; area, 1 square mile; population, 115.

The Palmerstons are situated upon an irregular ring of coral reef, measuring outside about four miles and a half by two miles and a half, just awash with the tide. This narrow ring is about half a mile in width, and it supports eight little islets, nearly all covered with cocoanut palms. The largest of these is little more than half a mile in length and about a quarter of a mile wide. Under its grove of palms is the settlement of the entire population of the group. The lagoon and reef abound with fish, and turtles are caught in plenty.

The group is leased to the family of the late William Masters, an old sailor from one of the Midland Counties, who was one of the first to plant the islets with the cocoanut palm. The lagoon is large, but does not produce pearl-shell; though it seems possible that if spawn were introduced it might thrive.

Copra is the only article of export, and this product is likely to increase in quantity, for the Masters family is still planting the and thinning out the palms where they have been too thickly planted.

Penrhyn.

Distant 735 miles from Rarotonga; area, 3 square miles; population, 445.

This atoll is known to the Polynesians under the names of Tongareva or Ma-ngaro-ngaro, and is valuable only by reason of the existence of peal-shell beds in the extensive lagoon, which has a surface area of not less than a hundred square miles. The extent and value of these shell-beds is only imperfectly known, for the native population is small, and they do no more work than will provide them with food and clothing. It is not possible to do more than estimate the yield of shell, but it is safe to say that not less than 70 tons is annually exported, and that the value is probably £200 per ton.

The cocoanut crop is small, though there are many trees on the long strip of coral sand that separates the ocean from the lagoon. The soil of Penrhyn does not apparently suit the cocoanut palm, or it may be, as the natives assert, that the rats destroy the young nuts. Whatever the cause, not more than 15 tons of copra is annually produced by this atoll.

Fresh water is very scarce at Penrhyn.

Suwarrow.

Distant from Rarotonga, 530 miles; area, ½ square mile; population, 30.

Suwarrow is an atoll with a splendid lagoon. The entrance will admit of vessels drawing from 15 ft. to 20 ft. of water passing through, and the lagoon itself forms an excellent harbour. The atoll is under lease to the Pacific Trading Company, but its only value is the lagoon, which produces a very good class of pearl-shell, taken by the aid of diving-dresses in water averaging from 20 to 28 fathoms in depth. The present yield of shell is nearly 50 tons per annum, but the beds are about to be given a long rest.

In October, 1901, there were about forty persons on the island, natives of Manahiki or Tahiti, but it is doubtful if there has ever been an indigenous or native population, for the islets of the reef are small, and no old cocoanut palms are to be seen.

The copra made on Suwarrow does not exceed 6 tons per annum, as many nuts are used by the pearl-shell fishers, and on several of the islets the trees are too young to bear fruit.

Manahiki and Rakahanga.

Distant from Rarotonga, 650 and 670 miles respectively; area, each 2 square miles: population. Manakihi, 484; Rakahanga, 400.

Manahiki, or Humphrey, is nearly circular, but there is no opening large enough for a boat to pass into the lagoon. The people are amiable and industrious, and are expert swimmers, as indeed are all the South Sea Islanders. Beche-de-mer is obtained from the lagoon. The island occasionally suffers from drought.

Rakahanga, or Rierson, is also an atoll. The inhabitants are much like those of Manahiki, and are happy and contented. Turtle are plentiful round the reef.

These islands may be treated as one, for they are not more than twenty-five miles apart, and belong to the same people, who are governed by two Arikis. The former has until lately produced a limited amount of pearl-shell, but about the end of 1900 it was found that the beds were exhausted by over-fishing. The lagoon was therefore closed to give it a much needed rest.

The only industry is now that of copra-making. Both islands are overplanted—indeed the yield of nuts would be greatly increased if three out of every four trees were cut down.

Pukapuka, or Danger Island, and Nassau.

Pukapuka is a small solitary atoll about three miles in diameter, which produces pearl-shell. It is about seven hundred miles from Rarotonga, and has an area of two square miles. The population is 505 persons.

Nassau is also a small island within the extended boundaries. It is said to be uninhabited.

Education.

The education of the children living in the Cook Group is in the hands of the London Mission Society, a non-sectarian but Protestant association, which provides some one thousand eight hundred children in the Cook and Northern Islands with a sound and useful education. At Tereora, in Rarotonga, there is a very useful institution at which the mission supplies an English education for the children of those leading men that are willing to pay a small fee per annum. At the present time there are forty children at Tereora under a qualified teacher, and in aid of this establishment a subsidy of £2 10s. per head is paid by the Islands Government. The school is capably managed, and it is a rule of the mission that the boys shall raise their own vegetable food.

In Mangaia there has until lately been a school of the Tereora type under a European lady, and it will probably resume operations when the new missionary arrives to take charge of that island.

At Aitutaki the natives have built a very fine schoolhouse, and a certificated teacher is now (February, 1902) on his way from England to take up the training of the children of that island.

To sum the educational work now being done by the London Mission Society: 1,575 children are being taught to read and write Maori, 250 are receiving an elementary English education, and forty are receiving a Fifth Standard education. To the above must be added the good work done by the Sisters of St. Joseph, a Roman Catholic institution of French and Irish ladies, who have established themselves in Rarotonga, and have perhaps fifty pupils, drawn from all the denominations and nationalities to be found in the South Seas.

Future Trade Prospects.

Oranges and bananas have heretofore been the chief exports; but for some years past have barely cleared expenses during the months of May, June, July, and August, though there have occasionally been fair returns for the remaining four months of the orange season. Not only is there no improvement, but the trade is slowly and surely becoming less remunerative, owing to the competition of Tahiti, Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, and New South Wales, and will shortly reach the point at which export must cease. The Tahiti orange competes with that of Rarotonga on equal terms, although prohibitive duties are imposed at Tahiti on all goods or produce from places outside the French sphere of influence. So also the oranges of New South Wales are admitted free to New Zealand, though the coffee and limejuice from the islands is prohibited in Australia by the Federal tariff. That the islands could, if necessary, supply all New Zealand with bananas seems quite certain, and during the past twelve months hundreds of acres have been planted with this object in view; but the competition of Fiji and the expenses of shipping have put an end to any hope of expansion of this export.

As regards coffee, there is no market in New Zealand, for since the duty on that article was removed the colony has been flooded with an inferior bean from Costa Rica that can be sold more cheaply. Hence only the market of Tahiti is open, and there the duty is approximately 31 per cent of the selling-value. Under these circumstances dependence can only be placed on copra, and even this industry is not capable of immediate expansion. The planting of the cocoanut-palm has been neglected for many years, and eight years more must elapse before any benefit can be derived from the trees lately planted.

Throughout the Eastern Pacific it will be noticed that all the cocoanut-palms are from sixty to eighty years' growth. Young trees may be seen of from two to five years, but half-grown trees seldom, if ever. The result of this, in the event of a real hurricane, will be that all of the old and partially worn-out trees will be uprooted, and many of the islands will have no export worth mentioning for the ensuing ten years.

The following statement will show the present and estimated possible yield of copra and the yield of pearl-shell for each island:—

 Copra. 
 Present Production. Tons.Estimated Possible Production. Tons.Pearl-shell. Present Production. Tons.
Rarotonga1502,000..
Mangaia150500..
Atiu1251,800..
Mauke160350..
Mitiaro4080..
Takutea10100..
Aitutaki350450..
Manuae60400..
Niue5003,500..
Palmerston10018050
Penrhyn1510070
Suwarrow25100..
Manahiki10020010
Rakahanga100200..
Pukapuka100200..

The Chili Dollar.

With reference to this unsatisfactory coinage, it is reported that the natives of the group have refused to accept the dollar in paymerit for island produce. The result of this action has been most satisfactory, for both Mangaia and Aitutaki have banished the Chili dollar and have replaced it with British coin. In Rarotonga, which is the trade centre of the Cook Islands, it has not yet been abolished, but most of the business is row transacted with British money. The trade of Penrhyn. Manahiki, and Rakahanga is still in the hands of Tahiti firms, with whom the Chili dollar is the only medium of exchange. The dollar is at present worth about 1s. 9d. in English money.

Chapter 69. THE LAWS OF THE COOK ISLANDS.

[From a paper by E. BLAINE, Registrar of the High Court, Rarotonga.]

THE following are shortly the provisions of “The Cook and Other Islands Government Act, 1901,” which now regulates the laws in force and hereafter to be made within the Cook and other Islands included in the Colony of New Zealand by virtue of the Order in Council of the 13th May, 1901:—

Section 1 gives the title of the Act, which shall be deemed to have come into operation on the 11th June, 1901.

Section 2 enacts, as before stated, that, subject to the provisions of the Act, local laws and usages are to continue until other provision is made. Power is given to the Governor in Council to direct that any of the laws in force in the said Islands may be modified or repealed.

Section 3 allows the Governor, by Order in Council, to direct that any of the laws in force in New Zealand other than the laws relating to the sale of alcoholic liquors shall have operation in the said Islands.

Section 4 provides that the Courts of Justice in the said Islands, and the Judges and officers thereof, shall continue until other provision is made, and the jurisdiction of the High Court is extended to all the Islands. Appeals from the decisions of the High Court are allowed to the Supreme Court of New Zealand, and thence to the Court of Appeal, subject to regulations.

Section 5 deals with the “Resident Commissioner,” who is to administer the Government in the said Islands. His powers and duties are to be determined by the Governor by Order in Council, and, subject to such Order in Council, the Resident Commissioner is to have and exercise all powers and duties as were possessed by the late British Resident. The Governor may also appoint other officers for any or all of the said Islands.

Section 6 gives power to the Governor, by Order in Council, to establish a tribunal, or appoint an officer, or officers, to ascertain and determine the title to land within the said Islands, distinguishing titles acquired by Native customs and usage from titles otherwise lawfully acquired. Provision may be made for the issue of instruments of title.

Section 7 states that the Federal Parliament and the Native Councils existing at the commencement of the Act may continue, but shall thereafter be called the “Federal Council” and “Island Councils” respectively. Enactments made by them are to be called “Federal Ordinances” and “local Ordinances.”

Section 8 defines the powers of the Councils as follows: The Federal Council shall have power to make Federal Ordinances for the government of all the Islands. Each of the Island Councils shall have power to make local Ordinances for the government of the inhabitants within its jurisdiction. It is provided that such Federal and local Ordinances shall be transmitted by the Resident Commissioner to the Governor, and shall have no force or effect until assented to in the name of His Majesty.

Section 9 states that all Federal and local Ordinances assented to by the Governor shall be laid on the table of both Houses of Parliament within ten days of the meeting of Parliament.

Section 10 deals with duties of Customs and makes the New Zealand tariff applicable to the Islands. A duty not exceeding 10 per cent. ad valorem is imposed on all free goods under the New Zealand tariff imported into the said Islands from places other than New Zealand, as the Governor may by Order in Council determine. No drawback is to be paid in New Zealand on goods shipped to the Islands. Goods the produce or manufacture of New Zealand, or on which duty has already been paid in New Zealand, are to be admitted free to the said Islands, and, similarly, all goods the produce or manufacture of the said Islands are to be admitted free to New Zealand. “The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882,” and all other laws relating to Customs then in force in New Zealand are to be deemed in force in the said Islands.

Section 11 enacts that for the purposes of “The Shipping and Seamen's Act, 1877,” ships trading to or going between the Islands and New Zealand shall not be deemed to be home-trade ships.

Section 12 states that for the purpose of sections 2, 3, 4, 10, and 11, the expression “New Zealand” shall be deemed not to include the said Islands.

Section 13 gives power to the Governor by warrant or order to appoint ports of entry, and to prohibit absolutely or subject to conditions the importation of certain goods.

Section 14 makes the public revenues of the Islands available for defraying the public expenditure, and gives the Governor power to make regulations as to same.

Section 15 allows the Governor by Proclamation to set aside Crown lands in the Islands for reserves for the purpose of Imperial or colonial naval or military defence, or any other specified public purpose, and states special provisions as to reserves for Imperial naval and military defence. Power is given to revoke Proclamations. All reserves other than those for Imperial naval or military purposes are to be held and administered by such persons and in such manner as may be prescribed.

Section 16 states that the Act shall only remain in force until ten days after the expiration of the then next session of Parliament unless further extended. [It is proposed to repeal this section under the provisions of a Bill now before the House of Representatives (8th July, 1902), which provides for the Act continuing in force.]

It will thus be seen that the power of enacting new legislation is, as far as general matters are concerned, vested in the Federal Council, and as to local matters, in the Island Councils, but in every case the Ordinances have to receive the assent of the Governor on behalf of the King before the same become law. When an Ordinance has been passed by the Council it is forwarded by the Resident Commissioner to the Governor, who takes the opinion of the Solicitor-General of New Zealand on the matter. If the Solicitor-General is satisfied, he certifies that in his opinion the Ordinance is within the powers of the Council that passed it; further, that it contains nothing that is repugnant to the law of England, or which, if it were a Bill passed by both Houses of the General Assembly of New Zealand, would require that the Governor should withhold his assent therefrom. On such certificate being given the Governor is advised to give the Royal assent to such Ordinance.

The laws are enforced through the High Court, which has jurisdiction throughout the whole of the Islands, and, in the Cook Group, through the Arikis' Courts. The Arikis' Courts are composed of Native Judges, with the exception of the Arikis' Court at Aitutaki, where no Court is legally constituted unless the European Magistrate is present. The Arikis' Courts deal with all minor offences, but the Resident European Magistrate at Aitutaki has power to hear and determine all civil cases where the matter in issue does not exceed £50 in value. Appeals are allowed from the Arikis' Courts to the High Court. The High Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of murder or of assault with intent to commit murder, and in all cases of manslaughter; in all criminal charges against foreign residents; and in all cases between foreign residents, or between foreign residents and Maoris in which the plaintiff may, with the consent of the Chief Judge, begin an action in the Court, or may with the same consent seek redress for any wrong alleged to have been done by any local Government in any island. The Chief Judge has power to send any case of a criminal charge against a foreign resident for trial before a Court constituted under the provisions of the Pacific Order in Council. The headquarters of the High Court are at Rarotonga, where it sits once a week, but visits are periodically made to the other islands within its jurisdiction.

The Acts passed by the Federal Parliament prior to annexation and now in force are as follows:—

The Constitution Act, 1891.

Provisional Powers Act, 1891.

Provisional Powers Amendment Act, 1892.

Registration of Births, Deaths, and Marriages Act, 1892.

Unauthorised Expenditure Act, 1892.

Constitution Amendment Act, 1892.

Special Subsidies Act, 1892.

The Federal Flag Act, 1893.

Import Duty Amendment Act, 1893.

Certain Divorces Validation Act, 1893.

Runaway Offenders Act, 1893.

Ships' Lights Act, 1893.

Registration Amendment Act, 1893.

British Currency Act, 1894.

Passengers Act, 1894.

Government Debtors Act, 1894.

Declaration as to Maori Land Tenure.

Native Land Dealings Registration Act, 1895.

Schools Licensing Act, 1895.

Immigrants Act, 1896.

Sick Seamen's Act, 1896.

Compiling Federal Laws Act, 1896.

Murder and Murderous Assault Act, 1896.

Hospital Board Act, 1896.

Government Buildings Act, 1898.

Medical Officers Act, 1898.

Import Duties Act, 1898.

Public Health and Quarantine Act, 1898.

Traders Licenses Act, 1898.

High Court Act, 1898.

The Statute of Rarotonga, 1899.

The Statute of Mangaia, 1899.

The Statute of Atiu, Mitiaro, and Mauke, 1899.

The Statute of Aitutaki, 1899.

The Public Works Rating Act, 1899.

The Au Empowering Act, 1899.

The Marriage and Divorce Act, 1899.

The Land Act, 1899.

Import Duties Amendment Act, 1899.

The Mauke Arms Act, 1899.

The Offenders' Punishment Act, 1899.

Christmas Day Act, 1899.

The Constitution Act Amendment Act, 1899.

The Island Statutes Amendment Act, 1900.

Labourers Emigration Restriction Act, 1900.

Import Duties Amendment Act, 1900.

Private Debts Act, 1900.

The Asiatics Immigration Restriction Act, 1900.

Medical Officers Inquiry Act, 1900.

Order in Council, 18th May, 1901.

Chapter 70. NIUE ISLAND: AN OUTLYING PART OF THE COLONY.

[BY S. PERCY SMITH.]

INCLUDED within the limits of the Proclamation issued on the 11th June, 1901, is the Island of Niue, which is situated in latitude S. 19° 10′, longitude 169° 17′. The Proclamation above referred to included many islands within the extended boundaries of the Colony of New Zealand, of which Niue is probably a little the largest.

The island is about seventeen miles long, north and south, with a mean breadth, east and west, of about ten miles. It belongs to that class of island termed “an elevated coral island,” and it has a fringing reef of coral which extends all round it, but which does not, as in so many islands, extend far from the shore. Hence there are no harbours, properly so called, though there are two anchorages, which are available so long as the usual trade wind blows, but neither of which are at all safe in westerly winds. These two places are Alofi and Avatele, both situated on the western shore. Alofi is probably the most sheltered anchorage of the two, and being, moreover, the most central of any of the villages, and from which roads radiate in several directions, it has been selected by the Resident Agent of the Government as the capital, and the place where the Residency is to be built. It has also become the port of entry for the island—in fact, become the seat of government.

Alofi is a pleasant village, extending north and south for about a mile, everywhere sheltered by thick groves of cocoanut palms, amongst which the gleaming white houses of the people peep out here and there. It is here also the mission-house is situated, and where the Rev. F. E. Lawes resides and directs the teaching of the many young people of Niue that come from other parts of the island for the purpose of a higher education, whilst there are also schools in each native village, presided over by the teachers, who are also the local preachers.

The island, as a whole, is wanting in the picturesque beauty common to the volcanic islands, for, when once on the central terrace or plateau, there is no elevation more than, say, 50 ft. above the general level. It is quite clear that the island has been elevated from the deep by several efforts of the subterranean forces; but there are two very distinct terraces, which are much more prominent than the others. The lowest of these is about 90 ft. above sea-level, whilst the other, or central plateau, averages about 220 ft. above the same level. This lower terrace, and extending all along the edge of the upper one, is extremely rocky; so much so that there is little or no soil visible to the eye, and yet the decomposition of the coral rock allows of a very luxuriant vegetation. The lower terrace is almost everywhere covered with cocoanut palms, which sometimes extend in scattered groups right across the island. It is possible that half of the island carries cocoanuts. The rest of the surface is covered with trees, or with scrub, for there is no open country, properly so called. Some of the old untouched forests are beautiful, and contain trees that attain a height of from 100 ft. to 180 ft., many of them valuable for timber purposes.

The reef averages about 70 yards in width, and outside that the water deepens very rapidly. In-shore the coast is bold, and broken up into numerous caves and precipitous rocks, that in places have a peculiar beauty of their own.

The total population of the island was in 1900 4,576. which figures, however, include over 400 young men who are absent in Tonga, Samoa, and Malden Island, to which places they go as labourers. They live in eleven villages, situated a few miles apart, with a few people scattered here and there between them, who reside near their cultivations. All these villages are situated not very far from the sea, and have fairly good communications with one another, except for three or four places where it is necessary to ascend the lower terrace to the plateau. But these places present no difficulties to an engineer, and it is believed that the time is not far distant when it will be possible to drive all round the island along a good road. The general direction of the roads is such that they lie nearly straight between the villages.

The villages bear a strong family likeness. There is always the solidly built stone or lath-and-plaster church, the large school-house, and the teacher's residence; whilst around are the white lath-and-plaster houses of the natives, or the somewhat larger homes of the white people who live on the island. There are, however, few white people living there—about seventeen or eighteen—all, outside the mission, engaged in trade with the Natives.

The natives themselves form a branch of the great Polynesian race, and are in appearance very like Maoris. But there can be traced in them a slight strain of Melanesian blood. This is accentuated also in their language, which, whilst strictly a dialect of the Polynesian language, contains some grammatical forms and words that are, no doubt, Melanesian in their origin. They are a hardworking people, kindly and hospitable, with pleasant manners.

The people do not seem to have any very precise account of their origin, or as to where they came from originally. In this they resemble the Samoans, and may be accounted for in the same manner—viz., that they form part of the earlier migrations into the Pacific, and have been here so long that the traditions of their arrival have become obscured. They made voyages formerly to Samoa to obtain stone for their axes, and have several times been invaded by those redoubtable sea-rovers, the Tongans.

The exports from the island are not large, and consist principally of copra—of which about 500 tons is annually exported to Tonga and Sydney—hats, and formerly arrowroot and cotton. Nor can they be increased to any unlimited extent, for cultivation according to European ideas is utterly out of the question, on account of the rocky nature of the surface. But the central plateau, where there is often a soil of brown colour, might be made to grow more cocoanuts, besides some other things. The cocoa-palm grows fairly well, and it is probable the vanilla might succeed if properly tried.

To any one accustomed to the fine running streams of fresh water in the volcanic islands, their absence in Niue is striking, for a stream is unknown. All the water for daily use is obtained either from deep caverns or from the roofs of the houses, and it is sometimes slightly brackish in taste.

Being within the tropics, the climate is naturally hot in the summer months, but at other times is pleasant, the somewhat cool trade wind from the east or south-east tending to modify the warmth.

The Government Resident Agent is Mr. C. F. Maxwell. Justice is administered by five Native Assessors, appointed by the Council, with appeal to the Resident Agent. Lieut. - Colonel Gudgeon, C.M.G., is the Commissioner of this, as well as all the other islands included in the annexation of 11th June, 1901. He resides at Rarotonga, some six hundred miles to the east, but pays occasional visits to Niue.

Communication is infrequent. The schooner “Ysabel” makes a trip from Tonga about once each three months, and the mission vessel, “John Williams,” visits the place once a year. One of the Pacific Islands Trading Company's steamers also calls about once a year.

Although the island is now a part of New Zealand, and subject to British rule, it is not a place to emigrate to, for white people would find nothing to do outside of trading in copra, and it would seem that there is no further opening in that direction.

Chapter 71. THE NEOLITHIC MAORI: HIS RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY.

[By ELSDON BEST.]

IN treating of Maori religion it is necessary to also speak of their mythology, inasmuch as it is difficult to draw any dividing-line between them. In like manner the practice of magic is mixed up with religion; many of the ancient rites performed by the priests in connection with war, sickness, and other matters, must be placed under both headings. It is also necessary to be careful in regard to the dividing-line between the ancient Maori mythology and their historical traditions.

Maori religion was an anthropomorphic polytheism. Their atua (gods or demons) were personifications of the elements, the offspring of primal cosmic forces, deified ancestors, &c. Lesser tribal gods were often developed from the fætus of still-born children; these were especially malignant, and were hence utilised as war gods. Love and mercy were no attributes of the Maori god: they were ever beings to be feared, and placated by means of offerings of food, human sacrifices, &c.

Albeit an anthropomorphous being to the Native mind, yet the atua appear to be abstract conceptions. It was, and is, generally understood that the aria, or form of incarnation, of a god was not really the god itself, which latter is invisible; also, the position of the human medium of a god was thoroughly understood by the people. He was not the permanent abode of his special atua, but was entered by that spirit on certain occasions. The forms of incarnation of the gods are varied in nature, and include stars, comets, or meteors, a red glow in the heavens, also lizards, birds, and so forth.

Invocations were addressed to their gods, but they were not such direct supplications as are our prayers, nor do they show any trace of worship of the atua; they were semi-mystic applications for assistance from demons who were both powerful and malignant.

It may almost be said that Maori religion consisted entirely of ancestor worship, inasmuch as the Maori traces his descent from almost everything on, above, and under the earth. Invocations, in connection with cultivation, were addressed to certain stars; but those stars are ancestors of man, or, at least, both are descended from a primal pair, the sky parent and the earth mother.

Many chiefs, noted for courage, skill, prestige, &c., became atua after death; but then, owing to the old Maori belief in the semi-divine nature of man, such ancestors were half gods while in this life, hence the completing of the process after death was but natural.

There are, I believe, traces in the old Maori myths and traditions, as also in certain of their customs, of an ancient form of phallic worship. Sex would appear to have been introduced into every department of knowledge in the most singular manner.

In studying Maori religion and mythology nothing is sooner noticed than the universal personification of natural forces and phenomena which obtained. This form of animism does not appear to have degenerated into fetishism among the Maori. The sky, earth, heavenly bodies, water, fire, wind, thunder, rainbow, &c., were all personified by the ancestors of the Maori. In the same manner, in Maori folk-lore we find natural objects, mountains, rivers, &c., endowed with the faculties of speech or locomotion. It is, however, by no means safe to assume that the Maori mind could detect no difference between water, fire, the sky, &c., and the personifications of such; between the actual, immovable mountain and the mobile mountain of his folk-tales. He would appear to have looked upon such personifications as we do upon our personified forms of mercy, charity, &c., and others, such as Britannia. Peace, the fierce anger of war, &c., had their personifications in Maoridom. The Native mind would appear to have grasped such personifications better than the principles which they represented, and apparently it was from this universal vivifying of inanimate matter, &c., that the Polynesian mythology grew.

A certain form of nature worship is noted also. When a person was struck by lightning, it was the act of Tupai, a god of thunder and lightning, who thus punished the infringement of some law of tapu. Haere, Kahukura, and Uenuku are all rainbow gods, the latter a most powerful war god. Again, the various natural objects—mountains, trees, stones, lakes, which the natives are pleased to term “tipua”—have been endowed with human faculties and emotions. They possess a certain amount of supernatural power, and will punish any rash being who approaches them without performing the proper rite. The custom of uruuru-whenua is a placating of the spirits of the land over which the traveller is passing.

Most powerful of all institutions was that of tapu. This strange system may be termed the laws of Maoriland: its shadow fell upon all things. Were the laws of tapu disregarded by any hapless person he was afflicted by the gods, and if he wished to retain life he must hie him to the priest, who alone might save him. Offences, however, against the minor forms of tapu, were not punished so severely. For instance, that form of tapu which we should term “uncleanness” applied to the sleeping-places of women. Should a seer recline on such, he would be afflicted by the gods in this way: he would be deprived of his power of second sight—he would no longer see the signs and warnings of the gods. To recover his powers in that line he must proceed to conciliate the gods, for prophecy and second sight were most important items among the powers of the priesthood. Priests were supposed to be entered by their god when giving oracular utterances, and great faith was placed in such manifestations. Probably the priest would produce, or cause, a form of hallucination by means of much introspective brooding over a subject. The primal cause of such would be extrinsic.

The Maori belief in regard to the spirit of man is one which is widespread. The wairua (spirit) much resembles the ua of ancient Egyptian belief, but unlike the latter it leaves the body at death and descends to Hades, the realm of darkness. It appears, however, to possess the power of returning to this world, the principal object of such appearing to be the frightening of the living.

They also believe in another subtle quality or essence which pervades man. It is a vital principle, inasmuch as if it leaves the body death ensues. In one aspect it might be termed the mental or intellectual principle, and is allied to man a (prestige, power). It is a most difficult quality to describe. Should this hau of man be taken by means of magic arts the person will die—he cannot survive the loss of his hau.

Land was also imbued with this singular quality. The hau of a forest is carefully protected by means of a kind of talisman termed a mauri, which is concealed so that it may not be found by an enemy, who would thus be able to take or destroy the hau of the forest by means of magic rites, the consequence of which would be that the forest would lose its vitality or productiveness, and the birds would desert it. This mauri was quite a sacred affair, as is the mauri of man, and if polluted in any way the result was most grievous.

The education of young men for the priesthood, by the elder priests, was conducted under strict rules of tapu. When the young priest had completed his course of learning he was required to exercise his acquired powers. There were several ways in which this might be done. One of these was for him to cause a stone to be fractured by the power of his magic charms or incantations. Another was to slay a person, also by means of such spells. Sometimes he was told to slay a near relative in this manner, his own father sometimes being selected. If his priestly tutor was an old man, he would perhaps instruct his pupil to turn his dread power against himself—i.e., the tutor. After this rite was successfully carried out the incantations of the young priest would ever be effective, or so long as he conducted himself properly.

PART IV.—DESCRIPTIONS OF LAND DISTRICTS.

Table of Contents

Chapter 72. THE AUCKLAND LAND DISTRICT.

G. Mueller, Chief Surveyor.

Introductory.

THE Auckland Land District covers about four and a half degrees of latitude, extending from 34° 30′ to 39° S., its greatest length being about 365 miles, from the North Cape to the 39th parallel, south of Lake Taupo, while its greatest width is about 180 miles. In the peninsula north of Auckland, indented as it is on either side by harbours and arms of the sea, and with a mean width between the Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea of little over forty miles, the range of temperature is remarkably small. The thermometer seldom registers above 80° in the shade in the middle of summer, whilst the heat is always tempered by a cool breeze, bringing the mean summer temperature to under 70° in the shade. The frosts are hardly worth mentioning, as the minimum register is seldom below 40°; but south of Auckland sharp white frosts occur very often, more especially beyond 38° of latitude, and snow lies upon the summits of some of the highest hills or mountains in winter.

Physical Features.

This land district may be said to have no real mountains, as the most prominent peaks of the several scattered ranges or hills seldom exceed 3,000 ft. in height above the sea level, an altitude just enough—south of 38°—to clothe the last 1,000 ft. with snow in the depth of winter. North of Hokianga and the Bay of Islands there is one well-defined range of hills rising to a height of 2,463 ft.; whilst south of these places, and extending to the Wairoa River on one side and the Whangarei Harbour upon the other, the country is all more or less broken into ranges from 1,000 ft. to 2,000 ft. in height, with valleys between. The next really well developed main range lies within the Coromandel and Thames Peninsula. With a length of over 150 miles, it has an average height of over 2,800 ft., commencing with Moehau, or Cape Colville, 2,935ft.; next, Te Aroha, a peak of 3,176 ft.; and ending at Weraiti with a height of 2,527 ft. There are two other well-defined ranges—namely, Tawairoa and Hauturu—lying between the West Coast and the Waipa basin, with their highest peak at Pirongia, which rises to 3,156 ft., and is often snow-capped. There are other ranges forming the watershed between the basins of the Waikato and Waipa Rivers, and dividing both from the streams running into the western side of Lake Taupo. Their highest peak is Pureora, rising to 3,793 ft. The eastern side of the land district is occupied by a very broken, forest-clad country, known as the Urewera country, the average height of which is about 2,500 ft. It is practically unexplored, and, being still in the hands of the Natives, is not as yet available for settlement. To the east of Lake Taupo lie the Kaimanawa Ranges, of about 4,500 ft., and generally open on the ridges, with valleys clothed in beech forests. Nearly the whole of the Auckland Land District is indented on both coasts with harbours and arms of the sea, forming a cheap and easy means of access. Of rivers, properly so called, there are only two of any great length—namely, the Wairoa and Waikato. The first empties itself into the Kaipara Harbour, a large arm, or rather succession of arms, of the sea, giving hundreds of miles of inland water-carriage to all parts of the Counties of Hobson, Otamatea, Rodney, and Waitemata. This river is navigable from its mouth to its junction with its tributaries Wairua and Mangakahia, a distance of ninety-one miles from the sea, and for forty miles it is navigable for ships of large burden. The River Waikato has a course of 200 miles, measured from its source in the Ruapehu Mountain through Lake Taupo to the sea on the West Coast. It is navigable for river-steamers for seventy-five miles from its mouth, and its tributary, the Waipa, for twenty miles from its confluence with the Waikato at Ngaruawahia. Another river—the Thames, or Waihou—though of no great length, affords a valuable means of inland water-carriage, and is navigable for small steamers for twenty-five miles. Generally speaking, every part of the district has an abundant water-supply, now and then lessened for a short time at the end of a very dry summer.

Plains.

Of plains proper, this district has only the stretch of country called Kaingaroa, extending from the eastern side of Lake Taupo towards the Bay of Plenty, all more or less of a pumice formation; the valley of the Thames, and the delta between the Thames and Piako Rivers, which is generally level, the quality of the soil varying very much in different parts; and the Central Waikato basin, already thickly settled. Here and there in the North there are level plateaux of volcanic soil, more or less densely wooded, and along the main rivers there are stretches of level country, but there are no large plains of alluvial soil such as the Middle Island can show.

Lakes.

Of these, which add so much to the scenery of a country, this district possesses a fair share, there being eight principal lakes, with some twenty or more smaller ones. To the north of Auckland, in the Bay of Islands district, there is only one lake of any size, called Omapere, three miles by two miles, an old crater. In the Waikato are Lakes Waikare and Whangape, the first six miles and a half long by three miles across, and the second five miles by one mile. These lakes are generally covered with numerous wild swans and ducks, and, being both connected with the Waikato River by navigable creeks, form a convenient waterway for transport of goods to settlers living around their shores. All the remaining lakes of large size are within the watershed of the Thermal-springs District, and are mostly from seven to eight miles long, and from three to six miles wide, except Taupo Moana, the queen of the North Island lakes, which is twenty-five miles long and eighteen miles broad, with a depth of 500 ft. The scenery round its western shore is of the most romantic kind.

Forests.

The greater part of the Auckland Land District has been covered in the past with dense forests, which are now fast disappearing under the axe of the settler and being transformed into rich pasture-land. The only really good Crown lands fit for settlement in the North are still all covered with forest, and must be cleared and sown before any returns can follow. The area of forest land in the Auckland District at the present time is about 1,800,000 acres north of Auckland, and 3,420,000 acres south of it. The forests contain a mixture of trees of all kinds, from the giant kauri to scrubby tea-tree or manuka, but all the bush is useful for building, fencing, and household purposes, or at any rate may be converted into charcoal for sale. Of the giant kauri (the most valuable tree in New Zealand) great quantities, worth as much as £1,000,000 per annum, are being yearly cut, and exported or used for home consumption. To give some idea of the size of these trees, and the amount of timber contained in them, it is estimated that upon the Crown land in the Auckland Land District there are still remaining 1,185,000,000 ft., of a value, as the timber stands, of over a million sterling.

Soils.

With respect to the soils of Auckland, nowhere in New Zealand within such short distances is there such a diversity in the quality—a distance of half a mile often makes all the difference between rich alluvial and barren pipeclay. To the north of the Bay of Islands and Hokianga the lands are chiefly clay and sandstone, with here and there a volcanic area intervening. In and about the valley of the Mangonuiowae River, in the Hokianga County, there is some of the richest alluvial soil in the district; and, taking the whole Crown land remaining to the north of a line between the Hokianga and Bay of Islands Harbours, the really available good land fit for settlement would be about 40,000 acres. There are large areas outside of this which will carry good grass and feed one or two sheep to the acre, after clearing and laying down in grass; and there is also land highly suitable for fruit-growing. South of Hokianga, and between that place and the Wairoa River, the soil is, generally speaking, very good, being both volcanic and alluvial. Here the Crown has probably 150,000 acres of such land fit for settlement. Immediately south of the Bay of Islands, and extending thence to Whangarei, the soil is, for the most part, clay lying upon sandstone or marl, with alluvial flats in the bottoms of the valleys; but these are, as a rule, very narrow. Within the Puhipuhi State Forest there is an area, say, of 16.000 acres, more or less, of volcanic soil. Approaching Whangarei, at Hikurangi, the limestone crops out, overlying coal-deposits, and round Whangarei itself the soil becomes a rich volcanic, in a high state of cultivation. South of Whangarei Harbour, and from thence to Auckland, the Crown lands generally are of a broken character, with soil varying from alluvial swamps—as in the case of the Tokatoka Swamp of 16,000 acres- to the limestone areas round Maungaturoto, the sandstone and clay lands of Rodney County, and the poorer clay lands lying north of the City of Auckland, which have, however, proved eminently suitable for fruit-growing.

For about 200 miles south of Auckland the land (with the exception of the Cape Colville Ranges) is, generally speaking, far less broken, and gradually opens out into large tracts of level country in the Waikato and Waipa basins. Immediately south of Auckland the soil is rich volcanic until it is gradually superseded by the prevailing clays; the greater portion of Manukau County, for thirty miles south of Auckland, may be classed as pastoral, and is under occupation as such. The Crown areas available for settlement—say, 16,000 acres—are chiefly in the Otau Parish, varying from volcanic clay to ordinary clay land, forest-clad, and well adapted for pastoral purposes. In the Counties of Waikato, Raglan, Waipa, Piako, West Taupo, and Kawhia, there is a still greater diversity of soils; Raglan County contains large areas of good limestone country, broken, but with rich black soil, and carrying most luxuriant grass. The lower Waikato country consists of clay soil and extensive swamps, almost undrainable, but at a distance of eighty miles from Auckland is found a flat and undulating country, lying partly within the Waikato and Waipa basins, and partly within the valleys of the Piako and Waihou Rivers, formed mainly of alluvial deposits of rhyolite sands brought down from the volcanic districts. In the Kawhia County there are some 300,000 acres of excellent limestone land, a large portion of which is heavily timbered, with numerous warm valleys. Most of this land has now been acquired by the Government from the Native owners, and is being opened for settlement. Beyond this there is a large stretch of country consisting alternately of open valleys and forest-clad hills, a fair proportion of which is good land, both pastoral and agricultural. The County of Coromandel, with portions of Thames and Ohinemuri Counties, is chiefly devoted to the mining industry. The soil is nearly all clay, the land very broken, but suitable for pastoral purposes if cleared of the dense forest that now covers it. The western portion, however, of the Thames and Ohinemuri Counties contain large areas of alluvial and swamp lands, now in the hands of the Crown, but, through want of drainage, not yet available for settlement.

In the County of Tauranga, the clay lands extend from Te Aroha Mountain to Katikati entrance, changing, near Tauranga, to sandstone and black pumice soil of rich character, which improves towards Te Puke and Maketu, where the land is all good, and more or less volcanic. In Whakatane and Opotiki Counties there are very extensive swamps, of which large portions are drainable, and back from the coast seven miles or so are large areas of Crown lands, broken and forest-covered, opened ready for settlement. The soil is chiefly clay or light loam, with alluvial flats in the valleys, and all well watered. This kind of country extends to the boundary of the land district. The coastal lands are nearly all alluvial flats in a high state of cultivation, and the settlers mostly well-to-do.

Review of Soils: Uses and Returns.

Briefly to set forth the capabilities of the Crown lands in the district, it will suffice to say that north of the Bay of Islands and Hokianga the land is suitable chiefly for two classes of persons—the gum-digger, and the fruit-grower or small farmer. The former has the range over large areas of Crown lands upon paying a small fee, and his earnings average from 5s. to 10s. a day. As for the latter, in and around Hokianga, with its 250 miles of water-frontage, almost anything can be grown, from the tropical banana to the more prosaic potato, whilst oranges and lemons flourish side by side with all kinds of apples, pears, and plums. Wheat does fairly well, and maize gives a return of 50 to 60 bushels an acre. Sheep also thrive; and most of the lands, when properly grassed with artificial grasses, will carry two or three sheep to an acre, but ordinary rough-grassed lands only one and a half to two sheep per acre. The Messrs. Williams, at Pakaraka, are feeding four sheep to the acre upon land sown with furze. The clearing of forest lands, ring-fencing and grassing them, will cost about £3 to £3 10s. per acre. The same remarks apply to the Bay of Islands and Whangarei, and to the country as far south as Auckland. Round about Whangarei district, and under similar conditions of culture, the average return for good agricultural or pastoral lands would be fully 12s. an acre per annum. South of Auckland, throughout the Waikato, Piako, Waipa, and Raglan Counties, and thence south to the district boundaries, the land is both agricultural and pastoral. All the cereals do well, wheat averaging 27 to 30 and up to 40 bushels per acre, and oats 26 bushels per acre. Potatoes average from 5 to 7 tons per acre. Dairy-farming is carried on, yielding (upon well-cultivated farms) a net profit of 15s. to 20s. an acre per annum; whilst sheep-farming yields a profit of from 5s. to 7s. 6d. a sheep per annum on very large estates; allowing for greater losses from disease, &c., the average return would still be 4s. per sheep. The cost of clearing fern and scrub is generally from 7s. to 10s. an acre, and laying down fern land by surface-sowing and harrowing, about 17s. an acre.

The seaward counties of Tauranga, Whakatane, and Opotiki are both agricultural and pastoral, growing wheat and maize alike to great perfection. In fact, these counties, upon their alluvial shores and uplands, grow the greater portion of the maize produced in the district, and from the ports of Whakatane and Opotiki in one year some 34,000 sacks have been exported. In these counties the average yield of wheat is from 22 to 25 bushels per acre, oats about 29 bushels per acre, and maize 45 to 60 bushels per acre. It is quite possible within this district to select land early in the winter, fell and burn off by the ensuing summer, sow in grass in the autumn, and put on stock within twelve months from selection.

Rainfall.

The rainfall during the year averages about 39in., the greater portion of which, as a rule, falls between the 1st of May and 1st of November, or during the winter and spring months. Owing to the constant changes of wind, caused by the configuration of the coast-line, the shortness of the distance between the two coasts, and the influence, greater or less, of the trade-winds, it is quite common for one neighbourhood to have double the rainfall of another, even though the two be only twenty miles apart. Droughts of more than a couple of months are practically unknown, and grass is always abundant.

Winds.

One of the chief means whereby the great healthiness of the climate is maintained is the constant presence of fine breezes, blowing both summer and winter, the prevailing winds being north-east and south-west, and very seldom passing into really heavy gales. In the middle of summer, the sea-breeze during the day and the land-breeze at night are almost unvarying.

General Products and Industries.

Timber.—The vast forests of kauri and other valuable trees have given this district the foremost place for production and export of timber. There are many safe and sheltered harbours for shipping, while streams and rivers without number form convenient highways for conveying logs to the mills or ports. Some idea of the extent of this industry may be given by quoting from the official returns made at the time of census of 1901. There were then forty-eight sawmills situated in various parts of the district, with engines of a total of some 3,100-horse power. These mills employed over 2,000 men, and produced yearly some 109,000,000 ft. of sawn timber, valued at £459,128; of timber resawn into flooring, skirting, &c., some 14,000,000 ft., valued at upwards of £79,000, not to mention posts and rails, mouldings, sashes, and doors. Besides this output, in the remoter parts of the district large quantities of timber are hand-sawn. The durable puriri is converted into railway-sleepers, for which there is a great demand, and the totara is largely sought after for telegraph-posts and wharf-piles.

Kauri-gum.—The most unique production of this portion of the colony is kauri-gum, obtained for the most part from the country north of Auckland. It is formed by the hardening of the exuded turpentine from the kauri tree, and is dug out of ground from which the forest has been burnt off. The Royal Commission appointed in 1893 elicited the fact that the procuring of the gum gave employment then to no less than 6,897 persons. Last year 7,541 tons were exported, valued at £446,114. The kauri-gum is extensively used in the manufacture of varnish, and also for glazing calico. Nearly two-thirds of the varnishes in the market are produced from this gum. The average earnings of a digger may be taken as from £1 7s. to £1 10s. per week.

Flax (Phormium tenax).—An industry, which has assumed large proportions, is the conversion of the broad leaves of the Phormium tenax into marketable flax suitable for the manufacture of rope, twine, mats, mattresses, and numerous other articles. The flax-mills are scattered over different parts of the district, as near rail or water carriage as possible, and employ a considerable number of men and boys, whilst the local rope and twine works give work to a good many more. The export from Auckland Land District of phormium for the year 1901-1902 was 2,034 tons, valued at £48,459.

Gold.—This district has in the past produced large quantities of gold, but the area over which auriferous quartz-reefs has been discovered is limited to the Counties of Coromandel, Thames, Ohinemuri, and a small portion of Piako. In 1901 the output of this neighbourhood was 46 per cent. of all the gold produced in New Zealand, the quantity (191,968oz.) entered for duty for exportation having been valued at £695,551. From 1878 to 1892 the Thames Goldfield alone produced some 600,000 oz. Now that the area over which auriferous quartz-reefs have been discovered has increased, a much larger output may be expected in the future. The total estimated value of the gold was £728,498 for 1901-1902, against £604,018 in the previous year. All the gold won was obtained by battery amalgamation and the cyanide process. There is a large amount of English capital being expended in developing new discoveries in out-districts away from the goldfield, but it will be some time yet before these discoveries have reached their full development. At the Thames there is a School of Mines, well attended and showing good results.

Coal.—Coal is found in most parts of this district, and is being worked with more or less success at Kawakawa, Hikurangi, Kamo, and Ngunguru, to the north of Auckland; whilst in the south there are three mines at Huntly, all turning out a good household coal. The total output of all the mines in 1901 was 177,284 tons.

Fruit.—The climate of the Auckland District is well adapted for the growth of the orange, lemon, vine, and olive, as also for the fruits of England, America, and Japan. The subtropical kinds flourish about Hokianga, in the north; those of the temperate regions, in the Waikato and neighbourhood. Now that the problem of how to land fruit in good condition in the London market has been solved, orchard planting is rapidly progressing, and it has been found that the culture of the hard varieties of the apple will repay export to England. Of late years a demand has set in for the poor clay land that used to contain gum, as it is admirably suited for fruit-growing. Orchards are now planted in neighbourhoods where the soil has lain idle for years, for it has been proved that apples grown on this poor soil keep longer than those grown on richer land. What can be done by cultivation and care on poor lands is evidenced at the Waerenga Government Experimental Plantation in the Waikato, where the two orchards of fruit trees and vines show most luxuriant growth. More attention is being just now paid to stone fruits, for which there is always a steady local market, than to apples, which have of late years been heavily handicapped by blight. The fruit industry in Auckland is yet in its infancy, and is capable of great extension. At present peaches are the only fruit canned, though there is also a good deal done in the way of drying fruits and vegetables by the process of evaporation.

Fishing.—The sea and harbours abound in fish. At least eighteen different varieties suitable for the table are caught with little labour, and settlers living near the sea-coast or any one of the many harbours and tidal rivers can always obtain enough for all necessities. At present the canning industry is confined to mullet, of which there is a large amount exported, and an equal quantity used for home consumption. The rock-oyster is found over a large area on these coasts, and large quantities are sent both to the southern ports of the colony and also to Australia.

Chief Centres and Surrounding Districts.

The City of Auckland lies on the southern shore of the Waitemata Harbour, one of the finest havens in the colony, on a narrow neck of land between the Waitemata and the Manukau. Alike from the sea and from the neighbouring hills the city and surrounding country present a charming picture. Especially fine is the view from Mount Eden, a low volcanic hill in the suburbs. Facing the town are the green hills and white houses of the North Shore, and the remarkable peak of Rangitoto; beyond lie the many islands of the Hauraki Gulf, with the blue hills of Coromandel and the Great Barrier in the far distance. Clustered near the foot of the hill, and scattered for many miles to the southward, are charming villa-like houses, with tasteful gardens and shrubberies, while to the north-west the view is closed by high wooded ranges. The city is unrivalled for its commercial position; it has communication by sea with both sides of the Island, while the Kaipara and Wairoa Rivers leading far into the northern peninsula, and to the south the Waikato and Thames Rivers leading into the heart of the Island, give it excellent natural facilities for inland communication. In March, 1901, the population of the city and suburbs amounted to 67,226 persons. The city is well supplied with gas and water, and amongst public buildings may be noticed Government House, the new Government Offices, Post and Telegraph Offices, Supreme Court, &c. There is a Free Public Library and Art Gallery, and a good Museum, containing what is probably the best Maori collection in the world. The Auckland University College is affiliated to the New Zealand University. The Victoria Arcade, the Exchange, Harbour Board Offices, hotels and clubs, as well as many commercial buildings, compare favourably with those in other parts of the colony. There are admirable recreation-grounds, including the Government Domain of about 180 acres, as well as the Botanic Garden and the Albert Park in the centre of the city. There is a tramway system extending through the suburbs. Auckland has numerous industries, including, amongst others, ship-building, sugar-refining, timber-converting, sash and door manufactories; rope and twine, pottery, brick and tile, and varnish works; printing-offices, &c.

The City of Auckland is the centre from which radiate all railways, road, and steamer routes. From it, by rail, lies the way to all Crown lands south of the Waitemata, while the Kaipara Railway connects it with the country north of Helensville. All lands to the north and along the Bay of Plenty are reached from its wharves by the Northern Company's steamers. The chief centres to the north are:—

Warkworth, on the East Coast, forty miles from Auckland, with communication by coach and steamer nearly every day. It is a thriving township, with post and telegraph office, public halls, hotels, &c. It is also the site of important hydraulic-lime and cement works. A good deal of agricultural and pastoral farming is carried on in its neighbourhood.

On the West Coast an important centre is Helensville, on the Kaipara Harbour, distant thirty-six miles from Auckland, with which it is connected by rail. It has all the conveniences required by travellers in the shape of good hotels, stores, &c., and is the starting-point of the river-steamers running to all places in the Otamatea and Hobson Counties. It is also one of the main centres for the export of balk timber.

Dargaville, on the Wairoa River, is a town of about 500 inhabitants, with all conveniences for travellers. It may be reached by rail and steamer from Auckland three times a week. Dargaville is the starting-point of the Kaihu Valley Railway, which is open for traffic for twenty miles from the town, and from the terminus of the railway all the Crown lands in the neighbourhood are reached, even so far north as Hokianga. The town is also the centre of a very large timber export. There are only two townships of any importance north of Dargaville—Port Rawene, or Hokianga, and Kohukohu, about four miles further up. Both have post and telegraph stations, and comfortable hotels, with fortnightly steam-communication from Auckland.

Whangarei, on the East Coast, is distant seventy-five miles from Auckland, with which it has steam-communication twice a week. The town is a thriving and important place, having a population of about 1,500, and is the centre of a large agricultural and pastoral country. In the neighbourhood is also a large coal-bearing and gum-producing district, while the export of oranges and lemons, which thrive magnificently on the rich volcanic soil, is on the increase. From here a coach runs weekly to Kawakawa, upon the arrival of the Northern Company's steamer, and from it, by carriage or horse, all lands can be visited within a radius of thirty to forty miles.

Kawakawa, at the head of the tidal portion of the river of the same name, is connected by a short railway-line with Opua, the calling-place of steamers from Auckland. Kawakawa possesses good inns. From it coaches run weekly to Hokianga and Whangarei. It is the centre of a coal and gum industry, and a port of lading for those products. The old town of Russell is situated further down the bay, and has a good hotel, besides having a post and telegraph office. To Whangaroa, Mangonui, Awanui, Hohora, and Parengarenga the Northern Company's steamers run every week. Whangaroa is famed for its exquisite scenery, and is the centre of a large timber and gum export trade. Mangonui is the starting-point and centre from which to visit, by carriage or horse, all the Crown lands in the Mangonui County.

South of Auckland, along the Waikato Railway, there are numerous townships of more or less importance, but no starting-point for Crown lands until Mercer is reached at a distance of forty-three miles. It is situated at the borders of what is known as the Waikato Country, upon the Waikato River, which is tidal up to this point, and the township has a post and telegraph office and other conveniences. At sixty-five miles from Auckland by rail is Huntly, also on the Waikato River, a flourishing township, with a very large output of valuable coal. It has also pottery, brick, and tile works. On the opposite side of the Waikato River large areas of Crown lands are being brought into use, and are carrying large quantities of sheep and cattle. The next town is Ngaruawahia, or Newcastle, seventy-four miles from Auckland, situated at the junction of the Waikato and Waipa Rivers, with hotels, bank, post and telegraph office. It is a centre from which portions of Crown lands in Raglan County are reached, and also from it river-steamers run north and south to the various settlements. Ngaruawahia has a flourishing creamery, a brewery, and a cooperage. At eighty-four miles from Auckland the train reaches Frankton Junction, where a line branches off to Hamilton, Te Aroha, Paeroa, Thames. and Rotorua, the main line going to Te Awamutu, ninety-nine miles from Auckland. The latter is a thriving town; but to reach available lands for future settlement the traveller passes on by rail to Otorohanga; Te Kuiti and Poro-o-te-Rau, fifteen and twenty-five miles further on respectively, are both of them places at which there are accommodation-houses, forming convenient centres for visiting the fertile undulating limestone lands in the vicinity. Hamilton is a busy, flourishing town, situated on both sides of the Waikato River, with a population of about 1,300 persons, and is the centre of a large agricultural and pastoral district. It possesses a creamery, flax-mill, brewery, and two soap-factories, besides other local industries. Cambridge, about thirteen miles by road and fifteen miles by rail from Hamilton, has a population of about 1,000, and is the headquarters of the Farmers' Club. It is a busy, thriving township, surrounded by good farming country. Between Hamilton and Cambridge, and in the country round, there are numerous creameries, cheese and butter factories; wine and cider making is also successfully pursued, and there are several apiaries, from which large quantities of honey are produced. There are three flour-mills in the district, one at Cambridge, one at Hamilton, and the third at the terminus of one of the before-mentioned branch lines. One hundred and sixteen miles from Auckland by rail is Te Aroha, a quiet township, celebrated for its thermal springs and good hotels. Another thirteen miles brings the traveller to Paeroa, a centre of mining industry, and in another twenty-nine miles the Thames Borough is reached.

The settlements at the Thames and Coromandel are essentially mining townships. The first is situated thirty-eight miles by steamer from Auckland, on the Firth of Thames, and at the mouth of the Waihou River. It has a population of about 4,000 persons. There is daily rail and steam communication with Auckland, and a railway connecting it with Paeroa and Te Aroha. Coromandel is about thirty-five miles from Auckland, with which it has constant communication by steamer; it is another mining centre, situated at the head of a picturesque harbour. Tauranga, with a population of about 1,000, is situated on the harbour of that name in the Bay of Plenty. Coaches run thither from the Thames, and from Rotorua; it has also constant communication by steamer with Auckland, and with Matata, Whakatane, and Opotiki. From the fact of the harbour being the only one on the East Coast capable of receiving large vessels the town is bound to be of importance in the future. Tauranga has a chemical and sulphuric-acid works, and a cheese-factory.

Opotiki, the second town of importance in the Bay of Plenty, is situated about sixty-five miles by steamer or road from Tauranga. It has weekly steam communication with Auckland, and is connected with Gisborne by a bridle-track. It is the headquarters of the maize-producing district, and has rich alluvial lands, from which good returns are obtained. It is a good starting-point from which large blocks of Crown lands suitable for pastoral purposes may be reached.

The Township of Rotorua is situated on the shores of Rotorua Lake, at a distance of 172 miles from Auckland. Travellers can reach Rotorua in one day from Auckland. It is the chief township in the hot-lakes district, and has also a large area of fairly good Crown land near, adapted for pastoral purposes. Considerable quantities of sulphur are obtained from the neighbourhood.

Crown or Native Lands available for Future Settlement.

In the Mangonui County the Crown possesses 25,350 acres of fairly good forest land, tolerably easy of access.

In the Bay of Islands County there are only about 25,600 acres of available Crown land, both forest and open, but the Natives still own some 152,000 acres, chiefly forest land, except about Kaikohe, where it is open and rich volcanic land, most of it broken, but fit for settlement.

In Hokianga County there are some 140,600 acres of available Crown land, of good quality, nearly all covered with forest, and fit for immediate settlement. The Natives still own some 104,650 acres, almost all good land, and fit for settlement.

In Whangarei County there are about 40,300 acres of available Crown land, mostly broken and forest-clad. The Natives still retain some 28,850 acres of land, part of it very rich.

In the Otamatea County the Crown retains only about 12,600 acres, a good deal of this being alluvial swamp, and now well drained. The Natives still own about 20,000 acres, but not much of it is fit for settlement.

In the Rodney and Waitemata Counties about 28,700 acres of Crown lands are left, most of it fit only for pastoral or fruit-growing purposes. The Natives still own about 14,000 acres in these two counties, some of it very good land.

In the Manukau County the Crown owns some 20,300 acres of broken forest land, fit for pastoral purposes. The Natives still own about 15,000 acres, a portion of which is fairly good.

In the Waikato and Raglan Counties the Crown lands amount to about 55,650 acres, all fairly good land, mostly forest, and easy of access. In Raglan County the Natives still own the freehold of 150,000 acres, all good land.

In the Coromandel, Thames, and Ohinemuri Counties there are about 329,550 acres of available Crown lands, a great deal of it too broken for settlement. In the last two counties a good deal of the land is swampy, and requires draining. The Natives still own 97,200 acres, much of which is very good.

In Tauranga, Whakatane, Opotiki, and Rotorua Counties the Crown owns 394,800 acres, nearly all forest-clad, and generally broken; but in the last-named county the Natives retain a very large area, the greater part too broken or too much covered with pumice or volcanic ash to be fit for settlement.

In the Kawhia and West Taupo Counties the Crown is acquiring from the Natives large areas of very good land, all fit for settlement and easy of access. About 300,000 acres are really first-class land, and about 1,000,000 acres fairly good land, all suitable for pastoral purposes, and accessible from the Main Trunk Railway-line.

The Crown now holds about 195,900 acres in Kawhia County—50,000 acres are now being surveyed and made available for settlement—and 152,700 acres in West Taupo County.

Chapter 73. THE TARANAKI LAND DISTRICT.

J. Mackenzie, Chief Surveyor.

The Taranaki Land District is situated on the western side of the North Island of New Zealand, at about its widest part, and may be said to be the most compact and fertile district of the colony, for, with the exception of the upper half of Mount Egmont, and of the ranges adjoining, which absorb about 36,000 acres, the whole of the area—minus what is taken up by the rivers, streams, and lakes—is suitable for settlement, and certainly two-thirds of the district is good land. The gross area of the district is 2,430,000 acres.

Physical Features.

Of mountains, the principal one is the beautiful volcanic cone from which the district takes its name, Taranaki, otherwise called Mount Egmont, which has an altitude of 8,260 ft. This mountain is the centre of distribution for a radius of twenty miles of the volcanic formation known as the “drift,” which covers the volcanic rocks below an altitude of 3,000 ft. Hummocks composed of trachyte boulders and cement crop up here and there and make excellent metal-quarries.

Beyond the volcanic formation—that is, from about Urenui on the north and Hawera on the south—the country is generally broken, and the formation is known as papa, a calcareous blue clay, capped in many places by shelly limestone.

The northern portion, between the Tongaporutu and the Mokau Rivers, contains also limestone, greensands, and coal outcrops. At Panirau, a small tributary of the Mokau, about thirty miles from the sea, there is an isolated patch of volcanic agglomerate and tufas, and a similar formation is found at the north-eastern corner of the district.

Eastward of the base of Mount Egmont there are few, if any, mountains worthy of the name, although there are many ranges varying in height from 1,000 ft. to 1,500 ft. above sea-level, and, in a few instances—such as the Matemateonga and Waiaria Ranges—they run up to 2,500 ft.

The principal river is the Wanganui, which bounds the district on the east between Taumaranui and Pipiriki, a distance of about ninety miles. Its average width varies from 2 to 3 chains. For nearly the whole distance it is shut in by high precipitous hills, and in many places by perpendicular walls of rock. The scenery is very grand and beautiful. There are numerous rapids, but few of them are dangerous to skilful canoeists. Steamers run regularly from Wanganui to Pipiriki, a distance of fifty-five miles.

Messrs. Hatrick and Co. have recently commenced to run their new steamer “Wai-iti” between Pipiriki and Putikituna, some twelve miles up the Tangarakau River. From this point a road (nine miles in length) is being constructed to join the Ohura (or East) Road at a point about forty-seven miles from Stratford, and in the middle of the Whangamomona Improved-farm Settlement, the settlers in which and surrounding blocks will thus have double communication, with Wanganui on the one hand and Stratford on the other. When the road is completed through to Auckland, tourists can enjoy a trip up the Wanganui River as far as Ohura, then back, and up Tangarakau River across to Ohura Road, then on to Auckland, or back to Stratford, as they desire. The dimensions of the “Wai-iti” are 40 ft. long by 8 ft. beam, with a light draft of 9 in. and passenger capacity for forty, the amount of cargo depending on quantity of water in river from time to time. The time-table as at present arranged is: Leave Putikituna for Pipiriki and Wanganui every Tuesday morning at 10 o'clock, and every Monday leave Pipiriki for Putikituna. It is probable that during the summer this weekly service may be increased to bi-weekly, as the firm intends making an effort to secure a fair share of the tourist traffic for this route. The fares at present are: Putikituna to Pipiriki, 10s. single, 15s. return; Putikituna to Wanganui, 20s. single, 30s. return, and vice versü; cargo, 50s. per ton, but this will probably be reduced as the channel of the Tanga-rakau is improved by snagging, &c. Of course it is understood that probably these rates may fluctuate. The principal tributaries flowing into the Wanganui on the Taranaki side are the Whangamomona, at eighty-two miles; Tangarakau, at eighty-five miles; Ohura, at 114 miles; Ongaruhe, at 143 miles respectively from the Town of Wanganui.

The next river in size is the Mokau, bounding the district on the north. It is navigable for handy steamers drawing from 7 ft. to 8 ft. of water as far as the coalmines, about twenty miles from its mouth, and for canoes as far as Totoro, twenty-six miles further up. Several outcrops of coal are found on its banks, and, as limestone is also present, the river is likely to become an important waterway of the district. The scenery on either side, although not on quite so g d a scale as may be seen on the Wanganui, is very beautiful.

The other large rivers are the Waitara and Patea. The former has its source about midway between the coast and the Wanganui River, in an easterly direction from Pukearuhe, between New Plymouth and the Mokau. It is about a hundred miles in length, and runs out at the Town of Waitara, some ten miles north-east from New Plymouth. There is a bar at the mouth, but steamers of 300 tons can enter safely in calm weather, and, although there are numerous rapids on its course, it is navigable for canoes for about ninety miles.

The Patea River rises in Mount Egmont, and, after traversing a tortuous course of about 110 miles, runs out at the extreme southern end of the provincial district. It has a bar-harbour, with a depth of 13 ft. to 14 ft. at spring-tides. Steamers of from 40 tons to 50 tons trade regularly to the town of Patea, which is situated a mile or so north of the mouth. The Patea is navigable for canoes for fifty miles.

Besides these rivers there are many smaller ones, and streams innumerable—in fact, no district in the world could be better watered and at the same time be so secure from disastrous floods. It is estimated that between the Mokau and the Patea there are no fewer than eighty-five named streams emptying themselves into the Tasman Sea, fully sixty of which flow from Mount Egmont.

Excepting the Ngaere Swamp, a block of open land near Eltham, 3,700 acres in extent, now partially drained and recently disposed of for settlement purposes, there are no plains, properly so called, in the district, although the stretch of very fertile country lying between the Waingongoro and Otakeho Rivers, comprising an area of about 25,000 acres, is known as the Waimate Plains. Of this area 13,500 acres have been disposed of, and the remainder, 11,500 acres, has been handed back to the Natives as a reserve.

There are no lakes worthy of the name. The largest sheet of water is Rotokare, situate about twelve miles from Eltham; it is about half a mile in length, with an average width of six chains. There are also a few small lakes inland from Waverley, at the southern end of the district.

The whole of the district, with the exception of a fringe of open country along the coast from Pukearuhe to Patea, averaging three miles in width, and containing about 250,000 acres, and some valleys at the north-eastern corner of the district, about 150,000 acres in extent, was originally covered with heavy forest, but this is rapidly disappearing under progress of settlement and erection of sawmills to deal with such timber.

The larger timber is chiefly rata, rimu, matai, tawa, kahikatea, kohekohe, puka-tea, rewarewa, hinau, with a few totaras scattered here and there. Among the smaller trees may be mentioned the kotukutuku or fuchsia, karaka, and mahoe.

As regards the timber industry, there are altogether thirty-eight sawmills, and the total quantity cut in 1901 was 16,710,000 ft., chiefly rimu (red-pine), kahikatea (white-pine), and matai (black-pine). Most of these mills work together under Association rules and prices, their output for the year being 14,000,000 superficial feet. The others work independently, and their output amounted to only 2,710,000 ft. for the same period.

An area of 72,565 acres, measuring six miles on every side from the summit of Mount Egmont, was originally set apart as a forest-reserve. To this has now been added 1,040 acres on the lower slopes of Pouakai Range, with an additional 5,500 acres on the Patua Range, making a total of about 79,000 acres, which has now by Act of Parliament been set apart as the “Egmont National Park,” the internal affairs of which are administered by a partly elected and partly nominated Board of ten members. At about three miles within the reserve the forest begins to get stunted; and at four and a half miles it gives place to low wiry scrub, which ceases at five miles, or an elevation of about 4,000 ft. At 5,000 ft. the moss ends; beyond this point to the summit the mountain is composed of loose scoria and lava.

A comfortable house, known as the Egmont Mountain-house, has been built at an elevation of 3,200 ft. on the northern face of the mountain, at a distance of twenty miles from New Plymouth by the Junction and Egmont Roads. Eighteen miles can be driven over, and the remaining two ridden. This house is maintained by the Egmont National Park Board, and is open for the accommodation of visitors from about the 20th of December to the middle or end of April in each year. The keeper acts as guide also. The time usually occupied in the ascent from the house is from three to four hours for men, and four to six hours for ladies. There are two women's rooms at one end of the house, and two men's at the other, with large common living- and dining-room in the centre. Visitors have now the option of being supplied with meals at a cost of 1s. 6d. each, or they may provide and cook their own food. Horse feeds, 1s. 6d. each; paddocking, 6d. daily, or 2s. 6d. a week. A small charge for use of house is made to visitors of 1s. per night or 5s. per week throughout the visit. In addition to the mountain-house, the Board has erected a cottage of three rooms, comprising two bedrooms (fitted with four bunks each), and one living room in between. This cottage is intended for renting by the week to family parties, only one such party occupying it at a time, the minimum charge per week being two pounds sterling for a party of four adults; over that number and up to eight (the limit allowed), 7s. 6d. each per week; children over five and under twelve years, half rates. The cottage is not let to any one party for a longer period than two weeks while there are other applicants. The Board provides cooking and other utensils, firewood, and water, also mattresses and pillows; but visitors must take their own blankets, and provide and cook their own food. The caretaker at the mountain-house keeps a small stock of the principal lines of food usually wanted for sale to visitors. The cottage is within 60 or 70 yards of the mountain-house, and in charge of the same caretaker, but parties desirous of renting it should communicate with the Honorary Secretary to Committee for Northern Division of Egmont National Park, New Plymouth, giving dates between which they require it. These applications are booked in order of priority of receipt (after notification that offers will be received, usually in the early part of December). The cottage is opened and closed on same dates as the mountain-house. Guide's fee for mountain, £1 per party. During the past season there were many visitors, remaining various periods of from one or two days to as many weeks. The view from the top is superb, including as it does, volcanic cones of Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe, and Tongariro, the whole of Taranaki, and a considerable portion of Auckland and Wellington Districts, also across Cook Strait to the mountains of Marlborough and Nelson Districts of the Middle Island. In fine weather, when the snow is off, the mountain can be ascended without risk. A considerable sum has been expended in improving the accommodation at the house during the past season.

The mountain can also easily be ascended from Stratford side, the return journey occupying about thirteen hours, including stoppages. Tourists can ride over the first eleven miles to the Pembroke Road Mountain-house (three rooms) above the bush-line, altitude 3,720 ft.: time occupied, about two and a half hours. A new two-roomed cottage has been erected, and was in use last season. Here the horses are left, and the remaining climb has to be done on foot: time required for fair walker, a good three hours, although, coming down, the distance can be done in two hours. Two hundred and fifty persons visited the mountain by this route during the season. Good hotel-accommodation, guide, and horses can be obtained in Stratford. Provisions are kept on reasonable terms by the caretaker at the house. The return trip can be varied by visiting Dawson's Falls and Kendle's Cascade, or by a run across to the Egmont Mountain-house. Those who do not care to attempt the summit will be amply repaid by the pleasure of the ride through the forest, and by the magnificent views to be obtained from the house. The houses have sleeping-accommodation for about thirty persons.

Another route now coming into favour is from Hawera or Eltham viü Manaia or Kaponga and Dawson's Falls. At the latter place a comfortable shelter-house, capable of accommodating over forty people, has recently been erected, and is known as the Falls Mountain-house (altitude, 2,990 ft.). This house, which is close to the Falls (65 ft.), is within an easy two hours' ride of Kaponga. During the season the house is in charge of a caretaker, and food, horse-feed, and paddocking can be obtained. There were 1,008 visitors to Falls and mountain by this route during the season. A comfortable three-roomed cottage has been erected in connection with this house. Water is obtained from the adjoining creek by means of a ram. From the house to summit of Mount Egmont occupies from four to six hours' climbing at a moderate pace, the time being in accordance with strength and composition of party. From the top the tourist can, instead of returning by same route, drop down to the mountain-house on the north or New Plymouth side of, and 3,000 ft. up, the mountain. The walk would not occupy over two hours, easy walking, or he could go out viü Stratford.

Since last season a track has been partly made from the western side of the mountain, enabling 100 tourists to ascend via Rahotu; but the want of an accommodation-house has somewhat interfered with traffic—a fault which, it is hoped, with Government assistance may be remedied shortly.

Soils.

The volcanic soil, the boundaries of which have been already described, varies a good deal in quality. The best is believed to be on the south side of the mountain, between Stratford, Hawera, and Opunake, but not less than two or three miles from the forest-reserve boundary. It is thought that the country now being opened to the north and east of the volcanic deposit—that is, the papa and limestone formation—will, from the presence of lime, be much richer and more lasting as pasture-land than that around the mountain. The carrying-capacity of the land is, on an average, two and a half to three sheep to the acre.

Dairying, Grazing, and Agriculture.

Taranaki is essentially a grazing and dairying district, its chief products being butter and cheese.

There are 101 dairy factories and 65 skimming stations scattered over the district. Of these factories, 80 produce butter only, 19 butter and cheese combined, while 2 produce cheese only. Seventy-eight factories and creameries are owned by proprietory companies, while 88 are run on co-operative principles. There are also in this district 15 registered packing-houses for milled butter, 214 registered private dairies for butter-making, and 2 for cheese only, besides many small plants run on individual farms of which no record is obtainable.

In September, 1896, a new work in connection with the dairying and meat industries was started in the shape of the Taranaki Freezing Works. They are situated at Moturoa, near the breakwater, and close alongside the railway-line. Substantial buildings have been erected, and a railway siding laid down. The machinery consists of a “Paxman” compound surface-condensing engine of forty indicated horse-power, driving a “Livide” compressor, capable of freezing 400 sheep per diem: although up to the present time the company has confined its attention wholly to the freezing of dairy produce. During the year 1901 the output from the works has been—Butter, 183,531 packages, weighing 4,588 tons 5 cwt. 56 lb. net; cheese, 21,624 packages, net weight 1,351 tons 10 cwt. During the hot season the factories and railway-vans carrying butter have been supplied with ice from the works at a nominal cost.

At the Taranaki Bacon Factory, Fitzroy, substantial buildings have been erected and a 6-horse-power “Livide” machine fitted up, and the owner, Mr. Drake, has the works in full swing. The pigs are purchased from the farmers in the district and delivered at the styes in connection with the factory, where they are topped off with corn-feeding for fourteen days before being slaughtered. The number of pigs put through during past season was 3,651; price, about 3 1/2d. per lb. dead weight. The hams and bacon exhibited by this factory have always taken first-class honours in the various agricultural shows. An industry like this cannot but prove of great assistance to settlers in the district, and should receive their most cordial support.

There are in the Taranaki District 18,821 horses, 224,970 cattle, 564,392 sheep, and 20,294 swine. These figures include all kinds and ages.

Agriculture has not hitherto been carried on to any great extent in this district. The total area under corn-crops and cut for threshing during season 1901-1902 was 5,890 acres; corn- and grass-crops cut for hay, chaff, or ensilage, 10,972 acres; corn-and green-crops for feeding to, or down with, stock, 897 acres; sown grasses and clovers for feeding down, 748,951 acres; sown grasses for seed, 2,379 acres; potatoes, 1,647 acres; beet, 14 acres: turnips, 7,529 acres; mangolds, 587 acres; rape, 2,009 acres; carrots, 418 acres; other crops, 34 acres; total area under crops of all kinds, including gardens, orchards, vineyards, 783,176 acres. Plantations, 1,292 acres; fallow, 460 acres.

The average yield of different grain-crops in bushels per acre for season of 1901-1902 was: Wheat, 33.0; oats, 35.0; barley, 40.0.

Mining.

The only mining going on at present is at the Mokau Coal-mines, which are situated on the Mokau River, about twenty-three miles from the sea, the river being navigable right up to the mines for vessels of 7 ft. 6 in. draught. The coal is the best class of pitch-brown, and is excellent for household and steam purposes. Eight distinct seams are already known, varying in thickness from 2 1/2 ft. to 8 1/2 ft. The latter, the one now being worked by Mr. Stubbs, is the middle one of the series, and has a horizontal band of slate in it varying in thickness from 3 in to 10 in. The entrance to the drive is about 40 ft. above the river, and runs some 30 chains into the hill on a very easy upward grade. The roof is hard, and the mine thoroughly dry and well ventilated. Owing to want of shipping the output for past year was only 3,513 tons.

The property, comprising 12,414 acres, has been purchased by the Taranaki Collieries Company, of Sydney, but the mine is leased to Mr. Stubbs, who has been working it for the past four years. A double tramway has been laid down through the mine, and 100 new skips put on the road with a view of increasing the output. The company have already two steamers in the trade, and one in course of erection.

Ironsand is found in great abundance on the seashore from Mokau to Patea, a distance of 130 miles. It produces, when smelted, from 50 to 60 per cent. of iron of the finest quality. The first attempt to smelt this sand was made in 1848, and several trials have been made since, but the heavy cost of production and the absence of capital and modern appliances have, so far, retarded the industry. Strong efforts are now being made to remedy this by the introduction of outside capital, and it is hoped these will shortly be successful.

Climate.

The climate of Taranaki is remarkably healthy, without any extremes of temperature. Below is given a table of mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures in shade for each month of the year ending December, 1901:—

 Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
Mean temperature666563.562616156.5555961.56363.5
Extreme maximum temperature848180878884848486919288
Extreme minimum temperature424745393432303137323640
Number of days on which rain fell181721152523261920171925
Total rainfall per month in inches and decimals3.7404.5502.8403.5103.4157.4408.3903.8204.8503.9303.3508.605
Mean barometric reading for the month29.9930.1130.1030.2130.1630.2129.8430.2130.2530.2430.1529.86

The mean barometric reading was 30.111 in. for the year. Total rainfall, 58.440 in. on 245 days, the maximum fall being 3.480 in. on 19th December. The rainfall varies considerably, as, for instance, at Norfolk Road, three miles south of Inglewood, the rainfall for the year 1901 was 97.39 in. on 209 days; the maximum fall was 5.87 in. on 19th December. The average rainfall at New Plymouth during the past eight years was 62.955 in., and at Norfolk Road for same period 101.41 in.

Chief Towns.

The principal town of the district is New Plymouth (population about 4,405), situate on the seashore, about two miles from and to the north-east of the picturesque rocky islets known as the Sugar Loaves. The general appearance of the town is very attractive, and it abounds in neatly-kept gardens. The Recreation Grounds, from which a good view of Mount Egmont is obtained, form a favourite resort.

New Plymouth is 252 miles by rail from Wellington, the railway running in a northerly direction through the district from Patea to Sentry Hill, where it turns at right-angles westward for eight miles to New Plymouth. From Sentry Hill there is a branch line to Waitara, four miles distant.

The Port of New Plymouth is situated at the Sugar Loaves, two miles from the town. Protection for shipping is afforded by a concrete mole or breakwater running in a north-east direction for a distance of 1,900 ft. Under the lee of this there is wharf-accommodation provided for the coastal trade. Steamers of 1,000 tons can be berthed here in almost all weathers. The wharf is connected with New Plymouth by both rail and road. The breakwater was built at a cost of £200,000, borrowed under security of one-fourth of the land revenue of the Provincial District of Taranaki, and the right to levy a rate over certain lands. The present rate levied is 1/4d. in the pound on the capital value. The principal over-sea exports from breakwater for the year (exclusive of all coastal trade) were: Bacon and hams, 513cwt., value £1,512; butter, 87,434cwt., value £373,790; cheese, 26,103cwt., value £55,603; fungus, 1,552cwt., value £2,863; leather, 190cwt., value £808; grass seeds, 100cwt., value £147; tallow, 219 tons, value, £4,196; total value, £505,374. Imports (oversea): value, £73,631. Customs duties for the year, £22,605. During the year 625 steamers entered and left the port: tonnage, 235,561, with crews numbering 12,197. The number of passengers to and from the breakwater by sea, 22,947, being 5,813 more than preceding year.

Manufactures in New Plymouth are represented by a sash-and-door, a boot, butter-keg, and three coach factories, a brewery, a cordial, and also a patent-stopper factory, a flour-mill, tannery, fellmongery, bone-mill, and iron-foundry, with freezing-works and bacon-factory in the suburbs. The town has both water and gas laid on.

Hawera, the next largest town, is situate on the eastern edge of the Waimate Plains. The population is 2,131, and the town is lit with gas. The Wellington-New Plymouth Railway runs close to it, the distance by rail from New Plymouth being about forty-eight miles. Hawera is surrounded by a first-class dairying and grazing country, capable of carrying a very large population. On 1st December, 1898, an up-to-date bacon-factory, costing some £1,200, commenced the work of killing and curing in Hawera.

The Town of Patea is situated on the coast, at the extreme southern end of the district, and has a population of 691. There is a splendid grazing district inland, with a large area of land yet to be opened up. The principal industry is the boiling-down and canning of meat, and the Western Packing and Canning Company during the past season slaughtered 3,005 sheep, averaging 61 lb. each, and 1,023 head of cattle, averaging 740 lb. each, the output being 4,009 cases of tinned meats, 210 casks of tallow, 250 tons manure, 100 gallons neatsfoot oil, 75,911 lb. of frozen mutton, 3,003 sheepskins, 1,023 hides. There is also a dairy factory, which has two branch creameries in the country. A bacon-factory has also been established. Exports for 1901 were: Wool, 6,438 bales; fungus, 893 bags; tallow, 545 casks; pelts, 172 casks; loose hides, 5,562; corn, 200 sacks; cheese, 1,698 cases; butter, 10,314 cases; flax, 111 bales; meat, 3,918 cases; cattle, 62; sheep, 245; bonedust, 943 tons; sundries, 583 packages; bacon, 7 cases; empties, 1,020; pigs feet, 40 bags; transhipment, 161 tons. Imports: Ordinary, 7,034 tons; coals, 1,837 tons. Wharfages amounted to £1,853, dumping dues £406, tonnage dues £318. The number of steamers in and out were 163. The Harbour Board has an up-to-date wool-dumping press and hydraulic pumps. The width between the east and west pier-heads is 260 ft.; width of channel about 180 ft., gradually narrowing to 100 ft. as the beacons are approached. The pilot reports the depth of water at not less than 12 ft. at high-water springs, and 9 ft. at high-water neaps, with a straight channel.

Stratford, a comparatively young town, lies about midway between Patea and New Plymouth. It has already a population of about 2,027, and is growing fast. The height above sea-level is 1,000 ft., and the climate is bracing though somewhat moist. The main road to Auckland—known as the Stratford-Ongaruhe (now Ohura Road)—starts here. It has been formed as a cart-road for fifty-six miles, and as a bridle-road to sixty-one miles. If the work is continued energetically, communication with Auckland should be opened up in about three years' time. A commencement has been made with the construction of the railway line between Stratford and Auckland viü Kawakawa, and the works are being pushed on vigorously, the line being practically completed as far as Toko. A bacon-factory has been started at Stratford under very favourable circumstances, and is likely to prove a public benefit, and also a financial success to the proprietary company. The works on a fair scale and up to date. The machinery is driven by a 30-horse-power Victor turbine, the power being obtained from the Patea River through a tunnel 865 ft. long, cut across a bend in the river. The refrigerating engine is a 6-ton British Linde, while hot water is supplied from a high-pressure boiler in an adjoining building. The chilling-chamber holds about 120 carcases (or one day's killing); here they remain overnight, and are then passed on to the curing-room, a spacious compartment of 80 ft. by 26 ft., capable of holding 1,000 carcases; from here they pass to the drying-room, of same size and capacity, on the upper story. A brick smoke-house, capable of dealing with 600 pieces at a time, has also been erected. The piggeries and slaughter-house are about a mile from the works, and are connected by tramway; the former consists of twenty compartments holding ten pigs each, and are conveniently arranged for feeding, &c., the output during the past season being 3,148 pigs—average weight 145 lbs.; average price, 3 3/4d. per lb. On the Eltham-Opunake Road another factory, called the “Pioneer Bacon Factory,” was started by Mr. Buchanan in 1897, putting through last year 2,330 pigs—average weight, 138 lb.; price given, about 3 3/4d. per lb.

Waitara, a seaport town of 765 inhabitants, is situated on the river of the same name, a mile up from the sea, and about ten miles north-east from New Plymouth. The Mount Egmont Freezing-works have passed into the hands of a new company, styled the “Waitara Freezing and Cool Storage Company, Limited.” who have rebuilt and greatly enlarged the works, the storage capacity now being for 25,000 carcases of mutton, together with five freezing rooms, capable of hanging 1,200 carcases, also a beef-chilling room and a mutton-chilling room.

Though generally steep, the land is not too rough to be used for pastoral purposes, and nearly all the land in the Sounds is occupied by thriving settlers.

Pelorus Sound, the most extensive and picturesque, is thirty-four miles long, following the course of the main channel, with the Town of Havelock at its head. There are many bays and inlets branching off in all directions; the largest of these is Kenepuru Sound, fourteen miles long. Pelorus Sound, including its branches, has a shore line of over 300 miles in length, not counting islands.

Queen Charlotte Sound is the next in length, being thirty miles from its entrance to its head; it also has many bays and inlets, one of which is Picton Harbour, twenty-five miles from the entrance.

Tory Channel is ten miles long, and forms the most direct line of communication between Picton and Wellington. The distance from Wellington Wharf to the entrance of Tory Channel is about forty miles, and about twenty more to Picton.

The shore-line of Queen Charlotte Sound and Tory Channel is over 200 miles in length. The entrance of Queen Charlotte Sound is about twenty miles distant from that of Pelorus Sound, and this latter is about twelve miles from the French Pass. Generally there is deep water in all the sounds and bays, and good anchorage can be found near the shore. The country is hilly everywhere in the neighbourhood of the Sounds, the highest point being Mount Stokes, 3,951 ft. above sea level.

Rivers.

Four considerable rivers, the Wairau, Awatere, Clarence, and Conway, rise towards the western boundary of the district; the two former, running east and north, fall into Cook Strait; the two latter, taking a southerly and easterly course, discharge into the sea on the eastern side of the Island. These rivers water large and fertile valleys, but none can be entered by vessels except the Wairau, which is navigable for small steamers for about ten miles from its mouth.

Plains.

The Wairau Plain, containing about 65,000 acres, on which stands Blenheim, the capital of Marlborough, is the principal block of agricultural land within the district. The soil, generally good, is, on the lower or seaward side of the plain, extremely fertile, especially in the neighbourhood of Tua Marina, Spring Creek, and near Blenheim, which is surrounded by numerous gardens, with rich deep mould, and well sheltered with trees. The average yield of wheat for the plain is about 25 bushels per acre; of oats and barley, 35; of peas, 30; and of potatoes, 10 tons per acre. Hops have been successfully grown for many years in the neighbourhood of the town, but, owing to the high price of labour, their cultivation has not extended. The plain, traversed in all directions by good macadamised roads, and dotted over with numerous comfortable homesteads, standing in clumps of trees amidst well-cultivated fields, has already an old-world appearance. More than half the population of the Marlborough Land District—about 13,000, according to the last census—is centred in the Town of Blenheim and on the Wairau Plain. Besides this plain there are several thousand acres of terrace flats and valleys along the larger rivers, notably at Starborough, on the Lower Awatere.

Lakes.

There are not any lakes worthy the name. The largest is Kapara te Hau, more familiarly known as Grassmere, situate on the coast between the Awatere River and Cape Campbell. It is about three miles in diameter, and very shallow, being, indeed, no more than a lagoon, as during a dry season there is little or no water in it.

There are two other lakes of small size, viz.,—Lake Elterwater, four miles south of Lake Grassmere, and Lake McRae, situate in the open country between the Awatere and the Clarence Rivers.

Forests.

The portion of Marlborough north-west of the Wairau River, extending to the boundary of the Nelson Land District, and including the County of Sounds, in all about 280,000 acres, was originally covered with dense forest. In the valleys and on the lower hill-slopes, rimu, kahikatea, matai, totara, miro, and tawa were the principal forest-trees. The higher portion of the hills and steep spurs are clothed with the various species and variety of birch (beech), to which along the shores of the Sounds were added pukatea and kohekohe, the latter locally called cedar.

Since 1860 sawmills have been at work in various parts of the district. Thirty-two mills have been erected, and have worked for longer or shorter periods. Have-lock, on the Pelorus Sound, is at present the headquarters of the timber trade.

The hills along the shores of the Sound will, for many years, furnish birch sleepers. There are other timbers left in places, but nowhere sufficient to justify the erection of a mill, unless pukatea wood, hitherto neglected, could be utilised. It is a light, tough timber, well adapted for boat-building and for packing-cases. The quantity of pine timber remaining in the Kaituna and Onamalutu Valleys is small, but there is a good supply of birch and other wood, suitable for fencing and firewood. On these valleys the Wairau Plain is mainly dependent for timber.

The Pelorus Valley, with its tributaries the Wakamarina, Rai, Ronga, and Opouri Valleys, still contain about 300,000,000 ft. of convertible timbers, exclusive of the birch, of which there is a large amount of the best quality on the hills and terraces. The Wairau, Blenheim, and other districts extending southwards must depend for the future on this source for all their building material.

In the neighbourhood of Kaikoura, along the base of Mount Fyffe, and in the Hapuku Valley, there is another small block of forest-land in which three small sawmills have been erected. The quantity of timber suitable for sawmill purposes in this block is very limited, but it will furnish the neighbouring country with firewood and fencing for many years.

Soils and their Uses.

The Wairau Plain, which is the principal block of agricultural land, has been already dealt with. The second agricultural centre is in the neighbourhood of Kaikoura. The land extending along the base of Mount Fyffe, between the Kohai and Hapuku Rivers, about 13,000 acres in extent, is held in small or moderate-sized farms; the soil is good, the block known as “The Swamp,” between Mount Fyffe and the Peninsula, being particularly rich. In the Pelorus, Kaituna, and Onamalutu Valleys, and in the Sounds, settlers following in the wake of the sawmills have already converted much of the land worked over into grazing-farms. The land is of three descriptions—alluvial flats, terraces, and hill-sides. On the flats in the larger valleys the soil is rich, producing heavy crops of oats, peas, beans, and potatoes, wherever it has been brought into cultivation. The terrace-land varies much in quality, but generally grows good grass, as do also the hills on which tawa formerly grew; the birch country being very barren. On the small bush-farms cattle-grazing is the chief pursuit. Out of 12,000 head kept in Marlborough, 4,300 belong to the forest country.

Grazing.

About 1,680,000 acres of the Marlborough Land District are at present devoted to keeping sheep. The leaseholds in the northern parts of the district contain a large extent of scrub- and fern-covered country, now producing little or no food for sheep, but capable of improvement. The total number of sheep depastured is 821,812, distributed as follows amongst the counties into which the land district is divided: Marlborough County, 515,022; Sounds County, 149,548; Kaikoura County, 157,242. On the natural pasture of the open country merino sheep are kept almost exclusively, the land carrying from half to one sheep per acre. In the forest country, on sown grass, the land keeps from two to four crossbred sheep per acre. Along the shores of the Sounds large areas of hill-land have been taken up on lease, and are now being cleared and laid down in grass expressly for keeping sheep, but generally throughout the forest country the holdings are small or of moderate size, hence this is, after the Wairau Plain, the most populous portion of the district. The export of wool during last year amounted to about 12,000 bales.

Industries.

Gold-mining has been carried on for some years, principally at Mahakipawa, Wakamarina, and Wairau Valley. At present not much gold is being obtained, although there are now strong indications of a great improvement in the gold-mining industry.

One dredge is at work in the Wakamarina River, with satisfactory results; but the one at Top Valley has suspended operations in the meantime, pending alterations in the machinery. Another dredge will start in this valley shortly.

Nine sawmills are at work within the district: one at Kaikoura, and the others in the Pelorus, Kaituna, Onamalutu, and Wakamarina Valleys, and in the Pelorus and Queen Charlotte Sounds. The principal one is Messrs. Brownlee and Co.'s, in the Pelorus Valley, their tramway being about thirteen miles long, the output last year being about 2,765,000 ft. Messrs. Brownlee and Co. have sixty men employed, and keep two vessels running between Havelock and Lyttelton.

During the year the flax industry employed eleven mills, and the quantity of hemp shipped was 1,100 bales and 540 bales tow.

In connection with one of the mills a rope-factory has been established, in which binder-twine made of short flax or tow is the main product.

There are two flour-mills at work owned by Messrs. Redwood Bros. The one at Spring Creek is a complete roller-mill, driven by water-power, and can turn out about 14 tons of flour in twenty-four hours. It is electric-lighted, and the sack-working machinery is driven by electric motor. The other mill is also worked by water-power, and is situated near Blenheim.

There is a dairy factory at Spring Creek which contains all the latest improvements in machinery; 15 tons of butter were produced in 1901.

There is a first-class cheese-factory at Tuamarina. Last season 80 tons were turned out. There are also cheese-factories at Kaikoura and Havelock.

Climate.

Marlborough possesses one of the finest climates in the world; and at Blenheim it is fine weather nearly all the year round. There is almost a total absence of the boisterous winds that so frequently visit Wellington.

The original distribution of the open and forest lands was entirely due to climatic causes. At Cape Campbell, one of the barest places in the district, the annual rainfall is only 23.25in.; in the Pelorus Valley, the centre of the forest country, it is over 65in. This difference between the climates of the north-western and south-eastern portions of the district explains why the artificial pasture-land, when compared with the natural pasture, supports such a large amount of stock. Winter and spring are the wettest seasons, hence the dry climate is not unfavourable for agriculture. Wherever the soil is suitable, crops sown in winter and harvested in early summer can be successfully grown. Everywhere near the coast the range of temperature, considering the latitude, is very small. The thermometer seldom falls below 30 deg., or rises above 78 deg. Along the shores of the Sounds the mildness of the winter, owing to the curious distribution of land and water, allows lemons, oranges, passion-fruit, figs, and other sub-tropical fruits to be grown in favourable situations. On the lower hills and terraces of the forest country the chestnut (Castanea vulgaris) grows rapidly, and commences to bear fruit in five or six years. A few trees planted in the Pelorus Valley some twenty years ago are now yielding annually about 2 cwt. of nuts a tree. In all parts of the low country the common English fruit-trees—apple, plum, pear, cherry, &c.—yield abundantly, the fruit, owing to the clearness of the atmosphere, being of excellent quality. In the high country, where snow falls occasionally during winter, red, white, and black currants can be produced in such quantities that with little labour they might be made an article of export to the warmer parts of Australia.

Towns.

The chief town, Blenheim, is situate on the Wairau Plain, at the junction of the Opawa and Omaka Rivers—a third river, the Taylor, would join at about the same point were it not that when not in flood it disappears beneath the surface, about three miles south of the town. Blenheim has been termed a miniature Christchurch, doubtless from its extreme flatness. Considering this, its streets are not so straight and wide as they should be. The Government Buildings, which comprise the Post and Telegraph Offices, Lands and Survey Offices, Courts of Justice, &c., form a handsome edifice in the centre of the town, which is well planted with deciduous and evergreen trees. It is about eighteen miles and a half from Picton by rail, and about nine miles from the sea by the Opawa River, which is navigable for small steamers. Blenheim is lit with gas, and supplied with water, principally by artesian wells. The population is 3,222.

The next town in importance is Picton, the principal port, only fifty-three miles by sea from Wellington. This little town, both in position and appearance, may be said to be the antithesis of Blenheim, being most picturesquely situated at the head of Queen Charlotte Sound, and nestling among hills, some of the higher ones still densely covered with birch and other forest. There is frequent communication with Wellington and Nelson by steamers averaging 500 tons, and vessels of the largest size can lie at the wharf at low-water. The direct exportation of frozen meat from Picton commenced in 1892, when 16,433 carcases were shipped. The Christchurch Meat Company exported from Picton for the year ended 31st March, 1902, mutton, 17,340 carcases, and lambs, 35,945 carcases. Picton possesses a malting establishment also, producing for export, as the excellent quality of the barley grown on the Wairau Plain insures a ready market. A small quantity of oysters, mostly procured in Queen Charlotte Sound, is annually exported from Picton; with culture the supply might be almost indefinitely increased, many of the sheltered bays in both sounds being well adapted for the purpose. What is now being done along the Marlborough coast is a mere trifle compared with what might be accomplished if capital and knowledge were brought to bear on the fishing industry. Around the whole coast, from the mouth of the Conway to near the French Pass, the sea abounds in fish. Within the Sounds and amongst the islands of Cook Strait, hapuku, schnapper, moki, barracouta, raturi, kahawai, and rock-cod are extremely plentiful. Immense shoals of the southern herring (Clupea sagax) and of anchovies (Engranlis encrasicholus) frequent the inlets at certain seasons of the year, and quantities of fresh fish are exported from thence to various places within the colony. As steamers arrive at and leave Picton almost daily, shipments can be made without delay to all parts. Picton possesses a good gravitation water-supply. Its population is about 900 persons.

Havelock, situate at the head of Pelorus Sound, is, as has been already stated, the present headquarters of the timber trade, Messrs. Brownlee and Co.'s steam saw-mill, at the mouth of the Pelorus River, being only a mile or so from the town. Between Picton and Havelock there is a mail service twice a week, viü Cullensville, on the Mahakipawa Gold-fields. The population of Havelock is about 300 persons.

The Town of Kaikoura, the greater part of which is built on a raised shingle-beach, is situate at Kaikoura Peninsula, near the southern boundary of the district. The town, with the adjoining settlement of small farms, forms one of the most picturesque spots in New Zealand, lying as it does under the Seaward Kaikouras, or Looker-on Mountains. At the back of the town the peninsula, which is composed of Cretaceo-tertiary limestone, rises abruptly for about 100ft., and affords splendid sites for dwelling-houses. Kaikoura is connected with Blenheim by a weekly coach service, the distance being about ninety-five miles. There is also direct steamer communication with Wellington and Lyttelton. The population of the town is about 500.

Roads and Railways.

The only railway is that between Picton and Blenheim, about eighteen miles and a half in length. The train, starting from Picton, runs twice a day. The railway has been completed for a distance of fifteen miles and a half south of Blenheim, as far as the Township of Seddon, and, although not formally opened, trains run to that township several times a week; and a substantial railway and traffic bridge over the Awatere River, costing £22,500, is a very great boon to the district.

The Main North Road to Nelson, distant seventy-eight miles, is a good metalled road nearly the whole way. It runs up the Wairau Valley from Blenheim for about six miles, crosses the Wairau River into the Kaituna Valley, which it follows as far as Havelock—about twenty-eight miles. It then runs up the Pelorus and Rai Valleys, and ascends by easy gradients to the Brown Saddle, where it crosses the boundary into Nelson. An excellent coach-service—probably the best in the colony—has been established for some years, the coach running to and from Nelson on alternate days, covering the distance in eleven hours, and another coach-service twice a week has been established between Blenheim and Havelock.

The Main South Road, running over the Taylor Pass into the Awatere Valley, and through the Starborough, Flaxbourne, Kekerangu, and other properties, connects Blenheim with Kaikoura and the south, and is a good road during dry weather, although it might be much improved in places. Since the acquisition of the Starborough Estate by the Government the bulk of the traffic now goes viü the Redwood Pass, as it is a more direct route to the town of Seddon.

The portion between the Clarence River—over which a fine bridge was built some years ago—and the Hapuku River, runs along the coast under steep and picturesque hills covered with forest. A road to the south of Kaikoura, between the Kahautara and Conway Rivers, is now completed and forms part of the main Cheviot—Kaikoura Road, and, besides its great usefulness in opening up the country through which it passes, will also become favourite route for tourists, as in many places it passes through most picturesque scenery.

A good road has been formed up the Wairau Valley, passing through the Bank-house, Erina, Lansdowne, Hillersden, and Birch-hill properties, and connecting with Tophouse, just outside the boundary, and distant fifty-six miles from Blenheim. At Tophouse there is an hotel and a telegraph-station, and from thence a good road leads to Belgrove on the Nelson Railway line.

A coach runs twice a week between Blenheim and Wairau Valley—twenty-five miles—where there is an hotel, a post- and telegraph-office, and one or two stores.

There is also a good cart-road running up the Awatere River—which it crosses and recrosses several times—as far as Molesworth Station, about seventy miles from Blenheim. Between these points there is a weekly coach and mail service.

There are other minor roads and bridle-tracks throughout the district too numerous to specify.

Crown Lands.

The area of Crown lands at present available for settlement is about 140,000 acres, but of this area 100,000 acres are of very poor quality, being chiefly the summits of high, rugged country. The balance of available area lies principally in the Pelorus, Rai, and Wakamarina Valleys, and in the Sounds, and will doubtless be readily taken up when thrown open for selection.

Chapter 74. THE NELSON LAND DISTRICT.

W. G. Murray, Chief Surveyor.

General Physical Features.

The Nelson Land District comprises the north and north-western portion of the Middle Island, the greater part being high and mountainous, and on the western and inland ranges covered with dense forest to the bush-limit, at from 4,000 ft. to 4,500 ft. Cape Farewell, the northernmost point, is situated at the western entrance of Cook Strait, on the south side of which lie Golden or Massacre Bay, and Tasman Bay, more commonly called Blind Bay. The former derives its name from the massacre of a boat's crew belonging to Tasman, who visited it on the occasion of his discovery of New Zealand in 1642. At the head of the latter, which has a depth of fifty-four miles from its entrance, stands the town of Nelson. From Separation Point, on the western side of Blind Bay, a range of mountains from 3,000 ft. to 4,000 ft. in height extends southward to Mount Murchison. It consists of a granitic formation, with slate, limestone, and sandstone belts. From Pelorus Sound, on the east, commences another range—a portion of which is serpentine, forming a mineral belt immediately south of Nelson City. It reaches an elevation of 6,000 ft., and runs in a south-westerly direction to the St. Arnaud Range, terminating in the Spencer Mountains, a large central mass attaining a height of 8,000 ft. above the sea-level. To the westward of the Spencer Ranges and those on the further side of Blind Bay are the Brunner, Lyell, Marine, and Tasman Mountains, from 5,000 ft. to 6,500 ft. in height. Still further westward along the coast are the Paparoa, Buckland Peaks, and Papahaua Mountains, about 4,500 ft. at their highest point, and the Whakamarama Range, extending from Rocks Point to Cape Farewell. There are also a number of isolated mountain-masses here and there through the district.

The inland Spencer Mountains are the source of the principal rivers of the district south of the Buller River, and are thus described by Sir Julius von Haast: “On the southern slopes of this wild alpine-stack we find the principal sources of the Grey, or Pohaturoha; on its north-east side the sources of the Wairau; on its-eastern side those of the Acheron and Clarence; and in the deep recesses of these snow-clad giants those of the Waiau-ua, or Dillon: so we may say that, with the exception of the Takaka and Aorere, which fall into Massacre Bay, the Wangapeka and Motueka, which run into Blind Bay, the Karamea and smaller streams, which reach the sea on the West Coast to the north of the Buller River, all the rivers of any size in the northern part of this island take their rise in this magnificent chain.

Rivers.

The Buller River (Kawatiri) has its source at a point about sixty miles south-west from Nelson, where it flows out of the beautiful alpine lake Rotoiti, lying 1,800 ft. above sea-level at the foot of the lofty St. Arnaud Range. This river breaks through the massive mountain chains of the interior in a transverse or easterly direction, forming, where it receives no tributaries, a succession of magnificent rocky gorges, and, after a course of about one hundred miles, finally discharges its waters into the ocean on the West Coast. The Gowan River, a tributary, has its source in another exquisite lake, Rotoroa, 1,623 ft. above sea-level. Other tributaries of the Buller are: the Matakitaki, Maruia, Owen, Matiri, and Inangahua, all of which take their rise in the snowy ranges.

Lakes.

The lakes of the district are alpine in character, surrounded by grand mountain and bush scenery. The principal are: Rotoiti, lying east, and Rotoroa south-east, of Mount Murchison; Matiri, to the west of Owen Range, 980 ft. above the sea.

Plains.

The Waimea Plains, near Nelson, with the Lower Motueka, Riwaka, and Takaka Valley lands, formed part of the original settlement of the New Zealand Company, and are occupied mostly by small settlers. Inland are the Tiraumea Plains, 1,100 ft. above sea-level, and the Maruia, 1,300 ft. These are, together, about 30,000 acres in extent. They are surrounded by high mountains heavily timbered, and the land is of only second-rate quality. On the West Coast the level lands are Totara Flat and Ikamatua Plains, Mawhera-iti, and Inangahua Valleys, lying on the eastern flanks of the Paparoa coastal range. There are also open pakihis at Addison's Flat, on the south side of the Buller, and low swampy lands on the north side; northward is the heavily timbered country of the special settlement at the mouth of the Karamea.

Forest.

The area of the reduced district is estimated at 4,686,000 acres, of which the open land under 2,000 ft. in altitude is, approximately, 915,000 acres; the area of forest-land under 2,000 ft., about 1,382,000 acres; and the open land above that altitude, about 581,000 acres, inclusive of bare mountain summits. The wooded country is estimated at 3,200,000 acres; of this area probably about 900,000 acres is scrub and stunted bush; and of the remainder, not 700,000 acres at the outside would be available for clearing. The timber on the western side consists of red- and white-pine, matai (or black-pine), totara, kawhaka (or cedar), rata, and occasional silver-pine, besides black- and red-birch (Fagus fusca). These varieties are also found, but in smaller areas, on the eastern side; birch preponderating. A large amount of timber is used in the mining industry for props and planking, and throughout the districts generally for shingles, fencing, firewood, sleepers, &c.

Agricultural.

Nelson has little land suitable for agriculture, most of it already taken up. On the Waimea Plains is grown excellent barley, a small quantity of which is exported. Oats and chaff are sent in large amounts to the West Coast and elsewhere. Hops also form one of the chief exports. Wheat, maize, rye, and root-crops of most varieties are grown, and fruit is plentiful. The weekly wage of a farm-labourer is 20s. with board; without board he would receive 6s. a day. Ploughmen can get 20s. per week with board; without, 7s. 6d. a day.

Pastoral.

The total area of pastoral lands held under the Crown by 73 tenants on the 31st March, 1902, amounted to 313,960 acres. As the agricultural land is limited, settlers are turning their attention to the timbered mountain-slopes for grazing purposes. These, when the timber is felled and burnt, and the ground sown with suitable grass, will, after three to four years, carry about two sheep to an acre on fair soil, and more on the limestone country. The cost of felling and burning green timber is from 15s. to 20s. per acre; cost of mixed grass-seeds and sowing, about 15s. per acre; and a good paling-fence on ordinary bush-lands with double No. 8 wires at top and bottom, with 1/2 in. palings and 7 in. posts sunk 2 ft. in the ground, can be erected at about 12s. per chain.

Mining.

The western side of the Nelson District was a terra incognita till about the year 1863, when gold was first discovered in large quantities. Miners flocked in at first from the other goldfields in New Zealand, then from Australia, California, and other parts of the world, until in 1865 the whole coast-line was peopled from Broken River in the north to Jackson's Bay in the south. Mining, at first altogether alluvial, developed into quartz-reefing, and hydraulic-sluicing of large areas. The agricultural lands about the Grey and Inangahua were taken up and cultivated; and, as mining became a more settled industry, the miners occupied and tilled the non-auriferous alluvial flats in the many valleys: hence at the present time a number of homesteads are scattered throughout the district.

Reefton and its neighbourhood forms one of the chief quartz-mining districts in New Zealand; and the West Coast, including Westland, has produced about 45 per cent. of the total gold raised in the colony. The oldest alluvial field is at Collingwood. Among other minerals found in the district are: silver, copper, chrome, antimony, manganese, and haematite. Extensive deposits of coal are found on the West Coast, within the areas of the Grey and Buller Coalfields Reserves. Coal is also found in Collingwood, in Blind Bay, and in West Wanganui Inlet; and there are numerous smaller areas of coal-bearing strata here and there throughout the district. The output from the mines at work within the district during the year ending 31st December, 1901, was 463,300 tons. Copper-ore is found in a serpentine rock-formation near Nelson, but the companies which have worked the ore have not hitherto been successful—the last one, “The Champion,” failing from want of sufficient capital. Deposits of chrome-ore are also found here. Silver-ore has been worked in the Collingwood District; and at Parapara, in Blind Bay, there are widespread deposits of haematite iron-ore, combined with limestone and coal, waiting only for capital to develop them. It will be readily gathered from the above brief description that mining is the chief industry of the Nelson District. A great many river and beach-dredging claims have been taken up of late, and in many instances a large amount has been expended in the purchase and erection of dredges; but, as the majority of these have only recently started work, no idea can at present be formed as to the ultimate success of these ventures.

Sawmilling, &c.

The timber industry in this district has now become a very important trade. There are forty-five sawmills working, and during the past year about 9,000,000 ft. of various kinds of wood, principally red- and black-pine, have been cut in this district for export, and silver-pine has been largely in demand for railway-sleepers for home consumption.

A small industry in flax is also carried on.

Towns.

The chief town is Nelson, situated at the head of Blind Bay, in 41° 16′ S., and surrounded on all sides, except the north, by mountains reaching an elevation of 3,500 ft. With a mean temperature of 54.8° Fahr. it possesses a climate almost unequalled for its beneficial effects on invalids suffering from pulmonary diseases. There are many picturesque spots in the suburbs, and the city itself, with its cleanly-looking buildings and well-kept gardens, is one of the most charming spots in New Zealand. There is an old-established Boys' College, a High School for Girls, and a School of Music, besides Government and other schools. The Anglican Pro-Cathedral, built on the summit of a central hill, memorable as being the site of fortifications erected in the early days of the settlement for defence against an expected attack of the Natives, is a striking feature. The Roman Catholic Church, Convent, and school-buildings cover a large extent of ground. There is also at Stoke, a small village three miles from Nelson, a central Catholic Orphanage, surrounded by grounds of considerable area. There is a good supply of excellent water from a reservoir in the hills at the back of the town, and the streets are well lighted with gas. The several Government departments are housed in one roomy building, containing a large hall used for Supreme Court sittings and other public purposes. Nelson has a small natural harbour, formed by a boulder-bank running for eight miles parallel to the shore, deep enough at high tide to admit vessels of 1,000 tons burden. It is a port of call for the Union Steamship Company's coastal steamers, and has a small local fleet plying between the West Coast, Blind Bay, Picton, and Wellington. The town is reached from the eastward by a good main road from Marlborough. A railway-line has been constructed up country to the southward for thirty-three miles, passing through the farming villages of Stoke, Richmond (borough), Bright-water, Wakefield, Foxhill, and Belgrove. Leaving for the West Coast by a good main road, the traveller starts from the Motupiko Station on one of Cobb and Co.'s coaches, and proceeding up the Valleys of the Motupiko and Clarke, crosses the Hope saddle and thence down the Hope Valley to its junction with the Buller, about sixty-seven miles from town. He then enjoys a succession of views of mountain-gorge scenery, and, after traversing a gorge of seventeen miles in length, arrives at the Lyell, 107 miles from his starting-point. This is an alpine township, in a small quartz-mining neighbourhood. Here is a fine cast-iron girder bridge, spanning a rocky gorge of the Buller, and springing boldly from a bluff on the northern side. At 116 miles the junction of the Inangahua with the Buller is reached, the main road continuing to Reefton, with a branch road twenty-eight miles to Westport, which for twelve miles passes through some of the grandest river-gorge scenery in New Zealand.

Westport, the town next in importance to Nelson, is situated at the mouth of the Buller River. The harbour is sheltered from southerly gales by Cape Foulwind and its outlying rocks, and is accessible in nearly all weathers. A large sum has been spent on a system of harbour-works, designed by the late Sir John Coode. Westport is the place of shipment for the coal-mines lying northward as far as the Mokihinui River. The character of this coal for steam purposes stands almost unrivalled. The long line of coal-staiths and wharves on the northern bank of the river, with a fleet of steam-colliers loading alongside, does not fail at once to impress a visitor with a sense of the importance of the trade. Though much has already been done, yet the industry, from the extent of the coal-bearing strata, is capable of much larger expansion when the necessary capital can be found. The Westport-Ngakawau Railway to Mokihinui, connects with the mines and conveys the coal to the port. At the foot of the Mount Rochfort plateau, nine miles from Westport, is Wai-mangaroa, and on the plateau itself is Denniston—both coal-mining villages. The latter, built at an elevation of 1,960 ft., is said to be the highest township in New Zealand. On a clear day it is well worth a visit, for the sake of enjoying the magnificent panoramic view of the southern Alps, which reach their highest point in Mount Cook, 12,349 ft. high, about 100 miles south. South of Westport are the alluvial gold-mining centres of Addison's Flat, Croninville, Nine-mile Beach, and Charleston.

From the Inangahua Junction, the main road continues southward through the Inangahua Valley, passing through cultivated lands, which are being gradually won from the heavy bush, and at a distance of 136 miles from Nelson reaches the township of Reefton. Here, as at Westport, are good hotels, and, as in every one of the larger coast towns, a hospital receiving a Government grant-in-aid. This town was the first in New Zealand to be lighted by electricity. Through the Midland Railway Company's extension of the Grey-Brunner Government line, Reefton is now connected by rail with Greymouth, from whence it is for the most part supplied. About two miles inland from Reefton is Black's Point mining township, with several batteries at work in and about the place, a visit to which is generally paid by tourists wishing to see something of the gold-mining industry. Other small mining townships are: Boatman's, Capleston, and Antonio's.

Leaving Reefton by rail, and passing into the Grey Valley through a short tunnel, and by a bridge over the Grey River, Totara Flat is reached, nineteen miles distant. This brings us into the Westland District, to which refer for the balance of the journey to Greymouth.

Roads, Tracks, &c.

Situate on the coast, fifty miles north of Westport, is the Karamea Special Settlement, principally settled from the Nelson and Motueka Valley districts. This part of the district contains some excellent but heavily-timbered land, and is reached from Westport by a road, connecting with the Westport-Ngakawau Railway at the Mokihinui River. A bridle-track, also, connecting with Collingwood and Golden Bay, is nearly completed by the Government. This track passes along the coast northwards, thence up the Heaphy Valley to the Golden Downs, and down the Aorere Valley to Golden Bay. Here again is another coal-basin, which, though of inferior value to the older deposits on the western side, is likely to become of importance, having at the present time one mine in full work. Another coal-basin exists at West Wanganui and Pakawau.

In the Aorere Valley, of which Collingwood is the port, alluvial mining is still found to be payable, and the country contains some valuable timber in the upper part not yet utilised. Nineteen miles south, in Blind Bay, lies the small port of Waitapu, from which a considerable amount of sawn timber is exported, drawn from the Takaka Valley, and brought down by a steam tramway from the upper mills. From the head of this valley the main road is carried over a pass in the Pikikirunga Range, 3,476 ft. high, through the villages of East and West Takaka, Riwaka, Motueka, and Moutere to the town of Richmond, eight miles from Nelson. Inland are also the villages of Ngatimoti, Dovedale, Tadmor, and Sherry, each the centre of a number of small farms, and all connected by fairly-good dray-roads.

An inland road, partly bridle-track and partly dray-road, has been made from Nelson to Canterbury, by way of Tophouse, Wairau Gorge, Tarndale, Clarence Valley, Jollie's Pass, and the Waiau Plains. Here there are hot mineral springs, much visited by persons suffering from rheumatism and skin-diseases.

Crown Lands.

About 3,000,000 acres of Crown lands still remain unoccupied in the northern part of the Nelson District; they consist principally of high bush-country, with occasional patches of good valley-lands, the greater part being classed as second-class land. The area open for selection to date comprises 13,367 acres of surveyed lands, and 248,730 acres unsurveyed lands, of which the location, nature of soil, &c., have been briefly described in the foregoing pages.

Chapter 75. THE WESTLAND LAND DISTRICT.

G. J. Roberts, Chief Surveyor.

The Westland District occupies the central portion of the western watershed of the Middle Island, joining Canterbury on the east; its north and south boundaries with Nelson and Otago being the Porarari, Otututu, Grey, and Awarua Rivers. The mean length is 250 miles, and its average width 27 miles. The area is 6,750 square miles, composed, for the most part, of the great central snow-clad mountain chain and its out-running ranges, intersected by narrow bush-clad valleys, and subsiding westward into undulating plateaux, river-straths, and shelving coasts.

Physical Features.—Mountains.

The great dividing range which constitutes the eastern boundary from the head of the Grey River to Mount Aspiring presents a magnificent facade of snow- and ice-clad summits, representing every aspect of mountain grandeur, such as spires and battlements of rock protruding from ice and snow; precipices of enormous height, with cascades; drifted expanses of snow-fields, feeding glaciers; canons, and ravined foot-hills covered to the top with forest.

Rivers.

A few of these lead from the foot-hills, and are of small volume; the others are snow-born streams descending from the central range, at first in narrow gorges amongst the mountains, but spreading widely on reaching the sea-board country. They are shallow shingly streams in winter, but swift deep rivers in summer. In the northern district all the larger rivers are bridged; and southward, ferries are placed on all the main streams, which, from the melting of the snow, are practically unfordable from September to January.

The Grey River (Mawhera), also discharging its waters on the West Coast, takes its rise in Lake Christabel, near the western flank of the Spencer Range. It has a very large basin, and numerous tributaries, of which the Ahaura is the chief.

Lakes.

The principal lakes are Lake Christabel, on the western flank of the Spenser Mountains; and Lake Hochstetter, at the head of Nelson Creek.

A considerable and varied number are dotted over the district, no two being alike, but varying in character: comprising mountain tarns; coastal tidal lagoons; shallow reedy sheets; deep mountain-girt waters—all more or less forest-locked, and presenting every form of lacustrine beauty. In conjunction with their effluents they form valuable water-ways for light transport to adjacent districts.

Forests.

Generally speaking, the whole of the district is covered with dense forest, from the sea-beach to the grass-grown tops of the high ranges, even the gaunt, broken mountain-faces being wrapped with exuberant foliage. The varieties of trees differ considerably according to soil and altitude. Kamahi and rata are the chief timbers, very useful for firewood, and, spread over the whole country, constitute an almost inexhaustible supply. Rimu is the chief milling timber, and this also is widely distributed from the sea-board to the interior uplands. Valuable stretches of white-pine belt the low-lying depression of the coastal lands, and the same may be remarked concerning the imperishable silver-pine. Clumps of black-pine of good quality are met with, also rarer patches of marketable totara; while serviceable cedars are scattered along the flanks of the inland ranges and all over the lower hills and plateaux. The approximate area of forest equals 2,394,951 acres, of which a considerable portion carries timber fit for the sawmill; the remainder is mainly fire-wood and mining timbers.

Soils.

The high pastoral uplands have a coating of rich moulds, and this continues fairly good down to the heavy timber lands. The alpine forest is readily cleared, burns clean, and imported grasses grow luxuriantly, cocksfoot being the best, as it withstands fire and frosts. The lower flanks of the mountains hold a thinner soil, which at present hardly repays the heavy labour of felling; while the lower heights are somewhat abrupt and unfitted for cultivation. A margin, varying in width, of fertile slopes and fans fringes the bases of the hills, and, having a natural drainage, constitutes an area of excellent agricultural land.

The upland soils of the coastal undulations and terraces are light loams of moderate fertility, which rest upon transported gravels, the drifted accumulations of eroded hills. On these plateaux are numerous “pakihis,” or natural clearings, which are mostly extensive tracts of swampy lands, with a peaty soil resting on thin layers of impervious clay, and non-porous gravels, or, in a few cases, on impacted glacial moraines: these formations all overlying loose drifts. The reclamation of these areas is only a matter of time, as the bulk of them are quite drainable.

Stretches of good alluvium border the rivers, streams, and sea-coast, and form the favourite location for settlers.

Climate.

The climate is equable and temperate, remarkably free from storms and fogs; and immediately after bad weather the clouds roll inland, and there is a prevailing clearness of sky. The rain-bearing winds are mostly from the north-west and north-east. The southerly winter gales usually coat the great ranges with snow, which, however, rarely falls below 2,000 ft.

Pastoral Lands.

The total area of pastoral lands amounts to 2,002,577 acres, 103,801 of which constitute high mountain grass districts, the balance, 1,898,776 acres, comprising the ordinary bush-clad country, much of which is quite inaccessible to stock. All over the coastal lands, along the slopes of the lower hills and in the bottoms of the valleys, large herds of cattle are bred and fattened on the dense undergrowth of the forest. The tussock herbage of the high lands is being gradually used by sheep-farmers, and in the near future these natural pastures will support large flocks.

Agricultural Lands.

The agricultural lands comprise some 307,344 acres of forest and 16,440 acres of open surface, such as swamps, grass-grown river-beds and fringes, &c. The bulk of these lands, when cleared of bush, grow abundance of root-crops, especially turnips, which are much used for fattening purposes. The even and moist temperature encourages the almost uninterrupted growth of grass and clover, which are very luxuriant, and favour stock-raising. Oats are also grown abundantly for local consumption, and for the most part are cut into chaff. Year by year the imports of potatoes, fruits, butter, and fat stock are decreasing, owing to increased local production.

Means of Communication.

The district is fairly well provided with means of communication. The railway now extends from Hokitika, viü Greymouth, to Reefton, branching at Stillwater to Otira, near Arthur's Pass. Coaches twice a week connect with Canterbury, viü Arthur's Pass, and ply daily between Ross, Hokitika, Kumara, Greymouth, and the neighbouring towns: while once a week a mail is conveyed on horseback southward to Gillespie's Beach, and once a fortnight to Jackson's Bay. A subsidised steamer runs between Hokitika and the numerous southern ports as far as Jackson's Bay, plying every two months, thus enabling settlers to obtain supplies and to ship their cattle and produce to market. The Government steamer also calls at Big, Jackson's, and Bruce Bays on her quarterly trips from Dunedin. Steamers also trade regularly between Hokitika and Greymouth, and other parts of the colony. The Main South Road, which for many miles skirts the foot of the main range, has been so greatly improved of late years that the traveller can now ride comfortably and safely viü Haast Pass right through into Otago. Numerous bridle-tracks branch from the trunk line to various points, while the large open river-beds likewise give access to the country on either hand. From Jackson's Bay horse-tracks have been made, viü Cascade River and Barn Bay, to open up the southernmost country. Sundry dips and cols, varying in height from 1,800 ft. to over 7,000 ft., leading down the central range, have been explored, mapped, and during the summer months are crossed from time to time by experienced mountaineers. Of these depressions, the only sub-alpine saddle is Haast Pass, all the others being liable to blocks by winter snows. A coach-road over Arthur's Pass and a horse-track through Haast Pass have been made, but between these points no trans-insular road exists. Another bridle-road is also in course of construction across Whitcombe's Pass, eight miles of which is finished, and the remaining fifteen miles has been benched as a foot track. Another foot-track has been blazed through the forest right up to the head of the Copland Valley, thus giving access to “The Hermitage.” Tracks have also been constructed giving easy access to the Franz Josef and Fox glaciers, and in the future, as population increases, doubtless tourist and stock tracks will be constructed along many of the intervening routes. From Okarito northward the district is in direct telegraphic communication with the rest of the colony.

Harbours and Ports.

The harbours and ports of Westland are the following:—

Greymouth, twenty-four miles north-east of Hokitika: Extensive harbour-works have been carried out. A breakwater or sea-wall extends some 3,392 ft. seaward from the mouth of the river on the south side, and on the north side 1,125 ft., with internal half-tide training-walls, the result being an average depth of water on the bar of 20 ft. 3 in. at high water and of from 8 ft. to 16 ft. at low water. Vessels of 1,000 tons can now come alongside the wharf. There is berthage accommodation of 1,824 ft., with a minimum depth of 12 ft. to 16 ft. at low water. The principal exports are gold, coal, coke, and timber. The number of vessels that entered the port during the year 1901 was: 612 steamers, tonnage 205,632 33 sailing-vessels, tonnage 3,680: being a total tonnage of 209,312 for the year. The train runs down the wharf, and the coal-trucks, specially made for the purpose, are lifted and emptied into the vessel's hold by means of powerful cranes, of which there are six, with capacities of from 11/2 tons to 12 tons, so that every encouragement is given to quick despatch. 185,185 tons of coal, 2,394 tons of coke, 1,011 tons of bricks, and 13,944,313 superficial feet of sawn timber and 137,913 sleepers were exported during the year.

Hokitika: Two training-walls have been constructed, the one on the north side being about 2,000 ft. long, while that on the south is 670 ft. The bar is one of shifting sand, and the depth at high water varies from 9 ft. to 15 ft., while inside the depth is from 6 ft. to 22 ft. for three-quarters of a mile up from the entrance. For ten months out of the twelve the port is usually safe for vessels drawing 8 ft. to 10 ft. of water. The berthage space amounts to 1,000 ft., with from 18 ft. to 22 ft. of water. The principal exports are gold and timber.

Okarito, fifty-five miles south-west of Hokitika: A bar harbour, sometimes completely blocked by a high sand-bank thrown up by heavy seas. When open, the entrance is good, with a maximum depth of 10 ft. There is a small jetty about half a mile from the entrance.

Bruce Bay, ninety-five miles south-west of Hokitika: An open roadstead, well sheltered from the south and south-westerly winds by Heretaniwha Point, which juts out fully a mile to the northward. Good anchorage in 18 ft. of water opposite the Green Rock, which stands up out of the water. Good boat-landing with above winds on a smooth sandy beach.

Paringa River, 104 miles south-west of Hokitika: Open roadstead. Vessels coming in and out should give Hauata Reef (off the north head) a wide berth. There is also a sunken reef, awash at low water, in the middle of the bay, and a dangerous sunken rock just off the south head, two or three chains away, facing a small sandy bay, and right abreast of the trig. station. Vessels lie inside and a little to the northward of this rock, about a quarter of a mile from shore, and are quite safe with southerly winds.

Haast River, 118 miles south-west of Hokitika: A constantly-shifting bar at entrance, which is nearly opposite and a little to the southward of the Alhambra Rock. This rock stands well out of the water, and vessels entering can go on either side with safety. Average depth of water on bar from 6 ft. to 8 ft.

Okuru and Turnbull Rivers, 138 miles south-west of Hokitika: These rivers join just inside the entrance. Good, straight channel; average depth, 8 ft. to 10 ft. The port is well sheltered by Open Bay Islands, which lie about three miles away, just opposite the entrance, bearing a trifle west of north. A dangerous reef lies about two miles and a half from the south-west point of the smaller island, and immediately to the north-west of a line drawn from the last-named point to the extreme end of Jackson's Head.

Jackson's Bay, 153 miles south-west of Hokitika: Good shelter and anchorage, open only to north-east, with 12 ft. of water within a few chains of shore. Jackson's Head runs out about one mile and a half in a north-easterly direction from the southern end of the bay. This is the only ocean harbour on the coast of Westland, and could be converted into a first-class port at comparatively small cost. No doubt Jackson's Bay will eventually form a great coal port, as indications of coal are found from the bay to Tauperikaka, a distance of thirty miles. Moreover, the recent discovery of a practicable pass through the main range, viü the Waiatoto and Axius Rivers, will make it in the near future the natural outlet for the Lake Wanaka country.

Big, or Awarua Bay, 200 miles south-west of Hokitika: At the extreme south-west corner of Westland. An open roadstead, sheltered from east and south-west winds; 24 ft. of water on south side anchorage and 30 ft. on north side, just opposite Crayfish Rock, in a spot sheltered from northerly winds.

Steamers have also, in past years, entered the Teremakau, Waitaha, Wataroa, Wanganui, Waiatoto, and Arawata Rivers, all of which have bar-entrances. The Cascade River is likewise navigable, though no steamer has as yet been in; and goods and passengers are also landed at the roadsteads of Saltwater, Gillespie's Beach, and Abbey Rocks.

Towns.

Greymouth Borough: Population, 3,748; the shipping port for Grey Valley. Railway communication with Reefton, Upper Teremakau, and Hokitika. Railway workshops, foundry, and quarries. The principal business portion of the town is built on Native land, rents being paid to the Public Trustee, who distributes them to Natives entitled thereto.

Cobden: A picturesque, flourishing suburb of Greymouth, close to the State coal-mine lately opened, is situated opposite the town of Greymouth, and is connected with it by a substantial bridge.

Brunnerton: A borough of about 1,600 inhabitants; is a coal-mining centre. Coke and fire-clay bricks are also manufactured. Railway communication with Greymouth Port, Reefton, and Upper Teremakau. This place is the oldest centre of coal-mining in the district. Owing to the effect of the coal-smoke from the coke-ovens on the surrounding cliffs and bush, and the appearance of the numerous miners' cottages nestling on the mountain-slopes, it has the look of a veritable “Black Country,” such as may be seen in some coal-districts in England.

Several large sawmills are at work between this place and Greymouth, which is reached at a distance of 180 miles from Nelson, the centre of the Grey River from its junction with the Arnold being the southern boundary of the district at this part. The Midland Railway line, to connect with Canterbury by way of Arthur's Pass in the Otira Gorge, has been constructed on the Westland side of the Arnold River to Lake Brunner, the eastern shores of which it skirts for some distance, and from thence to the Teremakau River.

Kumara: Borough, of 1,121 inhabitants. This is a brisk mining town, and is probably the largest hydraulic-sluicing mining centre in New Zealand. It has two suburbs—Dillmanstown and Larrikin's.

Hokitika: Borough, of 1,946 inhabitants. This is a pretty town, the political capital of Westland, the port for shipping and centre of supply for a number of little townships, and for the whole district south of Teremakau.

Ross: Borough, population 614. A clean and neat little town, the centre of a considerable mining district, with a few good sluicing claims on a large scale.

In addition to the above, there are several small mining and sawmilling centres, such as Stafford, Kanieri, Woodstock, Rimu, Blue Spur, Okarito, and Gillespie's; also Ahaura, Hatters' Terrace, Notown, Stillwater, Kakiri, Nelson Creek, Moana, Nobles, Orwell Creek, Hatters, Twelve-mile, &c. The coal-mining township of Blackball is also just rising into importance.

Mining and Minerals.

The District of Westland contains the greatest area of alluvial auriferous ground on the West Coast.

All the Westland rivers carry more or less gold, but the two great golden rivers are the Arahura and Waiho, the bars and ripples in which appear to be replenished with fresh deposits of gold after each flood. Standing on the summit of Mount Turiwhate, the ancient beds of the Arahura can be easily traced northward to the Kumara and southward to the Rimu diggings. Similarly the Waiho has, in olden times, flowed both northward down the course of the Okarito River and southward to the Omoeroa River, the lateral terraces in both directions being well defined and gold-bearing.

There are three main gold-bearing deposits in Westland: the first, which may be called riverine leads, run generally westward. These are ancient river-beds, often lying at considerable elevations, of which the bulk has been washed away, leaving detached portions, as at Kumara and Rimu; the second are beach leads, both those along the present coast-line, and others running parallel thereto at distances varying from one-quarter to four miles inland, and at levels from a few feet below to a couple of hundred feet above sea-level; the third are extensive masses of gravel, &c., occurring in large isolated patches, as at Big Dam Hill, Humphrey's Gully, and Bald Hill, north of the Haast. These drifts have all one notable peculiarity, viz., that they invariably coat the seaward faces of the hills, and neither gold nor drift is to be found on the inland slopes. Gold-bearing fans from Mount Greenland have been found at different levels on Ross Flat, having probably been deposited in deep water by successive land-slides.

Hydraulic sluicing on a large scale is successfully carried on in various portions of the northern district, and is rapidly being extended to many other localities. Kanieri Lake is being re-utilised, and an abundant quantity of water is now available for the sluicers in the Kanieri Valley. The extension, now proposed, of that race to Back Creek would develop a very large field. The tapping of the Arahura River will, when completed, enable the miners at Blue Spur to obtain an unfailing supply of water, and command a large area of auriferous country, at present unworkable from want of water at a sufficient altitude. A large acreage of alluvial drift has been pegged out as dredging claims. Some companies are at work, with more or less profit; many more are busily erecting plant, while others are completing the preliminary surveys, inspections, and borings essential before placing their properties on the market. Experts are assured that an immense extent of auriferous gravels exists all over the low-lying country which will yield most remunerative returns by this new treatment. Undoubtedly great areas of swampy, undrainable, and hitherto not-available lands will be thoroughly prospected, and it is confidently predicted that valuable finds will be made in such virgin districts. Numerous and costly experiments have been made with dredges of different types in the endeavour to work economically the gold-bearing sands which lie along the sea-beaches for a distance of over 140 miles; but very few have proved a success as yet. A considerable number of miners (black-sanders) work on some of these beaches, and seem to make a fair living, many of them having been so employed in one neighbourhood for over twenty years.

Gold-bearing quartz has been found throughout the district, the most promising finds being at Mount Alexander, Taipo Range, Browning's Pass, and Cedar Creek. Silver ores, associated with gold, have also been found, notably at Rangitoto. Copper lodes have also been discovered throughout the country, the finest outcrop being on the western slopes of the Matakitaki Range, with good seams and beds of coal and limestone adjacent.

Chapter 76. THE CANTERBURY LAND DISTRICT.

Thomas Humphries, Chief Surveyor.

Boundaries—Physical Features.

The Land District of Canterbury comprises the central portion of the Middle Island, and lies between the Conway River, Barefell Pass, and Mt. Franklin on the northward; the Spenser Mountains, Travers Peak, Mt. Barron, the Amuri, Hope, and Hurunui Passes, the summit of the Southern Alps, and the western watershed of the River Hopkins and Lake Ohau on the westward; the Rivers Ohau and Waitaki on the southward; and the South Pacific Ocean on the eastward. It lies between south latitudes 42° 5′ and 44° 55′, and east longitudes 169° 45′ and 173° 30′. The length of the district north-east and south-west is about 220 miles; the breadth W.N.W. and E.S.E., from the summit of the Alps to the sea, averages seventy miles. The sea-board has a length of about 300 miles, consisting generally of low-lying beaches, broken by the projection eastward of Banks Peninsula, which contains the only large natural harbours. That portion of the district which fronts the ocean between the Ashley and Opihi Rivers is flat land, about 2,500,000 acres in extent; north and south of those limits the plain is interspersed with undulating and hilly country.

This great plain stretches westwards, rising and merging into downs and hills, which again extend westward and merge into the Southern Alps and the offshoots therefrom. Banks Peninsula, which has an area of about 250,000 acres, is wholly composed of ridges and hills, deeply intersected by basins and gullies, the result of volcanic action.

The Southern Alps, which form the backbone of the island, are a continuous chain of mountains, with a succession of magnificent peaks, attaining their culminating point in Mount Cook, or Aorangi, 12,349 ft. above sea-level; there are, besides, numerous peaks ranging in altitude between 7,000 ft. and 10,000 ft. Offshoots, extending to great distances eastward and south-eastward from the main range, attain elevations of 6,000 ft. to 9,000 ft. On these mountain-ranges are numerous and extensive glaciers, from which emanates the river-system of the district, comprising the Waiau-ua, about 100 miles in length; Hurunui, 85 miles; Waimakariri, 90 miles; Rakaia, 85 miles; Ashburton, 64 miles; Rangitata, 74 miles: the Waitaki and its main feeders, 140 miles. These rivers rush down from the mountain-gorges, through the intervening ranges and hills, and traverse the plains to the sea. The channels on the plains are shallow, and extend in some instances over a mile in width.

These rivers serve as outlets for a portion of the Lake system of the Middle Island, Lake Sumner being connected with the Hurunui, Lakes Coleridge and Heron with the Rakaia, and the Mackenzie Country lakes—Tekapo, Pukaki, and Ohau—with the Waitaki. Another important lake is that known as Lake Ellesmere, west of Banks Peninsula; it is separated from the ocean by a narrow shingle-spit only 5 chains across at one point, through which, at certain seasons, the flood waters force a channel to the sea. Lake Tennyson is situated on the eastern flank of the Spenser Mountains, 3,614 ft. above sea-level.

Climate.

The climate of Canterbury is well suited to Europeans. It resembles that of Great Britain, but on the plains is far more equable, the mean daily range of temperature being 17′ 10° Fahr. Observations taken at Lincoln (fourteen miles from Christchurch) for a period of ten years, ending December, 1892, give the following results: Barometer, reduced to 32° Fahr. and sea-level, 30′ 06 in.; mean maximum daily temperature, 61′ 47°; mean minimum daily temperature, 43′ 27°; mean average temperature, 52′ 37°. The extremes of temperature were 92° and 22° Fahr. The rainfall for the same period averaged 26′ 809 in. per annum, the extremes being 35′ 287 in. in 1886 and 14′ 836 in. in 1890. The average annual number of days on which rain fell was 123, the extremes being 149 in 1887 and 98 in 1891. Snowfalls are very light on the plains, but in the high uplands the climate is much colder and more severe. The changes of weather and temperature are sudden, calms and gales, rain and sunshine, heat and cold alternating. The prevailing winds are north-east, south-west, and north-west—the last a hot wind. The climate, as a whole, is splendidly healthy, bracing, and most enjoyable.

Foundation and Settlement.

The district was occupied, in the first instance, by settlers sent out by the Canterbury Association, which was formed in 1848, and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1849, under the auspices of prominent men in England, including the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Lyttelton. The step was not taken until after due inquiry as to the most suitable part in which to establish a settlement. Captain (afterwards Sir George) Grey, at that time Governor, recommended the Wairarapa, but it was finally decided to take over from the New Zealand Company a tract of the Canterbury Plains, in the neighbourhood of Port Cooper. Captain Thomas, the agent of the association, who had advised the selection, superintended the surveys and the preparations for receiving intending settlers. The original intention of the founders was that the settlement should be independent and complete in itself, and should embrace only such persons as were members of the Church of England and were approved of by the association. This was frustrated by the influx of numbers of persons of all classes and beliefs. The first body of emigrants arrived at Port Cooper on the 16th December, 1850, and the settlement remained under the control of the association, as directed by a committee of management in England, and under the active personal supervision of Mr. John Robert Godley, until 1853, when the whole of Canterbury became a province of New Zealand by the provisions of “The Constitution Act, 1852.

Thenceforward the control of the settlement was vested in the Superintendent and the Provincial Council. The first Superintendent was Mr. James Edward FitzGerald, who held office till 1857; he was followed in succession by Mr. William Sefton Moorhouse, 1857-1863; Mr. Samuel Bealey, 1863-1866; Mr. Moorhouse again till 1868; and Mr. William Rolleston till the abolition of the provinces in 1876, when the district came directly under the control of the General Government.

Internal Communication.

In no part of New Zealand are the means of communication better than in Canterbury. The natural facilities of the country have been abundantly supplemented by railways and roads. Lyttelton, the chief port, is connected by rail with Christchurch, the heart and centre of the whole district. From Christchurch the main line extends northwards to Culverden. a distance of 69 miles; southward the main trunk line runs to Waitaki, 138 3/4 miles. These lines tap and serve the whole coastal district, and the lands adjoining on the western side. As feeders to these trunk lines, eight branch lines have been constructed westward, and two lines south-eastward; the former, in most instances, extending to the foot of the hills.

Combined with the railway system is a complete network of main, district, and subsidiary roads, extending into all parts of Canterbury. The total length of railways is 455 miles, and the roads probably exceed 10,000 miles in the aggregate. The completion of this splendid system is due, partly to the foresight of the original settlers, partly to the exertions of the Provincial Government, and partly to the railway and public-works policy of the late Sir Julius Vogel.

Geological Formation.

According to Sir James Hector, the main western ranges are composed of Upper Palaeozoic rocks, having at their base extensive plains of Tertiary fluviatile formation, with occasional protruding ridges of Upper Mesozoic, forming low mountain ranges subordinate to the main axis. Banks Peninsula consists of basic volcanic rocks.

Area, Nature, and Disposition of Lands.

The area of the Canterbury Land District is 9,604,045 acres, of which the estimated area of forest-land is 516,030 acres. Forest-lands are found in Banks Peninsula and in the Mount Peel and Waimate districts, where the timber consists chiefly of rimu, totara, and matai; at the sources of the Waiau-ua, Ashley, Waimakariri, Rakaia, and Hopkins Rivers, at Lakes Ohau and Sumner, and near Springfield and Methven, the timber in these localities being mostly native beech; and near Oxford, where the beech is interspersed with rimu, totara, matai, &c.

The land of Canterbury may be classed approximately as follows: First class, 2,046,071 acres; second class, 5,207,173 acres; third class (barren lands and lands of small value), 2,350,801 acres: total 9,604,045 acres.

 The disposition of lands was in 1902 as follows:—No. of Holders.Area in Acres.
1.Crown lands disposed of for cash (including land granted under Midland Railway Act, 572,000 acres, but deducting lands repurchased for settlement—140,377 acres)...4,027,063
2.Lands held on deferred payments2211,361
3.Lands held on perpetual lease866,332
4.Lands held as leaseholds in perpetuity1,100208,049
5.Lands held in occupation with right of purchase191,519
6.Lands held as village-homestead special settlements37012,430
7.Lands held as small grazing-runs73148,381
8.Lands held as grazing-farms (on Cheviot Estate)4045,971
9.Pastoral licenses1123,535,255
10.Special-settlement associations384,653
11.Reserves and Crown lands held under temporary occupation licenses (area, 96,447 acres, included in 12 and 16)539...
12.Area of land reserved and granted under various Acts (exclusive of Midland Railway land, included in 1)...948,111
13.Land purchased and disposed of under Land for Settlements Acts (included in 4, 7, 10, and 11; 787 holders, 138,220 acres)......
14.Crown lands open for selection...4,984
15.Crown lands being prepared for selection......
16.Barren lands, and lands for future disposal...649,936
             Total2,3999,604,045

In explanation, it may be noted that No. 1 comprises the freehold lands conveyed, and that tenants of Nos. 2, 3, and 5 have the right of acquiring the freehold, which is not the case with tenants of Nos. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13. Crown lands proper are: 14, open for selection; 15, being prepared for selection.

Soils.

The Southern Alps and mountains adjoining are, owing to their great altitude, subject to disintegration, and form for the most part rocky barren wastes.

The lower ranges and hills, the high tablelands, and the light stony portions of the plain form the pastoral areas.

In the northern and southern districts and in the great central plain are the agricultural areas. This latter class of land comprises rich alluvial tracts about Cheviot, Rangiora, Kaiapoi, Lincoln, Ellesmere, Longbeach, Temuka, and Waimate, and the splendid plain- and down-lands which extend from Cheviot to the Waitaki.

Banks Peninsula, where the soil is of a rich volcanic nature, though exceedingly hilly, has alluvial areas in the valleys and about the bays.

Pasturage and Crops.

Below a certain level, the mountainous and hilly regions, and the high upland country in the western and northern part, are covered by native grasses, with an admixture of English forage-plants where the character of the soil and other circumstances are favourable.

The pasturage, which is very suitable for sheep-farming, is taken full advantage of by the pastoral tenants of the Crown, and is used to some extent by freeholders. The light stony portions of the plain also contain native grass lands, well adapted to merino sheep.

The lower hills, downs, and better kinds of plain-country have been widely cultivated, and have proved well fitted for the production both of cereals and of grasses.

The chief crops grown in Canterbury District are wheat, oats, barley, turnips, rape, clover- and grass-seed; while amongst other crops produced are rye, peas, beans, mangolds, beet, carrots, and potatoes.

Of the cereals, wheat is the most largely grown, and was for many years a large item of export. In the season 1901-1902 the area under crop for threshing was 119,531 acres, being over two-thirds of the total wheat area of the colony. The yield was estimated to average 24 bushels per acre.

Oats also are very successfully grown, the figures for the same period being 164,869 acres, or over two-fifths of the total area of this crop in the colony. The estimated average yield was 32 bushels per acre.

Barley of superior quality is also produced, the figures being 9,396 acres, equal to over one-third of the total area of barley crop in the colony. The average yield was estimated to be 30 bushels per acre.

Grass-seeds are abundantly grown, cocksfoot mainly on the splendid Banks Peninsula country, and ryegrass throughout the land district.

Potatoes, which yield crops of excellent quality, were grown in 1901-1902 on 9,216 acres; turnips and rape were grown on 195,637 acres, and the combined area of other crops grown, including rye, peas, beans, mangolds, beet, carrots, and onions, was 14,094 acres. The area of wheat, oats, and barley for folder was 64,283 acres. The area ploughed and laid down in English grasses was 1,492,942 acres. Surface-sown lands comprised 363,985 acres. The total area under crop was 577,026 acres, and the area broken up but not in crop, 9,440 acres. Plantations, exclusive of private gardens, occupied an area of 21,926 acres. The aggregate area of private and market gardens, orchards, and vineyards over quarter of an acre in extent was 7,690 acres.

Stock.

The pastoral and agricultural lands provide grazing and fodder for a large number of sheep, cattle, horses, and other stock. Of late years the value of the plains has been much enhanced and the carrying-capacity thereof greatly increased by the water-race system, which supplies water throughout the length and breadth of the dry areas, and enables the country to be occupied in smaller holdings than would otherwise be possible.

The following table shows the extent, cost, and other particulars regarding the water-race system in the several counties in 1902:—

County.Area watered.Miles of Races.Total Cost.Cost per Acre watered.Amount of Water distributed every Twenty-four Hours.Annual Charge for Use of Water.
 Acres. £s. d.Gal. 
Amuri24,162544,8003 11 2/3...Races are maintained by an annual charge in proportion to area watered.
Ashley122,00050025,0004 127,000,000From 3/4d. to 6d. per acre, in addition to special rates for interest on loans.
Selwyn326,3881,11773,7784 690,940,9608s. 4d. to £1 5s. per 100 acres.
Ashburton586,0001,31539,8001 4 1/286,000,000From £2 to £3 per mile of race.
Geraldine71,2122609,0102 6 1/229,520,000About 7d. per acre, including a rate for payment of principal and interest on loans, and a rate for maintenance.
Levels19.000715,5005 9 1/26,480,0001 1/2d. per acre, and on part of area an interest-rate of 1/4d. in the pound on capital-value.
Mackenzie9,000321,8854 2 1/47,516,8002 11/16d. per acre on part of district and 5/8d. in the pound on capital value in remainder of district.
Waimate35,7001578,1254 78,500,000Races are maintained by an annual charge on the value of lands watered.

The sheep in the District of Canterbury, in April, 1901, numbered 4,905,878. In October, 1901, there were 51,970 horses, 104,033 cattle, and 51,869 pigs.

The district has a well-deserved reputation for the classes and splendid quality of its sheep. On the mountains and higher lands the merino still predominates; but on the richer low-lying ranges, hills, and plains the prevailing types are crosses between the merino and Leicester, Lincoln, Romney Marsh, and other breeds. In proof of the superior character of the flocks, pasturage, and climatic conditions in the Middle Island, the following percentages of lambing returns are quoted—these are “fair average returns, but much higher might have been exhibited": Mountain native pasture—pure merino, 75′ 36; pure merino and Border Leicester, 88′ 94: English-grass pasture—crossbred and Border Leicester, 80′ 8; half-bred Border Leicester, 82′ 79; Border Leicester, 90′ 77; Lincoln, 88′ 08; Romney Marsh, 111′ 46; English Leicester, 93′ 34; Shropshire, 97′ 41; Southdowns, 96′ 87. It must be borne in mind that the flocks and herds are supported by the natural and artificial pastures without housing.

Owing to the development of the frozen-meat trade a great impetus has been given to sheep-breeding. The bulk of the primest meat exported from the colony is supplied by this district, with Marlborough, and commands the highest price in the London markets. In the year ended 31st December, 1901, the number of carcases frozen was 1,954,171, valued at £1,243,189. There were also produced preserved meats to the value of £25,085; tallow, valued at £71,873; 4,444 tons of bonedust and manures; besides neatsfoot-oil, oleo, &c.

The total quantity of frozen meat exported from Canterbury during the year ended 31st March, 1902, was 727,217 cwt., valued at £968,643. At Belfast, Fairfield (near Ashburton), Islington, and Timaru, freezing-works are established, each containing a complete plant for carrying on the industry, as well as departments for curing, preserving, boiling-down, tallow rendering, fellmongering, and the manufacture of manures. The Belfast Freezing Works, owned by the Canterbury Frozen Meat and Dairy Produce Export Company, contain engines of 710-horse-power, and employ 300 men. They have storage for 90,000 carcases, and can put through 5,000 carcases in a day. The same company has established a new factory at Fairfield (near Ashburton), where 40,000 carcases can be stored and 2,200 dealt with in a day. The Islington and Timaru works, which are owned by the Christchurch Meat Company, employ in all about 750 men, and have engines representing 403-horse-power. The former can put through 6,000 carcases per diem, and have storage for 120,000 carcases. The latter can deal with 4,000 carcases in a day, and have storage for 120,000 carcases. At Hornby there has been established by Messrs. Nelson Brothers (Limited) a well-equipped factory for freezing only, with engines of 300-horse-power, and a capacity of dealing with 1,000 sheep per diem. The factory has storage-room for 50,000 sheep.

Wool.

During the year ended 31st March, 1902, there were shipped at Lyttelton and Timaru 32,899,036 lb. wool, valued at £978,314; and to this must be added the amount (about 1,000,000 lb.), bought for manufacture by the woollen-mills in the district. The Kaiapoi Woollen Manufacturing Company, Limited, owns large woollen mills at Kaiapoi, and clothing factories at Christchurch. These are fitted with modern machinery and appliances, and the company's products have obtained a considerable reputation. The company employs about 1,000 hands, and pays in wages about £58,000 per annum. The staple of the New Zealand wool, especially the long-wool and cross-bred, is remarkable for its freedom from breaks and other imperfections. The average clips are approximately as follows: Merino, 4 lb. to 7 lb.; quarter-breds. 6 1/2 lb.; half-breds, 7 1/2 lb.; three-quarters, 8 1/2 lb.; Leicesters, 10 1/2 lb.; Lincoln, 11 lb. From special flocks clips up to 25 lb. and 30 lb. are obtained.

Butter and Cheese.

Banks Peninsula and the rich tracts of country previously mentioned are excellently suited for dairy farming. The pasturage and climatic conditions are favourable, and a great increase in the production of butter and cheese may be looked for, more especially as housing and hand-feeding are in some districts unnecessary. A central co-operative dairy factory has been established at Addington, served by twelve creameries, situate at Marshlands, Oxford, Halswell, Springston, Doyleston, Little River, Ladbrooks, Lakeside, Kaiapoi, Green Park Brookside and Ashburton, each capable of dealing with the milk of 1,000 cows. There are also very complete dairy factories at Taitapu, Sefton, Cheviot, Timaru, Temuka, South-brook, Belfast, Tinwald and Le Bon's Bay, as well as cheese-factories at Flemington and German Bay. The number of cheese and butter factories in the district in 1900 was 17, and of creameries 14; the number of hands employed was 75; the output of butter and cheese amounted to 2,906,715 lb.; and the total value of the output was £108,332.

Timber.

The sawmilling industry finds its development chiefly in the Oxford, Little River, Mount Somers, and Waimate districts. The number of mills in Canterbury in 1901 was eighteen, employing 260 hands, the horse-power being 317. The output in 1900 was 4,714,959 ft., valued at £22,277. The number is, however, diminishing, owing to the working-out of the available timber. The timber comprises birch, totara, red- and white-pine. The first-named is used chiefly for sleepers and fencing, the totara and pine for building purposes. Including the work done by the planing-and moulding-mills the value of all the manufactures under this head was £45,866.

Fruit.

The district is eminently adapted for the growth of a large variety of fruits, especially all that flourish in Great Britain. Attention has recently been directed to landing supplies of fruit in London; the attempts so far have proved satisfactory, and point to the possibility of a large trade being established.

Coal.

Brown coal is found at the Malvern Hills, Homebush, Whitecliffs, Springfield, Mount Somers, Albury, and various other places. Lignite is also commonly distributed. For the year 1901, the output from 14 collieries, employing about 50 hands, was 16,098 tons, bringing the total amount raised from 24 collieries up to the 31st December, 1901, to 399,484 tons. The seams worked vary from 16 ft. to 2 ft. 3 in., the average width being 8 ft. At Acheron, near Lake Coleridge, a true anthracite is found, the other pits in the district being of brown coal or lignite.

Building-stones.

The building-stones of Canterbury comprise some excellent varieties. The Halswell quarries produce an exceedingly hard and close-grained stone of a dull leaden-grey colour. Granular trachytes are obtained from Governor's Bay, Lyttleton; porphyrites at Malvern Hills; good limestone at Malvern Hills, Waikari, Mount Somers, and various other places; bluestone rock is found at Timaru suitable for millstones. There is abundance of limestone in North Canterbury, Mount Somers, Castle Hill, and various other parts, which is well adapted for making lime.

Fisheries.

Deep-sea fishing is carried on from Lyttelton and Akaroa, the kinds of fish chiefly caught being groper (hapuku), ling, conger, moki, butterfish, barracouta, soles, whiting, red-cod, herrings, and garfish. From Lake Ellesmere and the river estuaries excellent flounders are obtained.

Trout thrive amazingly in the rivers and fresh-water lakes, affording excellent sport.

Manufactories.

Excluding mines and quarries, the total number of manufactories in Canterbury at the date of the census in 1901 was 648, employing 7,050 males and 2,754 females.

Included in the above were 35 printing, 10 agricultural-implement, 26 coach-building and -painting, 29 fellmongering, tanning, currying, and wool-scouring establishments, 6 sail- and oilskin-factories, 27 boot-and-shoe factories, 7 rope-and-twine works, 8 flax-mills, 4 boiling-down, meat-preserving, and freezing works, 10 bacon-curing works, 17 cheese- and butter-factories, 23 grain-mills, 16 breweries, 10 malt-houses, 27 aerated waters and cordial works, 4 sauce- and pickle-making factories, 6 soap- and candle works, 18 sawmills and sash-and-door factories, 4 gasworks, 20 brick, tile, and pottery manufactories, 14 iron- and brass-foundries, 20 furniture-factories, and 8 engineering-works.

The census returns also showed that in 1900, the value of land, machinery, and buildings used for factory purposes was £1,489,096, and the total value of manufactures £4,701,304.

Educational Institutions.

Primary Schools.—The district is divided into two parts, termed North and South Canterbury, each presided over by an Educational Board. Under the control of the Boards schools have been established throughout the whole country wherever population warrants their erection.

The number of children attending the public primary schools in Canterbury, on 31st March, 1902, was 24,922. Average daily attendance, 21,198. Number of teachers—males, 251; females, 393: total, 644. Number of schools, 276.

There is a Normal School at Christchurch for the training of teachers.

Secondary Education.—For the further education of children ample provision has been made by the establishment of secondary schools. The principal schools of this class are the Boys' and Girls' High Schools at Christchurch, Rangiora, Ashburton, Timaru, Waimate, Akaroa, and Temuka. For more advanced students Canterbury College, Christchurch, is available. This institution was founded and endowed by the Provincial Government in 1873. It is presided over by a Board of Governors. The teaching staff comprises thirteen professors and lecturers, and the number of students attending lectures is over 400. The School of Engineering, Electricity, and Technical Science, recently established as a special branch of the college, is well equipped, and is attended by a large number of students. The School of Art is also a special branch of the college work, and the popularity of both these branches has been met by the recent erection of considerable additions to the building accommodation.

It should be recorded here that the Provincial Government of Canterbury was fully alive to its duties as regards higher education. It made reserves for the purpose of endowment for the following objects: (1) College, 101,640 acres, reserved June, 1873; (2) technical science, 103,000 acres, reserved July, 1873; (3) School of Agriculture, 100,950 acres, reserved June, 1873; (4) Boys' High School, 9,220 acres, reserved at various dates; (5) Classical School, 8,953 acres, reserved at various dates. To these were subsequently added the following: (6) Girls' High School, 2,578 acres, reserved January, 1878; (7) Medical School, 5,000 acres, reserved December, 1877.

Primary Schools.—There are numerous private schools, independent of the State, the chief amongst them being Christ's College, Christchurch, connected with the Church of England. The Roman Catholics support schools of their own in Christchurch, Pleasant Point, Lyttelton, Timaru, Addington, Papanui, Ashburton, Akaroa, Rangiora, Sheffield, Temuka, Leeston, and Waimate. There are besides, in Christchurch, some excellent private boarding- and day-schools for both boys and girls.

Other Institutions.

Canterbury has the advantage of possessing many flourishing public institutions. The School of Art, Christchurch, was established by the College Governors in 1882; the Art Gallery owes its origin to the Art Society, the site being the gift of the Government. The Canterbury Agricultural College, Lincoln, also founded by the College Governors, is surrounded by 660 acres of land. The commodious buildings, which cost over £20,000, provide accommodation for the Director and teaching-staff, and for forty-five students. The fees are on a low scale. The farm buildings are complete, and include a well-equipped dairy. Instruction is given in agriculture, chemistry, botany, mechanics, physics, surveying, &c.

The Public Library, Christchurch, under the control of the College Governors, contains reading-rooms, a circulating library of 20,026 books, and a reference library of 13,451 volumes. Numbers of magazines and newspapers are provided. The number of subscribers is 1,894, and the average daily attendance between 900 and 1,000. A spacious free reading-room, 60 ft. by 36 ft., has recently been erected, and is supplied with 114 English, American, and colonial newspapers and periodicals.

The Museum, Christchurch, is a handsome pile of stone buildings; the collections are large and varied. They are separated into two groups: (1) Those from New Zealand; (2) those from foreign countries. In the New Zealand department the skeletons of whales and moas, as well as the collections of shells (tertiary and fossils) and rocks, are specially good; and the Maori collection, exhibited in a Maori house, is also of considerable interest. In the foreign department, the geological, mineralogical, and ethnological collections are the most extensive, but there is also a good illustrative series of Egyptian and Roman antiquities, as well as of the remains of prehistoric man in Europe and America.

This institution owes its origin and success to the foresight, skill, and energy of the late Sir Julius von Haast, and to the munificence of the Provincial Government.

The philanthropic institutions embrace the Christchurch, Akaroa, Ashburton, Timaru, and Waimate Hospitals; the Sunnyside Asylum for the Insane; the Rhodes Convalescent Home; the Memorial Home for the Aged at Woolston; the City Mission and Destitute Men's Home, Christchurch; the Deaf-and-Dumb Asylum at Sumner; the Orphanage, Lyttelton; the Industrial School at Burnham; and the Mount Magdala Asylum, Samaritan Home, and St. Mary's Home, in the vicinity of Christchurch.

Towns.

Christchurch, the capital city of the Canterbury District, is situated on the plains. It is practically level, laid out in rectangular form, two miles by one mile and a quarter, and is intersected diagonally by a street. The streets are 66 ft. in width. There are numerous open spaces, including the Cathedral Square in the centre, and Cranmer and Latimer Squares. The Avon, a pretty stream, overhung by willows, runs through the town, presenting from all points charming vistas. The city is surprisingly English in its appearance, architecture, and surroundings. The central portion, where stands the Cathedral, Government offices, and other substantial structures, has a handsome, well-built look. Other parts contain fine public buildings, such as the Museum, Canterbury College, High Schools, &c. The whole is admirably set off by Hagley Park, 400 acres in extent, the Domain and Botanical Gardens, 79 acres, Lancaster Park, the Town Belts, and other public and private gardens and plantations. The suburbs can show many handsome houses and beautifully kept grounds.

The city is surrounded by the populous boroughs and districts of Sydenham, St. Albans, Linwood, Papanui, Woolston, &c. The population of the city was at the last census (March, 1901) 17,538, in about 3,500 houses; including the adjacent boroughs and other suburbs the population amounts to about 57,000. Tramways connect the city with the suburbs of Addington, Sydenham, the Port Hills, and Papanui, and with the seaside villages of New Brighton and Sumner. The city has been drained at considerable expense, the sewage being conveyed three miles and discharged on the sand wastes near the sea. A pure and copious water-supply has been provided by nature, and is obtained by artesian wells. The affairs of the municipality are controlled by the City Council, presided over by the Mayor. Christchurch is the centre of trade and commerce for the North Canterbury agricultural and pastoral country, and the headquarters of many manufacturing industries, including carriage, boot, and clothing-factories, flour-mills, breweries, meat preserving and freezing, biscuit, planing and moulding, bicycle, and other works.

There are large and well-equipped show-grounds at Addington.

The Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association and the Industrial Association, operating through a public company, have recently erected a fine block of buildings in brick and stone, comprising a large hall capable of seating three thousand persons (and known as the Canterbury Hall), together with smaller halls and suites of offices. It is proposed to establish an industrial and agricultural museum of a permanent character in the building, which should form a most useful reference to the productions and capabilities of the district. The opening of the building was inaugurated by the holding of the “Canterbury Jubilee Industrial Exhibition, 1900,” commemorating the establishment of the province fifty years before, and forming an excellent index to the progress of the district since that time. The exhibition was confined to colonial products, but the bulk of the exhibits were produced in the district. It remained open for three months—from the 1st November, 1900, to the 31st January, 1901—was visited during that time by about 250,000 persons, and yielded a profit to the Industrial Association as promoters of about £3,000.

Recreation and amusement are provided for by the Canterbury Hall (already referred to), Theatre Royal, Opera House, and various public halls, the famous Riccarton racecourse, the numerous cricket and football grounds, &c., while boating men have the River Avon and the Heathcote estuary.

Christchurch is connected with the outside world by Port Lyttelton, seven miles distant. The railway-tunnel of 1 5/8 miles in length, through the Port Hills, is on this line. Christchurch is not only the centre of the splendid Canterbury Plains, but is also one of the chief railway centres of the colony. Addington railway-workshops are extensive and fully equipped.

Lyttelton, the chief port of the district, is situated on the northern shores of the inlet of that name, sometimes called Port Cooper. The surrounding country consists of high precipitous hills, which separate the harbour from Christchurch and the plains; but by the construction of the railway and tunnel the natural difficulties have been overcome, with the result that the whole of the imports and exports of northern and central Canterbury pass through Lyttelton. The origination and accomplishment of this great engineering work is due to the late William Sefton Moorhouse, at that time Superintendent of the Province. The natural advantages of the port have been enhanced by reclamation and harbour-works, which include two breakwaters, 2,010 ft. and 1,400 ft. in length respectively, extending from Officer and Naval Points, enclosing about 107 acres; long lengths of wharf accommodation, 10,041 ft.; a patent slip for ships up to 400 tons; and a splendid graving-dock 450 ft. long, width on top and bottom 82 ft. and 46 ft. respectively, the entrance being 62ft. wide, well equipped with machinery and all requisites for repairs. Ships drawing up to 25 ft. can berth alongside the spacious wharves and sheds. The railway, electric-light, machinery, and appliances are available throughout, which renders loading and unloading practicable both by day and by night. As an indication of the volume of trade dealt with at the port, it may be noted that for the year ended March 31, 1902, the imports were valued at £2,009,932 and the exports at £2,464,570. The town nestles on the side of the range, the streets being generally steep, flanked by solid stone buildings; and a background of green spurs and bold rocky faces gives to the whole a charming and picturesque appearance. The water-supply is obtained from artesian wells on the Christchurch side of the hills. To Christchurch there is a bridle-track over the range, and a carriage-road viü Sumner. The harbour is well defended by fortifications and batteries on Ripa Island and the mainland. The population at last census was 4,023 persons.

Timaru, the third town in importance, is situated on the coast and railway-line between Christchurch (100 miles) and Dunedin (131 miles). The boundaries of this borough were extended in 1898, the estimated area, including town belt, being now 1,100 acres. It has a well-constructed artificial harbour, the port of shipment for the agricultural and pastoral districts of Geraldine, Timaru, and Waimate. The harbour is enclosed by a breakwater built of blocks of concrete; a rubble wall—the North Mole—starts from the shore a quarter of a mile away to the north, and extends easterly to a point 350 ft. from the breakwater. The enclosed space is 50 acres. During the year ended March 31, 1902, the value of goods imported here was £157,467 and of produce exported £745,707. The town is picturesquely situated on rolling hills overlooking the sea. The streets are irregular, but the public and commercial buildings, churches, and private houses are generally well and handsomely built of stone. The chief industries are meat-freezing, saw-milling, flour-milling, &c. The town has a good high-pressure water-supply, and is connected by well-made roads with the surrounding districts, and by rail with Fairlie, the route to the Mackenzie Country and Mount Cook. The population at last census was 6,424 persons.

Of other towns in Canterbury the following deserve mention: Rangiora, population, 1,768 persons, twenty miles from Christchurch by northern line of railway, is situated in the centre of a fine farming country, and possesses manufactories, including flax-mills, flour-mill, and brewery. The town and neighbourhood are much benefited by plantations.

Kaiapoi, on the Waimakariri, population 1,795, about fourteen miles from Christchurch by the northern railway-line, lies in a rich farming country, rendered pleasing and attractive by the extent and variety of plantations and gardens. There are factories and various industries, including ham- and bacon-curing, sawmills, brewery, and agricultural-implement works. Here also is the famed Kaiapoi Woollen-mill, which employs 600 hands when trade is brisk. The Waimakariri is navigable for small vessels to the centre of the town.

Ashburton, the newest of the towns, has a population of 2,322, and is fifty-three miles from Christchurch on the southern trunk line. It is a well-built town, with extensive and beautiful recreation-grounds and gardens. It owes its existence to the settlement of the plains, the surrounding country being well adapted for farming. There are breweries, meat-freezing works, a cordial-factory, flour-mills, gasworks, ironworks, woollen-mill, brickworks, &c.

Geraldine, population 868, is situated on the Waihi River, four miles from Orari Railway-station, about eighty-six miles south-west from Christchurch. It is a neat and pretty town, in a first-class farming district, and has a beautiful park of native forest-trees.

Temuka, eighty-eight miles from Christchurch, on the southern railway-line, is a well-built town, with good agricultural land all round. It possesses flour-mills, a butter- and cheese-factory, brewery, foundry, fellmongery and paper-mill. There is a beautiful park and domain. The population of the borough is 1,465 persons.

Waimate, population 1,359, is situated on the Waihao Forks Railway, about four miles from Studholme Junction, some 111 miles from both Christchurch and Dunedin. This town is the centre for an extensive back-country, and a splendid agricultural area. It owes its origin to the sawmill industry of the Waimate bush. Industries: saw-milling, flour-milling, &c.

Akaroa, population 559, situated on the noble harbour of that name, was founded in 1840, in the first instance by the French. It is a quiet, picturesque little place, much patronised by Christchurch residents and others as a summer resort and watering-place. It was here that Captain Stanley hoisted the British flag on 11th August, 1840, when he took possession of the Middle Island on behalf of the Crown, forestalling the French by a few hours only. A suitable obelisk commemorating this event has been erected on the spot.

Chapter 77. THE OTAGO LAND DISTRICT.

David Barron, Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor.

Boundaries and Area.

The Otago Land District lies between the 44th and 47th parallels of south latitude, and extends from 167° 20′ to 171° 10′ of east longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Canterbury Land District; on the south-east and south by the ocean; on the west and south by the Waikawa, Mokoreta, Slopedown, Waikaka, Chatton, Wendon, Waikaia, Gap, Rockyside, and Kingston Survey Districts, the western and southern shores of Lake Wakatipu, the Mid-Wakatipu, Mavora, Swinton, Eglinton, Arran, and Doon Survey Districts, and a straight line from the north-east corner of the last-mentioned district to the nearest arm of George Sound, and by George Sound to the ocean; and on the north-west by the ocean to Big Bay.

The district measures about 160 miles from Milford Sound on the west coast to Waikouaiti Bay on the east coast, and the same distance from north to south. Its area is 9,482,800 acres.

Physical Description.

The country generally is mountainous, the highest land being to the north-west, and culminating in Mount Aspiring, 9,960 ft. above the level of the sea.

The west coast mountains are remarkably rugged and grand; and of the thirteen sounds that pierce this coast, three are within the limits of the Otago Land District, the remaining ten being on the west coast of the Southland District. These three are Milford Sound, Bligh Sound, and George Sound. Milford Sound, though only eight miles in length, contains some of the grandest scenery in the world; and fourteen miles inland from its head is the great Sutherland Waterfall, 1,904 ft. high, possibly the highest waterfall known. Bligh Sound is smaller than Milford, and not nearly so interesting; but George Sound is larger, and very picturesque.

A tourist track has been opened from the head of Te Anau Lake to Milford Sound, and a practicable route has also been discovered, and a track formed, from the north-west arm of the middle fiord of Te Anau Lake to the head of George Sound.

Te Anau Track.—A guide works on this track from December to April. He carries a fortnightly mail between Lake Te Anau and Milford Sound, and also meets each trip of the “Waikare.” There is ample accommodation for tourists who wish to make the journey in short stages, as there are huts erected at six different places on the track.

For nearly one hundred miles inland from the west coast the country is very mountainous, but at a distance of sixty or seventy miles from the south-east coastline it begins to get gradually lower, taking the form of rolling hills and downs along the sea-shore.

Rivers and Lakes.

The largest rivers are the Clutha, Taieri, and Waitaki: the first-named drains Lakes Wakatipu, Wanaka, and Hawea; the last, Lakes Ohau, Pukaki, and Tekapo, in the Canterbury District. Te Anau, the largest lake in the Middle Island, lies partly in the Otago and partly in the Southland District. The dimensions of these lakes are as follows:—

Lakes.Length in Miles.General Breadth in Miles.Area in Square Miles.Height above Sea-level in Feet.
Te Anau381 to 6132694
Wakatipu501 to 3 1/21141,069
Wanaka291 to 375928
Hawea193481,062
Ohau111 to 3231,720
Pukaki112 1/2 to 5311,588
Tekapo151 to 3 1/232 1/22,325

These lakes are situated in mountainous country; they are of glacial origin, and all very deep.

The Clutha River is the largest in New Zealand, and is estimated to discharge over 1,000,000 cubic feet per minute. It has a rapid current, but is navigable for small steamers for a distance of forty miles from its mouth. The Waitaki is not a navigable river. For some seventeen miles from its mouth the Taieri River is affected by tides, which run up one branch into Waihola Lake, and up the other branch as far as Allanton (Greytown).

There is a small steamer on Waihola Lake, and another on the Taieri River at Henley. During the summer season both run excursion trips to the mouth of the river when required. The distance in each case is about eight miles.

Plains.

There are some considerable areas of tolerably level land in the interior, the largest being the Maniototo Plains, the Idaburn, Manuherikia, and Upper Clutha Valleys. Their dimensions are approximately as follows: Maniototo Plains, length, twenty-eight miles; average breadth, ten miles; Idaburn Valley, twenty-five miles by four miles; Manuherikia Valley, thirty-five miles by four miles; Upper Clutha Valley, thirty-three miles by five miles.

The Taieri Plain, nearer the coast, is about the same size as the Idaburn Valley, and is very fertile. Other plains are the Waitaki in the north, the Tokomairiro, the Strath-Taieri, the Tapanui, and the fertile Inch-Clutha, lying between the two branches of the Clutha River, and consisting entirely of alluvial deposit. There is also a good deal of low country, chiefly rolling downs, on the south-west side of the Clutha near the sea.

Forests.

The forest-land lies mostly along the sea-coast, the largest area of bush being Tautuku Forest, about forty miles in length and fifteen miles in breadth. The western part of this forest is in the Southland District. The other principal forest areas are in the following localities, viz.: north of Dunedin, east of the Tapanui mountains, in the upper valley of the Waikaia River, and towards the north-west coast.

The forests of Otago contain a large variety of useful timber, both hard and soft wood; some being suitable for building purposes, while other varieties are highly ornamental, and much prized for cabinet-work.

Building Stones.

Building-stones of good quality are found in various places throughout Otago. The Port Chalmers quarries afford an inexhaustible supply of bluestone, a basaltic stone of great hardness and durability; and the neighbourhood of Hindon furnishes a bluestone of superior quality. A hard freestone of excellent quality is found at Waikawa, where there is a large hill of it close to the water's edge. Blocks of very great size can be obtained. There is also a freestone of superior quality on the late Hon. W. J. M. Larnach's property on the Peninsula. A dense dark granite is obtainable on Ruapuke Island; specimens, both tooled and polished, may be seen in the base and pilasters of the new Government Life Insurance Buildings at Dunedin. A soft white building-stone—the well-known Oamaru limestone—is found in large quantities along the railway-line near Oamaru, from whence a good deal is exported to other parts of New Zealand and to the neighbouring states. A similar kind of stone is found at Otekaike, about two miles from the railway-station, and it may be interesting to note that during the years 1891-93 about 3,000 tons of stone were sent from the Otekaike quarries to form the facings of the Melbourne Fish-market.

Limestone for Burning.

Limestone is found in the following places: Oamaru, Otekaike, Otepopo, Waihemo Maniototo Plains, Waikouaiti, Lower Harbour, Peninsula, Waihola, Millburn, and Wakatipu.

The Millburn Lime and Cement Company burn large quantities of lime at their Millburn works, from whence it is sent to all parts of Otago, for building purposes, gasworks, &c. It is also largely used in farming, and the productiveness of the Tokomairiro Plain has been greatly increased of late years by its application to the soil. Large cement-works belonging to the same company have been open for some years on the reclaimed land in Otago Harbour, near Dunedin. The cement manufactured at these works is considered fully equal, if not superior, to the best imported, and is largely used in building and other constructive works.

The Government have constructed a branch railway to the lime deposits on the Makareao Estate, Waihemo, having tested the same with satisfactory results, the lime produced being of exceptionally good quality.

Coal and Lignite.

No first-class coals have yet been discovered in Otago suitable for ocean-going steamships. In the southern portion of the district and in part of Southland thin seams of coal of a bituminous character exist, but so far nothing of a commercial character has been found. These coals are of Mesozoic age. First-class brown coals are worked in several parts of Otago and Southland, the principal seats of the industry being Shag Point, Green Island, Kaitangata, and Nightcaps. Considerable quantities of brown coal are now being mined in Central Otago, the dredging requirements having considerably increased the output in this district.

Beds of lignite are also found in numerous localities, chiefly round the margins of the old lake-basins and along the courses of the older river-valleys, and are worked on a small scale to supply local demands.

The output of coal and lignite in Otago and Southland for 1901 was 366,921 tons, an increase of 41,579 tons on previous year. In addition, 12,048 tons of shale were raised from the Orepuki Mine and reduced at the works recently erected at the mine for that purpose.

Climate.

The climate of Otago varies greatly in different neighbourhoods, and sometimes a distance of a few miles only separates districts very dissimilar in this respect. A large area in the interior of Otago has what may be called a dry climate. This area includes the Maniototo Plains, the Idaburn and Manuherikia Valleys, and extends to Lakes Wakatipu, Wanaka, Hawea, and Ohau on the west and north, and to the Waitaki River on the north-east. From Oamaru the direction would be across country to the Lammerlaw Ranges, and thence to Mount Benger and the southern end of Lake Wakatipu. This part of the country is well adapted for sheep of all kinds, especially merinos. Some of the runs in the hilly country are capable of carrying 20,000 sheep.

West Coast.

In marked contrast to central Otago is the West Coast District, which may be described as having a wet climate. Not that the number of wet days in the year is very great, but it is subject to very heavy rains from the north-west, the fall generally exceeding 100 in. per annum. But, although wet, the climate is mild, and the vegetation is consequently luxuriant. The only settlers of this part of the country are Mr. and Mrs. Sutherland, who keep a house of accommodation for tourists at the head of Milford Sound. There are very few visitors to the Sounds during winter, but in summer the tourist traffic is considerable. Towards the south-east and south coasts of the district the climate is moist, being somewhat similar to that of Dunedin, where the average rainfall is 35 in., distributed over 163 days in the year.

Fruit.

There are some fine fruit-growing districts in the valley of the Clutha, from below Roxburgh right up to Lake Wanaka. The summers are dry and warm, and the soil suitable. Apricots, peaches, &c., come to maturity fully a month before they do at Dunedin, and grapes ripen in the open air. There is a great future for this neighbourhood in the growing of those varieties of fruit which agree with and thrive in a dry climate. The grape might be cultivated either for wine-making or for the table, and some varieties could be made into good raisins. The dryness of the atmosphere is favourable for preserving all kinds of fruit, while the Otago Central Railway will bring the neighbourhood into direct communication with a market.

Crops.

Cereals of all kinds do very well over nearly the whole of the provincial district, which includes Southland. The following are the agricultural statistics:—

Total area under cultivation in the provincial district, including sown grasses and fallow land, 2,286,576 acres. Corn crops sown or intended to be sown this season for threshing, comprising wheat, oats, barley, rye, maize, peas, beans, 239,580 acres; land broken up and grassed, 1,461,139 acres, and 3,305 acres in clover, while 278,908 acres have been surface-sown with grass without the land being first broken up; green-crops, comprising potatoes, turnips, mangolds, rape, beet, carrots, &c., 209,201 acres; plantations, &c., including private gardens, market gardens, orchards, and vineyards of a quarter-acre and upwards, 10,933 acres, and 26,234 acres ploughed but not planted. The area in tussock, or native grass, is 8,021,849 acres.

 Acres.Estimated Yield per Acre.Total.
Wheat for threshing31,98127 bushels875,959 bushels.
Oats for threshing199,38241 bushels8,204,569 bushels.
Barley for threshing4,47734 bushels151,322 bushels.

Stock.

The total number of sheep in Otago Provincial District, which includes Southland, on the 30th April, 1901, was 3,978,011, of which number about 700,000 were merinos. On an average, about one-third of the flocks consist of breeding-ewes. The shearing is mostly done by hand, but the Wolseley shearing-machines have been introduced on about ten stations, the number of machines in each wool-shed varying generally from ten to fifteen, though there is one shed at Benmore, near Lake Ohau, where there are twenty-eight machines driven by a turbine.

The above-mentioned district had also, in October last, 56,364 horses; 194,247 cattle; and 29,602 pigs.

The rabbit-pest is still a severe tax on the stockowners. The weight of skins exported last year from Dunedin was 796,262 lb.; the monetary value being £46,094.

Freezing Establishments.

There are nine meat-freezing and preserving-works in Otago. The principal freezing establishments are at Oamaru, at Burnside, and at Port Chalmers. At Oamaru there are two Bell-Coleman machines, and a 60-ton Hercules refrigerator, capable of freezing 1,200 sheep a day, and there is storage-room for 20,000 carcases. At Burnside there are two Haslam machines, both driven by steam. One can supply 40,000 cubic feet of cold air per hour, and the other 60,000. Also a 70-ton Hercules machine, capable of freezing 2,000 carcases per day, and having storage-room for 30,000 carcases. The Port Chalmers freezing-works, erected in 1896 by the Otago Dock Trust, cost £4,500. They are used principally for the storage of butter prior to shipment, but the freezing-chambers have also been used for sheep, rabbits, and fish. The refrigerating machinery includes a 12-ton Hercules refrigerator. The capacity of the building is 30,000 cubic feet, and 50 tons of butter can be handled per week. The capacity has lately been nearly trebled, at an additional cost of £8,500. These additions include a 35-ton Hercules refrigerator.

Woollen-mills.

There are four woollen-mills at work in Otago, employing some 900 hands. The amount paid in wages is about £64,000 per annum, and the machinery is 800-horse-power. £80,000 worth of wool and other materials are used per annum, and the turn-out of manufactured goods exceeds £175,000 yearly. The woollen industry in Otago is of greater magnitude than in any other district of New Zealand, notwithstanding the fact that the Bruce Woollen-mill, one of the newest and smallest, was totally destroyed by fire on the 28th April, 1901, but is now restored.

Besides supplying local needs Otago Provincial District exported last year 23,300,592 lb. of wool, having a value of £642,888.

Clothing-factories.

In clothing-factories, also, Otago takes a prominent place, having eight, employing 778 hands, whose wages amount to £33,200 per annum.

Dairy Factories.

The dairy industry in Otago continues to make substantial progress, notwithstanding the fact that farmers have in this district many less arduous kinds of profitable work. The butter industry more especially seems to advance. In North Otago the newly-organized North Otago Dairy Factory at Oamaru has made substantial progress, notwithstanding a very unusually adverse season owing to dry weather. The Taieri and Peninsula Company continue to extend and increase, and have absorbed a good many of the smaller cheese-factories. The cheese-factories still, however, make progress, and this season has been a good one both as to price and to milk-supply.

Prices both of butter and cheese have been good. A large quantity went as usual to London, and a very considerable quantity to Australia, at first to supply their South African trade, but latterly to provide for their own wants caused by the prolonged drought there.

In some of the newly-opened bush-districts, like Waikawa, the dairy industry is progressing, the cheese-factories there being a great help to settlers.

Condensed milk factories have now started successfully, and bid fair to prove a very profitable addition to the dairyman's business.

It is satisfactory to know that both our cheese and butter are now well known and sought for by London buyers, and command the highest prices in that market.

The establishment of a direct service to South Africa is expected to give further impetus to dairying.

Gold Production.

Otago produces about one-third of all the gold taken out in New Zealand.

Gold is found very generally distributed throughout Otago, except in the southern portion of the district. The principal localities are: Clutha Valley, Tuapeka, Shotover, Cardrona, Tinker's, St. Bathan's, Mount Ida, Nevis, Bannockburn, and Maerewhenua.

Last financial year the Otago Provincial District produced 128,200 oz. of gold, having a value of £515,265.

Chief Towns.

The following are the chief towns of Otago, with their population, including all having 1,000 inhabitants and upwards: Dunedin, and suburbs, 52,390; Oamaru, 4,836; Port Chalmers, 2,056; Mosgiel, 1,463; Milton, 1,241; Kaitangata, 1,463; Lawrence, 1,159; Balclutha, 1,017.

City of Dunedin.

Dunedin, the capital city of Otago, is situated at the head of Otago Harbour, which is divided into two parts—the upper and lower. The lower harbour is six miles long from Taiaroa Heads to Port Chalmers. The upper harbour, from Port Chalmers to Dunedin, is seven miles in length. Dunedin and Port Chalmers are also connected by railway.

Although the hills surrounding Dunedin are rather tame in character and outline, the city itself is picturesquely situated. The business part of it is on level land near the harbour, and the residences occupy the sloping hills which rise on the west side of the city. The city proper is about two miles and a half long by seven-eighths of a mile wide, and is bounded on the land side by what is called the Town Belt. This reserve averages one-fifth of a mile in width, and comprises 500 acres, a great part of which is virgin bush. A pretty road, called the Queen's Drive, has been laid out through the Belt from end to end, from which many fine views of the town and harbour can be obtained.

It is thirteen miles down the harbour to the Heads in a north-easterly direction, but the Ocean Beach, lying to the south-east, is only two miles from the centre of the city, and the favourite seaside resort—St. Clair—is about three miles. Trains run to both these places at short intervals. The city is also connected with the suburban boroughs, lying on the hills overlooking the town, by excellent cable-tramways. The Botanical Gardens to the north of the city are well laid out, the native bush contrasting with the cultivated parts. The Reservoir also, which is within easy walking distance, and the drive to Blueskin Bay, have many beauties.

Dunedin is well supplied with elementary schools, there being six large schools in the city proper, with an attendance of 3,365 pupils, and eight more in the suburbs, with 4,069 pupils.

There is also in Dunedin a training-college for teachers. The students in training number seven men and seven women. They devote every fifth week during the session to practice in teaching and management of classes in the ten associated schools of the city and suburbs.

The School of Art and Design is in the same building as the Normal School, and has a staff of five teachers and a pupil-teacher. In 1901 there were 403 students in attendance.

The Otago Boys' High School stands on a commanding plateau 300 ft. above the business part of the city and the harbour. The school was opened on the 3rd August, 1863, in the building in Dowling Street now occupied as the Girls' High School. The new buildings were opened by the late Sir William Jervois, Governor, in February, 1885. The teaching staff, including the Rector, numbers ten; the attendance is about 181.

The Otago Girls' High School was opened on the 6th February, 1871, with a roll of 78 pupils. The present attendance is 117, with a teaching staff of 11, including visiting teachers. Otago holds the proud distinction of having established the first Girls' High School in Australasia. Among the earnest band of workers who laboured to establish this first High School for girls the name of Miss Dalrymple stands pre-eminent, and will ever be held in grateful remembrance by the people of Otago.

The Otago University was founded in 1869, and opened in 1871. It is well housed in a handsome pile of buildings in the domestic Gothic style. There are four separate faculties in the University—viz., Arts and Science, Law, Medicine, and Mining. The School of Medicine provides the full course for a Medical degree of the University of New Zealand. There is a Medical Museum in the University buildings containing anatomical, pathological, and other preparations and models. The teaching staff numbers at present twenty-one professors and lecturers. The School of Mines occupies a separate (temporary) building. There are at present about sixty students going through the prescribed courses for the diplomas and certificates in the Mining, Metallurgical, Geological, Mine and Land-surveying and the Assaying Divisions. Of undergraduates keeping terms there are 248—viz., 189 men and 59 women. The University Library contains over 5,000 specially selected volumes, and is open to the public under certain conditions for purposes of reference. The Chemical and Physical Laboratories are well fitted up, and furnished with all necessary instruments and appliances. There are six scholarships tenable at the University, ranging in value from £15 to £30 per annum.

The public Museum, of which the Professor of Biology is Curator, is under the control of the University Council. It is situated in Great King Street, about five minutes' walk from the University. There is a public Art gallery attached, which contains some good works of art. Up to the present time only the central portion of the original design for the Museum building has been erected.

The Dunedin Athenaeum and Mechanics' Institute possesses a fine library of over 17,000 volumes, and a membership of over 950 subscribers. Besides the Circulating Library there is a Reference Library, and two good reading-rooms, well supplied with newspapers and magazines.

There are some fine specimens of architecture in Dunedin, the buildings for the most part having an air of permanence and solidity. Some of the churches are very handsome. The First Church, in Moray Place, and Knox Church, in George street, are both handsome stone structures, and St. Joseph's Cathedral (Roman Catholic) is built of stone in the decorated Gothic style. The portion at present constructed will seat 1,000 persons, and has cost £23,000.

The Cargill Monument, which was erected to the memory of the late Captain Cargill, the founder of the Otago settlement, stands in the Triangle, between the Customhouse and the Bank of New Zealand. It is an ornate specimen of early decorated Gothic.

Towns and Surrounding Country.

Port Chalmers (eight miles from Dunedin) situate on Otago Harbour, midway between the Heads and Dunedin, has a population of 2,056. It is the chief port of Otago, and possesses every accommodation for Home vessels, including dry dock, 80-ton sheer-legs, steam-hammer, and other appliances, besides several private foundries, cool-storage chamber, &c. The Port Chalmers graving dock is described in the article on page 61.

Leaving Dunedin by the northern railway, winding in and out through the hills which surround the town, and skirting the precipitous cliffs of the coast-line, the first station of importance reached is Waitati, a favourite seaside resort in Blueskin Bay; distance, seventeen miles. Fifteen miles beyond is Waikouaiti; population, 690; pleasantly situated on the Hawksbury lagoon, the centre of a flourishing farming country. The next place of note is Palmerston, forty-one miles from Dunedin, with 738 inhabitants. A branch-line leaves Palmerston and runs nine miles up Shag Valley to Dunback. Six miles further on the main line there is a branch to Shag Point, a coalfield, with two pits being actively worked.

Oamaru (seventy-eight miles) is the second town in Otago, having a population of 4,836. It is the centre of a large farming district, and has a good harbour, formed by a concrete breakwater, for the reception of ocean-going ships. The chief exports are wool and grain. A branch-line runs from the junction near Oamaru up the Waiareka Valley to Ngapara, seventeen miles, and Tokaraki, twenty-six miles from Oamaru, and another seven miles by road brings us to Livingstone.

Starting from Oamaru, and proceeding to Central Otago, viü the valley of the Waitaki River, the first part of the journey is accomplished by rail across the fertile Papakaio Plains to Awamoko (ninety-six miles), and thence following up the Waitaki River past Duntroon to Kurow (120 miles). At Kurow the traveller leaves the railway and follows the course of the Waitaki through pastoral country to Rugged Ridges Station (133 miles); a little beyond Rugged Ridges the road leaves the Waitaki River, and crossing the Ahuriri Pass (141 miles), strikes the Ahuriri River, which it follows up past Omarama Station (158 miles) to the junction of Longslip Creek; it then ascends this creek until Lindis Pass saddle is reached (172 miles), at a height of 3,185 feet. Here begins the descent to the Clutha Valley viü Morven Hills Station (181 miles) and Tarras Station (200 miles). From Tarras Station the road runs through settled farming country up the Clutha River, which is crossed by means of a punt at Newcastle (219 miles), and four miles more brings the traveller to Pembroke, on the southern shore of Lake Wanaka.

From Dunedin the main trunk railway runs southward to Invercargill, a distance of 130 miles. Passing through the Caversham Borough and tunnel the traveller reaches Burnside (five miles) and Abbotsford (six miles), industrial centres, with coal-mining, tanning, iron-smelting, and other works. Farther on is Wingatui, the junction of the Otago Central Railway; and ten miles from Dunedin is Mosgiel, a rising township with 1,463 inhabitants, noted for its woollen-mills. The railway-line now skirts the Taieri Plain, an alluvial flat eighteen miles long by five miles broad; the most fertile portion of Otago. A branch-line from Mosgiel junction runs to Outram (nineteen miles), on the farther side of the Taieri Plain. Passing the smaller Townships of Allanton (Greytown) and Henley, and Lakes Waihola and Waipori, the line strikes Milton (thirty-six miles). Milton, in the middle of the Tokomairiro Plain, is a town of 1,241 inhabitants, with flour-mill, dairy factories, flax-mill, pottery works, and tannery. The next place of importance is Balclutha (fifty-three miles), on the banks of the Clutha River, with flax-mills, dairy factories, and chicory works; population 1,017. Kaitangata, situated lower down the Clutha River, and connected by a branch-line, has extensive coalfields, and a population of 1,463. Leaving Balclutha, the main line runs through the Clutha downs, passing the small centres of Waitepeka, Warepa, Kaihiku, and Waiwera, and reaches Clinton (seventy-three miles), on the Waiwera stream, a favourite resort of anglers. The next station of note beyond Clinton is Waipahi Junction (eighty-three miles), on the Waipahi River, likewise a favourite fishing-ground. Further on is Gore (ninety-nine miles), on the Mataura River, in the Southland District. Gore is a fast-rising township of 2,354 inhabitants, with paper-mill, flour-mill, freezing-works, dairy factory, coal-mines, &c.

A branch-line from Waipahi follows up and crosses the Pomahaka River and connects Tapanui (ninety-six miles), Kelso (ninety-eight miles), and Heriot (one hundred and two miles).

The Otago Central Railway starts from Wingatui, crosses the Taieri Plain, and then winds round to the Taieri River, which it follows up to the present terminus at Ida Valley. In its course along the river it runs for some distance through a rocky gorge, but after crossing the Sutton Stream enters Strath-Taieri—a comparatively flat, open country. Near Hindon Station (twenty-five miles), in the Taieri Gorge, and Barewood (thirty-six miles), there are quartz-reefs being worked. In traversing the Strath-Taieri the line passes the Blair-Taieri Village Settlement (forty-four miles), Middlemarch, a rising township (forty-eight miles), and reaches Hyde (sixty-four miles). The present limit is Ida Valley (ninety-eight miles). The extension of the line to Clyde presents no engineering difficulties. Central Otago has a great future before it, as in the opinion of experts it is naturally adapted for producing fruit of all kinds in perfection.

Another means of access to Central Otago is by the Clutha Valley.

Two miles beyond Milton the Lawrence branch leaves Clarkesville Junction, runs up the Tokomairiro River and the gorge of Manuka Creek, and down to Waitahuna (fifty-three miles), and Lawrence (sixty miles), gold-mining centres, with an aggregate population of about 1,500. Gold was first discovered here in 1861, and the mines are still yielding freely. From Lawrence a coach runs to Beaumont (seventy-two miles), on the Clutha River. Crossing the Beaumont Bridge the road follows the west bank of the Clutha, passing numerous dredging-claims. At eighty-nine miles is Ettrick, and seven miles further on is Roxburgh—the Teviot—(ninety-six miles), a town of 478 inhabitants. Recrossing the Clutha River by the Roxburgh Bridge, and proceeding up the east bank, the traveller reaches Alexandra South (124 miles), at the junction of the Manuherikia River with the Clutha, and Clyde—the Dunstan—(130 miles), the chief town of Vincent County. The next place of importance is Cromwell (143 miles), at the junction of the Kawarau River with the Clutha. Cromwell is a small town of 642 inhabitants, and has a good bridge over the Clutha River. If the traveller wishes to pursue his journey farther he can either follow the road up the Clutha to Newcastle and Pembroke, on Lake Wanaka, or take the Kawarau Gorge road by way of the Crown Terrace to Queenstown, on Lake Wakatipu.

Queenstown, a picturesque township situated on the shores of Lake Wakatipu, has a population of 690, and is the centre of a large gold-mining district. The chief feature of Queenstown is the grand mountain and lake scenery in the neighbourhood, which attracts large numbers of tourists every year. There are two ways of reaching Queenstown—the one by the Clutha Valley and Kawarau Gorge, as above described, and the other by rail to Kingston, at the foot of Lake Wakatipu, and thence by steamer, which runs to suit the trains.

The Tautuku bush, in the south of Otago, has only lately been opened up, but already a large number of settlers are making their homes there. Starting from Balclutha the Catlin's River branch-line runs southwards to Romahapa (sixty miles) on the crossing of the main road to Port Molyneux, thence to Glenomaru (sixty-four miles), and Owaka (seventy miles from Dunedin). The Catlin's-Waikawa main road is formed the whole way through, as are also numerous district roads, and the adjacent lands are being taken up as fast as they are thrown open.

Railways.

The principal lines are as follows: (1.) The main trunk line from Dunedin to Christchurch, with branches from Oamaru to Hakataramea, forty-three miles; and Oamaru to Ngapara and Tokoraki, twenty-five miles; also, Palmerston to Dunback, nine miles. (2.) The main trunk line, Dunedin to Invercargill, with branches, Mosgiel to Outram, nine miles; Milton to Lawrence, twenty-four miles; Stirling to Kaitangata, five miles; Balclutha to Owaka, eighteen miles, four miles beyond Owaka towards head of lake under formation; and Waipahi to Heriot, twenty miles, three miles further on towards Edie's under formation. (3.) The Otago Central, from Wingatui to Ida Valley, ninety-seven miles and three-quarters, is opened, and formation sixteen miles further on is under way, extending a mile beyond Spottis Creek.

Statistical.

The total population of the Otago Provincial District on the 31st March, 1901, was 173,145.

Area of Otago Land District: Open land below 2,000 ft., 5,300 square miles; forest-land below 2,000 ft., 1,960 square miles; open land above 2,000 ft., 6,777 square miles; forest-land above 2,000 ft., 500 square miles; area of lakes, &c., 280 square miles: total, 14,817 square miles, or 9,482,800 acres.

The following table shows the disposition of the land in the Otago District on 31st March, 1902:—

 Holdings.Acres.
1. Lands finally alienated, comprising freehold land and vested reserves...2,812,858
2. Lands held on deferred payment, rural5215,434
3. Lands held on perpetual lease, rural26251,167
4. Lands held under occupation-with-right-of-purchase clause17331,754
5. Lands held on lease in perpetuity, ordinary Crown lands, rural624163,409
6. Lands held under agricultural lease on goldfields16508
7. Lands held under Mining Districts Land Occupation Act1364,968
8. Lands held under village settlement, deferred payment3130
9. Lands held under village settlement, perpetual lease23486
10. Lands held under village settlement, lease in perpetuity1221,855
11. Lands held under village-homestead special settlement, perpetual lease791,258
12. Lands held by special-settlement associations, lease in perpetuity142,765
13. Lands held as improved-farm settlements537,466
14. Lands held as small grazing-runs259527,624
15. Lands held under pastoral license, not including bush2374,508,322
16. Lands held under lease and license for miscellaneous purposes, exclusive of gold-mining54377,090
17. Lands acquired and disposed of as lease in perpetuity under Land for Settlements Act, rural35649,361
18. Lands acquired and disposed of as small grazing-runs under Land for Settlements Act33,667
18A. Lands acquired and disposed of as pastoral homestead sites2954
19. Lands acquired and disposed of as miscellaneous licenses under Land for Settlements Act46699
20. Crown lands open for selection (including Land for Settlements Act)...120,274
21. Crown lands being prepared for selection (including 5,172 acres under Land for Settlements Act)...21,300
22. Land open for application under pastoral licenses942,060
23. Lands held by aboriginal natives...16,500
24. Lakes, and Clutha and Taieri Rivers...179,200
25. Balance of Crown lands, including mining reserves, public reserves not vested, bush-lands, roads, barren country, &c....902,070
            Total area of district (14,817 square miles),...9,482,800

Tenants of lands included in 2 and 4 have the right of acquiring the freehold, as have tenants of 3 up to twelve years from the date of issue of the lease, and of 6 in the case of leases issued prior to the Act of 1891. There is no right of acquiring the freehold for tenants of lands included in 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19, and in the case of No. 13 the right of acquiring freehold applies to portions only. From item No. 1 should be deducted 60,379 acres, having been acquired under Land for Settlements Act, and absorbed in items Nos. 17, 18, 19, and part 20 and 21. The summation of items exceeds total area of district by this amount.

Chapter 78. THE SOUTHLAND LAND DISTRICT.

J. Hay, Chief Surveyor.

Physical Features.

The Southland District, comprising the Counties of Southland, Wallace, Fiord, and Stewart Island, bounded on the north and east by the Otago District, and on the south and west by the Tasman Sea, may be said to lie between south latitudes 45° and 47° and east longitudes 166° 15′ and 169° 15′. For administrative purposes, however, the Snares, Auckland, Enderby, Campbell, Antipodes, Bounty, and all other islands within the limits of the colony south of the 47° parallel of south latitude are included in it.

Area and Nature of Lands.

The total area of the district, including Stewart Island, but exclusive of Solander, Ruapuke, and the other small islands enumerated above, is 6,966,592 acres, of which 500,000 are covered with bush. A considerable area in the Fiord County consists of immense alpine country with scrubby bush reaching to the snow-line. This little-known country extends to the western sea, and there presents the almost indescribable West Coast Sounds. The whole region is a paradise for the artist, and, indeed, for all enthusiastic lovers of nature, but has little attraction for the agriculturist or pastoralist. The bush land suitable for timber lies in the neighbourhood of Forest Hill, Hokonui, Waikawa, and on Stewart Island. The timbers of commercial value are totara, rimu, miro, matai, rata, and kamahi, in mixed bushes; but Fagus fusca and other beeches predominate on the high lands.

The open land in Southland and Wallace Counties, in its natural state, carries tussock and snow-grass, fern, flax, manuka, &c., and there is a considerable area of marshy land, interspersed here and there with peat bogs.

Perhaps the most striking feature, if we exclude the Fiord country, is the number of well-defined rivers and valleys of the district, the latter often widening out to such an extent as to form very extensive plains. Commencing with the eastern side, the Mataura, Oreti (or New River), Aparima (or Jacob's River), and Waiau are the most prominent illustrations of this; but these rivers by no means exhaust the list, as they all have numerous tributaries, which exhibit the same features on a smaller scale.

Speaking generally, the watersheds of these rivers do not attain any great height until followed far inland, and near the great lakes to be presently noticed. From what has been said above it follows that the extensive plains and valleys referred to are of alluvial formation, in many places of very rich and fertile quality, and capable of raising crops of every known product, subject, of course, to climatic limitations. Generally these plains and valleys rise from the river-levels in a very gradual slope, sometimes into a series of terraces from 10 ft. to 50 ft. in height, and sometimes into undulating hills, intersected at frequent intervals by lateral gullies, affording natural drainage and an abundant supply of water.

These hills are covered with an indigenous growth, consisting of tussock and other grasses, fern, flax, &c., and even in their native state afford excellent grazing for sheep.

Near the large lakes, such as Wakatipu, Te Anau, Manapouri, Hauroto, and others, and between these and the West Coast, the country becomes very high, often reaching 5,000 ft. and 6,000 ft. above sea-level, with very steep and rugged spurs—this is the Fiord country before referred to. The open country occasionally presents a number of ridges and lesser mountain-tops covered with tussock and other herbage, affording admirable pasture for sheep in summer; but stock have to be removed from April to October, during which period this country is generally covered with snow.

Southland does not contain so much forest as most of the North Island districts, and this will account for its early and extensive settlement; nevertheless there are considerable areas of forest in the eastern, southern, and western parts, and on Stewart Island, and a large export trade is done in the different kinds of pine and other timbers used for building, engineering, furniture-making, &c.

From what has been said of the river systems it will be evident that the country is well supplied with water, although none of the rivers can be used for purposes of internal communication; but the plains are traversed by railways for considerable distances from the principal towns, and where the railways end communication is continued by good roads, so that there is probably no part of the colony so well off for means of transit; and with the Bluff Harbour the South-land District would seem to possess every facility.

Agriculture.

Having already touched on the character of the soil, it only remains to say that the plains, terraces, and lower hills are well adapted for raising wheat, oats, and other cereals, turnips, mangolds, beets, and the various other crops common to temperate climates. Wheat is not so widely grown as it might be, for the reason, probably, that the pastoral branches of farming receive more attention than the agricultural, and wheat is not required for these; whereas oats are largely grown for export and to feed sheep in the form of chaff; turnips also are much cultivated for winter food. Where wheat is grown the yields are very satisfactory, ranging from 40 to 60 bushels per acre, while oats frequently give 80 to 100 bushels.

Linseed is now receiving some attention from farmers, as they find ready sale for it to the manufacturing chemists at remunerative prices, a fair crop yielding over £5 per acre.

Dairy-farming, &c.

Dairy-farming now forms a very important industry in this district, a number of factories having been established, the total number in the district being twenty-three; one being a large condensed-milk factory, one making first-class Stilton cheese, and the rest being cheese and butter factories.

Sheep-farming.

By far the most important industries are those connected with the raising and export of mutton and wool. Some years ago sheep-farming was much hindered by the inroads of rabbits; but owing to the repressive measures adopted there has been a marked abatement of the pest. The hill-country, although it does not carry a large proportion of stock to area, is eminently healthy. The average carrying capacity over the whole district would probably be slightly over one sheep to the acre. Until within the last few years most of the runs were stocked with merinos, but owing to the decline in price of merino wool, and to the carcase being unacceptable to the European market, these sheep have, generally speaking, been replaced by Leicesters, Lincolns, Romney Marsh, Cheviot, and crossbreds of various kinds, better suited to the existing demands. A number of large establishments for slaughtering and freezing sheep are at work. One of the latest of these, erected near the Bluff Harbour, is considered to be the most complete in the colony, being provided with all possible labour-saving machinery and appliances for working up the by-products into articles of commerce.

Industrial (Coal, Gold, &c.).

Extensive seams of coal and lignite are distributed over the district, and in many places the annual output is considerable. A deposit of shale covering a fair area exists at Orepuki, and extensive buildings with machinery have been erected to recover the oil, wax, and other products. As being a new industry the Government has assisted liberally to develop it. Peat is also found in some up-country neighbourhoods, and is used for fuel where wood and coal are scarce. Gold is found all over the district, and a large number of persons are engaged in obtaining it either by sluicing or dredging. A considerable amount of capital has been invested in river- and beach-dredges worked by steam. Payable gold-bearing reefs exist in Preservation Inlet and at Stewart Island. Among the lesser industries the preparation of the fibre of the native flax plant (Phormium tenax) is worthy of notice. The plant is found all over the district, and a number of mills have been set up, but the prices realised in the London market are so variable that the export has become irregular.

Fish.

Salt-water fish abound in great numbers in the waters surrounding Stewart Island, and oysters are found on banks between that island and the Bluff. Fish are largely exported to Melbourne, as also the oysters during the open season. All the large rivers, and many of the tributaries, are well stocked with trout, and one river—the Aparima—had salmon-spawn put into it some years ago, and, it is now believed, with success.

Fruit.

The small English fruits, such as gooseberries, currants, raspberries, strawberries, &c., grow in great profusion, as do also apples. Stone-fruits are not so common, although peaches, nectarines, apricots, &c., do well when trained against nursery-walls in favourable aspects.

Climate.

The climate is bracing in winter, and warm and genial in spring and summer. The old residents state that there has been a marked decrease in the rainfall within the last decade. No regular observations have been recorded for the last few years, but it is believed that the average is about 30 in. a year. It may, however, be observed that more rain falls near the coast than inland, and also that the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year than is the case in the northern part of the colony. The temperature varies from 40° in winter to 70° in summer.

Towns.

Invercargill, the chief town, was from the first well laid out with wide streets, and liberal reserves in the town belts for recreation purposes. The Corporation exercises a paternal care in providing water, gas, and in disposing of sewage, &c., for the citizens; and the streets are well lighted, paved, and maintained. Artesian water is pumped to the top of a handsome brick tower—which, by the way, is a very conspicuous landmark—and stored there in a tank, from which most of the houses within the town boundaries are supplied. The population, including suburbs, is nearly 11,000. Five railways concentrate here, one from the famed Cold Lakes another from Dunedin and Christchurch, a third line communicates with the agricultural and pastoral country lying east of the Mataura River, known as the Seaward Bush line, a fourth line opens communication with the extended area westward covered by the Wallace County and known as the Western District, while the short line to the Port of Bluff carries a very heavy traffic—the main produce of the district—for export. There are rope-and-twine, carriage and implement-factories, flourmills, sawmills, fellmongeries, brick and pottery works, iron-foundries, and various other industries. Exceptionally good beer is brewed here, and there are three first-class hotels. The Government Buildings, lately enlarged, are on a scale not often seen in a town of the same size. A clock and chimes of New Zealand make have been placed in the central tower. Although the Bluff is the principal port, Invercargill is provided with a lesser harbour for smaller vessels, in the New River Estuary, where there is a jetty with appliances for handling and receiving goods within the town boundaries.

The Bluff Harbour, which is connected by rail with Invercargill, does a very large shipping business, and derives additional importance from being the first and last port of call for steamers trading with Victoria and Tasmania.

Next in size to Invercargill is the inland Town of Gore, situated on the Mataura River, and at the junction of the Main Trunk Railway with the Waimea Plains Branch. Owing to this fact, and to the fertility of the land in the neighbourhood, Gore is rapidly growing in size and importance.

Riverton is a pretty little town, about twenty-five miles from Invercargill, with which it is connected by rail, which runs through to Orepuki; it is situated on the estuary of Aparima, or Jacob's River. Riverton is the oldest settlement in South-land, and was a great resort for whalers in former years. The harbour is available and used by coasting-vessels, but the principal carrying-trade is done by rail. There are several sawmills in the neighbourhood, this industry being largely carried on near the many timbered localities in the district.

The Village of Nightcaps is reached by a short line of railway near Riverton. A large colliery exists here, supplying the whole district with a good coal for general use.

The Town of Winton is on the Invercargill-Kingston Railway, about twenty miles distant from the latter, and is the centre for a good farming, sawmilling, and coal-mining district. A short line of railway has been opened from here to Hedge-hope, a locality lying some fifteen miles in a westerly direction; this line will ultimately connect with the Main Trunk Railway.

Lumsden is the junction of the Kingston and Waimea Plains lines. Coaches starting from this place take passengers and mails to Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau and the surrounding country.

East of Invercargill is Wyndham, connected by railway. From this town to Fortrose a fine stretch of agricultural country exists, with good roads. Fortrose is situated on the estuary of Mataura River, which can be entered by coasting steamers. This place is surrounded by exceedingly fertile agricultural and pastoral country.

Eastward of Fortrose and about midway between that place and Catlin's River is Waikawa, a newly-settled township with a first-class harbour for coasters, and a large area of surveyed Crown land around it available for settlement. Steamers trading with Dunedin and Invercargill call here and at Fortrose at regular intervals. A good export of timber occurs at Waikawa.

Crown Lands for Disposal.

There remains for disposal a very large area of Crown land, probably more than 500,000 acres, but this can be estimated only roughly. It is true that this is chiefly forest land of rather an inferior nature, but when once cleared and laid down in grass it affords fair pasture for grazing stock, and grazing is and will long remain the principal industry of the colony. The land referred to lies around Waikawa Harbour, along the Waikawa-Catlin's Road, between the Jacob's and Waiau Rivers, and to the west of the Waiau. Stewart Island contains a wide extent of Crown lands, mostly forest-clad, and although some 144,000 acres have been open for a considerable time on free selection under the optional system, at a minimum price of 5s. per acre, very few selections have been made. This may be partly accounted for owing to the difficulties of transporting stock, and the isolated nature of the island. The land near the coast is quite equal to that on the mainland, but the same characteristic obtains—viz., the further from the coast-line or river-bank the more inferior the land becomes. When the more accessible bush lands are taken up on the mainland, no doubt Stewart Island will receive more attention from intending applicants. There are also considerable areas of open hilly country, carrying natural grasses, still in the hands of Government. These are to be found in various parts of the district, but are being rapidly taken up.

Appendix A. APPENDIX—PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

Dates of some of the Principal Events in the History of New Zealand.

Dec. 13, 1642.—Discovery of New Zealand by Abel Jansen Tasman.
Oct. 8, 1769.—Captain Cook landed at Poverty Bay on his first visit.

June 30, 1788.—Macauly and Curtis Islands, of the Kermadec Group, discovered by Captain Sever, of H.M. transport “Lady Penrhyn.”

Nov. 29, 1790.—Chatham Islands discovered by Lieutenant Broughton, in H.M.S. “Chatham.”

Nov. 17, 1793.—Captain d'Entrecasteaux, with the “La Recherche” and “L'Espérance,” discovered Raoul or Sunday Island. (The latter name was given by Captain Raven, of the transport “Britannia,” who visited the island 6th Nov., 1796.

Nov., 1793.—Lieutenant-Governor King's (of Norfolk Island) visit to Doubtless Bay.

1795.—The ship “Endeavour,” Captain Bampton, sunk at Facile Harbour, Dusky Sound.

1800.—Antipodes Island discovered by Captain Pendleton.

1806.—Auckland Isles discovered by Captain Briscow, ship “Ocean,” one of Enderby's whalers.

1806.—Ship “Venus” visited East Coast of New Zealand. She was taken by convicts at Port Dalrymple, Tasmania. Their visits gave rise to the Nga-Puhi southern expedition.

1807.—Defeat of Hongi and Nga-Puhi tribe at Moremonui, 10 miles south of Maunganui Bluff, Kaipara.

1809.—The taking and burning of the transport “Boyd” at Whangaroa.

1810.—Campbell Island discovered by Captain F. Haselburg, of brig “Perseverance.”

1814.—First arrival of the Rev. Mr. Marsden at Bay of Islands, and introduction of Christianity. Horses, oxen, sheep, and poultry first brought to the colony.

Aug., 1815.—Attempted capture of the “Trial” and “Brothers” at Kennedy Bay.

1818.—Hongi's and Te Morenga's great expedition to East Cape.

1819-20.—Patuone, Nene, and Te Rauparaha's raid on Taranaki and Port Nicholson.

1820.—Hongi visited England; returned to New Zealand July, 1821.

1820.—H.M. store-ship “Coromandel” visited Coromandel.

1820.—Rev. S. Marsden travelled from Wai-te-mata viá Kaipara to the Bay of Islands—the first white man to do so.

Aug., 1820.—The “Prince Regent” entered Auckland Harbour—the first vessel to do so.

Nov., 1821.—Fall of Mauinaina Pa, Auckland Isthmus, to Hongi.

Nov., 1821.—Ngati-Toa migration from Kawhia to Otaki under Te Rauparaha.

Dec., 1821.—Fall of Te Totara Pa, Thames, to Hongi.

May, 1822.—Fall of Matakitaki Pa, Waikato, to Hongi.

May, 1823.—Fall of Mokoia Pa, Rotorua Lake, to Hongi.

1823, 1828.—Acts passed by the Imperial Parliament extending the jurisdiction of the Courts of justice in New South Wales to all the British subjects in New Zealand.

1824.—Fall of Te Whetumatarau Pa, near East Cape, to Pomare.

1825.—First attempt at colonisation by an expedition under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf.

Feb., 1825.—Great defeat of Ngati-Whatua at Te Ikaaranganui, Kaipara, by Hongi.

1827.—Destruction of mission-station at Whangaroa by Hongi's forces.

Feb., 1827.—Admiral (then Captain) Dumont D'Urville anchored in Auckland Harbour.

1828.—Hongi died at Whangaroa, from wounds received at Hokianga.

1828.—The “Maquarie,” Captain Kent, the first vessel to enter Kawhia.

March, 1829.—Brig “Hawes” captured at Whakatane by Maoris.

1830.—Battle of Taumata-wiwi, near Cambridge.

1830.—Fall of Kaiapohia Pa, Canterbury.

March 6, 1830.—Battle of Kororareka, between two Nga-Puhi tribes.

Dec., 1830.—Death of Tama-i-hara-nui at the hands of Te Rauparaha's people. He was brought from Port Cooper by Captain Steward, brig “Elizabeth.”

1831.—Tory Channel whaling-station established.

1831.—Application of thirteen chiefs for the protection of King William the Fourth.

Dec., 1831.—Pukerangiora Pa, Waitara, fell to Waikato.

Feb., 1832.—Repulse of Waikato at Nga-motu Pa, under Dicky Barrett.

1833.—Mr. Busby appointed British Resident, to live at the Bay of Islands.

1834.—Battle of Haowhenua and Pakakutu, near Otaki.

1834.—Bishop Williams's first visit to East Cape.

April 29, 1834.—“Harriet” wrecked at Cape Egmont.

Oct. 1, 1834.—H.M.S. “Alligator” shelled and took Waimate Pa, near Opunake. First occasion of H.M. troops being employed in New Zealand.

1835.—Declaration of independence of the whole of New Zealand as one nation, with the title of “The United Tribes of New Zealand.”

Nov. and Dec., 1835.—Ngati-Awa tribes migrated to and conquered the Chatham Islands.

March 28, 1836.—Maketu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Waikato.

May 9, 1836.—Te Tumu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Te Arawa.

Aug. 5, 1836.—Battle at Matai-puku, Rotorua—Waikato beat Te Arawa.

Aug. 5, 1836.—Battle at Matai-puku, Rotorua—Waikato beat Te Arawa.

Oct., 1836.—Siege of Toka-a-kuku, Te Kaha, Bay of Plenty.

1838.—The Roman Catholic Bishop Pompallier, with several priests, arrived at Hokianga.

Sept. 1, 1838.—H.M.S. “Pelorus” discovers Pelorus Sound.

April, 1839.—Taking of the French whaler “Jean Bart” at Chatham Islands by Maoris.

May 12, 1839.—Departure of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company from England.

June, 1839.—Issue of Letters Patent authorising the Governor of New South Wales to include within the limits of that colony any territory that might be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty in New Zealand.

Sept. 16, 1839.—First body of New Zealand Company's emigrants sailed from Gravesend.

Sept. 20, 1839.—Arrival in Port Nicholson of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company under Colonel Wakefield.

Oct. 16, 1839.—Battle of Te Kuititanga, Otaki.

Jan. 20, 1840.—First steamer arrived in New Zealand.

Jan. 22, 1840.—Arrival of first body of immigrants at Port Nicholson.

Jan. 29, 1840.—Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands. On the following day (Jan. 30) he hoisted the Union flag, and read the commission, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, which extended the boundaries of the Colony of New South Wales so as to embrace and comprehend the Islands of New Zealand; also his own commission as Lieutenant-Governor over territory that might be acquired in sovereignty.

Feb. 5, 1840.—Treaty of Waitangi signed.

May 21, 1840.—Date of Proclamations of sovereignty over the Islands of New Zealand.

June 17, 1840.—The Queen's sovereignty over the Middle Island formally proclaimed at Cloudy Bay, by Major Bunbury, H.M. 80th Regiment, and Captain Nias, R.N.

Aug. 11, 1840.—The British flag hoisted at Akaroa by Captain Stanley, R.N., and British authority established. The French frigate “L'Aube” arrived there on the 13th August, and the vessel “Comte de Paris,” with fifty-seven immigrants, on the 16th August, in order to establish a French colony.

Sept. 18, 1840.—The British flag hoisted at Auckland. The Lieutenant-Governor's residence established there.

1840.—Formation of Wanganui settlement under the name of “Petre.”

Feb. 12, 1841.—Issue of charter of incorporation to the New Zealand Company.

Mar. 31, 1841.—Arrival of first New Plymouth settlers.

May 3, 1841.—New Zealand proclaimed to be independent of New South Wales.

Oct., 1841.—Selection of site for settlement at Nelson.

Feb. 1, 1842.—Settlement founded at Nelson.

May 29, 1842.—Arrival of Bishop Selwyn in the colony.

Sept. 10, 1842.—Death of Governor Hobson. Lieutenant Shortland, R.N., Colonial Secretary, became Acting-Governor until the arrival of Captain Fitzroy.

June, 1843.—Affray with Natives at the Wairau, and massacre by Rangi-haeata of Captain Wakefield, R.N., agent at Nelson of the New Zealand Company, and others, who had surrendered.

Dec. 1, 1843.—Arrival of Captain Fitzroy, R.N., as Governor.

July 8, 1844.—The Royal flagstaff at Kororareka cut down by Heke.

March 10, 1845.—Attack on and destruction of Town of Kororareka by Heke.

Oct. 1, 1845.—Receipt of despatch notifying recall of Governor Fitzroy.

Nov. 14, 1845.—Arrival of Captain Grey, as Lieutenant-Governor of the colony, from South Australia.

Jan. 11, 1846.—Capture of pa at Ruapekapeka, Bay of Islands, and termination of Heke's war.

Mar. 3, 1846.—Commencement of Native hostilities in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington.

May 16, 1846.—Attack by Natives on a military outpost in the Hutt Valley.

July 23, 1846.—Capture of Te Rauparaha at Porirua, near Wellington. He was detained for a year as a prisoner on board a ship of war.

Aug. 28, 1846.—The New Zealand Government Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, under which a charter was issued dividing the colony into two provinces, and granting representative institutions.

May 19, 1847.—Attack by Natives on settlement of Wanganui.

Jan. 1, 1848.—Captain Grey sworn in as Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, also as Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster.

Jan. 3, 1848.—Major-General Pitt appointed by Governor Grey to be Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

Jan. 28, 1848.—Assumption by Lieutenant-Governor E. J. Eyre, at Wellington, of the administration of the Government of the Province of New Munster.

Feb. 21, 1848.—Peace ratified at Wanganui.

Mar. 7, 1848.—Suspension by Imperial statute of that part of the New Zealand Government Act which had conferred representative institutions.

Mar., 1848.—Otago founded by a Scotch company under the auspices of the Free Church of Scotland.

Oct., 1848.—Severe earthquake at Wellington.

July 1850.—Surrender of the New Zealand Company's charter, all its interests in the colony reverting to the Imperial Government.

Dec., 1850.—Canterbury founded by the Canterbury Association in connection with the Church of England.

Jan. 8, 1851.—Death of Major-General Pitt, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

April 14, 1851.—Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

1852.—Discovery of gold at Coromandel by Mr. Charles Ring.

June 30, 1852.—The Constitution Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, granting representative institutions to the colony, and subdividing it into six provinces.

Jan., 1853.—Promulgation of the Constitution Act.

Mar. 7, 1853.—Assumption by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., of the duties of Governor of the colony, in terms of the appointment after the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, and cessation of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governors of New Ulster and New Munster.

Dec. 31, 1853.—Departure of Governor Sir George Grey.

Jan. 3, 1854.—Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard assumed the administration of the Government.

May 27, 1854.—Opening at Auckland of the first session of the General Assembly by Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, Administrator of the Government.

Jan., 1855.—Very severe earthquake on each side of Cook Strait.

Sept. 6, 1855.—Arrival of Governor Colonel T. Gore Browne, C.B.

Nov. 12, 1855.—First members elected to House of Representatives under system of Responsible Government.

Aug. 8, 1855.—General Assembly opened.

Sept. 15, 1855.—General Assembly prorogued.

May 7, 1856.—Appointment of the first Ministry under the system of Responsible Government, under Mr. Sewell, Colonial Secretary.

May 14, 1856.—Defeat of Mr. Sewell's Ministry.

May 20, 1856.—Appointment of a Ministry under presidency of Mr. W. Fox, as Attorney-General.

May 28, 1856.—Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a direct vote of want of confidence.

June 2, 1856.—Appointment of a Ministry under the presidency of Mr. E. W. Stafford.

1857.—First payable goldfield in the colony opened at Collingwood, in the Nelson Province.

Aug. 21, 1858.—New Provinces Act passed.

Nov. 1, 1858.—Establishment of the Province of Hawke's Bay.

Dec. 22, 1858.—The Austrian exploring frigate “Novara” arrived in Auckland Harbour. Dr. Ferdinand von Hochstetter, at the request of the New Zealand Government, was commissioned to make geological surveys of the greater part of Auckland and Nelson Provinces.

March, 1859.—Te Teira offered land at Waitara for sale to the Government.

Nov. 1, 1859.—Establishment of the Province of Marlborough.

Mar., 1860.—Commencement of hostilities against Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake at Waitara.

Mar. 18, 1860.—Capture of Maori pa at Waitara.

Mar. 28, 1860.—Engagement at Waireka.

June 27, 1860.—Engagement of Puketakauere at Waitara.

Nov. 6, 1860.—Defeat at Mahoetahi, with heavy loss, of a force of Waikato Natives, who had crossed the Waitara River to join Wiremu Kingi.

Dec. 31, 1860.—Capture of the Matarikoriko Pa, and defeat of a large body of Waikato Natives.

Jan. 23, 1861.—The Natives made a determined attack on the redoubt at Huirangi occupied by Imperial troops, and were repulsed with heavy loss.

April 1, 1861.—Establishment of Province of Southland.

May 21, 1861.—A truce agreed to.

May, 1861.—Discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully, Otago.

July 5, 1861.—Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a vote of want of confidence.

July 12, 1861.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Fox.

July 29, 1861.—Incorporation of the Bank of New Zealand.

Sept. 26, 1861.—Arrival of Sir George Grey, K.C.B., at Auckland, from the Cape Colony, to succeed Governor Gore Browne. Sir George Grey was sworn in as Governor on the 3rd October.

Oct. 2, 1861.—Departure of Governor Gore Browne.

June 28, 1862.—Coromandel proclaimed a goldfield.

June 29, 1862.—Wreck of s.s. “White Swan” on East Coast (with loss of many public records, in transit from Auckland).

July 28, 1862.—Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry by the casting-vote of the Speaker, on a proposed resolution in favour of placing the ordinary conduct of Native affairs under the administration of the Responsible Ministers.

Aug. 6, 1862.—Appointment of a Ministry under the leadership of Mr. Alfred Domett.

Feb. 7, 1863.—Wreck of H.M.S. “Orpheus” on Manukau Bar; 181 lives lost.

Feb. 26, 1863.—Definite relinquishment by the Imperial Government of control over administration of Native affairs.

May 4, 1863.—Treacherous assault near Tataraimaka by Natives on a military escort. Murder of Lieutenant Tragett, Dr. Hope, and five soldiers of the 57th Regiment.

June 4, 1863.—Defeat of Natives at Katikara, by a force under Lieut.-General Cameron.

July 17, 1863.—Action at Koheroa, in the Auckland Province. Commencement of the Waikato War.

Oct. 27, 1863.—Resignation of the Domett Ministry, in consequence of difficulties experienced in connection with arrangements for finding a fitting representative of the Government in the Legislative Council.

Oct. 30, 1863.—Appointment of the Ministry formed by Mr. Fox, under the premiership of Mr. F. Whitaker.

Nov., 1863.—Acceptance by the General Assembly of colonial responsibility in Native affairs.

Nov. 20, 1863.—Battle of Rangiriri. Defeat of Natives and unconditional surrender of 183.

Dec. 1, 1863.—The first railway in New Zealand opened for traffic by W. S. Moorhouse, Superintendent of Canterbury. The line was from Christchurch to Ferrymead Junction.

Dec. 3, 1863.—The New Zealand Settlements Act passed, giving the Governor power to confiscate the lands of insurgent Natives.

Dec. 8, 1863.—Occupation of Ngaruawahia. The British flag hoisted on the Maori king's flagstaff.

Feb. 11, 1864.—Engagement with Natives on Mangapiko River. Major (then Captain) Heaphy, of the New Zealand Forces, won the Victoria Cross for distinguished bravery on this occasion.

Feb. 22, 1864.—Defeat of Natives at Rangiaohia.

April 2, 1864.—Attack on and capture of pa at Orakau, Waikato.

April 21, 1864.—Engagement near Maketu, Bay of Plenty. Tribes of the Rawhiti defeated by Arawa Natives, under Captain McDonnell.

April 29, 1864.—Assault on Gate Pa, Tauranga, Bay of Plenty, and repulse of large British force by the Maoris. The pa was abandoned by the Natives during the following night.

April 30, 1864.—Repulse of attack by rebel Hauhau Natives on redoubt at Sentry Hill, Taranaki.

May 14, 1864.—Battle of Moutoa, an island in the Wanganui River, between friendly and rebel Hauhau Natives. Complete defeat of rebels.

June 21, 1864.—Engagement at Te Ranga, near Tauranga, by Lieut.-Colonel Greer, 68th Regiment. Severe defeat of the Natives.

1864.—Discovery of gold on the west coast of the Middle Island.

Sept. 10, 1864.—Escape of Maori prisoners from Kawau.

Oct. 3, 1864.—Wellington chosen as the seat of Government.

Nov. 24, 1864.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. F. A. Weld, the Whitaker-Fox Ministry having resigned during the recess.

Dec. 17, 1864.—Confiscation of Native lands in Waikato by Sir George Grey.

Feb., 1865.—Removal of the seat of Government to Wellington.

March 2, 1865.—Barbarous murder of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, a Church of England missionary, at Opotiki, by Hauhau fanatics, under Kereopa.

June 8, 1865.—Submission of the Maori Chief Wiremu Tamihana te Waharoa (William Thompson).

June 17, 1865.—Murder of Mr. Fulloon, a Government officer, and his companions, at Whakatane, by Hauhau fanatics.

July 22, 1865.—Capture of the Wereroa Pa, near Wanganui.

Aug. 2, 1865.—Assault and capture of the Pa Kairomiromi, at Waiapu, by Colonial Forces under Captain Fraser, and Native Contingent under the chief Te Mokena. Eighty-seven rebels killed.

Sept. 2, 1865.—Proclamation of peace issued by Governor Sir George Grey, announcing that the war, which commenced at Oakura, was at an end.

Sept. 30, 1865.—Murder by Hauhaus, at Kakaramea, of Mr. Broughton, when sent as friendly messenger to them by Brigadier-General Waddy.

Oct. 12, 1865.—Resignation of Mr. Weld's Ministry, on account of a resolution adverse to the Government policy, having been defeated only by the casting-vote of the Speaker.

Oct. 16, 1865.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. E. W. Stafford.

Dec. 25, 1865.—Defeat of rebel Natives at Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces and Native Contingent.

Jan. 4, 1866.—Defeat of Natives at Okotuku Pa, on the west coast of the North Island, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 7, 1866.—Assault on and capture of Putahi Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 13, 1866.—Assault on and capture of Otapawa Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 17, 1866, to Jan. 25, 1866.—Period of Major-General Chute's march through the bush to New Plymouth.

Jan., 1866.—Escape of a large number of Native prisoners from the hulk at Wellington; many were drowned in trying to swim ashore.

March 29, 1866.—Submission of the rebel chiefs Te Heuheu and Herekiekie, of Taupo district.

Mar., 1866.—A detachment of Maori prisoners sent to the Chatham Islands.

June 15, 1866.—Commencement of Panama steam mail-service.

Aug. 26, 1866.—The Cook Strait submarine telegraph cable laid.

Oct. 2, 1866.—Engagement with rebel Natives at Pungarehu, West Coast, by Colonial Forces, under Major McDonnell.

Oct. 8, 1866.—First Act passed to impose stamp duties.

Oct. 12, 1866.—Defeats of rebel Natives at Omaranui and at Petane, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces.

Oct. 10, 1867.—An Act passed to establish an institute for the promotion of science and art in the colony.

Oct. 10, 1867.—An Act passed for the division of the colony into four Maori electorates, and the admission of four Maori members to the House of Representatives.

Jan., 1868.—Establishment of the County of Westland.

Feb. 5, 1868.—Arrival of Governor Sir George F. Bowen, G.C.M.G.

July 4, 1868.—Seizure by Maori prisoners, under the leadership of Te Kooti, of the schooner “Rifleman,” and their escape from the Chatham Islands.

July 12, 1868.—Night attack by Natives on redoubt at Turuturu Mokai. Sub-Inspector Ross and seven Europeans killed. Natives driven off by the arrival of a force under Major Von Tempsky.

Aug. 8, 1868.—Pursuit by Lieut.-Colonel Whitmore of escaped Chatham Island prisoners, and indecisive engagement in the gorge of the Ruake Ture.

Aug. 21, 1868.—Attack on Ngutu-o-te-Manu by force under Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell. Defeat of Natives; four Europeans killed and eight wounded.

Sept. 7, 1868.—Engagement in bush at Ngutu-o-te-Manu. Major Von Tempsky, Captains Buck and Palmer, Lieutenants Hunter and Hastings, and fourteen men killed.

Oct. 19, 1868.—Bishop Selwyn left New Zealand.

Nov. 7, 1868.—Attack on Moturoa. Repulse of Colonial Forces, with severe loss.

Nov. 10, 1868.—Massacre of thirty-two Europeans at Poverty Bay by Te Kooti's band of Natives, who had escaped from the Chatham Islands.

Nov. 24, 1868, Dec. 3, 1868, Dec. 5, 1868.—Engagements between friendly Natives and rebels under Te Kooti, at Patutahi, Poverty Bay district.

Jan. 5, 1869.—Assault on and capture of Ngatapa Pa, Poverty Bay district, after a siege of six days, by the Colonial Forces of Europeans and friendly Natives under Colonel Whitmore and Major Ropata. Dispersion and pursuit of Te Kooti's band. More than 136 rebel Natives were killed.

Feb. 13, 1869.—Treacherous murder of the Rev. John Whitely and seven other Europeans at the White Cliffs, Taranaki.

Feb. 18, 1869.—Attack by rebel Natives on a foraging-party at Karaka Flat; one sergeant and six men killed.

Mar. 3, 1869.—Termination of Panama mail-service.

Mar. 13, 1869.—Attack on and defeat of Titokowaru's force at Otauto.

April 10, 1869.—Native pa at Mohaka taken by Te Kooti, who killed forty friendly Natives and several Europeans in the neighbourhood.

April 12, 1869.—First arrival of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in Wellington, in H.M.S. “Galatea.”

May 6, 1869.—Surprise and capture of Ahikereru and Oamaru Teangi Pas, Waiwera country. Defeat of Te Kooti.

June 13, 1869.—Surrender to Major Noake and Mr. Booth, R.M., of the chief Tairua, with 122 men, women, and children of the Pakakohe Tribe, near Wanganui.

June 24, 1869.—Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry on a want-of-confidence motion.

June 28, 1869.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. W. Fox.

Sept. 3, 1869.—An Act passed providing Government life insurance and annuities.

Oct., 1869.—Seventy-four prisoners from the bands of Te Kooti and Titokowaru sentenced to death, after trial, for treason. The sentences of seventy-three were commuted to penal servitude for various terms.

Oct. 4, 1869.—Pourere Pa stormed and taken by Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell, with a mixed force of Europeans and Natives.

Jan., 1870.—Three hundred friendly Natives under Topia, and three hundred under Major Keepa (known as Kemp), started up the Wanganui River in pursuit of Te Kooti, who retreated into the Urewera country.

Jan. 25, 1870.—Capture of Tapapa Pa, occupied by Te Kooti.

Feb. 24, 1870.—The last detachment of the Imperial troops left the colony.

Mar. 25, 1870.—Major Keepa, with Native force, captured the position held by Te Kooti at Maraetahi, in Urewera country; nineteen rebels killed and seventy-three of Te Kooti's men taken prisoners. Te Kooti escaped with twenty followers.

Mar. 26, 1870.—Commencement of San Francisco mail-service.

June 28, 1870.—Enunciation in the House of Representatives of the public-works policy by the Colonial Treasurer, Mr. Vogel.

July, 1870.—Thirty prisoners of Te Kooti's band sentenced to death. The sentences were commuted to penal servitude.

Aug. 27, 1870.—Arrival in Wellington of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in H.M.S. “Galatea.” Second visit.

Sept. 12, 1870.—An Act passed to establish the New Zealand University.

Sept. 12, 1870.—The Land Transfer Act passed, to simplify the title to land and dealings with real estates.

Oct. 6, 1870.—Southland Province reunited with Otago.

Dec. 5, 1870.—Honiani te Puni, the chief of the Ngatiawas, a staunch friend of the Europeans, died at Petone, near Wellington, aged ninety years.

Mar., 1871.—Commencement of railway-construction under the public-works policy.

Aug. 4, 1871.—Death of Tamati Waka Nene, the great Ngapuhi chief and friend of the Europeans.

Nov., 1871.—Capture of the notorious rebel Kereopa, the murderer of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, by the Ngatiporous.

Jan. 5, 1872.—Execution of Kereopa at Napier.

Jan., 1872.—Remission of sentences on fifty-eight Native prisoners then undergoing imprisonment for rebellion.

Feb. 22, 1872.—Visit of William King, the Maori chief of Waitara, to New Plymouth, and resumption of amicable relations with the Europeans.

May 9, 1872.—A general thanksgiving-day for the recovery of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

Sept. 6, 1872.—Defeat and resignation of Mr. Fox's Ministry.

Sept. 10, 1872.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. E. W. Stafford.

Oct. 4, 1872.—Defeat of the Stafford Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Vogel.

Oct. 11, 1872.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, M.L.C.

Oct. 11, 1872.—First appointment of Maori chiefs (two) to be members of the Legislative Council.

Oct. 25, 1872.—The Public Trust Office Act passed.

Jan., 1873.—Establishment of the New Zealand Shipping Company.

Mar. 3, 1873.—The Hon. W. Fox appointed Premier on the resignation of that office by the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, the other members of the Ministry being confirmed in their offices.

Mar. 19, 1873.—Departure of Governor Sir G. F. Bowen, G.C.M.G.

Mar. 21, 1873.—Assumption of the Government by Sir G. A. Arney, Chief Justice, as Administrator.

April 8, 1873.—Resignation of the premiership by the Hon. W. Fox, on the return of the Hon. J. Vogel, C.M.G., from Australia. Appointment of Mr. Vogel as Premier, the other Ministers being confirmed in their offices.

June 14, 1873.—Arrival of Governor Sir J. Fergusson, P.C.

Aug. 22, 1874.—The Imprisonment for Debt Abolition Act passed.

Nov. 27, 1874.—Sir James Fergusson left New Zealand.

Dec. 3, 1874.—Arrival of Governor the Marquis of Norman by, P.C.

1874.—31,774 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.

Jan. 3, 1875.—Visit of Sir Donald McLean to the Maori king; resumption of amicable relations.

July 6, 1875.—Resignation of the Ministry, in consequence of the absence of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G., in England, and his being unable to attend the session of Parliament. Reconstitution thereof, under the premiership of the Hon. Dr. Pollen, M.L.C.

July, 1875.—Establishment of the Union Steam Shipping Company of New Zealand.

1875.—18,324 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.

Oct. 12, 1875.—The Abolition of Provinces Act passed.

Feb. 15, 1876.—Resignation of the Hon. Dr. Pollen's Ministry, and reconstitution under the premiership of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G.

Feb. 18, 1876.—Completion of the work of laying the telegraph cable between New Zealand and New South Wales.

June, 1876.—Death of Dr. Isaac Earl Featherston, while acting as Agent-General for the colony in England. He was the first to hold that office, and had previously been Superintendent of the Province of Wellington from the time of the first establishment of provincial representative institutions.

Sept. 1, 1876.—Resignation of Sir J. Vogel's Ministry in view of the appointment of Sir J. Vogel as Agent-General. Formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Sept. 13, 1876.—Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of doubts being entertained as to the constitutional position thereof. Reconstruction of the Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Nov. 1, 1876.—“The Abolition of Provinces Act, 1875,” came into full operation. Complete abolition of provincial institutions. The colony subdivided into counties and municipal boroughs.

Oct. 8, 1877.—Defeat of the Atkinson Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Larnach.

Oct. 15, 1877.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

Nov. 29, 1877.—The Education Act, providing for the free and compulsory education of children, passed.

April 11, 1878.—Bishop Selwyn died, in England.

Oct. 29, 1878.—Sir George Grey's first land-tax passed.

Feb. 29, 1879.—Departure of Governor the Marquis of Normanby, P.C.

Mar., 1879.—Removal of surveyors from the Waimate Plains by Natives acting under Te Whiti's orders.

Mar. 27, 1879.—Arrival of Governor Sir Hercules G. R. Robinson, G.C.M.G.

May 25, 1879.—The Natives from Parihaka, by order of Te Whiti, began ploughing up lands occupied by Europeans.

June, 1879.—Arrest and imprisonment of 180 of these Natives for causing disturbances.

July 29, 1879.—Defeat of the Grey Ministry on an amendment to the Address in Reply, moved by Sir William Fox, followed by a dissolution of Parliament.

Oct. 3, 1879.—Defeat and subsequent resignation of Sir George Grey's Ministry.

Oct. 8, 1879.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Hall.

Dec. 19, 1879.—An Act passed to assess property for the purpose of taxation.

Dec. 19, 1879.—The Triennial Parliament Act passed.

Dec. 19, 1879.—An Act passed to qualify every resident male of twenty-one years of age and upwards to vote.

June, 1880.—First portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners released by the Government.

July 9, 1880.—Bounty Island taken possession of by Captain George Palmer, H.M.S. “Rosario.”

Sept. 8, 1880.—Departure of Governor Sir Hercules G. R. Robinson, G.C.M.G.

Oct. 1880.—Release of the last portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners.

Oct. 26, 1880.—Sir Francis Dillon Bell appointed Agent-General.

Nov. 29, 1880.—Arrival of Governor Sir A. H. Gordon, G.C.M.G.

April 29, 1881.—“Tararua,” steamer, wrecked; 130 lives lost.

June 26, 1881.—Severe earthquakes in Wellington.

Nov. 5, 1881.—March of force of Constabulary and Volunteers on Parihaka, and arrest of Te Whiti and Tohu, without bloodshed.

Feb. 15, 1882.—First shipment of frozen meat made from Port Chalmers. See Year-book, 1893, p. 192.)

April 21, 1882.—Resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. J. Hall's Ministry, and its reconstruction under the premiership of the Hon. F. Whitaker, M.L.C.

June 23, 1882.—Departure of Governor Sir A. H. Gordon.

June 24, 1882.—Assumption of the Government by Sir J. Prendergast, Chief Justice.

Jan. 20, 1883.—Arrival of Governor Sir W. F. D. Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B.

Jan. 26, 1883.—A direct line of steam-communication between England and New Zealand inaugurated by the New Zealand Shipping Company.

Feb. 13, 1883.—Proclamation of amnesty to Maori political offenders.

Feb. 19, 1883.—Liberation of Te Whiti and Tohu.

Sept. 25, 1883.—Resignation of the office of Premier and his seat in the Ministry by the Hon. F. Whitaker, and the appointment of the Hon. Major H. A. Atkinson to be Premier, the members of Mr. Whitaker's Ministry being confirmed in their offices.

June 11, 1884.—Defeat of Major Atkinson's Government.

June 27, 1884.—Dissolution of the General Assembly.

Aug. 16, 1884.—Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of the result of the general election. Formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.

Aug. 20, 1884.—Defeat of Mr. Stout's Ministry by an amendment, expressive of want of confidence, to the Address in Reply being carried.

Aug. 28, 1884.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Aug. 29, 1884.—Defeat of Major Atkinson's Ministry on a vote of want of confidence.

Sept. 3, 1884.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.

Nov. 8, 1884.—An Act passed to enable certain loans of the New Zealand Government to be converted into inscribed stock and the accrued sinking funds released.

Aug. 1, 1885.—The New Zealand Industrial Exhibition opened at Wellington.

June 10, 1886.—Volcanic eruptions at Tarawera and destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces; 101 lives lost.

May 28, 1887.—Defeat of Sir Robert Stout's Ministry.

July 15, 1887.—Dissolution of the General Assembly, after prorogation, on the 10th June.

July 21, 1887.—A Proclamation issued declaring the Kermadec Islands to be annexed to and form part of the Colony of New Zealand.

Aug. 17, 1887.—Kermadec Group annexed to New Zealand. Flag hoisted and proclamation read at Sunday Island.

Oct. 8, 1887.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major H. A. Atkinson, Sir Robert Stout's Ministry having resigned in consequence of the result of the election.

Dec. 19, 1887.—An Act passed to reduce the number of members of the House of Representatives, after the expiration of the General Assembly then sitting, to seventy-four, including four Maori representatives.

Dec. 23, 1887.—The Australian Naval Defence Act, being an Act to provide for the establishment of an additional naval force on the Australian station, at the joint charge of the Imperial and the several Colonial Governments, was passed by the New Zealand Legislature.

Oct. 27, 1888.—Formal Proclamation of British Protectorate of Cook group of islands, by Captain Bourke, R.N., of H.M.S. “Hyacinth.”

Mar. 22, 1889.—Departure of Governor Sir W.F.D. Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., from the colony.

Mar. 23, 1889.—Assumption of the Government by Sir James Prendergast.

May 2, 1889.—Arrival of the Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G.

Sept. 2, 1889.—Electors prohibited by statute from voting in respect of more than one electorate at any election for the House of Representatives.

Nov. 26, 1889.—Opening of South Seas Exhibition, Dunedin.

Dec. 5, 1890.—First election of members of the House of Representatives under a practical manhood suffrage, and on the one-man-one-vote principle.

Jan. 24, 1891.—Notification by Governor of acceptation of resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. Sir H. A. Atkinson's Ministry. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Ballance.

April 22, 1891.—Proclamation by Governor of New Zealand to inhabitants at Rarotonga of appointment of British Resident for the Protectorate of the Cook Islands.

May 25, 1891.—Adhesion of Australia to Postal Union.

Aug. 19, 1891.—Labour-laws: Passing of Employers' Liability Act 1882 Amendment Act

Aug. 29, 1891.—Labour-laws: Passing of Truck Act, to prohibit payment of wages in goods or otherwise than in money.

Sept. 8, 1891.—Passing of Land and Income Assessment Act for purposes of taxation, and repeal of property-tax.

Sept. 21, 1891.—Labour-laws: Passing of an Act for supervising and regulating of factories and workrooms. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]

Jan. 19, 1892.—Electoral districts of the colony based on population as ascertained by the results of the census of 1891 proclaimed.

Feb. 2, 1892.—Departure of Governor the Earl of Onslow.

Feb. 25, 1892.—Assumption of the Government by Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice.

June 7, 1892.—Arrival of Governor the Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G.

June 28, 1892.—Death of Sir H. A. Atkinson, K.C.M.G., Speaker of the Legislative Council, and previously four times Premier.

Oct. 1, 1892.—Labour-laws: Passing of Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act.

October 8, 1892.—Passing of Dairy Industry Act. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]

Oct. 11, 1892.—Passing of first Land-tax and Income-tax Act on the basis of the Assessment Act of previous year.

Oct. 11, 1892.—“Land Act, 1892”: Lease in Perpetuity without revaluation system introduced: occupation with right of purchase: optional method of selection: small farms associations.

Oct. 8, 1892.—“Land for Settlements Act, 1892,” authorising purchase of lands from individuals for purposes of subdivision. [Repealed by Act of 1894. See post.]

April 19, 1893.—Cheviot Estate taken over by Government under the Land and Income Assessment Act.

April 27, 1893.—Death of Hon. John Ballance, Premier of New Zealand.

May 1, 1893.—Resignation of the Ministry in consequence of the death of the Hon. John Ballance, and appointment of a new Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. R. J. Seddon.

June 23, 1893.—Death of Sir William Fox, K.C.M.G.; four times Premier of New Zealand.

Sept. 2, 1893.—Passing of Bank-note Issue Act, to make bank-notes a first charge on assets and to enable the Government to declare them to be a legal tender, &c.

Sept. 8, 1893.—The Legislative Council of New Zealand passed, by a majority of two, the Bill conferring the franchise on women.

Sept. 14, 1893.—Banks and Bankers Act Amendment Act passed, to permit of increase of capital by issue of new shares.

Sept. 19, 1893.—“The Electoral Act, 1893,” extending franchise to women.

Oct. 2, 1893.—Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act passed: New licenses to be granted subject to the votes of the electors: reduction or abolition of licenses if desired.

Oct. 6, 1893.—Passing of “Criminal Code Act, 1893.”

Oct. 6, 1893.—Labour-laws: Passing of “Workmen's Wages Act, 1893.”

Oct. 6, 1893.—Native Land Purchase and Acquisition Act.

Oct. 20, 1893.—Sir James Prendergast appointed temporarily Deputy of the Governor.

Nov. 28, 1893.—A general election took place, being the first occasion on which women exercised the franchise.

Dec. 28, 1893.—A general election took place, being the first occasion on which women exercised the franchise.

Dec. 28, 1893.—Death of Right Rev. Dr. Henry John Chitty Harper, formerly Bishop of Christchurch and Primate of New Zealand.

Mar. 19, 1894.—Sir James Prendergast appointed temporarily Deputy of the Governor.

June 30, 1894.—Passing of Act to extend operation of Bank-note Issue Act, and another Act to control the transfer of bank shares.

June 30, 1894.—“Bank of New Zealand Share Guarantee Act, 1894,” to guarantee special issue of shares to amount of £2,000,000, and purchase of Assets Estates Company by Assets Board. [Amended on July 20.]

July 20, 1894.—Passing of an Act to limit number of bank directors and power of shareholders to transfer their shares.

Aug. 21, 1894.—Labour-laws: Passing of Conspiracy Law Amendment.

Aug. 31, 1894.—Labour-laws: Passing of an Act to encourage the formation of industrial unions and associations, and to facilitate the settlement of industrial disputes by conciliation and arbitration.

Oct. 18, 1894.—“New Zealand Consols Act, 1894.”

Oct. 18, 1894.—“Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1894,” for relief of settlers burdened by high charges of interest, &c.

Oct. 18, 1894.—Passing of “Land for Settlements Act, 1894,” authorising acquisition of private lands for purposes of settlement, with compulsory powers, and repealing Act of 1892; also “Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894.”

Oct. 18, 1894.—Labour-laws: Passing of “Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1894,” for limiting hours of business in shops.

Oct. 23, 1894.—Passing of “Banking Act, 1894.”

Oct. 23, 1894.—Dairy Industry Act, to regulate manufacture of butter and cheese, with inspection and grading for export, and provide for purity of milk.

Oct. 28, 1894.—Wreck of s.s. “Wairarapa” at Great Barrier Island; 135 lives lost.

Mar. 29, 1895.—Death of Right Reverend Andrew Burn Suter, D.D., formerly Bishop of Nelson, and Primate of New Zealand.

May 27, 1895.—Government assumed management of the Midland Railway.

Aug. 3, 1895.—Death of C. W. Richmond, Puisne Judge of Wellington.

Aug. 20, 1895.—Trustees cemeteries authorised to provide for cremation of dead.

Sept. 4, 1895.—“Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act, 1895,” providing for writing off paid-up capital with proceeds of first call on reserve liability. Also for new capital and Assets Realisation Board, &c. Also to purchase business of any other bank.

Sept. 20, 1895.—Labour-laws: Passing of an Act to regulate attachment of wages.

Sept. 20, 1895.—Labour-laws: Passing of Servants' Registry Office Act.

Sept. 20, 1895.—“Family Homes Protection Act, 1895,” to secure homes for the people and to prevent them from mortgage or sale for debt.

Oct. 18, 1895.—Amended tariff passed.

Oct. 31, 1895.—Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act Amendment Act: Sale of Colonial Bank business to Bank of New Zealand.

Dec. 20, 1895.—Appointment of Sir P.A. Buckley, K.C.M.G., as a Judge of Supreme Court.

Jan. 10, 1896.—Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed Agent-General in London.

Mar. 26, 1896.—Brunner Mine explosion; sixty-seven deaths.

April 12, 1896.—General census of colony taken for Sunday night.

May 18, 1896.—Death of Sir Patrick Buckley, K.C.M.G.

July 11, 1896.—Appointment of Mr. W. B. Edwards as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

July 19, 1896.—Death of Hon. Robert Pharazyn, M.L.C.

Aug. 2, 1896.—Death of James Edward FitzGerald, C.M.G., Controller and Auditor General.

Oct. 16, 1896.—Land for Settlements Act amended: Special provision made for disposal of highly improved lands acquired: preference given to landless people: Boards may select applicants, &c.

Oct. 17, 1896.—Alteration of franchise by abolition of non-residential or property qualification.

Oct. 17, 1896.—Government Valuation of Land Act passed.

Dec. 4, 1896.—General election of members of House of Representatives for the new districts as fixed by the Representation Commissioners on basis of Census, 1896.

Feb. 6, 1897.—Departure of the Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G.

Feb. 8, 1897.—Sir James Prendergast Administrator of Government.

June 22, 1897.—Diamond Jubilee of reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Hon. R. J. Seddon, Premier of New Zealand, called to Privy Council, on occasion of his visit to England with contingent New Zealand Forces.

July 29, 1897.—Wreck of s.s. “Tasmania” at Mahia Peninsula ten lives lost.

Aug. 10, 1897.—The Earl of Ranfurly assumed office as Governor.

Dec. 22, 1897.—Act to establish at Wellington the Victoria College, in connection with the New Zealand University.

July 15, 1898.—Hon. Sir Francis Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., C.B., died.

1898.—Death of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

1898.—Death of Bishop Selwyn, of Melanesia.

Oct. 15, 1898.—The Municipal Franchise Reform Act passed.

1898.—The Divorce Bill passed both Houses. Her Majesty's assent thereto gazetted 13th April, 1899.

Nov. 1, 1898.—An Act to provide for Old-age Pensions passed.

Feb. 10, 1899.—Rev. William Colenso died at Napier.

March 13, 1899.—Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., died.

April, 1899.—Victoria University College opened in Wellington.

May 25, 1899.—Resignation of Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice.

June 1, 1899.—“The Divorce Act, 1898” (assented to by Her Majesty the Queen), came into operation.

June 22, 1899.—Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., appointed Chief Justice.

Oct. 19, 1899.—Act passed constituting Labour Day. The second Wednesday in the month of October in each year to be a public holiday.

Oct. 21, 1899.—N.Z. Contingent (the first) consisting of 215 officers and men, left in s.s. “Waiwera” for Algoa Bay to assist the British in the Transvaal war.

Nov. 16, 1899.—General Assembly dissolved.

Dec. 6, 1899.—General Election of Members of House of Representatives.

Jan. 21, 1900.—The Second N.Z. Contingent (258 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Waiwera.”

Feb. 5, 1900.—Hon. Thomas Dick died.

Feb. 17, 1900.—The Third N.Z. Contingent (264 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Knight Templar.”

March 24 and 31, 1900.—The Fourth and Fifth Contingents (1,060 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s.'s “Monowai,” “Gymeric,” “Waimate,” and “Maori.”

June 28, 1900.—“Bubonic Plague Prevention Act, 1900,” passed.

Aug. 8, 1900.—“Immigration Restriction Act, 1899,” assented to by Her Majesty in Council, came into operation.

Oct. 13, 1900.—Public Health Act passed.

Oct. 18, 1900.—The Maori Councils Act passed.

Oct. 20, 1900.—“The Representation Act, 1900,” passed, increasing number of European representatives to seventy-six.

Dec. 29, 1900.—Hon. Sir James Prendergast, Kt., appointed Deputy-Governor.

Jan. 1, 1901.—Universal penny postage adopted by New Zealand.

Jan. 22, 1901.—Queen Victoria died.

Jan. 28, 1901.—Accession of King Edward VII. proclaimed in New Zealand.

Jan. 30, 1901.—Sixth N.Z. Contingent (578 officers and men) sailed for South Africa in s.s. “Cornwall.”

Feb. 21, 1901.—Appointment of Mr. Theo. Cooper as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

March 31, 1901.—General census of the Colony taken for Sunday night.

April 6, 1901.—Seventh N.Z. Contingent (600 officers and men, roughriders) sailed for South Africa, per s.s. “Gulf of Taranto.”

May 22, 1901.—Deceased Husband's Brother Marriage Act came into operation after Royal assent.

June 10, 1901.—Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York arrived in New Zealand.

June 10, 1901.—Boundaries of Colony extended to include Cook and other Pacific Islands.

Aug. 6, 1901.—Sir John McKenzie, K.C.M.G., died.

Nov. 7, 1901.—State Coal-mines Act passed.

Feb. 1, 1902.—North Island division of the Eighth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Surrey.”

Feb. 8, 1902.—South Island division of the Eighth Contingent sailed from Lyttelton per s.s. “Cornwall.”

March 12, 1902. South Island division of the Ninth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Port Chalmers for South Africa per s.s. “Kent.”

March 19, 1902. North Island division of the Ninth Contingent sailed from Auckland per s.s. “Devon.”

April 14, 1902.—North Island division of the Tenth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Drayton Grange.”

April 14, 1902.—Right Hon. R. J. Seddon sailed for London to attend Conference of Colonial Premiers, and to represent New Zealand at His Majesty the King's Coronation.

April 19, 1902.—South Island division of the Tenth Contingent sailed for South Africa per s.s. “Norfolk.”

June 26, 1902.—Death of Most Rev. Bishop William Garden Cowie, Primate of New Zealand.

Aug. 9, 1902.—Celebration in New Zealand on the occasion of the Coronation of His Majesty King Edward VII.

Aug. 1902.—Return of N.Z. troopers from South Africa (Eighth Contingent left Durban 5th July; Ninth, 9th July; Tenth, 15th July).

GENERAL INDEX.

“Accident Insurance Act, 1899” 409
Acclimatisation. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 431.)
Accumulation, Prices and Wages 398
Development of Banking 398
Acres and Yield in Corn-crops 376
Acres of Land under Crop 377
Administration of Land-laws, &c. 490
Advances to Settlers 503
Loans for 503
Table showing how repaid 507
Titles eligible 504
Valuation-fees 506
Agents for the Colonies, Crown 28
Agent-General in London 28
Age and length of Residence 238
Ages at Death 353
Ages at Death Average 353
Average, of Persons married 347
Of Prisoners 286
Of the People 237
Agricultural College, Lincoln 247
Agricultural Statistics 375
Agriculture and Live Stock 325, 375, 528
Acreage under Wheat, Oats, &c., in Provincial Districts 376
Artificial Manures 535
Barley 376, 533
Cape Barley and Winter Oats 538
Cattle 330, 539
Cereals 376, 530
Consumption of Wheat 382
Cost of growing Oats 533
Cost of working a Farm 538
Dairy Industry, The 543
Dairy Stock 331, 542
Fertilisers 535
Fruit Industry, The 545
Gardens and Orchards 384
Grass-seeds 385, 536
Grass-seeds 384
Hops 384
Horses 332, 539
Lambing Returns, Averages 330
Mangolds and Carrots 534
Maize 383
Oats 382, 533
Pigs 333, 540
Potatoes 384, 533
Poultry 545
Rape 534
Root-crops 533
Sheep 327, 540
Tree-planting 546
Turnips 384, 534
Wheat-crop of Australian States 382
Wheat for Threshing 381
Wheat held by Farmers, 1901 381
Wheat, Seed per Acre 532
Wheat, Yield per Acre 376, 532
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Acts, 1896 to 1901 462
Alcoholic Liquors, Consumption of, 1896 to 1900 282
Aliens Naturalised 342
Allegiance 230
Alluvial Mining 392
Animals
Live-Stock 325, 539
Annual Pensions paid by Government 74
Antipodes Islands 6
Appendix—
Dates of certain Principal Events in the History of New Zealand 651
Apprehensions and Summonses 279
Area of New Zealand 5
Of Cook Islands 7
Of North, Middle, Stewart, Chatham, and other Islands 6
Of United Kingdom compared with New Zealand 8
Area of Australasia 7
Compared with European Countries 7
Area under Cultivation in Counties 378
Arms, &c. 57
Arrests for Drunkenness 282
Arrivals and Departures 207
Chinese 207
Departures, how Numbers ascertained 207
Articles on Special Subjects 490
Artificial Manures 535
Artillery, Naval, Field, and Garrison 56
Assembly, General 31
Assets Realisation Board 402, 483
Associations, Special-Settlement 499
Assurance, Industrial Life 408
Asylums, Benevolent 372
Lunatic 373
Orphan 373
Auckland, City of—
Exports 188
General description 587
Imports 159
Meteorology 267
Population 214
Value of Property 438
Vital Statistics 341, 349
Auckland Docks 59
Graving-dock Charges 59
Auckland Islands 6, 15
Auckland Land District—Introductory, Physical Features, Plains, Lakes, Forests, Soils; Rainfall; General Products and Industries; Chief Towns; Crown or Native Lands available for Future Settlement 582
Auckland Provincial District, Progress of Ten Years 484
Auckland Sailors' Home 373
Australasian Railways 429
Australasian Stock, Prices of 477
Australian States, Area of 7
Debt of 478
Friendly Societies in 406
Mineral Production of 388
Railways in 429
Live-Stock in 327
Oat-crop of 383
Population 223
Taxation in 468
Trade 201
Wheat-crop of 382
Average Quantity of Milk to 1 lb. Butter 543
Average Yield of Butter or Cheese 543
Bachelors and Spinsters in New Zealand 234
Banking, Development in 398
Banking Legislation, Special 400
“Bank Directors and Shares Transfer Act, 1894” 401
“Bank-note Issue Act, 1893” 400
Bank of New Zealand and Banking Acts, 1895 and 1898 402
“Bank of New Zealand Guarantee Act, 1894” 401
“Banks and Bankers Act Amendment Act, 1893” 400
“Bank Shareholders Act, 1894” 401
Bankruptcy 276
Petitions, &c., Five Years 277
Transactions in 1900 276
Banks of Issue—
Advances and Discounts 399
In all Classes of Banks, Average per Head 405
Assets and Liabilities 398
In all Classes of Banks, Average per Head 405
Deposits 398, 400
In all Classes of Banks, Average per Head 405
Notes in Circulation, &c. 398
Banks—
Post-Office Savings 403
Deposits, Withdrawals, Open Accounts, Amounts to Credit 403
Securities held 403
Deposits, Withdrawals 404
Private Savings 404
Deposits, Withdrawals 404
Barley, Acreage and Actual Yield of, in Provincial Districts 376
Yield in Bushels 376
Export of 186
Beer, Consumption of, per Head 157
Beer, Excise Duty on 97
Benevolent Asylums and Charitable Institutions 372
Birthplaces of the People 228
Numbers of each Nationality and Increase 229
Birth-rates per 1,000 of Population in Australasia 336
Births 335
Illegitimate 339
Illegitimacy in Australasia 339
Legitimation Act 340
Of Twins 338
Proportion to Population, 1882-1901 335
To Marriages, Proportion of 336
Blind, The 263
Blind, Institution for the 260
Boroughs—
Expenditure of 294
Auckland, with suburbs 214
Christchurch, with suburbs 214
Dunedin, with suburbs 214
Wellington, with suburbs 214
In Colony 211
Auckland, with suburbs 214
Christchurch, with suburbs 214
Dunedin, with suburbs 214
Wellington, with suburbs 214
Indebtedness of 294
Population of 211
Rateable Value of Property in 300
Revenue of 294
Value of Land and Improvement in 438
Boundaries and Area of the Colony 5
Bounty Islands 6
Breadstuffs in various Countries, Consumption of 382
Bubonic Plague Prevention 359
Building Societies 405
Amounts deposited with 405
Income, Assets, Liabilities, Reserve Funds 405
Butter and Cheese 187, 543
Export to United Kingdom, Thirteen Years 187
Grading 543
Industry 543
Cadet Corps 57
Cadets in Government Service to be Volunteers 52
Campbell Islands 6
Cancer, Deaths from 365
Decennial Return 366
Part of Body affected 367
Proportion of Deaths per 10,000 living, 1892-1901 366
Canterbury Agricultural College 247
Canterbury Land District—Boundaries and Physical Features, Scenery, Climate; Internal Communication; Geological Formation; Area, Nature, and Disposition of Lands; Soils; Pasturage and Crops; Stock, Wool, Butter and Cheese, Timber, Fruit; Coal, Building-stones; Fisheries; Manufactories; Libraries and Churches; Educational and other Institutions; Towns 627
Canterbury Provincial District: Progress of Ten Years 486
Cape Barley and Winter Oats 538
Capital City, Population of 214
Capitation to Efficient Volunteers and Cadets 57
Carrots 534
Cattle 330, 539
In Provincial Districts 331
Causes of Death 354
At Four Centres 350
Cancer 365
Developmental Diseases 370
Local Diseases 370
Measles 359
Old Age 370
Phthisis 361
Proportion of Deaths from each 355
Typhoid Fever 359
Violence 371
Cereals 530
Charges, Survey, on Unsurveyed Lands 502
Charitable Institutions, Benevolent Asylums and, &c. 372
Chatham Islands 6, 14
Cheese and Butter 187, 543
Cheviot Estate. (See Year-book, 1895, p. 264.)
Children to a Marriage, Number of 336
Chinese—
Half-castes 236
Immigration and Emigration of 207
Number in Colony 205
Christchurch, City of—
Exports 188
General Description 635
Imports 159
Population 214
Value of Property 439
Vital Statistics 341, 349
Cities 214
Civil Cases 276
Civil Establishment at Seat of Government 36
Classification of Lands, &c. 497
Climate—
Temperature in New Zealand, Australia, and other British Possessions 267-271
Clips, Average Wool- 540
Clothing, Imported, Value of 153
Coal 392
Classes of, in New Zealand 396
Consumption of 393
Export of 393
Found in Colony, Analysis of 395
Import of 393
Output of 393
Colleges and University 252
Colonial Office, The 28
Colonisation of New Zealand 3
Colony, Boundaries and Area of the 5
Crown Agents for the 28
Population of the 205
Progress of, Ten Years 484
Communication and Transport 426
Conjugal Condition of the People 231
Bachelors and Spinsters 234
Divorced Persons 235
Husbands and Wives 235
Marriage-rates in Australasia 235
Widowers and Widows 235
Consols, New Zealand 462, 525
Constitution 16
Government 17
Consumption of Beer 157, 282
Consuls, Foreign 26
Contingents for South Africa 488
Convictions 280
For Drunkenness 282
Summary 280
Convictions of Maoris 284
Cook and other Pacific Islands—
Education 571
Future Trade Prospects 571
Laws of Cook Islands 573
Niue Island 575
Population (inset facing p. 562).
Cook Strait 11
Corn-crops, Acreage, and Actual Yield of 376
Cost of Living in New Zealand and in Various Countries 414
Management of Local Governing Bodies 295
Railways 428
Working a Farm in New Zealand 538
Council, Executive, 1843-56 22
Council, Executive, May, 1902 30
Legislative, Roll of Members of the 32
Successive Speakers of the Legislative 26
Counties, Population of 211
Land under Cultivation in 378
Value of Land and Improvements in 436
Court, Validation 39
Courts, Bankruptcy 276
Civil Cases, Supreme and District 276
Charges for Offences before 279
Committals 280
Punishment on Summary Convictions (five years) 281
Summary Convictions before 280
Divorce and Separation 278
Charges for Offences before 279
Committals 280
Punishment on Summary Convictions (five years) 281
Summary Convictions before 280
Magistrates', Civil Cases 276
Charges for Offences before 279
Committals 280
Punishment on Summary Convictions (five years) 281
Summary Convictions before 280
Sentences, Supreme and District (five years) 281
Supreme and District, Convictions 280
Cows, Average Annual Yield of Milk 543
Crime, Law and 276
Cross-breeding of Sheep 540
Crown Agents for the Colonies 28
Crown Lands occupied 441
Mode of acquiring 497
Crown Lands of New Zealand 441, 490
Cultivation.
Agriculture
Customs Duties, Rates levied 83
Revenue from 174
Proportion of Taxation in Australasia derived from, 1900-1 468
Cyanide Process, The 390
Cyanide Process Gold-extraction Act 391
Dairy Industry 543
Produce, Export of 187
Stock 331, 542
Dates of Principal Events 651
Deaf and Dumb 262
Deaf-mutes, Institution for 260
Death, Average Age at 353
Causes of 354
Death-rates in various Countries and States, 1900-1 348
Deaths from Cancer 365
Congenital Defects 370
Nervous Diseases 370
From Phthisis 361
From Typhoid Fever 359
In Four Principal Cities 349
In Principal Cities of Australasia 353
At various Age-periods 353
Inquests on 289
Number of, in 1901 348
Of Infants 353
Of Infants to every 1,000 Births 353
Violent 371
Debt, General Government
Of Local Bodies 294-298
Deceased Persons' Estates 410
Duties Payable on 410
Defences, Military and Naval—
Administration; Artillery, New Zealand Royal; Bearer Corps, Volunteers; Cadet Corps, Volunteers; Capitation; Cycle Corps, Volunteers; Defence Rifle Clubs; Engineers, New Zealand Royal; Engineers, Volunteers; Enrolment, &c.; Expenditure and Maintenance; Field Artillery, Volunteers; Instruction; Militia and Volunteer Districts; Mounted Rifles, Volunteers; Naval and Garrison Artillery, Volunteers; Arms, &c.; Rifle Corps, Volunteers; Submarine Miners, Volunteers 55
Deferred-payment System, Land taken up on 442
Degree of Education 240
Departures, Arrivals and 207
Deposits in Banks 398, 400
Depots for Shipwrecked Mariners 58
Despatch of New Zealand Troops to South Africa 488
Digest of the Land-laws 496
Discovery and Early Settlement 2
Discovery of Gold in New Zealand. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 343.)
Diseases, Various, Deaths from 356
District Court, Civil Cases 276
Districts, Militia and Volunteer 55
Divorce, Petitions and Decrees, 1896-1900 278
Divorce and Separation 277
Grounds for 277
Docks, Graving, and Patent Slips 59
Drainage Board, Revenue, Expenditure, and Loans 293-297
Dredging, Gold-, Description of. (See Year-book, 1899, p. 509.)
Drunkenness 281
Persons convicted of 282
Dunedin, City of—
Exports 188
General Description 642
Imports 159
Meteorology 269
Population 214
Value of Property 440
Vital Statistics 341, 349
Duties and Functions of Representation Commissions 319
Duties on Estates of Deceased Persons 410
Early Settlement, Discovery and 2
Earnings of the People 413
Wages 417-420
Ecclesiastical 53
Education 240
Public (Government) Schools 245
School of Engineering and Technical Science 247
Technical 247
University, New Zealand 252
Victoria College 252
Education Boards, Income and Expenditure of 256
Education, Degree of 240
Improvement in 240
In Cook and other Islands 571
Egmont, Mount 10
Election, General.
Representation
Electoral.
Representation
“Electoral Act, 1893,” extends Franchise to Women 18, 320
“Electoral Act Amendment Act, 1896,” abolishes property qualification 18, 320
Electric Telegraph 433
Emigration.
Immigration and Emigration
Engineering, School of 247
Engineers, Volunteers 56
Enrolment of Permanent Militia 57
Errata. (See back of Half-Title.)
Estates of Deceased Persons, Value of 410
Duties Payable on 410
Estates offered for Selection under Land for Settlements Act, during Year 1901-2 449
European Population of Colony 205
Excise Duty on Beer 97
Executive Council, 1843-56 22
Expenditure, Revenue and 452
Charges of Public Debt 474
General Government 452
Local Bodies 294
On Railways 429
Out of Public Works Fund by General Government 456
Exports 177
Butter and Cheese to United Kingdom, for Thirteen Years 187
Coal 179, 393
Details of all Exports 189
From different Ports 188
From North and Middle Islands 182
From United Kingdom to various Countries and Colonies 204
Frozen Meat 185
Quantity, Twenty Years 185
Value, Fourteen Years 181
Gold, Silver, and other Minerals to 31st December, 1901 387
Gold, 1901 186
Grain 186
Home Produce, Value of 181
Increase and Decrease on Principal Articles 180
Kauri-gum 188
Of Australasia, 1900 201
Phormium 188
Quantities of Principal Articles, 1900 and 1901 179
Rabbitskins 184
Re-exports, exclusive of Specie 182
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 182
Sheepskins and Pelts 185
Tallow 185
To United States 201
Value of principal Articles of New Zealand Produce 179
Wool, Fourteen Years 183
External Trade of Australasia 202
Factories, &c.
Manufactories and Works
Factories, Butter and Cheese 121
Farming, Dairy 542
Farming, Ostrich 334
Farm in New Zealand, Cost of Working a 528
Features of the Middle Island, Physical 11
Of the North Island 8
Fees Payable under Land Transfer Act 99
Finance 452
Fire Inquests 289
Fish Acclimatised. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 431.)
Fish and Fisheries. (See Year-book, 1895, p. 373.)
First Offenders' Probation Act 288
Flax, Export of 188
Flocks of Sheep, Number and Size of 184
Foreigners Naturalised during last Twenty Years, Number of 342
Foreign Consuls 26
Foveaux Strait 13
Franchise 18
Municipal 298
Freezing Establishments in the Colony. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 314.)
Friendly Societies 405
In Australasia 406
Lodges, &c., Assets, Receipts of Sick and Funeral Funds, Expenditure, Sick Pay, Management Expenses 405
Frozen-meat Industry (see also Year-book, 1894, p. 311) 118, 185
Fruit Culture 545
Drying 546
Industry, The 545
Fungus, New Zealand, Export of 177, 179
“Gaming and Lotteries Act, 1881,” Permits issued under 487
Gaols, Prisoners in 285
Gardens, Plantations, and Orchards, Total Acreage in 377
General Assembly, The 31
General Election, 1899 319
Glaciers in Middle Island 11
Gold, Coal, and other Minerals 387
Coal-mining 392
Composition of 395
Consumption of 393
Output of 393
Total Quantity and Value entered for Exportation, 31st March, 1902 389
Gold exported 186
Total Quantity and Value entered for Exportation, 31st March, 1902 389
Gold produced 387
Gold produced in Australia 388, 390
Gold-dredging, Descriptive Account. (See Year-book, 1899, p. 509.)
Gold-mining, Result of—Hands, Output, &c. 388
Remarks on 388
Saving Gold by Cyanide Process 390
Governing Bodies, Local 290
Government Advances to Settlers 503
Advances authorised 504
Business of Office 503
Conditions of Advance 505
Costs and Fees 510
First Meeting of Board 511
Fixed Loans 506
Half-yearly Repayments, Table of 507
Instalments of Loans payable at Post-offices 510
Instalment Mortgages 506
Officials bound to Secrecy 511
Terms of Loans 506
Titles eligible for Advances 504
Government Schools 245
Government, the Seat of 19
Government Valuation of Land and its Improvements 434, 516
Capital Values, North and South Islands 435
Comparison of Capital Values, 1891 and 1902 435
Cost of making Valuation, How Borne 434, 516
Increase in Values 435
Objection, Right of 434
Purposes for which Valuation-rolls used 434, 516
Values in Boroughs 438
Values in Counties 436
Governor of New Zealand 30
Governors, Successive 20
Grain exported 186
Grown in each Provincial District (see also Cultivation) 376
Grass Lands, Acres of 377, 385
In Australasia, 1900-1 385
Grass-seed 536
Sown, per Acre 385
Graving-docks and Patent Slips 59
Auckland Docks 59
Lyttelton Dock and Patent Slip 62
Port Chalmers Dock 61
Nelson Cradle 63
Timaru Slip 63
Wellington Patent Slip 61
Grazing-runs, Small 442, 443
Green Crops, Acreage under, in Provincial Districts 377
Gum, Kauri 188
Export of 188
Price of 188
Half-caste Chinese in New Zealand 236
Hanmer Thermal Springs—Accommodation, &c.; Analysis of Springs; Benefit Derived from using Springs; Charges, &c.; Climate; Directions for using Baths; Journey to Hanmer; Masseuse available; Medical Attendance; Tourist Season 558
Harbour Boards Revenue, Expenditure, and Loans 295-297
Harbours. (See Year-book, 1894, pp. 389-408.)
Harbours—Pilotage, Port Charges, &c. 63
Hawke's Bay Land District—General Description; Communication; Pastoral Industries; Agricultural Pursuits; Dairying; Timber and other Industries; Climate; Towns; Crown Lands; Native Lands 598
Hawke's Bay Provincial District: Progress in Ten Years 485
Hay, Acres in 377
Hemp, New Zealand (Phormium tenax) exported 188
Holdings, Number of occupied 321
Home Produce exported, Value of 181
Honours held by Colonists 29
Hops, cultivated, imported and exported 384
Horse-breeding 541
Horses in New Zealand, Number of 332
In Provincial Districts 332
Hospitals 371
Accommodation and Indoor Patients 372
General Management 372
Number of Districts 372
Revenues of Boards, how raised 371
Hot Springs (see Thermal Springs)
House of Representatives 17, 33
Speakers of the 26
Houses, Licensed 316
Illegitimate Births in Australasia 339
Immigration and Emigration 207
Of Chinese 207
Imports and Exports 151, 177
Each Australian State, 1900 201
Imports—
Beer, Spirits, and Wine, Consumption of 156
United Kingdom 158
United Kingdom to Australasia 203
United States, Ten Years 201
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Clothing, &c. 153
United Kingdom 158
United Kingdom to Australasia 203
United States, Ten Years 201
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Coal 154, 393
United Kingdom 158
United Kingdom to Australasia 203
United States, Ten Years 201
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Free and Dutiable Imports, Value of 155
United Kingdom 158
United Kingdom to Australasia 203
United States, Ten Years 201
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
From different Countries, 1900 and 1901, Values of 158
United Kingdom 158
United Kingdom to Australasia 203
United States, Ten Years 201
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Inclusive and exclusive of Specie, Fourteen Years 151
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Into Australasia 202
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Per Head of Population 152
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Spirits 157
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Sugar and Tea, Imports of 156
Consumption of, per Head of Population 156
Tobacco, Consumption of 157
Trade per Head of Population, Australasia 203
Improved-farm Settlements 442, 443, 500
Improvement in Education of the People 240
Income-tax, Land and 511
Exemptions 512
Rates of Tax 515
Yield of Tax 514
Income-tax levied 466, 513
Growth of Amount Paid 467
Incomes and Earnings 413
Indebtedness of Australasia 482
Of Local Bodies 294-298
For Twenty-one Years 291
To Persons outside Colony 297
Industrial Schools 258
Industrial Life Assurance 408
Industries.
Manufactories and Works
Inebriates Institutions Act 283
“Infant Life Protection Act, 1896” 341
Influenza, Deaths from 359
Inquests, Death 289
Fire 289
Instruction, State 245
Insurance, Life 408
Companies in New Zealand 408
Introductory 1
Area of Australasia 7
Colony of New Zealand 8
Middle Island 11
Boundaries and Area of New Zealand 5
Middle Island 11
Colonisation 3
Middle Island 11
Constitution 16
Middle Island 11
Cook Strait 11
Middle Island 11
Discovery and Early Settlement 2
Middle Island 11
Foveaux Strait 13
Middle Island 11
Glaciers in Middle Island 11
Middle Island 11
Government 17
Middle Island 11
Maoris, The 4
Middle Island 11
Outlying Islands 14
Middle Island 11
Physical Features of the North Island 8
Middle Island 11
Public Works 19
Seat of Government 19
Iron, Machinery, &c., imported, Value of 153
Islands outlying, Description of the 14, 562
Joint Stock Companies 405
Jubilee Institution for the Blind 260
Judges, Supreme Court 21
Kauri-gum (Exported) 188
Average Price of 188
Quantities and Values exported 188
Kermadec Islands 6, 14
Labour—
In New Zealand. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 362.)
Prices of Provisions, Live-stock, &c., 1901 415, 416
Wages, Average Rates of 417-420
Labour Department, Men assisted by 425
Labour Legislation—
Acts of Parliament composing 421
Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration 422
Coal-mines Act 424
Conspiracy Law 424
Factories Act 422
Master and Apprentice 424
Mining 424
Public Contracts Act 424
Servants' Registry Offices 423
Shipping Acts 423
Shops and Shop-assistants 422
Trades-Union Act 423
Wages Attachment 424
Workers' Compensation for Accidents 423
Remarks on 421
Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration 422
Coal-mines Act 424
Conspiracy Law 424
Factories Act 422
Master and Apprentice 424
Mining 424
Public Contracts Act 424
Servants' Registry Offices 423
Shipping Acts 423
Shops and Shop-assistants 422
Trades-Union Act 423
Wages Attachment 424
Workers' Compensation for Accidents 423
Lakes 9-13
Lambing Averages 330
Land—
Acreage of, under Crop 377
Graduated 465, 512
And Income-tax 465, 511
Graduated 465, 512
Crown, open for Selection.
Graduated 465, 512
Fit for Agriculture and Pasture 9
Graduated 465, 512
Government Valuation of 434, 516
Graduated 465, 512
Grass-sown 385
Graduated 465, 512
Held as Pastoral Runs 442, 443
Graduated 465, 512
Held as Small Grazing-runs 442, 443
Graduated 465, 512
Held under Pastoral and Miscellaneous Leases 442, 443
Graduated 465, 512
Holdings in Provincial Districts 324
Graduated 465, 512
Holdings taken up 321
Graduated 465, 512
Holdings taken up, Sizes of 322
Graduated 465, 512
Improved Farm Settlements 442, 443, 500
Graduated 465, 512
Occupation of 321, 441, 497
Graduated 465, 512
On Perpetual Lease, Lease in Perpetuity, and Occupation with Right of Purchase 442, 443, 498
Graduated 465, 512
Rating on Unimproved Value 299, 516
Graduated 465, 512
Revenue from 453
Graduated 465, 512
Sold for Cash 442, 443
Graduated 465, 512
Sold on Deferred Payments 442, 443
Graduated 465, 512
Taken up under various Tenures, Eleven years 443
Graduated 465, 512
Taken up in each Land District 445
Graduated 465, 512
Tax 465, 511
Graduated 465, 512
Village Settlements, Land held 442, 443
Village Settlements, sold on Deferred Payments and for Cash 442, 443
Land and Improvements, Government Valuation of 434
Land Districts in the Colony, Description of—Auckland, 582; Canterbury, 627; Hawke's Bay, 598; Marlborough, 612; Nelson, 617; Otago, 637; Southland, 647; Taranaki, 590; Wellington, 603; Westland, 622.
Land for Settlements Acts—
Estates offered for Selection during Year ended 31st March, 1902 449
Transactions under 447
Land-Laws, Digest of 496
Administration 496
Cash Tenure 498
Leases in Perpetuity 498
Occupation with Right of Purchase 498
Classification of Lands, &c. 497
Cash Tenure 498
Leases in Perpetuity 498
Occupation with Right of Purchase 498
Grazing-runs, Small 501
Cash Tenure 498
Leases in Perpetuity 498
Occupation with Right of Purchase 498
Improved-farm Settlements 500
Cash Tenure 498
Leases in Perpetuity 498
Occupation with Right of Purchase 498
Land Districts and Principal Land Offices 497
Cash Tenure 498
Leases in Perpetuity 498
Occupation with Right of Purchase 498
Mode of Acquiring Crown Lands 497
Cash Tenure 498
Leases in Perpetuity 498
Occupation with Right of Purchase 498
Optional System of Selection 497
Cash Tenure 498
Leases in Perpetuity 498
Occupation with Right of Purchase 498
Pastoral Runs 501
Residence and Improvements 499
Special-settlement Associations 499
Survey Charges on Unsurveyed Lands 502
Village-homestead Settlements 500
Land Settlements Acts, 1896-1901, Aid to Public Works and 462
Land System of New Zealand 490
Land-tax 465, 511
Land Transfer Act, Fees payable under 99
Lands—
Native, Purchase of, by Government 495
Survey Charges on Unsurveyed 502
Land under Cultivation in Counties 378
Land, Valuation of—
In Boroughs 438
In Colony 435
In Counties 436
Land-values—
Law and Crime 276
Laws, Difference of, between England and New Zealand. (See Year-book, 1896, p. 281.)
Laws of Cook Islands 573
Legislation, Special Banking 400
Legislative Council 31
Native Members of the 17
Roll of Members of the 32
“Legitimation Act, 1894” 340
Length of Residence, Age and 238
Letters delivered and posted 431
Licenses and Licensed Houses 316
Licenses—
Issued under “Gaming and Lotteries Act, 1881” 487
Number and Fees paid 316
Proportion to Population 316
Licensing Laws—
Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act 317
Annual Fees 317
Revenue from Licenses 316
Life Insurance, Year 1900 408
Lighthouses, Names and Number of, Colour, Order, &c. 72
Lincoln Agricultural College 247
List, Official 36
Live-stock
Average Prices of 415
Export of 177, 179
In Australasia 327
In each County 325
Living, Cost of 413
Average Consumption per Head of Foods, &c. (See Year-book, 1898, p. 289.)
In various Countries 414
Loans—
Expenditure, 1901-2 456
Public Debt 469
For Advances to Settlers 461
Public Debt 469
General Government
Public Debt 469
Of Local Bodies, Outstanding, at various Rates of Interest 297
Of Local Bodies, Net Indebtedness 296
“Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1901” 298
Cost of Management 295
Expenditure of 294, 295
Indebtedness: Twenty-one Years 291
Number of 290
Outstanding Loans at various Rates of Interest 297
Rates collected in Twenty-one Years 291
Revenue and Expenditure of Boroughs, Counties, Drainage Board, Harbour Boards, River Boards, Road Boards, Town Boards 294, 295
Taxation by 292
Lucerne 538
Lunacy 265
Lunatic Asylums 373
Lunatics, Proportion of 266
Magistrates' Courts, Apprehensions, Convictions, &c. 279
Mail-services between England and New Zealand, Cost of 432
Maize, Area under 383
Manawatu-Wellington Railway 429
Mangolds and Carrots 534
Manual and Technical Instruction 247
Manufactories and Works 101
Aerated-water and Cordial 127
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Agricultural Implement 135
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Ammunition 135
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Bacon-curing 120
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Biscuit 123
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Boot and Shoe 143
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Breweries 125
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Brick, Tile, and Pottery 132
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Brush and Broom 139
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Butter and Cheese 121
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Chemical 141
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Clothing and Waterproof 142
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Coach Building and Painting 137
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Coffee and Spice 128
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Colonial Wine 127
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Comparison of, 1896 and 1901 103
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Comparison, Number of Hands employed, 1891, 1896, 1901 117
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Comparison, Value of Product, 1885, 1890, 1895, and 1900 116
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Confectionery 124
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Cooperages 129
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Cycle 138
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Details of Principal Industries 109
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 139
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Fish Curing and Preserving 120
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 123
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Furniture 141
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Gasworks 131
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Grain-mills 122
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Hosiery 144
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Increase in Value of Output, 1895-1900 102
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Industries in Provincial Districts 105
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, with Engineering 134
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Lime and Cement 132
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Malthouses 126
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Meat Freezing and Preserving, with Boiling-down 118
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Mines and Quarries 147
Collieries 149
Gold-dredging 148
Gold-quartz Mining and Crushing 147
Hydraulic Gold-mining 148
Phormium 145
Printing and Bookbinding 136
Rope and Twine 145
Saddlery and Harness 138
Sail, Tent, and Oilskin 140
Sauce and Pickle 128
Sawmills and Sash and Door 130
Ship and Boat Building 140
Soap and Candle 129
Summarised Results 150
Tinware 134
Woollen-mills 141
Manures, Artificial 535
Maoris, The 272
Charged with Offences 284
Children attending Schools 256
Contribute towards Revenue 467
Convicted of Offences, 1891-1900 284
Distribution of 275
Enumeration of 272
Half-castes 273
Population at Last Census 273
Religion and Mythology of the Neolithic Maori 578
Representation 17, 33, 320
Marlborough Land District—Physical Features: Rivers, Plains, Lakes, Forests, 612
Soils, Grazing; Industries; Climate; Towns; Roads and Railways; Crown Lands
Marriage, Births to every 336
Decrees for Dissolution of 278
Decrees for Judicial Separation 278
Rates in New Zealand, Australian States, and European Countries 343
Marriages 343
Ages at which Marriage may be contracted 347
Ages of Persons Married 346
Of Aborigines 344
Percentage of Persons under 21 Years 348
Proportion by each Denomination 345
Proportion of each Sex signing Register by Mark 346
Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland Provincial Districts: Ten Years' Progress 486
Measles, Deaths from 359
Meat, Frozen, Total Export of 185
Medicine, School of, Otago 643
Members of House of Representatives, Roll of 34
Legislative Council, Roll of 32
Meteorological Observations 267-271
Miasmatic Diseases, Deaths from 356
Miles of Railway open for Traffic 428
Military and Naval Defences 55
Milk—
Average Yield of Butter from 543
Average Yield per Cow 543
Mineral Production of Australasia 388
Minerals, Gold, Coal, and other 387
Mineral Waters of New Zealand.
Thermal-springs Districts
Mines, Schools of 247
Mines, State Coal 396
Mining Produce 387
Remarks on 388
Ministers, Officiating, under Marriage Act 348
Ministers, Cabinet 30
Ministries, Successive 25
Miscellaneous Statistics 484
Money-orders and Postal-notes 432
Morioris, The 273
Mortgages 406
Amounts borrowed at various rates of interest 407
Mountains 9, 10
Mount Cook 11
Egmont 10
Ruapehu 10
Tongariro 9
Mounted Rifles, Volunteers 56
“Municipal Franchise Reform Act, 1898,” Qualifications for Enrolment under Mutton.
Consumption per head. (See Year-book, 1898, p. 289.)
Native Lands purchased by Government 495
Native Schools 256
Naturalisation 342
Nelson Land District—General Description; Rivers, Lakes, Plains, Forests; Agricultural, Pastoral, Mining; Towns; Railways, Roads, Tracks, &c.; Crown Lands 617
Nelson, Marlborough, and Westland Provincial Districts: Ten Years' Progress 486
Neolithic Maori, his Religion and Mythology 578
Nervous System, Diseases of, Deaths from 370
Newspapers 76
Posted 431
New Zealand—
Abolition of Provincial Governments in 17
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
“Accident Insurance Act, 1899” 409
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Area of, Boundaries and 5
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Arrival of Missionaries in 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Captain Cook's Visits to 2
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Colonisation of 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Colony divided into Six Provinces 17
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Company 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
County Government in 17
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Cook Islands, Inclusion of 5
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Discovery and Early Settlement of 2
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Electoral Division of 320
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
General Assembly of 31
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Government Advances to Settlers 503
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Governor of 30
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Governors of, Successive 20
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Land System of 490
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Lieutenant Hanson's Visit to 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Made a Separate Colony 4
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Manufactories and Works 101
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Newspapers 76
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Premiers of 25
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Provincial Governments abolished 17
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Progress, Ten Years 484
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Rainfall in 267
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Representative Government granted in 16
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Settlement at Port Nicholson 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Sovereignty of Queen proclaimed 3
Stock, Quotations of (Fourteen years) 477
Surville, and Marion du Fresne, Visits of 2
Tasman's Visit 2
Temperature 267
Treaty of Waitangi 4
University of 252
New Zealand Consols—
Currency of Deposits 526
Forms of Application 526
Rate of Interest 526
Regulations 525
The purpose of 525
Niue, Island of 575
Oats—
Acreage and Actual Yield in Provincial Districts 376
Export of 186
Oat-crop of Australasia, 1901 383
Occupation of Land 321
Offences—
Charges for, before Magistrates' Courts 279
Convicted before Supreme and District Courts 284
Summarily convicted 284
Committals for 280
Convicted before Supreme and District Courts 284
Summarily convicted 284
Convictions for 280
Convicted before Supreme and District Courts 284
Summarily convicted 284
Maoris charged with 284
Convicted before Supreme and District Courts 284
Summarily convicted 284
Office, The Colonial 28
Official List 36
Officiating Ministers 348
Oil Shale 397
Old-age Pensions—
Amount of Pension 520
Applications, how made 521
Deductions 520
How, when, and where paid 521
Number granted to 31st March, 1902 522
Qualifications 519
Optional System of selecting Land 498
Orchards 384, 545
Orphan Asylums 373
Ostrich-farming in New Zealand 334
Otago Land District—Boundaries and Area; Physical Description; Rivers and Lakes, Plains, Forests; Building-stones, Coal, Limestone; Climate; West Coast; Fruit, Crops, Stock; Freezing Establishments, Woollen-mills, Clothing-factories, Dairy-factories; Gold Production; Chief Towns; City of Dunedin; Towns and surrounding country; Railways; Statistical; Local Industries 637
Otago Provincial District: Ten Years' Progress 486
Outlying Islands of New Zealand 14
Parcels Post 431
Value of Imports by 174
Parliament, Members of 34
Parliaments, Successive 23
Passengers, Railway 428
Pastoral Leases—
Lands held under 442-443, 501
Receipts from 446
Tenants of 442
Patent Slips and Graving Docks 59
Pensions, Annual Paid by Government 74
Pensions, Old-age 519
Permanent Militia (Artillery) 55
Permits issued under “The Gaming and Lotteries Act, 1881” 487
Perpetual-lease System, Land held under the 442, 443
Perpetuity, Leaseholds in 442, 443
Phormium tenax (New Zealand Hemp)
Export of 188
Phthisis, Death-rates from 361
Deaths from, 1892 to 1901 363
Physical Features of the North Island 8
Middle Island 11
Pigs 333, 544
In Counties 325
In Provincial Districts 333
Pilotage, Port Charges, &c. 63
Plantations, Gardens, and Orchards, Acreage in 377
Ploughing, Cost of 532
Population of New Zealand 205
Arrivals and Departures 207
From and to United Kingdom 207
Of Chinese 207
Census, 1901 208
Chinese 205
European 205
Increase in each Quarter, 1901 205
In adjacent Islands 222
In Principal Cities and Suburbs 214
In Provincial Districts 210
Maori 272
Of Australasia 223
Of Boroughs 211
Of Capital City 214
Of Counties 211
Of Town Districts and Small Centres 215
Port Charges, Pilotage, &c. 63
Post-offices 431
Average Number of Days within which Mails from London delivered 433
Books and Parcels, &c. 431
Increase of Correspondence 431
Letters posted, per Head of Population 431
Mail-service, England and New Zealand, Cost of 432
Money-orders 432
Newspapers 431
Parcels 431
Postal Notes 432
Post-cards 431
Savings-banks 403
Securities 403
Potatoes, Acreage under 384
Cost of Growing 533
Cultivation of 533
Export of 178, 180
Yield of 384
Premiers of Successive Ministries 25
Preserved Meats exported 178, 179
Prices and Wages 415-420
Prices of Australasian Stock 477
Prices of Provisions, Averages, 1878, 1888, 1898, and 1901 414
Principal Events, Dates of 651
Prisoners in Gaol—
Ages of Distinct, convicted 286
Birthplaces of 286
Convicted, Number of 285
Cost of maintaining 287
Distinct convicted, Classified 286
New Zealand-born, convicted, 1900 287
Previously convicted 285
Religious Denominations of 286
Private Railways, Length, Cost, Revenue, and Expenditure 429
Private Schools 254
Private Wealth, Increase of 412
Probation Act, First Offenders treated under 288
Probate, Estates admitted to 410
Progress of New Zealand, Ten Years 484
Property-tax repealed 465
Prospects of Small Farmers 546
Provincial Districts, Progress for Ten Years 484-486
Public Debt 469
Annual Charge 474
Securities in which invested 476
Comparison with Past Years 473
Securities in which invested 476
Details of Loans 470
Securities in which invested 476
Flotation of Loans 477
Securities in which invested 476
Increase of 473
Securities in which invested 476
Net Indebtedness 473
Securities in which invested 476
Of Australasia 478
Securities in which invested 476
Purposes of Money composing Debt 479
Securities in which invested 476
Rates of Interest on 474
Securities in which invested 476
Sinking Fund accrued, Amount of 473
Securities in which invested 476
Stock Quotations 477
Public Property, Value of 412
Public Schools 245
Industrial Schools 258
Secondary Schools, Income and expenditure of 257
Technical Schools 247
Public Trust Office (see also Year-book, 1898, p. 454.) 409
Number and Value of Estates administered 409
Public Works 19, 424
Expenditure on 459
Purchase, Occupation of Land with Right of 442, 443, 498
Purchase of Native Lands by Government 495
Quartz-mining 147, 392
Quotations, New Zealand Stock 477
Railways 427
Australian States, Miles of, in 430
Length and Cost 428
Particulars of Revenue from 429
Passengers 428
Profit on Working 429
Revenue and Expenditure 429
Train-miles 428
Traffic in Local Products for Twelve Years 428
Cost of Construction, Revenue, and Working Expenses 429
Comparison of Traffic, Revenue, and Expenditure for Twelve Years 428, 429
Length and Cost 428
Particulars of Revenue from 429
Passengers 428
Profit on Working 429
Revenue and Expenditure 429
Train-miles 428
Traffic in Local Products for Twelve Years 428
Cost of Construction, Revenue, and Working Expenses 429
Government, Goods and Live-stock carried 428
Length and Cost 428
Particulars of Revenue from 429
Passengers 428
Profit on Working 429
Revenue and Expenditure 429
Train-miles 428
Traffic in Local Products for Twelve Years 428
Cost of Construction, Revenue, and Working Expenses 429
In New Zealand, their History and Progress. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 377.)
Cost of Construction, Revenue, and Working Expenses 429
Private 429
Cost of Construction, Revenue, and Working Expenses 429
Wellington-Manawatu Railway 429
Rainfall in New Zealand 267
Rape and Turnips, Acres under 384
Cultivation of 534
Rateable Properties in Boroughs 300
In Road Districts 308
Town Districts 307
Rates collected by Local Bodies, Twenty-one Years 291
Rates of Wages, Average in Provincial Districts in 1901 417-420
Rating on Unimproved Value 299, 516
Interpretation 516
Method of preparing Valuation-roll 517
Method of taking Poll 517
Ratepayers may demand Poll to be taken 516
Rating Powers 517
Result of Polls taken by Local Bodies 518
System Optional 516
Religion of the People—
Numbers of each denomination and increase 225
Proportion of each denomination, 1881, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1901 224
Proportion of the sexes in the various denominations 227
Repayments of Advances to Settlers 507
Representation 319
Duties and Functions of Representation Commissions 319
Maori 18
“Electoral Act, 1893” and Amendment Act, 1896 18
Maori 18
Electoral Acts 320
Maori 18
Electoral Divisions of the Colony 320
Maori 18
General Election of 1899 320
Maori 18
Maori Members 320
Maori 18
Qualifications of Electors, European 18
Maori 18
Representation Commissions 319
Woman's Franchise 18, 320
Residence and Improvements on Crown Lands 499
Revenue and Expenditure—
Government Railways 429
Land-tax and Income-tax, Revenue from 466, 467
Loan Expenditure, 1901-2 456
Of Boroughs, Counties, Drainage Boards, Harbour Boards, River Boards, Road Boards, and Town Boards 292
Ordinary Revenue 453
Ordinary Revenue Expenditure 455
Territorial Revenue Expenditure 455
Territorial Revenue 453
Rifle Corps, Volunteer 56
River Boards, Revenue of 294
Rivers 9, 13
Road Boards, Revenue, Expenditure, &c. 294
Roll of Members of the House of Representatives 34
Legislative Council 32
Roman Catholic Schools 255
Root-crops 384, 533
Rotorua District 550
Sailors' Home, Auckland 373
Sanatorium, Hanmer 558
Rotorua 550
Te Aroha 556
Savings-Banks, Post-Office 403
Private 404
Scholarships 257
Schools, Blind 260
Deaf and Dumb 260
Cost of 258
Inmates, 1899 and 1900 259
Industrial 258
Cost of 258
Inmates, 1899 and 1900 259
Engineering 247
Mines 247
Native 256
Primary or Public 245
Private 254
Roman Catholic 255
Sunday 243
Technical 247
Seeds, Grass- 385, 536
Selections, Number and Acreage of 324
Settlement, Discovery and Early 2
Settlements, Land for 447
Acquisition of Land under 447
Estates offered for Selection during Year 1901-2 449
Expenditure authorised 494
Government Aid to Settlers 494
Preference given to Landless People 494
Process of Acquisition 493
Special Provisions for Workmen's Homes 494
Transactions of Board for Year 1901-1902 447
Settlers, Advances to 460
Shale-mining 397
Sheep 327, 540
In Australasia, 1900-1 327
In Colony, Sixteen Years 328
In Counties 325
In Provincial Districts, April, 1900 and 1901 329
Number and Size of Flocks 184, 328
Numbers in North and Middle Islands, Sixteen Years 328
Sheep-farming 540
Clips, Average Weight of 540
Cost of Management 330
Grass-seed sown per Acre 385
Lambing Returns 330
New Zealand Flock-book 541
Shipping 426
Coastwise, Inwards 427
Coastwise, Outwards 427
Inwards and Outwards, Ten Years 426
Laws 423
Registered Vessels 427
Vessels and Tonnage 426
Shipwrecked Mariners, Depots for 58
Silver Produced 387
Sinking Fund 474
Sinking Funds—
Amounts paid for interest and 475
Securities of 476
Sitting-days of House of Representatives 33
Legislative Council 31
Slips, Patent 59
Small Centres, Populations of 215
Small Farmers, Prospects of 546
Small Grazing-runs 442, 443, 501
Soils, Description of.
Land Districts
Sounds, West Coast 12
Southland Land District—Physical Features; Area, Nature, and Disposition of Lands; Agriculture, Dairy-farming, Sheep-farming; Coal and Gold; Fish, Fruit; Climate; Towns; Crown Lands for Disposal 647
Sown Grasses, Extent of 377, 385
In Counties 378
New Zealand, compared with Australia 385
Speaker of Legislative Council 32
Speakers of the House of Representatives, Successive 26
Legislative Council, Successive 26
Special Settlement Associations 499
Spinsters and Bachelors in New Zealand 234
Spirits, Consumption per Head 157, 282
Springs, The Thermal 550, 556, 558
State Coal-mines 396
State Instruction
Schools 245
Statistical Synopsis: Progress of Colony 484 and Broadsheet
Stewart Island 6, 13
Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts, Apprehensions, Convictions, &c. 279
Civil Cases 276
Stock in New Zealand, Live- 325, 539
In Australasia 327
Successive Governors 20
Ministries 25
Premiers 25
Sugar, Consumption of 156
Sunday Schools, Numbers attending 243
Supreme Court, Civil Cases 276
Judges, Past and Present 21
Survey Charges on Unsurveyed Lands 502
Sutherland Waterfall, The 637
Tallow exported 185
Taranaki Land District—Physical Features; Soils; Dairying, Grazing, &c.; Mining; Climate; Towns; Roads and Railways; Crown Lands 590
Taranaki Provincial District: Progress for Ten Years 485
Tariff, Customs 83-99
Taxation by General Government 465
By Local Bodies 292
Graduated 465, 512
In Australasia 468
Deductions and Exemptions under Land- and Income-tax 465, 512
Graduated 465, 512
In Australasia 468
Growth of Amount paid in Income-tax 467
Graduated 465, 512
In Australasia 468
Incidence of Land- and Income-tax 465, 512
Graduated 465, 512
In Australasia 468
Income-tax 466, 513
Graduated 465, 512
In Australasia 468
Land-tax (ordinary) 465, 511
Graduated 465, 512
In Australasia 468
Per Head in New Zealand, for Nine Years (excluding Maoris) 466
In Australasia 468
Proportion derived from Customs, 1901-2 467
Rate of, per Head, including Maoris 467
Rates of Land-tax 465, 515
Yield of Land and Income-tax 465, 511
Tea, Consumption of 156
Te Aroha Mineral Springs (see also Year-book, 1896, p. 427) 556
Access to Te Aroha 558
Analysis of Springs 557
Baths and Bath-houses 557
Description of Waters 556
Technical Education 247
Agricultural, Art, Engineering and Technical Science 247
Medicine, Otago 643
Mines, Otago 247, 643
Canterbury Agricultural College 247, 634
Medicine, Otago 643
Mines, Otago 247, 643
Examinations 248
Medicine, Otago 643
Mines, Otago 247, 643
Manual and Technical Instruction, 1900 250
Medicine, Otago 643
Mines, Otago 247, 643
Metallurgy 247
Medicine, Otago 643
Mines, Otago 247, 643
Remarks on 248
Medicine, Otago 643
Mines, Otago 247, 643
School of Engineering and Technical Science 247
Medicine, Otago 643
Mines, Otago 247, 643
Telegraphs—
Messages transmitted 433
Miles of Line 433
Receipts 433
Telephone Exchanges 433
Temperature and Rainfall 267-271
At different Stations of New Zealand 267-270
Highest and Lowest in Shade, in New Zealand, the Australian States, and other British Possessions 271
Tenure of Occupied Lands 323
Tenures, the Three, under Land Act 498
Thermal-springs Districts—
Hanmer 558
Rotorua 550
Te Aroha 556
Timber exported 177, 179
Tobacco, Consumption of 157
Tongariro Mountain 9
Totalisator Permits issued 487
Town Districts.
Local Bodies
Towns, Principal, and Suburbs 214
Towns, Villages, &c., Populations of 215
Trade—
Australasia as Market for Great Britain, Importance of 204
In Australasia 201
Exports
Imports
Shipping
Per Head of Population, Sixteen Years 199
Exports
Imports
Shipping
With Atlantic and Pacific Ports of United States, Ten Years 201
Exports
Imports
Shipping
With Australia 200
Exports
Imports
Shipping
With India 201
Exports
Imports
Shipping
With United Kingdom 200
Exports
Imports
Shipping
External, Total Value of 202
In Australasia 201
Exports
Imports
Shipping
Per Head of Population, Sixteen Years 199
Exports
Imports
Shipping
With Atlantic and Pacific Ports of United States, Ten Years 201
Exports
Imports
Shipping
With Australia 200
Exports
Imports
Shipping
With India 201
Exports
Imports
Shipping
With United Kingdom 200
Exports
Imports
Shipping
Of Australasia, Value of, per Head 203
Exports
Imports
Shipping
Of Australasia with United Kingdom 203
Exports
Imports
Shipping
Prospects of, Cook and other Islands 571
Transport and Communication 426
Electric Telegraph 433
Australasian 430
Cost of 428
Number of Miles travelled 428
Private Lines, Length, Cost, and Revenue 429
Revenue and Expenditure for Twelve Years 429
Traffic for Twelve Years 428
Traffic in Local Products for Twelve Years 428
Mail-services 432
Australasian 430
Cost of 428
Number of Miles travelled 428
Private Lines, Length, Cost, and Revenue 429
Revenue and Expenditure for Twelve Years 429
Traffic for Twelve Years 428
Traffic in Local Products for Twelve Years 428
Postal and Electric Telegraph 431
Australasian 430
Cost of 428
Number of Miles travelled 428
Private Lines, Length, Cost, and Revenue 429
Revenue and Expenditure for Twelve Years 429
Traffic for Twelve Years 428
Traffic in Local Products for Twelve Years 428
Railways 427
Australasian 430
Cost of 428
Number of Miles travelled 428
Private Lines, Length, Cost, and Revenue 429
Revenue and Expenditure for Twelve Years 429
Traffic for Twelve Years 428
Traffic in Local Products for Twelve Years 428
Treaty of Waitangi 4
Tree-planting 546
Troops for South Africa 488
Trout in New Zealand, Introduction of. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 431.)
Trust Office, Public (see also Year-book, 1898, p. 454) 409
Turnips, Acreage under 384
Cost of growing 384
Typhoid Fever, Deaths from 359
Unimproved Value, Rating on 299, 516
United States, Trade with 201
University of New Zealand 252
Students 253
Undergraduates 253
Vaccination, Exemptions from 360
Vaccinations, Successful, Numbers and Proportions 360
Valuation of Land, Government 434
Value of Home Produce exported 181
Vessels.
Shipping
Victoria College 252
Village Settlements 500
Vine-growing 545
Violent Deaths 371
Vital Statistics 335
Vital Statistics, Australasian Capitals, 1900 353
Volunteers 55
Wages and Prices in each Provincial District 415-420
Water-races, Canterbury 631
Wealth, Private 410
Calculated from Probate Returns 411
Of Australasia 412
Wealth, Public 412
Wellington, City of—
Exports 188
General Description 607
Imports 159
Meteorology 268
Population 214
Value of Property 439
Vital Statistics 341, 349
Wellington Land District—Physical Features; Plains, Rivers, Lakes, Scenery, Forests, Soil; Climate; Harbours and Ports; Towns; Crown Lands; Industries, &c. 603
Wellington-Manawatu Railway 429
Wellington Provincial District: Ten Years' Progress 485
Westland Land District—Physical Features, Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Lakes, Soil, Climate, Lands, Harbours, Towns, Mining and Minerals, &c. 622
Westland, Marlborough, and Nelson Provincial Districts: Ten Years' Progress 486
Wheat, Amount held from Previous Season 381
Acreage and Actual Yield in Provincial Districts 376
Annual Average, Principal Countries 382
Area under, and Produce, Twelve Years 381
Annual Average, Principal Countries 382
Consumption of, in New Zealand 382
Annual Average, Principal Countries 382
Crops of Australian States 382
Export in 1901 186
Seed Sown per Acre 532
Whooping-cough, Deaths from 359
Wine, Consumption of, per Head 157, 282
Winter Oats and Cape Barley 538
Yield per Acre 538
Women's Franchise 18, 320
Wool—
Exported 182
Production of, Fourteen Years 183
Proportions of Greasy, Scoured, and Washed Wool exported, Four Years 183
Used at Local Mills 183
Woollen Manufactures exported 174
Works, Public, Co-operative 19,428

Chapter 79. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND FOR THE YEARS 1840 TO 1852 (INCLUSIVE).

STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND FOR THE YEARS 1840 TO 1852 (INCLUSIVE).
Year.Population of European Descent (excluding the Military and their Families.)*Trade.Revenue and Expenditure.
Imports.Exports.Revenue from Customs.Revenue from Land Sales and Crown Lands.Revenue from Post Office, Fees, Fines, Licenses, and other Incidental Sources.Total Revenue from Previous Sources.Parliamentary Grant, or Receipts in aid of Revenue.Appropriations from the Commissariat Chest for Military and Naval Expenditure.†Total Expenditure.

*The Maori population was estimated at 56,400 persons in the year 1853.

† The data are drawn from several official sources, and the information is only approximate.

‡ Raised by debentures at different issues.

The following are particulars respecting the European population, their cultivations, and live stock for the year 1851:—

Religious Denominations.—Church of England, 14,179 persons; Presbyterians, 4,124; Wesleyans, 2,529; Primitive Methodists, 226; Independents, 333; Baptists. 400; Unitarians, 74; Lutherans, 186; Quakers, 8; Protestants not specifically defined, 614; Roman Catholics, 3,473; Jews, 65; refused to state, 496.

Education.—Could not read, 7,818 persons; read only, 4,353; read and write, 14,536.

Land in Cultivation.—Acres—in wheat, 5,514; barley, 1,329; oats, 2,324; maize, 250; potatoes, 2,256; grass, 15,589; gardens or orchard, 1,188; other crops, 679: total under crop, 29,140. Acres fenced, 40,625.

Live Stock.—Horses, 2,890; mules and asses, 60; cattle, 34,787; sheep, 233,043; goats, 12,121; pigs, 16,214.

 Persons.£     £     £     £     £     £     £     £     £  
18402,050..    ..    926..    ..    926..    ..    926
18415,00085,06210,8366,40728,5402,44337,39043,34780481,541
184210,992166,78318,67018,56811,7232,29832,58917,4941,42651,509
184311,848191,20753,94516,2411,6133,54421,3989,5628,09339,053
184412,447111,61949,64711,0994052,44513,94930,815‡9,78254,546
184512.774116,98076,9118,8091553,84512,899..    200,000212,899
184613,274155,47882,65621,3196154,71126,64535,673‡190,000252,318
184714,477202,35545,48536,4728355,95843,26537,752153,038234,055
184817,166233,84444,21538,3663,3375,77947,48236,000155,653239,135
184919,543254,679133,66241,9313,6004,87750,40820,000151,455221,863
185022,108..    ..    43,6128,5597,12752,29841,730131,100232,128
185126,707..    ..    49,20812,2615,58067,04920,000110,600197,649
185227,633..    ..    50,52714,28110,95675,76410,00091,600177,364
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND FROM 1853 TO 1901 INCLUSIVE.
(For Summary, Years 1840 to 1852, see separate sheet.)
Year.Population (exclusive of Maoris) on 31st DecemberBirths.Deaths.Marriages.Crown Lands.*
Males.Females.Totals.Waste Lands sold for Cash in each Year.Cash realised.Lands finally alienated under the Deferred-payment System.Free Grants.*Let on Perpetual Lease.Taken up during the Year
Land taken up.In Occupation on December 31.Under Occupation with Right of Purchase.§On Lease in Perpetuity.§Improved Farms.§Special-settlement Associat'ns. §Small Grazing-runs and Grazing-farms.§

*The waste or Crown lands sold or granted in each year prior to 1856 cannot be accurately stated.

The total gross quantity of land disposed of by Crown grants up to the end of March, 1902, including both lands grants for public purposes, Native reserves, and old land-claims; also, from the year 1872, grants to Natives under the provisions of the Native Land Acts.

On 31st March, 1902, 11,462,153 acres, in 741 runs, were

‡ Corrected by results of census taken in April, 1891.

§ Financial year ended 31st March of the year following.

¶ The population of the colony (other than Maoris) according to the census of 31st March

a Under deferred-payment system.

b Held under perpetual lease.

c Area included previously as held under lease in perpetuity, and occupation with right of purchase.

d Holdings of

Note: The area finally acquired under the Land for Settlements Acts to 31st March 1902, was 448,350 acres, of which 386,529 acres were under lease to 2,033 selectors, 8,067 acres occupied by roads and reserves

 Acres.£    Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
1853..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
185417,91414,64032,554..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
185520,78116,41137,1921,460470406..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
185625,35620,18445,5401,72240640451,97233,156..     14..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
185727,60622,19649,8021,966434478141,15979,060..     6,169..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
185833,67925,73459,4132,272582534239,128150,839..     6,277..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
185941,10730,48671,5932,647704603477,021222,885..     45,730..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
186045,39434,31779,7113,1461,092690424,254204,113..     47,016..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
186161,06237,95999,0213,4411,109878449,358285,365..     18,834..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
186279,68046,132125,8124,0641,2311,091658,337506,657..     40,335..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1863105,97858,070164,0485,1151,9831,485529,437380,998..     66,853..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1864106,58065,578172,1586,5012,9211,878691,174595,858..     47,198..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1865117,37673,231190,6077,4902,7571,908503,112341,094..     62,681..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1866125,08079,034204,1148,4662,5402,038603,406528,028..     55,975..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1867131,92986,739218,6688,9182,7022,050288,917287,416..     76,743..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1868134,62191,997226,6189,3912,6622,085199,309182,065..     42,205..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1869140,11297,137237,2499,7182,7211,931112,211115,941..     145,449..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1870145,732102,668248,40010,2772,7031,85176,76688,419..     37,256..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1871156,431110,555266,98610,5922,6421,86492,642110,973..     123,796..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1872162,404117,156279,56010,7953,1921,873338,516389,107..     183,673..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1873170,406125,540295,94611,2223,6452,276790,245980,758..     484,541..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1874194,349147,511341,86012,8444,1612,828648,800860,471..     238,581..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1875213,294162,562375,85614,4385,7123,209318,682448,697..     486,335..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1876225,580173,495399,07516,1684,9043,196497,416846,831..     31,145..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1877227,681180,937408,61816,8564,6853,114777,8621,314,48079,32440,314..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1878240,627191,892432,51917,7704,6453,377642,6671,252,99354,861..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1879257,894205,835463,72918,0705,5833,35279,575146,73337,953..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1880268,364216,500484,86419,3415,4373,181131,798184,48818,97841,972..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1881274,986225,924500,91018,7325,4913,277235,815351,43039,494530,650..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1882283,303234,404517,70719,0095,7013,600138,512209,00427,487122,100..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1883294,665246,212540,87719,2026,0613,612113,500141,25124,229228,69826,78626,364..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1884306,667257,637564,30419,8465,7403,80096,267124,92840,023121,61120,97541,561..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1885312,125263,101575,22619,6936,0813,81359,61384,28234,637456,08024,44151,367..     ..     ..     ..     ..     
1886317,646271,740589,38619,2996,1353,48839,96443,83629,292185,76450,329§93,868..     ..     ..     43,873a105,857
1887324,558278,803603,36119,1356,1373,56321,15425,33018,496316,48872,401§150,218..     ..     ..     31,740a156,482
1888324,948282,432607,38018,9025,7083,61764,89852,37923,630142,351205,371§312,495..     ..     ..     19,905a161,652
1889328,588287,464616,052‡18,4575,7723,63242,61747,95024,77360,708238,634§544,914..     ..     ..     4,970a60,340
1890332,557292,951625,508‡18,2785,9943,79798,479108,95946,808135,763289,871§798,571..     ..     ..     71a86,161
1891336,174297,884634,05818,2736,5183,80556,06053,56852,021209,432283,440§1,019,405..     ..     ..     1,923b159,464
1892345,146305,287650,43317,8766,4594,00233,65934,15641,726243,008125,194§1,188,07154,271212,705..     157,381c92,926
1893357,635314,630672,26518,1876,7674,11526,27526,78644,779198,3233,854§1,100,537108,134252,798..     68,852c252,693
1894363,763322,365686,12818,5286,9184,17838,695§47,033§53,577§89,516§1,263§864,212§75,501156,9269,731c51,346c117,845
1895369,725328,981698,706¶18,5466,8634,11026,584§21,117§62,287§143,107§1,427§746,403§84,970198,30028,348c44,237c46,407
1896376,987337,175714,16218,6126,4324,84328,489§20,825§57,015§223,871§9,106§632,046§59,652139,2104,882c28,084c68,934
1897384,703344,353729,05618,7376,5954,92822,526§18,226§41,683§25,602§651§543,535§81,416128,8139,007c442c149,458
1898392,124351,339743,46318,9557,2445,09137,430§26,829§39,506§438,257§640§440,089§109,952166,9604,823c607c77,632
1899398,679357,826756,50518,8357,6805,46123,940§21,057§26,370§703,799§624§336,183§117,772162,6887,393c2c155,109
1900403,628364,450768,27819,5467,2005,86058,725§34,019§22,569§40,151§2,499§267,576§262,729147,2231,936c..     86,076
1901414,223373,434787,65720,4917,6346,09527,300§22,498§14,286§354,487§10§204,842§128,893118,5191,618c..     128,060
Occupied and Cultivated Holdings over One Acre in Extent.Land (including Sown Grasses) under Cultivation.Live Stock.Postal.
Horses.Horned Cattle.Sheep.Pigs.Letters (received and despatched).Newspapers (received and despatched).Postal Revenue.Money Orders issued.Amount of Money Orders issued.

total gross quantity of land disposed of by Crown grants up to the end of March, 1902, including both lands sold and lands disposed of without sale, was 23,870,638 statute acres. The figures under the head Free under the provisions of the Native Land Acts. On 31st March, 1902, 11,462,153 acres in 741 runs, were held from Government on depasturing licenses, and 1,335,630 acres, as small grazing-runs, by 690 persons.

∥ The population of colony (other than Maoris) according to the census of 31st March, 1901, was 772,719 at that date; the Maori population was 43,143.

¶ Information not similarly compiled by

as held under lease in perpetuity, and occupation with right of purchase.

d Holdings of exactly one acre, besides certain Maori holdings, are included.

e New system; counted once only.

acres, of which 386,529 acres were under lease to 2,033 selectors, 8,067 acres occupied by roads and reserves, 24,124 acres unlet, and the balance under survey. The Cheviot Estate, comprising 84,755 acres, was also purchased

Number.     Acres.         Number.     Number.     £     Number.     £     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     119,039177,583..     ..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     138,482201,381..     ..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     171,407238,522..     ..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     196,760271,254..     ..     ..     
..     121,648..     ..     ..     ..     337,721498,163..     ..     ..     
..     141,00714,912137,2041,523,32440,734482,856684,3486,024..     ..     
..     156,940..     ..     ..     ..     707,870839,3857,812..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     890,3691,029,35610,068..     ..     
..     226,62128,275193,2852,761,38343,2701,236,7681,428,35114,108..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     2,122,2322,064,12322,7101,4106,590
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     3,403,2483,397,66932,32911,58655,703
..     382,65549,409249,7604,937,27361,2764,151,1424,306,01739,30216,59178,556
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     4,443,4734,206,99246,47517,23678,576
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     4,758,6444,373,03949,59822,710108,779
..     676,90965,715312,8358,418,579115,1044,811,2403,060,88855,33124,473115,610
11,932783,435..     ..     ..     ..     4,977,1993,283,61557,10725,854118,211
13,476997,477..     ..     ..     ..     5,016,5953,563,14758,00728,427127,218
10,2111,140,279..     ..     ..     ..     5,645,8793,889,66255,78031,864140,454
14,8741,226,22281,028436,5929,700,629151,4606,081,6974,179,78470,24936,291157,397
15,3041,416,933..     ..     ..     ..     6,958,5434,411,09194,73344,660191,009
15,8831,651,712..     ..     ..     ..     7,915,9855,269,19594,70652,351219,258
16,0921,943,65399,261494,11311,674,863123,7419,058,4566,306,692104,37162,712263,164
17,2502,377,402..     ..     ..     ..     10,427,8516,811,277122,49673,027293,481
18,7502,940,711..     ..     ..     ..     11,770,7377,962,748129,26380,255310,268
20,5193,523,277..     ..     ..     ..     13,054,8708,066,311143,60090,672334,973
21,0483,982,866137,768578,43013,069,338207,33715,524,7619,410,366158,998101,017368,255
23,1294,506,889..     ..     ..     ..     20,957,81810,057,944141,448117,999428,673
24,1474,768,192..     ..     ..     ..     22,824,46810,272,917149,517135,648465,405
26,2985,189,104161,736698,63712,985,085200,08325,557,93112,248,043156,579135,556452,182
27,3525,651,255..     ..     ..     ..     30,525,57913,313,099168,325148,162499,368
28,5876,072,949..     ..     ..     ..     33,588,40813,030,563172,665172,556541,133
29,8146,550,399..     ..     ..     ..     35,257,84614,093,742188,772186,052572,666
31,7636,668,920..     ..     ..     ..     35,829,85514,233,878197,456188,622581,395
33,3326,845,177187,382853,35816,564,595277,90138,084,59214,324,047206,029155,680547,755
34,7437,284,752..     ..     ..     ..     39,377,77415,381,323213,355159,579555,744
35,7477,670,167..     ..     ..     ..     40,398,02016,202,849212,247162,387555,996
38,1788,015,426..     ..     ..     ..     42,301,23316,721,016222,978172,076589,545
38,0838,462,495..     ..     ..     ..     43,917,20017,912,734229,867176,427602,077
41,2248,893,225211,040831,83118,128,186308,81247,612,86418,501,912245,395195,239651,990
42,7689,713,745..     ..     18,570,752..     50,610,74218,557,565252,494199,438694,847
45,29010,063,051..     885,30519,380,369..     52,085,44919,556,030253,457210,957750,929
46,67610,128,076..     964,03420,230,829..     52,168,33619,271,590254,800222,678776,783
10,698,809237,4181,047,90119,826,604239,77829,586,949d12,675,973d242,615243,497812,604
58,904e11,550,075249,8131,138,57219,138,493209, 85330,442,053d13,216,521d262,482269,566902,160
60,759e11,444,563252,8341,209,16519,687,954186, 02733,030,095d14,261,345d272,163293,659970,831
62,639e11,984,606258,1151,203,02419,673,725193,51235,654,947d15,095,487d304,947318,3701,029,241
62,485e12,474,511261,9311,210,43919,348,506249,75138,484,371d15,717,388d325,301344,6641,118,808
62,786d12,636,035266,2451,256,68019,355,195250,97539,898,479e17,045,715e316,858369,8341,214,853
63,982d13,083,971279,6721,361,78420,233,099244,02452,567,560e18,973,632e281,097405,9671,286,508
Electric Telegraph.Miles of Railway.Shipping
Miles of Line.Number of Messages.Cash and Cash Values, including Telephones.Open for Traffic.Under Construction.Railway Receipts.Inwards.Outwards.Registered Vessels belonging to the Colony.
Number of VesselsTonnage.Number of Vessels.Tonnage.Number of Vessels.Gross Tonnage.

old and lands disposed of without sale, was 23,870,638 statute acres. The figures under the head “Free Grants” represent in each year the total area of free grants to immigrants and naval and military settlers, from Government on depasturing licenses, and 1,335,650 acres, as small grazing-runs, by 690 persons.

Prior to 1892 this information is given for the years in which a census of the colony was taken. was 772,719 at the date; the Maori population was 43,143.

¶ Information not similarly compiled by Department of Agriculture.

** Government railways; there are, besides, 88 miles of private lines.

e New system; counted once only.

acres unlet, and the balance under survey. The Cheviot Estate, comprising 84,755 acres, was also purchased for settlement, and 76,163 acres are now under lease to 292 tenants.

 £      £      
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     23865,50422962.891..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     29374,83129376,718..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     37888,61434179,825..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     32685,74832382,991..     ..     
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     28978,30928376,5241866,662
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     33990,11832282,2931896,852
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     438136,580398120,3922137,883
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     398140,276398140,2932388,527
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     596197,986546205,3502529,144
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     813301,365783288,64728710,825
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     1,154419,9351,094394,66534315,189
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     1,117426,0041,089433,25342322,573
..     ..     ..     ..     ..     ..     862295,625783283,02046624,484
69948,2319,114..     ..     ..     1,019330,303986306,97949326,787
71487,43614,295..     ..     ..     944309,568950308,16936623,240
1,471134,64726,224..     ..     ..     851277,105873287,71037224,539
1,611173,74632,649..     ..     ..     764250,731771247,76438125,990
1,887238,19527,422..     ..     ..     756273,151766265,40738426,743
2,015369,08537,203..     ..     ..     729274,643709265,61837127,107
2,312491,20544,669..     ..     ..     775300,302743285,36636423,963
2,389637,94155,195145434..     739289,297704281,84741130,035
2,632844,30162,32220962121,198856399,296822385,53347138,935
3,156993,32374,42054246472,073926416,727940417,82050242,025
3,1701,100,59980,841718427469,051878393,180866393,33453844,401
3,3071,182,95585,5891,052251569,898812388,568848400,60953342,479
3,4341,260,32492,4331,089142758,096926456,490886428,49354146,965
3,5121,448,943112,3511,171284762,572894473,940908475,75256364,457
3,7581,304,712100,0231,288192836,077730395,675786424,04155966,316
3,8241,438,772101,5661,333187892,026765420,134762413,48757272,387
3,9741,570,189102,3781,371171953,347795461,285769438,55158476,196
4,0741,599,400102,9581,404224961,304805494,926851507,56557984,903
4,2641,654,305101,4821,4791581,045,712852529,188872534,24258392,696
4,4631,774,273112,7781,6131791,047,418786519,700780513,00059795,887
4,5461,836,266115,6661,721171998,768725502,572707488,33157194,196
4,6461,835,394116,2111,753169994,843653489,754675493,58355794,027
4,7901,765,860104,1161,777163997,615683526,435701531,47852486,132
4,8741,802,987106,4621,8091761,095,569781602,634762593,25252087,411
5,0601,961,161110,6971,8421321,121,701744662,769745649,70552198,907
5,3491,968,264117,6341,8691701,115,432737618,515744625,807521102,068
5,4791,904,143103,8131,8861881,181,522686675,223689656,100491101,156
5,5132,069,791112,4661,9481481,172,792617615,604635642,466478100,388
5,8232,046,839114,5101,9931271,150,851609631,100614631,25047599,588
6,2452,124,211123,1122,0141141,183,041611672,951597648,946479100,988
6,2852,520,169129,635**2,0181241,286,158589614,097592627,659492105,553
6,4842,696,233136,221**2,055921,376,008600686,899587675,333506119,713
6,7362,960,738145,295**2,0901131,469,665620765,255622765,793518126,113
6,9103,469,631162,945**2,1041111,623,891609811,183604807,866522129,583
7,2493,898,128186,9782,2122081,727,236616854,632613825,275520137,767
7,4694,167,981207,4762,2352121,874,5866881,063,2746911,075,906520143,183
Year.Exports (the Produce of New Zealand).Exports (the Produce of New Zealand).Imports.
Wool.Grain.Frozen Meat.Butter.Cheese.Flax (Phormium).Gold.Gum (Kauri).Provisions, Tallow, Timber, &c.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Value.Total Value.Total Value.

* Post-Office Savings-Banks were first opened in 1867.

† Statistics of schools and scholars not being complete for years prior to 1874, no figures are entered.

§ There was in March, 1902, an accrued sinking fund amounting to £1,128,816, leaving a net indebtedness of £51,837,631.

∥ Excluding Maoris.

¶ An accident-insurance branch was

31st March, 1899, was £3,124; in 1900, £157,095; IN 1901, £197,293; and in 1902, £207,509.

a Financial year ended 31st March of year following.

b During the last eleven years the Public Works Fund has been assisted by contributions from the revenue of the Consolidated Fund to the £425,000; in 1899–1900, £450,000; in 1900–1901, £500,000; in 1901–1902, £500,000;. Further receipts in aid have been given since the year 1870 by way of contributions of stamp duties, release of sinking

 Lb.£Bushels.£Cwt.£Cwt.£Cwt.£Tons.£Oz.£Tons.££££
18531,071,34066,50759,95919,042..    ..    103975078084092461046..    ..    82915,971189,107303,272597,82
18541,254,41670,10393,70041,019..    ..    8077399169975481563..    ..    166028,864170,967320,890891,2
18551,772,34493,104150,35282,302..    ..    785578640621631504674..    ..    3554514173,324365,867813,4
18562,559,618146,07066,15024,032..    ..    6473837290141422552..    ..    144018,591123,937318,433710,8
18572,648,716176,57981,75729,676..    ..    382210254918183871010,43640,442252135,25082,817369,394992,9
18583,810,372254,02271,40320,680..    ..    5322838934399564151613,53352,443181020,03678,419433,9491,141,27
18595,096,751339,779118,74039,016..    ..    859558810674296771593733628,427201020,77681,833521,3081,551,0
18606,665,880444,39255,68313,112..    ..    102666238103535611240453817,5851046985152,795549,1331,548,33
18617,855,920523,72881182518..    ..    251264041844243194,234752,657856988848,4371,339,2412,493,8
18629,839,265674,22666021821..    ..    Butter and cheese not separately given for years 1862 to 1865. Then total export for this period was 617 cwt., value £2,976..    ..    ..    13261410,8621,591,389110311,10777,8352,358,0204,626,08
186312,585,980830,49532381160..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    13251628,4502,431,723140027,02752,1053,342,8917,024,6
186416,691,6661,070,9973580722..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    7170480,1711,857,847222860,59059,0893,050,6347,000,6
186519,180,5001,141,76125,4476076..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    375574,5742,226,474186746,06082,7293,503,4215,594,97
186622,810,7761,354,15232,6107297..    ..    2321590136545996735,3762,844,517253570,572116,9014,396,0905,894,8
186727,152,9661,580,608158,81126,986..    ..    38192903621264256686,7532,700,275268577,49189,2944,479,4645,344,6
186828,875,1631,516,548632,556114,125..    ..    13853233512405348137637,4742,504,326269072,49351,3614,268,7624,985,7
186927,765,6361,371,230520,55696,441..    ..    270514,67923318040202845,245614,2812,362,9952850111,30780,1974,090,1344,976,12
187037,039,7631,703,944854,399141,135..    ..    343512,995273593275471132,578544,8802,157,5854391175,074212,0444,544,6824,639,0
187137,793,7341,606,1441,032,902164,087..    ..    434212,42616194023424890,611730,0292,787,5205054167,958338,3355,171,1044,078,19
187241,886,9972,537,9191,058,480178,886..    ..    1629446213624379398599,405445,3701,730,9924811154,167396,9765,107,1865,142,95
187341,535,1852,702,471598,431136,832..    ..    7222342199366256454143,799505,3371,987,425283385,816412,6605,477,9706,464,68
187446,848,7352,834,6951,162,782291,103..    ..    357116813264408203837,690376,3881,505,331256879,986397,7625,152,14381,218
187554,401,5403,398,1551,276,927231,417..    ..    104660442186263911,742355,3221,407,7703230138,523285,7155,475,8448,029,17
187659,853,4543,395,8162,172,098337,878..    ..    8713910885348889718,285318,3671,268,5592888109,234351,7315,488,9016,905,17
187764,481,3243,658,9381,323,910276,452..    ..    520623,458499916,713105318,826366,9551,476,3123632118,348469,6706,058,7176,973,41
187859,270,2563,292,8072,112,214508,767..    ..    310612,1113019936862210,666311,4371,244,1903445132,975573,7355,784,6198,755,66
187962,220,8103,126,4393,470,344660,557..    ..    33916311726284457874284,1001,134,6413228147,535484,1505,563,4558,374,58
188066,860,1503,169,3005,540,445898,997..    ..    27178350717198389415,617303,2151,220,2634725242,817544,9736,102,3006,162,0
188159,415,9402,909,7605,815,960986,072..    ..    2426849630566112130826,285250,683996,8675460253,778574,8805,762,2507,457,04
188265,322,7073,118,5544,310,984907,96115,24419,33911,26452,088355310,130204041,955230,893921,6645533260,369921,2906,253,3508,609,27
188368,149,4303,014,2116,723,3031,286,72487,975118,328886942,02025196892201336,761222,899892,4456518336,6061,121,2576,855,2447,974,03
188481,139,0283,267,5275,489,635766,824254,069345,09015,76666,59310,34225,074152523,475246,392988,9536393342,1511,116,7996,942,4867,663,88
188586,507,4313,205,2754,597,645513,697296,473373,85724,923102,38715,24535,742106316,316222,732890,0565876299,7621,154,8196,591,9117,479,92
188690,853,7443,072,9713,523,324463,549346,055427,19323,175105,53716,42945,657111215,922235,578939,6484920257,6531,058,5526,386,6826,759,01
188788,824,3823,321,0744,126,836443,780402,107455,87017,01854,92123,91354,562157825,094187,938747,8786790362,4341,085,4686,551,0816,245,51
188883,225,7333,115,0085,101,167668,859552,298628,80029,995118,25236,68278,918404275,269229,608914,3098482380,9331,274,7807,255,1285,941,90
188910,222,73543,976,3756,120,202985,224656,822783,37437,955146,84026,55867,10517,084361,182197,492785,4907519329,5901,606,8289,042,0086,308,86
189010,281,70774,150,5998,287,0241,030,415898,8941,087,61734,816122,70140,45184,98621,158381,789187,641751,3607438378,5631,440,7319,428,7616,260,52
18911,061,87,1144,129,6865,877,059676,3381,000,3071,194,72439,430150,25839,77086,67515,809281,514251,1611,1728388437,0561,436,6719,400,0946,503,84
1892118,180,9124,313,3076,625,525816,272869,6001,033,37753,930227,16241,49391,04212,793214,542237,3931,9638705517,6781,200,5259,365,8686,943,05
1893109,719,6843,774,7384,855,368583,397903,8361,085,16758,149254,64546,20199,62612,587219,375227,5021,9218317510,7751,113,7998,557,4436,911,51
1894144,295,1544,827,0162,434,295226,1831,025,2431,194,54560,771251,28055,655115,203467766,256221,6141,8658338404,5671,112,2339,085,1486,788,02
1895116,015,1703,662,1312,381,837215,7831,134,0971,262,71157,964227,60176,743150,909180621,040293,4931,1,1817425418,7661,269,0318,390,1536,400,12
1896129,151,6244,391,8482,941,821346,1971,103,3621,251,99371,353281,71671,372130,166296832,985263,6941,0,4287126431,3231,269,6809,177,3367,137,32
1897135,835,1174,443,1441,919,887235,4291,407,9211,566,28699,002402,60577,683150,517276930,674251,647980,2046641398,0101,389,3989,596,2678,055,223
1898149,385,8154,645,8041,045,980136,1201,551,7731,698,75096,801403,69068,711135,776485074,556280,1751,080,6919905586,7671,562,83410,324,9888,230,600
1899147,169,4974,324,6276,985,999721,8171,865,8272,088,856136,086571,79969,440141,81810,371184,411389,5701,513,18011,116607,9191,645,31311,799,7408,739,633
1900140,706,4864,749,1969,529,8471,034,0141,844,8312,123,881172,583740,620102,849229,11115,906332,182373,6141,439,60210,159622,2931,784,35013,055,24910,646,096
1901146,820,0793,699,10313,373,5151,285,8111,857,5472,253,262201,591882,406104,294238,68510,171195,728455,5581,753,7847541446,1141,935,56712,690,46011,817,915
Coal-mines, Output from.Revenue of General Government.Expenditure of General Government.Public Debt: Debentures and Stock in Circulation. (Prior to 1880 the figures are for Calendar Years.)Debt of Local Bodies.Banks.(Average of Four Quarters)Savings-Banks*Insurances in Force in the Government Insurance Department at end of Year.¶Old-age Pensions, 31st March.
Out of Revenue Account.Out of Loan Accounts.Deposits.Assets.Liabilities.Number of Depositors.Balance to credit on 31st Dec.No. of Policies.Sums Assured and Bonuses.No. of Pensions in force.Amount represented.

prior to 1874, no figures are entered.

‡ In addition to these there were in December, 1901, 3,273 children attending the Native schools, nearly all maintained by Government, 774 at industrial

¶ An accident-insurance branch was opened on 7th June, 1901. Up to 31st December, 1901, premiums amounting to £11,856 had been received, while claims paid and in course of settlement totalled

buttons from the revenue of the Consolidated Fund to the extent of £3,205,000; the payments in each financial year- in 1891-92, £30,000; in 1892-93, £200,000; in 1893-94, £250,000; in 1894-95, £250,000; in 1895-96

way of contributions of stamp duties, release of sinking funds, &c.

c And securing annuities amounting to £31,189 per annum.

Tons.££££££££ £ £ £
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    343,316419,860432,494..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    448,078705,738616,7697157,862..    ..    ..    ..    
Prior to 1878, 709,931..    ..    ..    ..    ..    541,2131,003,584678,4748027,996..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    644,521992,082801,5881,10412,450..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    882,7541,235,9521,097,1621,14422,921..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    836,000..    1,596,4462,691,1172,962,5852,37144,117..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    1,289,750..    2,092,0904,028,7662,962,5852,37144,117..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    2,219,450..    2,480,3035,063,4583,343,1724,66994,248..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    4,368,681..    2,638,4145,455,2893,522,1464,30487,400..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    5,435,728..    3,097,4735,891,5324,010,1104,51391,863..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    5,781,193..    2,904,5945,947,1603,737,6956,579156,855..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    7,182,743..    3,102,7275,734,7453,838,2208,121243,615..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    7,360,616..    3,174,8316,231,4163,863,00610,103320,383..    ..    ..    ..    
..    ..    ..    7,841,891..    3,127,7696,315,3543,819,67012,137388,8045930,250..    ..    
..    ..    ..    8,900,991..    3,334,6725,871,8883,988,40014,275454,966454200,611..    ..    
..    ..    ..    9,985,386..    3,919,8385,429,7474,628,81917,289597,0021,689625,421..    ..     
..    ..    ..    10,913,936..    4,713,8067,267,7205,538,03021,807812,1442,634995,986..    ..     
..    ..    ..    13,366,936..    5,564,4349,954,2166,490,50427,215943,7533,9531,453,496..    ..     
..    ..    ..    17,400,031..    5,967,20510,987,1786,987,31830,310897,3264,9891,836,859..    ..     
..    ..    ..    18,678,111..    6,238,47111,776,0707,221,39932,577905,1466,1532,282,129..    ..     
..    ..    ..    20,691,111..    7,185,10612,992,1048,152,23035,709964,4307,1492,716,907..    ..     
162,218..    ..    ..    22,608,311..    8,960,36915,393,63010,031,00939,9261,043,2048,7113,251,220..    ..    
231,218..    ..    ..    23,958,311..    8,021,07316,054,2959,057,46342,679990,33710,2233,726..    ..    
299,923..    ..    ..    28,185,711..    8,538,93514,220,2759,550,17747,4621,148,99211,6564,171,504..    ..    
337,262..    ..    ..    28,479,1113,039,8079,069,37714,863,64510,083,18861,0541,549,51512,4114,471,182..    ..    
378,272..    ..    ..    29,445,0113,277,5848,945,34617,162,23410,015,27368,3581,832,04715,8925,273,164..    ..    
421,764..    ..    ..    31,071,5823,540,0468,659,47717,794,7619,706,70073,5461,784,63119,9175,992,111..    ..    
480,831..    ..    ..    32,195,4223,962,3309,643,21418,442,13910,691,59979,5141,926,75921,0036,224,571..    ..    
511,063..    ..    ..    33,880,7224,313,22310,083,29618,811,56711,130,24485,7692,142,56023,2186,552,242..    ..    
534,353..    ..    ..    35,741,6534,943,27010,579,71119,041,82711,603,19491,2962,133,86124,7157,053,276..    ..    
558,620..    ..    ..    36,758,4375,620,74711,031,61418,799,84711,995,49597,4962,407,77625,4397,136,944..    ..    
613,895..    ..    ..    38,375,0505,812,80311,155,77818,709,44412,108,353103,0462,691,69326,1687,362,488..    ..    
586,445..    ..    ..    38,667,9505,892,05011,528,42417,652,91512,486,717110,5662,858,64427,2187,600,537..    ..    
637,397..    ..    ..    38,830,3505,978,05912,368,61017,735,25913,356,598118,3443,137,02328,1027,807,792..    ..    
668,794..    ..    ..    38,713,0686,042,69312,796,09816,814,51813,820,458126,8863,406,94929,2268,390,803..    ..    
673,315..    ..    ..    39,257,8406,081,93413,587,06217,558,16814,623,335135,8273,580,54430,3168,580,817..    ..    
691,548..    ..    ..    39,826,4156,203,86914,433,77718,255,53415,489,633147,1993,966,84931,7098,821,255..    ..    
719,546..    ..    ..    40,386,9646,614,82413,927,21717,746,42114,930,791154,4054,066,59432,9079,232,543..    ..    
726,6544,556,015a4,370,481a2,972,203ab43,050,7806,685,51013,544,41518,159,78114,491,627163,5134,620,69633,9689,345,229..    ..    
792,8514,798,708a4,509,981a1,089,590ab44,366,6186,737,57814,490,82716,900,19915,520,431175,1735,065,86434,7729,415,693..    ..    
840,7135,079,230a4,602,372a1,134,812ab44,963,4246,793,39814,290,51217,276,77115,380,248187,9545,520,08036,1749,857,010..    ..    
907,0335,258,228a4,858,511a1,543,683ab46,938,0066,834,36114,143,22917,013,40415,299,058199,4645,746,88737,84810,124,2277,443a128,082
975,2345,699,618a5,140,127a1,906,604ab47,874,452§6,963,25414,591,22317,190,43315,834,858213,1726,128,29739,36610,341,70211,285a193,7184
1,093,9905,906,916a5,479,704a1,746,141ab49,591,2457,057,35015,570,61017,314,53516,964,582228,8836,665,34440,36810,639,97812,405a211,9654
1,227,6386,152,839a5,895,915a2,890,767ab52,966,4477,563,06916,034,84818,422,27417,490,035245,0247,268,10341,29110,627,23c12,776a217,192
Friendly Societies from which returns received.Schools and Scholars.†CrimeYear.
Primary Schools.Private Schools.
No. of Lodges, &c.No. of Members.Schools.Scholars.Schools.Scholars.Convictions in Superior Courts.∥Convictions in Magistrates' Courts.∥

these there were in December. 1901, 3,273 children attending the Native schools, nearly all maintained by Government, 774 at industrial schools and orphanages, and 2,899 scholars at high schools. 1901. Up to 31st December, 1901, premiums amounting to £11,856 had been received, while claims paid and in course of settlement totalled £2,428.

** The actual amount paid in pensions on the payments in each financial year were- in 1891-92, £30,000; in 1892-93, £200,000; in 1893-94, £250,000; in 1895-96, £150,000; in 1896-97, £150,000; in 1897-98, £300,000; in 1898-99 securing annuities amounting to £31,189 per annum.

 
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    131,3731853
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    211,9551854
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    312,1541855
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    282,0051856
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    272,0101857
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    622,5891858
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    702,7491859
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    912,9031860
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    1003,4901861
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    1456,3711862
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    2349,2961863
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    26211,3571864
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    33210,1021865
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    27711,0401866
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    24011,2091867
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    24810,9731868
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    27711,6951869
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    23111,9901870
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    18011,5061871
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    19010,8011872
..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    18911,9921873
..    ..    54438,2151888,23719413,7411874
..    ..    59945,5621827,31625717,1101875
898,56068051,9642449,35724915,9021876
888,82873056,2392529,99225016,1031877
1109,75974865,0402369,20629216,1191878
13813,16581775,55625710,23429615,8211879
17914,48483682,40127811,23833014,7781880
27218,63486983,5602669,98727013,7951881
27318,70091187,17926210,00226516,2201882
27518,84894392,47625711,25525816,5901883
28121,14498797,23826512,20328717,6721884
30222,7941,021102,40728011,98926617,5661885
29021,6791,054106,32828812,49728616,4281886
34724,9281,093110,91929913,41734715,2781887
35324,9381,128112,68529913,89330814,2591888
36526,0131,155115,45629313,45827613,8611889
35726,3791,200117,91229813,62627013,8851890
36427,3721,255119,52328114,14228313,0511891
37928,7541,302122,62027414,45624113,2901892
37229,7631,355124,69029914,92230413,4571893
36929,9631,410127,30030214,62730012,6131894
37630,9051,464129,85629814,65934413,0671895
39231,8251,533131,03728313,94729114,1491896
38832,6701,585132,19727814,44730314,8751897
41035,5011,624131,62129414,78235116,6421898
43338,2021,645131,315‡30715,29537617,2861899
44440,2571,674130,72430415,55536918,9891900
..    ..    1,677131,351‡30915,34432820,3001901